STANKABOUTART- a term that denotes works of painting, sculpture and graphics that have an independent character and meaning. The ideological meaning of works of easel art does not change depending on the place where they are located, although their artistic sound depends on the conditions of exposure. The term "easel art" comes from the "machine" on which many works of art are created (in painting, for example, it is an easel). Easel art has been widely developed since the Renaissance.
MONUMENTAL ART- a kind of art that includes architectural structures, sculptural monuments, relief, wall paintings, mosaics, stained glass windows, etc. Monumental art focuses on mass perception and seeks to influence the emotions and thoughts of many people. Monumental sculpture is monuments, monuments, sculptural complexes that complement the architecture. Monumental painting is a panel, a list, a mosaic, stained-glass windows. Monumental graphics - a wall graphic image involved in the creation of a monumental image. Monumental art is characterized by a certain constant environment of existence. Properties: conciseness, catchiness, calm, balanced, clear, simple, whole and majestic. The "biography" of monumental art goes back to the human creations of the Stone Age. Murals of Altamira and Lasko, stones of Stonehenge, high stones (up to 20 m) vertically dug into the ground, having a cult significance (“menhirs”). Blossoming monument. The arts coincide with epochs when the collective consciousness is highly developed and the individual consciousness is not enough. It is no coincidence that all ancient cultures and the culture of the Middle Ages gravitated mainly towards the monumental.
4. Types of fine arts.
1.Architecture or architecture is both the science and art of building design. In a broad sense, architecture is the organization of the human environment, starting with the design of cities, the organization of the urban environment, landscape architecture and ending with the design of furniture and interior decoration of buildings.
2.painting: monumental painting on arch structures and other stationary bases (fresco, mosaic, stained glass). easel is alive (landscape, portrait, still life, household is alive, historical is alive)
3.graphic arts- a type of fine art that uses lines, strokes and spots as the main visual means (color can also be used, but, unlike painting, here it plays an auxiliary role).
4.theatrical and decorative arts
5.DPI- the field of decor art: the creation of artistic products that have a practical purpose in public and private life and the artistic processing of utilitarian objects (batik, tapestry, thread graphics, ceramics, embroidery)
6.sculpture- a type of visual art, the works of which have a three-dimensional shape and are made of solid or plastic materials.
5. Sculpture as an art form.
Sculpture [from lat. skulpo - cut out, carve] - sculpture, plastic, a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional three-dimensional shape and are made of solid or plastic materials. Sculpture shows a certain affinity for architecture: it also deals with space and volume, obeys the laws of tectonics and is material in nature. But unlike architecture, it is not functional, but pictorial. The main specific features of sculpture are physicality, materiality, laconicism and universality. The materiality of the sculpture is due to the ability of a person to feel the volume. But the highest form of touch in sculpture, which brings it to a new level of perception, is the ability of a person to “visually touch” the form perceived through sculpture, when the eye acquires the ability to correlate the depth and convexity of different surfaces, subordinating them to the semantic integrity of all perception. The materiality of sculpture is manifested in the concreteness of the material, which, taking shape, ceases to be an objective reality for a person and becomes a material carrier of an artistic idea. Sculpture is the art of transforming space through volume. Each culture brings its own understanding of the relationship between volume and space: antiquity understands the volume of the body as an arrangement in space, the Middle Ages - space as an unreal world, classicism - the balance of space, volume and form. The conciseness of the sculpture is due to the fact that it almost devoid of plot and narrative. The ease of perception of the sculpture is only apparent. Sculpture symbolic, conditional and artistic, and therefore complex and deep for perception.
The images of painting are very clear and convincing. It is able to convey volumes and spaces, nature, embody universal ideas, events of the historical past and a flight of fantasy, reveal the complex world of human feelings and character. Painting can be single-layer (performed immediately) and multi-layer, including underpaintings And sanding applied to the dried paint layer transparent and translucent layers of paint.
This achieves the finest nuances and shades of color.
The construction of volume and space in painting is connected with linear and aerial perspective, spatial properties of warm and cold colors, light-shadow modeling of the form, transfer of the general color background of the canvas. To create a picture, in addition to color, you need good drawing and expressive composition. The artist, as a rule, begins his work with a canvas by searching for the most successful solution in sketches. Then, in numerous pictorial sketches from nature, he worked out the necessary elements of the composition.
