In order to manufacture any product or part of a product, it is first necessary to develop its project, that is, a drawing or sketch, which specialists are guided by in the course of their manufacture. Only then will the parts be homogeneous, of high quality and corresponding to their technical and other characteristics. In our material, we will tell you how a sketch differs from a drawing and draw out the main distinguishing characteristics of these two documents.
What is a sketch?
A sketch is a sketch (drawing) of a part, object or structure by hand in compliance with the approximate proportions of the future product. But in order to fully understand how a sketch of a part differs from a drawing, one should delve into the essence of the sketch in more detail. In the sketch, despite the fact that the drawing itself may be approximate, the values \u200b\u200bspecified in it must be clearly defined so that those performing the work on the manufacture of the part (product), guided by these dimensions and the mention of other (also verified) features , were able to make a full-fledged and working part (product), completely suitable in terms of its technical and other characteristics for its further use.
A sketch is also used if you need to make only one part or develop a full-fledged production drawing based on it. If products or parts are planned to be produced on a production scale (in large quantities), for this, a drawing is drawn on the basis of previous developments, studies, improvements (sketches).
What is a drawing?
A drawing is a fully developed document with a detailed technical and other description of a part (product, building). In fact, this is the same sketch, but made with the help of special and in accordance with generally accepted drawing rules. The detail in such a document is 100% worked out, all segments and parts in it are carefully verified and applied to paper in the given proportions, with a decrease (or increase), based on the rules and scaling ratios.
Understanding how a sketch differs from a drawing lies in the following. Any part of the unit, as well as the assembly or the unit itself, launched into mass production, must have exactly its own working drawing, and not a sketch, which guides specialists in the process of its production (manufacturing). Only those components, parts, assemblies that are made in strict accordance with the working drawings developed for production are considered to be of high quality. Any discrepancies with the drawing in dimensions and other features give the right to call such a product substandard (defective).
Common in sketch and drawing
So, what is the difference between a sketch and a working drawing of a part? First of all - the most careful study and observance of proportions. But there are clear similarities in these two documents, for example:
Difference in sketch and drawing
From the next section it will become even more clear how the sketch differs from the working drawing. In particular, the main differences between the two documents are as follows:
- In precision execution. If a sketch can be sketched by hand or modified using freehand lines, then a drawing is a final document that does not require revision and is made using drawing tools or special computer programs created specifically for drawing.
- If only conditional proportions of the part are observed in the sketch, then the drawing is a full-fledged view of the part with exact proportions, reduced or enlarged according to all scaling rules. Some drawings may be 100% to scale with details.
- In decoration. The technical part of the drawing contains much more detailed information about the product.
Outcome
For the final comparison of the sketch and drawing, we decided to create a table that would fully trace the main differences between these two drawing documents.
| Made by hand or with a regular ruler, with manual refinement of the curves | It is done exclusively with the help of drawing tools or special computer programs. |
| Accuracy lies only in some observance of proportions | Accuracy lies in everything: in proportions, in size, in scale ratio |
| Only key features and characteristics are being worked out | Contains a detailed illustrative example with a mention of the smallest features and characteristics |
| The design of the technical part contains only general information. | The design of the technical part contains detailed and more detailed information about the future product. |
| In some cases, it can be refined during the manufacturing process, with some adjustments and comments on their introduction | Always the final document. The values specified in it and other information are not subject to any adjustments. A part (product) must always be made strictly according to the drawing. All errors must be within the limits provided by this drawing. |
Conclusion
As any draftsman would say, no matter how a sketch differs from a drawing, without a sketch there would be no drawing as such. And indeed, in order to work out their drawing, draftsmen, in any case, first have to sketch a sketch, and then, on its basis, create a full-fledged drawing.
As practice shows, for many experienced turners or architects, who are most often guided by such documents in the manufacture of parts or the construction of various buildings, it does not matter at all how the drawing differs from the sketch. The main thing for them is that all sizes are correctly displayed in the document. Often, in repair shops, machine operators themselves, literally on the go, have to create sketches for details. However, this does not detract from the quality of their products. The same can be said about specialists in the field of construction.
TYPES OF SKETCHES AND THEIR PURPOSE
Any design project begins with a graphic image, which can be conditional, realistic, in the form of a diagram or drawing. The designer, designing this or that object, goes through a series of successive stages. At each stage, certain types of graphic works are performed. Consider the same types of sketches.