EASEL PAINTING
.
Easel paintings are those that have an independent meaning (they are written on the easel). Easel painting has many genres.
Genre
(French "manner", "look", "taste", "custom", "genus") - a historically emerging and developing type of work of art.
The genre can be noted in the title of the picture (approx. "Fishmonger").
Genres of easel painting:
As shown in the picture:
1.Portrait
2.Scenery
3.Still life
4.Household (genre)
5.Historical
6.Battle
7.animalistic
8.Biblical
9.Mythological
10.Fairy tale
1.Portrait
- an image of a person or group of people that exists or existed in reality.
Portrait types
: half-length, shoulder-length, chest-length, full-length portrait, portrait against a landscape, portrait in an interior (room), portrait with accessories, self-portrait, double portrait, group portrait, couple portrait, costumed portrait, miniature portrait.
According to the nature of the image, all portraits can be divided into 3 groups:
A ) ceremonial portraits
, as a rule, suggest a full-length image of a person (on a horse, standing or sitting), usually against a landscape or architectural background;
b) half-dress portraits
(perhaps not quite full-length, there is no architectural background);
V ) chamber
(intimate) portraits, which use the shoulder, chest, half-length image, often on a neutral background.
Russian portrait painters: Rokotov, Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Bryullov, Kiprensky, Tropinin, Perov, Kramskoy, Repin, Serov, Nesterov
2.Scenery
(French "place", "country", "homeland") - depicts nature, terrain, landscape.
landscape types
: rural, urban, marine (marina), urban architectural (veduta), industrial.
The landscape can be lyrical, heroic, epic, historical, fantastic..
Russian landscape painters: Shchedrin, Aivazovsky, Vasiliev, Levitan, Shishkin, Polenov, Savrasov, Kuindzhi, Grobar and others.
3.Still life (French "dead nature") - depicts original portraits of things, their quiet life. Artists depict the most ordinary things, show their beauty and poetry.
Artists: Serebryakova, Falk
4.Domestic genre (genre painting) - depicts the daily life of a person and acquaints us with the life of people of bygone times.
Artists: Venetsianov, Fedotov, Perov, Repin and others.
5.historical genre - depicts significant historical events, events of the past, epic times. This genre is often intertwined with other genres: domestic, battle, portrait, landscape.
Artists: Losenko, Ugryumov, Ivanov, Bryullov, Repin, Surikov, Ge and others.
Surikov, an outstanding master of historical painting: "Morning of the Streltsy Execution", "Boyar Morozova", "Menshikov in Berezovo", "Suvorov's Crossing the Alps", "The Conquest of Siberia by Yermak".
6.Battle genre - depicts military campaigns, battles, feats of arms, military operations.
7.Animal genre - depicts the animal world.
MONUMENTAL PAINTING.
Always associated with architecture. Decorates walls and ceilings, floors, window openings.
Types of monumental painting(vary depending on the technique of execution):
1.Fresco (Italian "on raw") - is written on raw lime plaster with paints (dry pigment, dye in powder), diluted with water. When dried, the lime releases a very thin calcium film, which fixes the paints underneath, makes the painting indelible and very durable.
2.Tempera - paints diluted with egg, casein glue or synthetic binder. This is an independent and widespread type of wall painting. Sometimes they write with tempera on an already dry fresco. Tempera dries quickly and changes color as it dries.
3.Mosaic (lat. "Dedicated to the Muses") - painting, laid out from small pieces of colored stones or smalt (specially welded opaque colored glass)
4. stained glass (French "glazing", from Latin "glass") - painting made from pieces of transparent colored glass, interconnected by lead strips (soldering with lead)
5.panel
(French "board", "shield")
- a) a part of a wall or ceiling (plafond), highlighted with a stucco frame or ribbon ornament and filled with painting;
b) made with paints on canvas, and then attached to the wall. For external walls, the panel can be made of ceramic tiles.
ARCHITECTURE
Architecture - the art of creating buildings and their complexes that form an environment for people's lives. It differs from other types of art in that it performs not only ideological and artistic, but also practical tasks.