Sketch
A sketch is a preliminary sketch that captures the idea of a work of art, a structure, a mechanism, or a separate part of it. A sketch is often a quick freehand drawing not intended as a finished work.
Sketches are inexpensive and allow the artist to sketch and try out other ideas before turning them into a painting. Pencil or pastel is preferred for sketching due to time constraints, but a quick watercolor sketch, or even a quick modeled layout in clay or soft wax, can also be considered a sketch in the broader sense of the word. Renaissance artists made sketches using a silver pen on specially prepared paper. When working on a sketch, an eraser can be used: an eraser is used to remove construction lines or to soften lines that are too sharp.
Linear image, or line graphics, in design design has a very wide application. The line can be considered as one of the main means of fine art in general. The line is used in the drawing, and in the sketch, and in the sketches.
Fore-sketch
A fore-sketch is a preliminary sketch before the final idea is approved, which is worked out in detail in the final sketch. Often performed during a conversation with the customer. The task of working on fore-sketches is to find the compositional, coloristic and tonal organization of image elements on the image plane in accordance with the creative concept. Usually the fore-sketch does not provide for a color solution.
When developing primary sketches (fore-sketches), the designer needs to quickly and expressively outline the shape and proportions of the object. The sketch technique works best for this. A sketch, which is completed in a short period of time, is characterized by a certain conciseness and conventionality. Without a preliminary pencil drawing, it is necessary to draw an object with any tool (pen, brush), paying special attention to expressiveness, shape and plasticity.
The expressiveness of the sketch largely depends on the technique of execution. A linear sketch solution can be done with a pencil, pen, stick, brush, felt-tip pen.
working sketch
A working sketch is a graphic document containing an image of a part and other data necessary for its manufacture and control. Working drawings of parts are made to a certain scale using drawing tools or a variety of technical means.
The information necessary for the manufacture and control of the object is presented on the sketch in the form of graphical and textual information. The general requirements for the content of this information are as follows:
a) on the sketch, the object must be depicted in the minimum number of images sufficient to understand the form, using the conventions established by the standards;
b) the sketch must be geometrically complete and structurally correct all the necessary dimensions;
c) the sketch must contain the necessary technical requirements, reflecting the features: material, coating, limit deviations of dimensions, tolerances of the shape and location of surfaces, etc.
Thus, the first basic requirement relates to the shape of the part, the second is related to the placement and application of dimensions, the third relates to technical requirements.
technical sketch
A technical sketch is a sketch that is created if there is a need to show certain technological points and solutions. Designers use technical drawing in their work to convey visual and semantic information about the object being designed. This can be a technical drawing of a sign attached to a wall or a drawing that shows the electrical wiring diagram in the product. In this case, all the key elements of the design are depicted, the necessary explanation is given. All this is done for the customer to fully understand the points of interest to him.
A technical sketch of a garment is a working drawing of the garment from the front, back and, if necessary, the side. Such a sketch conveys aspects of the detailed production process in an effective way, conveying information about the proportions, construction, seams and embellishments of designer clothes, so that when it is handed over to the cutter or workshop worker, there is confidence that the ideas will be recreated correctly. A technical sketch is usually created for a designer, cutter, technologist and seamstress.
The technical sketch does not carry exaggeration and stylization, it reflects the proportions of the object in the most clear way; shadows are not superimposed to avoid misunderstandings during production. The drawing is created in a cold, restrained, contour, concrete manner.
presentation sketch
Presentation or exposition sketch is the final stage of preliminary design. In fashion design, as a rule, it is carried out during the development of collections and is intended for discussion by specialists. Such a sketch can contain color, shadows, and everything that makes the project more attractive to the client.
Presentation sketches complete the work on the draft design and are necessary for demonstrating the finished object. There are no restrictions on graphics, the main thing is the expressiveness of the sketch.
The choice of graphic techniques and tools depends on the theme and concept of the object being designed. All this requires a careful approach, the use of the laws of composition (rhythm, subordination of elements, etc.), therefore, in order to proceed to the stage of the presentation of an object, it is required to go through the entire stage of sketching, starting with fore-sketches.
TECHNICAL TECHNIQUES AND METHODS OF THEIR IMPLEMENTATION
Of great importance in design and in the visual arts is the system of means and methods of transmitting visual images of all objects of the real world. Drawing technique is understood as a system of graphic tools and technical methods (techniques) that the artist uses in his work to create specific images performed for educational or creative purposes. A wide line drawn in charcoal, velvety sauce, a variety of deep shades in pencil shading will give unique qualities of texture that are inaccessible to hard graphite or pen drawing. Various texturing techniques include graphic techniques that allow you to create a variety of surfaces and textures.
hand sketches
Linear, or, as they say, contour drawing has its own distinctive qualities. The line is mobile, plastic, conveys all the features of the form; it can be thin and thick, intermittent and trembling, with thickenings. The linear image is conditional, it conveys simplicity, conciseness, clarity of the image and refers to fast graphic techniques. The line can not only be used for a planar image, but also create the illusion of volume, space. The designer must masterfully master linear graphics, be able to work with a pen, pencil and other graphic materials.
The real world can be represented not only in the form of linear, but also in the form of spot silhouette images. The spot is of great importance in sketches and sketches, in work on a costume sketch. The spot has its own shape, plasticity, mass. Silhouette spot graphics can be very expressive. With the help of a spot, you can highlight the accent of the composition, emphasize the sharpness of the silhouette, especially for new promising forms, creative proposals. The spot should be clear, should not be shaded, but made with a brush. To fill the stain, it is recommended to use a large brush so as not to get sloppy streaks. The shape, size of the spot, its contours depend on the concept of the project, the author's intention, etc.
Let's take a look at a few types of artwork.
laundering
A wash is the layering of lightly diluted watercolor or ink to create a smooth gradient or "transparent" fill. Pictures obtained using this technology sometimes look like real photographs.
In modern conditions of computerization of the activities of specialists in architectural and artistic specialties, hillshading has ceased to instill the skills of graphic representation of design material. However, without ceasing to be an integral part of the training of students, it pursues the goal of teaching the basics of a spatial naturalistic pictorial and graphic image, with their laws, rules, methods and techniques of work, performing the following tasks:
· Fostering a culture of mastering and reproducing color.
The reusable practice of obtaining a complex color by means of washing with a visual-emotional example forms a color taste and teaches how to achieve restrained, complex, pleasant colors using other means and materials. The color obtained by washing can be described by adjectives deep, luminous, complex and even intelligent. The fact is that to perform the technique from watercolor or ink, color is prepared by diluting the dye with water in a separate container. From this, each glazed layer of color has transparency and allows you to see through itself the lower layers. When applied layer by layer, each upper layer is enriched with lower layers, and the overall color becomes deeper, but the paper becomes less translucent with each new layer. The function of white is performed by paper. Translucent from under the layers of paint, it brings the quality of color luminosity. When shading, hue, lightness and saturation are made up of layers and depend on their number. The total color of all applied layers is much different from the same color taken from the can.
Development of artistic thinking
Thanks to the transparency of color and multi-layered writing, hillshade in teaching visual literacy inevitably leads the painter to the need to study, deep understanding and absolute understanding of the basic principles and laws of realistic drawing, and also develops the skills of their deliberate application in practical activities by the method of thinking when drawing, which can be called "analytical ".
To perform the wash work, round soft squirrel brushes of various thicknesses are used. It is possible to use kolinsky brushes. Paper for work can be chosen empirically, better stretched over the tablet to prevent bending from water. You can work in technology with watercolors, ink and, oddly enough, tea. You will also need a large container of clean water for rinsing the brush and wetting the paper, one or more smaller containers, palette trays for different colors of colors. A white plate or saucer will replace a plastic palette when working with water-based paint. The rag will serve to wring out the brush and wipe the hands.
Monotype
The word "monotype" is of Greek origin. It consists of two words: "monos" - one, only and "tipos" - a trace, an imprint. Monotype is a type of printed graphics, the invention of which is attributed to the Italian artist and engraver Giovanni Castiglione (1607-1665). Monotype printing technique consists in applying paints by hand on a perfectly smooth surface of a printing plate, followed by printing on a machine; the impression received on paper is always the only one, unique. In psychology and pedagogy, the monotype technique is used to develop the imagination of older preschool children.