Types of architecture:
public (palace);
public residential;
urban planning;
restoration;
landscape gardening (landscape);
industrial.
Expressive means of architecture:
building composition;
scale;
rhythm;
chiaroscuro;
color;
surrounding nature and buildings;
painting and sculpture.
1. Building composition
- the arrangement of its main parts and elements in a certain sequence . The composition of the building is very important, as it determines the impression that the building makes.. When creating an architectural composition, the architect uses various techniques: the alternation and combination of different spaces (open and closed, illuminated and darkened, communicating and isolated, etc.); various volumes (high and low, straight and curvilinear, heavy and light, simple and complex); elements of enclosing surfaces (flat and embossed, deaf and openwork, plain and colorful). The choice of composition depends on what the building is intended for.
Types of composition:
- symmetrical
. The same arrangement of building elements relative to the axis of symmetry, which marks the center of the composition. Such buildings were characteristic of the architecture of the era of classicism.
- Asymmetrical
. The main part of the building is shifted away from the center. Various volumes, contrasting in shape, material and color, are used, which leads to a dynamic architectural image. . characteristic of modern construction.
Reception of symmetry and asymmetry in the composition of individual elements, the arrangement of columns, windows, stairs, doors, etc.
2. Rhythm .Great organizing importance in the architectural composition belongs to the rhythm, i.e., a clear distribution of volumes and building details repeating at a certain interval (enfilade of rooms and halls, successive changes in the volumes of rooms, grouping of columns, windows, sculptures)
Types of rhythm:
-vertical rhythm
. Alternation of individual elements in the vertical direction. Gives the building the impression of lightness, aspiration upwards.
- Horizontal Rhythm
. The alternation of elements in the horizontal direction. Makes the building squat, stable.
By gathering and thickening individual details in one place and discharging them in another, the architect can emphasize the center of the composition, give the building a dynamic or static character.
3. Scale
. Proportional ratio of the building and its parts. Determines the size of individual parts and details of the building in relation to the size of the entire building as a whole, to the person, the surrounding space and other buildings. The scale of the building does not depend on the size of the building, but on the overall impression that it makes on the person.
4. Chiaroscuro . A property that reveals the distribution of light and dark areas on the surface of the form. Strengthens and facilitates the visual perception of the architectural form, gives it a more picturesque look. Artificial lighting of building volumes is used at the level of street, main and lighting. Reflected light in the interior creates the illusion of lightness of forms.
The peculiarity of architecture as an art is to create a unity of architectural composition from a variety of architectural forms. The simplest means of creating unity is to give the volume of the building a simple geometric shape. In a complex ensemble of a building, unity is achieved by subordination: the secondary parts of the building are subordinate to the main volume (compositional center). Tectonics is also a compositional tool.
Tectonics-artistically revealed constructive structure of the building.
5. Color . It is often used in architectural structures, especially in interior spaces (especially in classical and baroque buildings). The modern interior is characterized by bright, light colors.
6. Painting and sculpture .The artistic means of creating the compositional unity of the building include monumental and applied art, in particular sculpture and painting, the combination of which with architecture was called the "synthesis of arts".
7. Surrounding nature and buildings .Architecture gravitates toward ensemble. For its structures, it is important to fit into the natural (natural) or urban (urban) landscape. Forms of architecture are determined: naturally (depend on geographical and climatic conditions, on the nature of the landscape, the intensity of sunlight); socially (depending on the nature of the social system, aesthetic ideals, utilitarian and artistic needs of society).
Architecture is closely connected with the development of productive forces and technology. No other art requires such a concentration of collective efforts and material resources., for example: St. Isaac's Cathedral was built by 500 thousand people over 40 years.
The trinity of architecture: usefulness, strength, beauty. In other words, these are the most important components of the architectural whole: function, construction, form (Vitruvius, I century AD, ancient Roman architectural theorist). Construction became architecture when the expedient building acquired an aesthetic appearance.
Architecture originated in ancient times. In ancient Egypt, grandiose structures were created in the name of spiritual and religious purposes.(tombs, temples, pyramids). In ancient Greece, architecture acquires a democratic appearance and places of worship (temples) already affirm the beauty and dignity of a Greek citizen. There are new types of public buildings: theaters, stadiums, schools. And the architects follow humanistic principle of beauty, formulated by Aristotle: "The beautiful should not be too big and not too small ".
In ancient Rome, architects widely used arched vaulted structures made of concrete. New types of buildings, forums, triumphal arches and columns reflect the ideas of statehood and military power. In the Middle Ages, architecture becomes the leading and most popular art form.. In the gothic cathedrals aspiring to the sky, a religious impulse to God was expressed, and the passionate earthly dream of the people about happiness . The architecture of the Renaissance develops on a new basis the principles and forms of ancient classics, a new architectural form is introduced - the floor. Classicism canonizes the compositional techniques of antiquity.
The unity of the architectural composition implies the unity of style, which is created by a combination of features typical of the art of a certain time. The style of each era was influenced by various factors: ideological and aesthetic views, materials and construction techniques, the level of development of production, everyday needs, and artistic forms.
Style
- the sum of the elements that reveal the features of this era.
Style
- a historically established set of artistic means and techniques that characterize the features of the art of a certain time.
Style is present in all art forms, but is formed mainly in architecture. The architectural style has been formed for decades, or even centuries, for example, in ancient Egypt, the style has been preserved for 3 thousand years, in connection with which it was called canonical (canon (norm, rule) - a set of rules that developed in the process of artistic practice and enshrined in tradition ).
The basic principles of the Egyptian style, characteristic of all the art of Ancient Egypt:
- unity of images and hieroglyphic inscriptions;
- vertical image of objects and people (less significant is depicted on the plane above);
- line-by-line image of complex scenes with horizontal bands;
- different-scale figures, the size of which does not depend on the location in space, but on the significance of each of them;
- the image of a human figure, as it were, from different points of view (face-to-face) - the principle of flattening the figure on a plane (when the head and legs were depicted in profile, and the torso and eyes in front).
CALENDAR-THEMATIC LESSON PLANNING.
Calendar-thematic planning depends on the age of the students. The ideal option is the presence of lessons in grades 5 (6) -11, the state program of Yu. A. Solodovnikov and L. N. Predchetenskaya is designed for this. It should be borne in mind that the specifics of work in the middle and senior management are different. . High school students are already capable of perceiving generalized ideas contained, for example, in the concept of style, where the phenomenon of the principle "from the general to the particular" prevails. Middle-level students, especially in grades 5-6, are not always ready to understand the style, that is, they still do not have the ability to see the general pattern in many specific phenomena. This skill develops gradually, therefore, at the middle level, lessons of "immersion" in any work, event, phenomenon, life and creative path of the author, for example, "Myths of Ancient Greece", "The Birth of Opera", "Florentine Commerata" will give a greater result. These classes can take the form of dramatizations, business games, quizzes, disputes, etc. At the same time, students receive information related to specific characters, features of the expressive means of a particular art. The ability to see general patterns behind these "private" moments arises at a subconscious level. But specific images and situations are remembered well, vividly and for a long time.
Later, students who have accumulated experience in communicating with individual works of art, cultural phenomena, gain the ability to realize, formulate and express a generalized judgment. This moment comes when the student comes to the 9th grade, less often to the 8th grade. Students in grades 8 and 9 have different perceptions. Grade 8 is the stage of the transitional age period, which manifests itself in different ways. In one case, eighth graders are already ready for a more complex level of perception, in the other they are not. This situation is decided by the teacher in each case.
If the MHC school studies from grades 5 to 11, then the two-stage approach may be the most effective. Lessons in grades 5-7(8) are exciting "immersions" in the world of specific phenomena of culture, art, etc., using active practical forms of work. This can be instigation, games, disputes, use of computer programs, research using the Internet, project work, quizzes, etc. At the same time, the principle of historicism is preserved - in the thematic planning, the teacher includes key works and cultural phenomena that reflect the various stages of its development. It is very good if this is combined with the history course that students take in parallel. Possible connection with the lessons of fine arts, literature, music, etc.
The concept chosen by the teacher as a basis can define different material and activities. Solodovnikov suggests reliance on mythology as a possible principle for the organization of an object. But other principles are also possible.