For works made in the Monotype technique, the subtlety of color relationships, the smoothness and softness of the outlines of forms are characteristic, which outwardly brings monotype closer to watercolor.
Multicolor (polychrome monotype) is usually done with watercolors or specially degreased oil paints. For a monotype with watercolors, you first need to draw a contour drawing with a pencil on paper. Pencil work is auxiliary, but we must do it on paper of the size that the composition is intended to be.
The paper for the print should be larger than the preparatory drawing. We put the finished draft under the glass. We take watercolors, a brush, water and baby soap. Dilute the paint with soapy water. To work on a monotype, the paint must be thick, and not transparent, as in watercolor painting. We draw with it on glass, through which the pencil drawing should be clearly visible. It is only necessary to ensure that the glass (or film) does not move.
In addition to the multi-color monotype, there is also the so-called monochrome. Most often it is performed in black or brown. This type of monotype is done with printing or oil paints, but the latter must be prepared accordingly, i.e. degrease. To do this, oil paint is squeezed out of the tube onto newsprint or blotting paper. When the paper absorbs the grease, the paint is ready for use. Monochrome monotype can also be done with non-degreased paint, but then there is a threat that the clarity of the image will be disturbed, and besides this, the work will dry for a long time.
Artists very rarely use pure monotype. As a rule, it is used as part of mixed media. In the combination of forms and colors printed on a sheet of paper, the artist guesses the images close to him and finishes what he sees already on paper with a brush.
Stencil
A stencil is a device used to apply various symbols, such as letters, numbers and various images, to different surfaces; this term also refers to an image created using this device.
A stencil in the meaning of a device is a sheet of film, paper, or other material in which several through holes of various shapes are cut, or segments that make up the original image. When making a stencil, the picture is divided into segments in such a way that the stencil does not tear during drawing, and the image remains readable.
Stencils can be divided into groups according to different criteria:
1. By the number of layers - single-layer and multi-layer stencils.
2. According to the duration of use: disposable and reusable.
3. By material: paper, cardboard, film, metal and others.
4. By place of use: in production, in art, in design, in cooking, etc.
In graffiti, stencils are used to increase the clarity of a drawing or to quickly reproduce an image over and over again. In other words, writers (graffiti artists) use it, for example, when you need to add a lot of the same type of small, but clearly drawn elements. Applied with an aerosol can of paint.
Collage
Collage is a technique of creating an image on paper by arranging pieces of various materials. Reception resembles a mosaic. In graphics, a collage is usually interpreted as a combination of paper inserts in one image. You can also use fabric and other materials.
Collage was introduced into art as a formal experiment by the Cubists, Futurists and Dadaists. At that stage, scraps of newspapers, photographs, and wallpaper were used for pictorial purposes. Pieces of fabric, chips, etc. were pasted onto the canvas.
It is believed that Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso were the first to use the collage technique in art in 1910-1912. Kurt Schwitters was the first artist to work exclusively in the collage technique.
It is necessary to distinguish collage from a close, but still different means of depiction - application, that is, the use of various materials and structures - fabrics, newspapers, plywood or tin in order to enhance expressive possibilities. This method of creating an image in its essence and technique is close to inlay.
The collage technique allows you to achieve maximum expressiveness of graphic sketches.
Collage is used in sketches in both pure and mixed media. In mixed media, various colors are added to the collage, the shape is worked out with lines. For the convenience of working with a collage, you can first draw a diagram of the location of the fragments.
A photo collage is a free, arbitrary combination, sometimes not even interconnected, of several photo image styles in one picture or photograph.
In the course of the development of photography, it became possible to use various techniques and methods for creating collages using special effects. It should be noted that this direction of art is becoming more accessible to an increasing number of people who do not have professional skills in photography or computer processing of photographs (for example, using Photoshop).
Application
Application - cutting and gluing (sewing) figures, patterns or whole pictures from pieces of paper, fabric, leather, plant and other materials onto the base material (background). As a rule, the base material is cardboard, thick paper, wood. The application is associated with cognitive activity and has a huge impact on the development of mental and creative abilities of children.
The concept of "application" includes ways to create works of art from materials that are different in their properties and texture, united by the similarity of the execution technique. Each material has its own characteristics, which have a decisive influence on the application technique. For example, paper, straw, dried plants, birch bark are attached to the background with various adhesives; poplar fluff is superimposed on velvet paper.