Having reached the second stage, having knowledge about a specific cultural phenomenon, students in grades 9-11 can once again go through this path, but from the point of view of styles, the features of the artistic image in a particular era. Separate ideas obtained earlier are added to a single system of relationships, causes and effects become clear.
When compiling a program for grades 6-8, the teacher can take as a basis the content of the optional course of the MHC Danilova, where from the extensive and diverse material the teacher can choose what is closest to him and meets the conditions of his work.
It is also possible to plan MHK lessons in the middle level, when the concentric principle operates in each class, i.e. in each class, students consistently go through topics related to the art of the Ancient World, the Middle Ages, the East, Russia, the Renaissance, etc.
Painting is distinguished by a variety of genres and types. Each genre is limited by its range of subjects: the image of a person (portrait), the world around (landscape), etc.
Varieties (types) of painting differ in their purpose.
In this regard, there are several types of painting, which we will talk about today.
easel painting
The most popular and well-known type of painting is easel painting. So it is called for the reason that it is performed on a machine - an easel. The basis is wood, cardboard, paper, but most often canvas stretched on a stretcher. An easel painting is an independent work made in a certain genre. She has a richness of color.
Oil paints
Most often easel painting is executed with oil paints. Oil paints can be used on canvas, wood, cardboard, paper, metal.
Oil paints
Oil paints are suspensions of inorganic pigments and fillers in drying vegetable oils or drying oils or based on alkyd resins, sometimes with the addition of auxiliary substances. They are used in painting or for painting wooden, metal and other surfaces.
V. Perov "Portrait of Dostoevsky" (1872). Canvas, oil
But a picturesque picture can also be created with the help of tempera, gouache, pastels, watercolors.
Watercolor
Watercolor paints
Watercolor (French Aquarelle - watery; Italian acquarello) is a painting technique using special watercolor paints. When dissolved in water, they form a transparent suspension of fine pigment, due to this, the effect of lightness, airiness and subtle color transitions is created.
J. Turner "Fierwaldstadt Lake" (1802). Watercolor. Tate Britain (London)
Gouache
Gouache (French Gouache, Italian guazzo water paint, splash) is a type of adhesive water-soluble paints, more dense and matte than watercolor.
gouache paints
Gouache paints are made from pigments and glue with the addition of white. The admixture of white gives gouache a matte velvety, but when it dries, the colors are somewhat bleached (lightened), which the artist must take into account in the process of drawing. With the help of gouache paints, you can cover dark tones with light ones.
Vincent van Gogh "Corridor in Asulum" (black chalk and gouache on pink paper)
Pastel [e]
Pastel (from Latin pasta - dough) - artistic materials used in graphics and painting. Most often produced in the form of crayons or rimless pencils, having the form of bars with a round or square section. There are three types of pastels: dry, oil and wax.
I. Levitan "River Valley" (pastel)
Tempera
Tempera (Italian tempera, from Latin temperare - to mix paints) - water-borne paints prepared on the basis of dry powder pigments. The binder of tempera paints is the yolk of a chicken egg diluted with water or a whole egg.
Tempera paints are one of the oldest. Before the invention and distribution of oil paints until the XV-XVII centuries. tempera paints were the main material of easel painting. They have been used for over 3,000 years. The famous paintings of the sarcophagi of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs are made with tempera paints. Tempera was mainly easel painting by Byzantine masters. In Russia, the technique of tempera writing was predominant until the end of the 17th century.
R. Streltsov "Daisies and violets" (tempera)
Encaustic
Encaustic (from other Greek ἐγκαυστική - the art of burning out) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paints. Painting is done with melted paints. Many early Christian icons were painted in this technique. Originated in ancient Greece.
"Angel". Encaustic technique
We draw your attention to the fact that you can also find another classification, according to which watercolor, gouache and other techniques using paper and water-based paints are classified as graphics. They combine the features of painting (the richness of tone, the construction of form and space with color) and graphics (the active role of paper in the construction of the image, the absence of a specific relief stroke characteristic of the pictorial surface).
monumental painting
Monumental painting - painting on architectural structures or other grounds. This is the oldest type of painting, known since the Paleolithic. Due to stationarity and durability, numerous examples of it remained from almost all cultures that created developed architecture. The main techniques of monumental painting are fresco, and secco, mosaic, stained glass.
Fresco
Fresco (from Italian fresco - fresh) - painting on wet plaster with water-based paints, one of the wall painting techniques. When dried, the lime contained in the plaster forms a thin transparent calcium film, which makes the fresco durable.
The fresco has a pleasant matte surface and is durable in indoor conditions.
Gelati Monastery (Georgia). Church of the Holy Mother of God. Fresco on the top and south side of the Arc de Triomphe
A secco
And secco (from Italian a secco - dry) - wall painting, performed, unlike frescoes, on hard, dried plaster, re-moistened. Paints are used, ground on vegetable glue, egg or mixed with lime. Secco allows more surface area to be painted in a working day than fresco painting, but is not as durable a technique.
The asecco technique developed in medieval painting along with fresco and was especially common in Europe in the 17th-18th centuries.
Leonardo da Vinci The Last Supper (1498). A secco technique
Mosaic
Mosaic (fr. mosaïque, ital. mosaico from lat. (opus) musivum - (work dedicated to the muses) - decorative, applied and monumental art of different genres. Images in a mosaic are formed by arranging, setting and fixing multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials on the surface.
Mosaic panel "Cat"
stained glass
Stained-glass window (fr. vitre - window glass, from lat. vitrum - glass) - a work of colored glass. Stained glass has been used in churches for a long time. During the Renaissance, stained glass existed as a painting on glass.
Stained-glass window of the Palace of Culture "Mezhsoyuzny" (Murmansk)
Diorama and panorama also belong to the varieties of painting.
Diorama
The building of the diorama "Assault on the Sapun Mountains on May 7, 1944" in Sevastopol
A diorama is a ribbon-shaped, semicircularly curved painting with a foreground subject plan. The illusion of the presence of the viewer in the natural space is created, which is achieved by the synthesis of artistic and technical means.
Dioramas are designed for artificial lighting and are located mainly in special pavilions. Most of the dioramas are dedicated to historical battles.
The most famous dioramas are: "Assault on the Sapun Mountains" (Sevastopol), "Defense of Sevastopol" (Sevastopol), "Fights for Rzhev" (Rzhev), "Breakthrough of the Siege of Leningrad" (Petersburg), "Storm of Berlin" (Moscow), etc.
Panorama
In painting, a panorama is a picture with a circular view, in which a flat pictorial background is combined with a three-dimensional subject foreground. Panorama creates the illusion of real space surrounding the viewer in a full circle of the horizon. Panoramas are mainly used to depict events covering a large area and a large number of participants.
Museum-panorama "Battle of Borodino" (museum building)
In Russia, the most famous panoramas are the Battle of Borodino Panorama Museum, the Volochaev Battle, the Defeat of the Nazi Troops at Stalingrad in the Battle of Stalingrad Panorama Museum, the Defense of Sevastopol, and the panorama of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Franz Rubo. Canvas panorama "Battle of Borodino"
Theatrical and decorative painting
Scenery, costumes, make-up, props help to reveal the content of the performance (film) more deeply. The scenery gives an idea of the place and time of the action, activates the viewer's perception of what is happening on the stage. The theater artist seeks to sharply express the individual character of the characters, their social status, the style of the era, and much more in sketches of costumes and make-up.
In Russia, the heyday of theatrical and decorative art falls on the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. At this time, outstanding artists M.A. began working in the theater. Vrubel, V.M. Vasnetsov, A.Ya. Golovin, L.S. Bakst, N.K. Roerich.
M. Vrubel "City Lollipop". Sketch of the scenery for the opera by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" for the Russian Private Opera in Moscow. (1900)
Miniature
A miniature is a pictorial work of small forms. Particularly popular was the portrait miniature - a portrait of a small format (from 1.5 to 20 cm), characterized by a special subtlety of writing, a peculiar technique of execution and the use of means inherent only to this pictorial form.
The types and formats of miniatures are very diverse: they were painted on parchment, paper, cardboard, ivory, metal and porcelain, using watercolor, gouache, special artistic enamels or oil paints. The author can inscribe the image, in accordance with his own decision or at the request of the customer, in a circle, oval, rhombus, octagon, etc. A classic portrait miniature is a miniature made on a thin ivory plate.