Application is the simplest and most affordable way to create artwork, which preserves the realistic basis of the image itself. This makes it possible to widely use the application not only for design purposes, but also in creating paintings, panels, ornaments, etc. The main features of the appliqué are the silhouette, the flat generalized interpretation of the image, the locality of large color spots.
Application can be subject, consisting of separate images; plot, displaying a set of actions, events; decorative, including ornaments, patterns that can be used to decorate various objects.
Digital sketches
Digital painting is the creation of electronic images, carried out not by rendering (visualization) of computer models, but by using human computer imitations of traditional artist tools.
The computer in digital painting is the same tool as a brush with an easel. In order to draw well on a computer, it is also necessary to know and be able to apply all the knowledge and experience accumulated by generations of artists (the laws of perspective, color science, glare, reflections, etc.). Unlike traditional painting, digital painting has advanced and high-tech features of tools and capabilities: for example, working with layers or applying textures from photographs to the areas of the picture you need; generation of noise of a given type; various brush effects; various filters and corrections, and much more.
Consider the most popular graphic programs for creating digital sketches.
Adobe Photoshop
Adobe Photoshop is a multifunctional graphics editor developed and distributed by Adobe Systems. It mainly works with raster images, but it has some vector tools. The product is the market leader in commercial bitmap editing tools and is Adobe's best known product. This program is often referred to simply as Photoshop.
Despite the fact that the program was originally developed as an image editor for printing, it is now widely used in web design.
The extended version of the Adobe Photoshop Extended program is intended for more professional use, namely, when creating films, videos, multimedia projects, three-dimensional graphic design and web design, for working in the fields of production, medicine, architecture, and scientific research.
Adobe Illustrator
Adobe Illustrator is a vector graphics editor developed and distributed by Adobe Systems.
The program was conceived as a vector graphics editor, but designers use it for different purposes. The program has a wide range of drawing tools and color and text management capabilities.
With Adobe Illustrator, you can create vector images of any complexity, quickly and accurately turn hand-drawn scanned sketches, photographs, or other raster images into editable vector paths, while an intuitive interface and easy access to all application features provide a professional level of control over the entire graphic creation process. .
You can create a dynamic design for any projects. Thanks to the precision and functionality of the tools, Adobe Illustrator CS6 software is used by design professionals around the world.
Autodesk 3ds Max
Autodesk 3ds Max (formerly 3D Studio MAX) is a full-featured professional software system for creating and editing three-dimensional graphics and animation developed by Autodesk. Contains state-of-the-art tools for artists and multimedia professionals.
3ds Max has extensive tools for creating three-dimensional computer models of various shapes and complexity, real or fantastic objects of the surrounding world, using a variety of techniques and mechanisms.
Modeling based on standard objects, as a rule, is the main method of modeling and serves as a starting point for creating objects of complex structure, which is associated with the use of primitives in combination with each other as elementary parts of compound objects.
Adobe After Effects
Adobe After Effects is software from Adobe Systems for editing video and motion images, developing compositions (compositing), animation, and creating various effects. It is widely used in the processing of footage (color correction, post-production), when creating commercials, music videos, in the production of animation (for television and the web), titles for feature and television films, as well as for a number of other tasks that require use of digital video effects.
The name comes from an effect known as "permanence (inertness) of the visual sensation", this mechanism uses the sensory memory of the retina, which allows you to store visual information for a short period of time.
With an extensive library of third-party plug-ins, After Effects is also used in print and graphic design to edit static graphics (photos, computer-generated images, etc.).
Paint Tool Sai
Paint Tool Sai is a program developed by a Japanese company for digital painting.
Paint Tool Sai is one of the best drawing software. SAI offers a wide variety of tools that can be highly customized. There are some important filters and effects that make the program complete. The program offers both raster and vector drawing tools.
The Sai user interface allows you to keep more than one document open at the same time. The drawing canvas can be both scaled and rotated using the sliders on the navigator or hotkeys configured on the keyboard. It is also possible to keep different areas of the same document open. The color mixing panel can be saved between sessions. Colors can be saved in the swatches panel.
Various bitmap drawing tools are implemented, such as Airbrush, Watercolor, Pen, and Marker, which can all be easily customized, and stored in slots in the application's user interface. There are also a number of vector drawing tools designed for inking which, like raster tools, can be configured to be pressure sensitive (such as on drawing tablets).
Some typical features that are inherent in graphics programs are not implemented. These are text, gradients, and shapes. SAI focuses on how to draw and paint, while the final stage of creating a picture is outsourced to other applications.
AutoCAD is a 3D computer-aided design and drafting system developed by Autodesk. The first version of the system was released in 1982. AutoCAD and specialized applications based on it are widely used in mechanical engineering, construction, architecture and other industries. The program is available in 18 languages. The level of localization ranges from full customization to translation of reference documentation only. The Russian version is fully localized, including the command line interface and all documentation, except for the programming manual.
The widespread use of AutoCAD in the world is due, not least, to advanced development and adaptation tools that allow you to customize the system to the needs of specific users and significantly expand the functionality of the base system. A large set of application development tools makes the base version of AutoCAD a versatile application development platform.
ArchiCAD
ArchiCAD is a graphic CAD software package for architects and landscape designers created by Graphisoft. Designed for the design of architectural and building structures and solutions, as well as landscape elements, furniture, etc.
When working in a package, the concept of a Virtual Building is used. Its essence lies in the fact that the ARCHICAD project represents a virtual model of a real building that exists in the computer's memory. For its implementation, the designer at the initial stages of working with the project actually “builds” the building, using tools that have their full analogues in reality: walls, ceilings, windows, stairs, various objects, etc. Having completed the modeling stage, the user can extract from the "virtual building" all the necessary data to create project documentation: floor plans, facades, sections, explications, specifications, visualizations, etc.
A sketch is a design document made by hand, without the use of drawing tools, without exact scale, but with the obligatory observance of the proportions of the elements of the parts. The sketch is a temporary drawing and is intended for one-time use.
The sketch must be drawn up carefully in compliance with the projection connections and all the rules and conventions established by the ESKD standards.
A sketch can serve as a document for manufacturing a part or for making its working drawing. In this regard, the sketch of the part must contain all the information about its shape, dimensions, surface roughness, material. Other information is also placed on the sketch, drawn up in the form of graphic or textual material (technical requirements, etc.).
Sketching (sketching) is carried out on sheets of any paper of a standard size. In training conditions, it is recommended to use writing paper in a cage.
The sketching process can be conditionally divided into separate stages, which are closely related to each other. On fig. 367 shows a step-by-step sketching of the “support” part.
I. Introduction to the part
When familiarized, the shape of the part is determined (Fig. 368, a and b) and its main elements (Fig. 368, c), into which the part can be mentally divided. If possible, the purpose of the part is clarified and a general idea is made of the material, processing and roughness of individual surfaces, the manufacturing technology of the part, its coatings, etc.
II. Selecting the main view and other necessary images
The main view should be chosen so that it gives the most complete idea of the shape and dimensions of the part, and also facilitates the use of the sketch in its manufacture.
There are a significant number of parts limited by surfaces of rotation: shafts, bushings, sleeves, wheels, disks, flanges, etc. In the manufacture of such parts (or blanks), machining is mainly used on lathes or similar machines (carousel, grinding).
The images of these parts in the drawings are arranged so that in the main view the axis of the part is parallel to the main inscription. Such an arrangement of the main view will facilitate the use of the drawing in the manufacture of parts from it.
If possible, you should limit the number of invisible contour lines that reduce the visibility of images. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the use of cuts and sections.
The necessary images should be selected and performed in accordance with the rules and recommendations of GOST 2.305-68.
On fig. 368, a and b, the options for the location of the part are given and the arrows show the direction of projection, as a result of which the main view can be obtained. Preference should be given to the position of the part in Fig. 368b. In this case, the contours of most elements of the part will be visible in the left view, and the main view itself will give the clearest idea of its shape.
In this case, three images are sufficient to represent the shape of the part: main view, top view, and left view. A frontal incision should be made in place of the main view.
III. Selecting the paper size
The sheet format is selected according to GOST 2.301-68, depending on what size the images selected during stage II should have. The size and scale of the images should clearly reflect all the elements and apply the necessary dimensions and symbols.