Emperor Nicholas I. Fragment of a miniature by G. Morselli
There are several miniature techniques.
Lacquer miniature (Fedoskino)
Miniature with a portrait of Princess Zinaida Nikolaevna (Yusupov's jewels)
Monumental painting - these are large paintings on the internal or external walls of buildings (frescoes, panels, etc.). A work of monumental painting cannot be separated from its base (wall, support, ceiling, etc.). Significant themes for monumental paintings are also chosen: historical events, heroic deeds, folk tales, etc. Mosaic and stained glass, which can also be attributed to decorative art, merge directly with monumental painting. Here it is important to achieve the stylistic and figurative unity of monumental painting and architecture, the synthesis of arts. Monumental painting, in addition to its connection with architecture (stylistic, compositional and thematic), must have a generalization of images, stylization, appropriate colors for the situation and scale with the surrounding objects.
Easel painting is a kind of painting, which, unlike monumental, is not associated with architecture, has an independent character, independent meaning and is perceived regardless of the environment.. Works of easel painting (paintings) can be transferred from one interior to another, shown in other countries . The term "easel painting" comes from the easel on which paintings are created.
Miniature (from lat. minium - red paint used in the design of handwritten books) - in the visual arts, paintings, sculptural and graphic works of small forms, as well as the art of their creation.
Portrait miniature - a portrait of a small format (from 1.5 to 20 cm), characterized by a special subtlety of writing, a peculiar technique of execution and the use of means inherent only to this pictorial form.
The types and formats of miniatures are very diverse: they were painted on parchment, paper, cardboard, ivory, metal and porcelain, using watercolor, gouache, special artistic enamels or oil paints. The image can be inscribed in a circle, oval, rhombus, octagon, etc. in accordance with the compositional decision of the author (or at the request of the customer). A classic portrait miniature is a miniature made on a thin ivory plate.
As well as a picturesque, miniature portrait can be chamber or ceremonial; one-, two- or multi-figure; have a storyline or not have one. As in a large, “adult” portrait, the depicted face can be placed against a neutral, landscape background or in an interior. And although the miniature portrait is subject to the same basic laws of development and the same aesthetic canons as the entire portrait genre as a whole, but, however, differs from it both in terms of the essence of the artistic solution and in its area of application - the miniature is always more intimate. .
Illumination (from Latin illumino - I illuminate, make bright, decorate) is the process of making colored miniatures (illuminations) and ornamentation in medieval handwritten books.
Illuminated manuscripts are handwritten medieval books decorated with colorful miniatures and ornaments. In the Russian tradition, in addition to the term "illuminated" for handwritten books with miniatures, the term front manuscripts is often used. With the invention of printing, handwritten books gradually fell into disuse.
To create books, paints from natural pigments were used, as a result, red, blue, green, yellow and other colors were amazing in saturation and depth. In addition, silver and gold were used to create miniatures.
According to an ancient legend, painting originated from a girl in ancient times, when she circled the shadow of her beloved man on the wall. Well, this legend has a deep meaning, because the beginning of painting gave precisely the need for a portrait of a person.
Portrait, still life, landscape, plot - these are genres related to easel painting. And why precisely "easel painting"? This is because the name comes from the word “machine”, i.e. This is a painting done on an easel.
By the way, the word easel (from "Malbrett") has German roots and stands for "drawing board".
Easel painting is a kind of painting that does not depend on any objects and is a completely autonomous art. For example, there is monumental painting, which is tied to architectural structures. It involves the decoration of walls, ceilings and other buildings. There is decorative painting - painting on glass, clothes, dishes, furniture, etc. But easel painting is perceived as an independent unit. It's like a window into another reality or time.
The most famous artists of this painting are: Pablo Picasso, Vincent van Gogh, Ivan Aivazovsky, Mikhail Vrubel, Diego Velazquez and others.
4 main genres of easel painting
The world of painting is huge! And in order to somehow distinguish between them, genres of easel painting began to appear, which helped artists to navigate in their field and generalize artistic features.
Interesting! There was once a time in which each genre had its own rank. The genres of landscape and portrait were considered the lowest, and the story genre of the historical variety was the highest rated. Even then, the famous Voltaire considered these attitudes unfair. For him, all genres were good, except for boring ones.
1. Portrait.
The artist of this genre faces a difficult task. To paint a portrait of a person, you need to have experience and mature skill. It seems that it is easy, but the portrait should not only be similar to the original, but also be alive.
As Kramskoy said - "it would be necessary to write as if it were smiling, or not, now how the lips trembled, in a word, the devil knows what, alive!".
Remember, you have probably seen portraits that depict a person with an exact likeness. But something about him was not right, as if he had been replaced. Similar, but not similar. Familiar?
This is because it is necessary not only to accurately draw the forms of a person’s face, but also to feel his inner world, and even better, to know the person well. That's when you can fully transfer the "living" person to the canvas, which is called a personality. You can verify these words by looking at the portraits of Velazquez, Serov, Rembrandt or Repin.
2. Landscape.
In this genre, the artist conveys to the viewer the fullness of experiences and emotions from the perception of nature: sea views, landscapes, buildings, etc. The artist not only depicts the nature of a certain place, but also puts his worldview, mood and thought associated with the object into the picture.
Interesting! If we recall the famous "Vladimirka" by I. Levitan, the picture immediately evokes some kind of feeling of grief, sadness and heaviness. But the picture shows the road along which prisoners were driven to hard labor in tsarist times.
It is impossible not to mention the masters of the Soviet landscape:
- M. Saryan;
- G. Nissky;
- S. Gerasimov.
3. Plot
There are 5 subspecies of narrative painting: historical, everyday, mythological, religious and battle. This genre requires the artist to restore the fullness of events - the atmosphere, people, life priorities, time, feelings, etc. It is as if a painter is resuming one, but very bright and accurate fragment from the past.
Some pictures of this genre can be easily perceived by a person. And others may require some knowledge in the field and special attention (for example, religious or mythological paintings).
The historical and battle subspecies are related. The painter depicts the first subspecies as if the picture is a portal to the past, which shows all the problems of that time: life, prejudices and beliefs. In the second subtype, the artist tries to convey the hostile atmosphere, military life, the battle for the homeland, the courage of the soldiers and the patriotism of the people.
As for the everyday subspecies, here the master focuses our attention on everyday things in everyday life so that in the picture they are perceived in a new and unusual way.
The characters of Anatoly Kozelsky are remembered with a smile: wow, so much humor and fantasy - amazing!
4. Still life.
This French word stands for "dead nature". The painter of this genre depicts inanimate objects: food, interior, flowers, etc. But this is by no means a blind repetition of the shape and color of the object; the artist also leaves his thoughts, moods and experiences in the picture.
In his still lifes "Moscow Food. Meat, Game" and "Moscow Food. Bread" I. Mashkov conveys his admiration and exultation from the gifts of nature, as well as the life-affirming look and optimism that has always been characteristic of Soviet people.
How do masters paint an easel painting?
Classics of easel painting - canvas, oil or tempera paints. Sometimes pastels, watercolors, gouache and even ink are used (in the Far East). Well, nowhere without the good old easel. Centuries have already passed, and this is still the same three- or four-legged instrument.
By the way, did you know that in past centuries, wood was used as the basis for easel painting? In the West, artists took rice paper, silk and parchment. But now, of course, it is a glued and primed canvas.
It so happened historically that most often the picture is painted in oil. Paints retain their brightness and color for a long time.
Tempera paints are also used no less frequently. They are characterized by uniform drying and do not crack (craquelure), as can happen with some oil paints. Tempera is a strict and hard technique. For example, for the transition of tones, the painter imposes one layer on another, and the volume is revealed by changing the tone of the pigment or by shading.
Finally
An experienced master does not immediately take a brush and begin to create masterpieces! First, the artist starts with a sketch, then deals with the contours of the environment, the shapes of objects and the construction of the future picture (composition).
When this is ready, the artist proceeds to study the people, the setting, the right poses, the light, the mental attitude, and so on. All this allows the artist to put the finished picture in his head, after which he begins to paint. Only in this way the picture turns out to be alive and becomes the object of our admiration.
P. S. A few words about teaching easel painting.
In Russia, easel painting is taught at the G.K. Wagner Art School (Ryazan), at the V. Surikov Institute (Moscow) and at the E. Repin Institute (St. Petersburg).