IV. Sheet preparation
First, you should limit the selected sheet with an outer frame and draw a drawing frame of a given format inside it. The distance between these frames should be 5 mm, and a 20 mm wide margin is left on the left for filing the sheet. Then the contour of the frame of the main inscription is applied.
V. Layout of images on a sheet
Having chosen the visual scale of the images, the ratio of the overall dimensions of the part is set by eye. In this case, if the height of the part is taken as A y, then the width of the part is B ^ A, and its length is C "2L (see Fig. 367, a and 368, b). After that, rectangles with the overall dimensions of the part are applied on the sketch with thin lines (see Fig. 367, a). The rectangles are arranged so that the distances between them and the edges of the frame are sufficient for drawing dimension lines and symbols, as well as for placing technical requirements.
The implementation of the layout of images can be facilitated by the use of rectangles cut out of paper or cardboard and having sides corresponding to the overall dimensions of the part. By moving these rectangles across the drawing field, the most appropriate arrangement of images is chosen.
VI. Application of images of detail elements
Inside the resulting rectangles, images of the elements of the part are applied with thin lines (see Fig. 367, b). At the same time, it is necessary to observe the proportions of their
sizes and ensure the projection connection of all images by drawing the appropriate axial and center lines.
VII. Registration of views, cuts and sections
Further, in all views (see Fig. 367, c), details are specified that were not taken into account when performing stage VI (for example, fillets, chamfers), and auxiliary construction lines are removed. In accordance with GOST 2.305-68, cuts and sections are drawn up, then a graphic designation of the material is applied (shading of sections) in accordance with GOST 2.306-68 and the images are stroked with the corresponding lines in accordance with GOST 2.303-68.
VIII. Drawing dimension lines and symbols
Dimension lines and symbols that determine the nature of the surface (diameter, radius, square, taper, slope, thread type, etc.) are applied in accordance with GOST 2.307-68 (see Fig. 367, c). At the same time, the roughness of the individual surfaces of the part is outlined and conventional signs are applied that determine the roughness.
IX. Application of dimensional numbers
Using measuring tools, determine the dimensions of the elements and put the dimensional numbers on the sketch. If the part has a thread, then it is necessary to determine its parameters and indicate the corresponding thread designation on the sketch (see Fig. 367, d).
X. Finishing the sketch
At the final design, the main inscription is filled in. If necessary, information is provided on the maximum deviations of the dimensions, shape and location of surfaces; technical requirements are drawn up and explanatory inscriptions are made (see Fig. 368, d). Then the final check of the completed sketch is made and the necessary clarifications and corrections are made.
When sketching a part from life, one should be critical of the shape and arrangement of its individual elements. So, for example, casting defects (uneven wall thicknesses, displacement of hole centers, uneven edges, asymmetry of part parts, unreasonable tides, etc.) should not be reflected in the sketch. Standardized elements of the part (grooves, chamfers, drilling depth for threading, fillets, etc.) must have the design and dimensions provided for by the relevant standards.
esquisse) - a preliminary sketch that fixes the idea of a work of art, structure, mechanism or a separate part of it. In design documentation: a sketch is a drawing made by hand in an eye scale.Sketch - quick free drawing, not intended as the final work, often consists of many overlapping lines. It can be made in various techniques.
Sketching is inexpensive and allows the artist to sketch and try out other ideas before turning them into painting. Pencil or pastel preferred for sketches due to time constraints, but a quick sketch watercolors or even a quickly modeled model in clay or soft wax may also be considered a sketch in the broader sense of the word. Graphite pencils are a relatively new invention, artists renaissance made sketches using a silver pen on specially prepared paper.
When working on a sketch, an eraser can be used to remove construction lines or to soften lines that are too sharp.
Sometimes a sketch is called a sketch (not to be confused with a sketch - a one-act comedy play). "Sketch" (from the English "sketch" - a sketch, a sketch) - a quick freehand drawing, usually not considered a completed work. A sketch can serve a variety of purposes - it will help you quickly capture what the artist sees. To write down or develop an idea for the purpose of its further use, or to serve as a convenient form of graphic demonstration of a picture, idea or principle.
see also
Notes
Links
- // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language: in 4 volumes / ed.-comp. V. I. Dal . - 2nd ed. - St. Petersburg. : Printing house M. O. Wolfa , 1880-1882.
