Permanent and non-permanent signs of the sacrament are examples. The main signs of the sacrament

The question of the place of participles and gerunds in the system of parts of speech is solved ambiguously. Some linguists (V.V. Babaitseva) classify them as independent parts of speech, since they have a number of features that are not characteristic of verbs, while the majority consider them as special forms of verbs.

Participle- this is a special form of the verb, which denotes a sign of an object by action and answers the question what? Over the raging (what? which is raging) sea gulls were flying. (M. Gorky)

Distinguish: adjectives (denoting a sign of an object: green) and participles (denoting a sign of an object by action: green - the one that turns green).

General grammatical meaning of participles: sign of the object by action.

Participles have the morphological features of a verb and an adjective.

initial participle form- nominative singular masculine.

Constant Signs of Communion

1. Participles are divided into real ones, denoting a sign of an object that is created by the action of the object itself: the Sun was already hiding in a black cloud resting on the ridge of the western mountains. (M. Lermontov), ​​and passive, denoting a sign that is created in one object by the action of another: An agitated sea lay before us (K. Stanyukovich).

2. Participles look like perfect(writer) and imperfect(chipped).

From the imperfective verb, participles of the present and past tense are formed (read - reading, read, read, read), from perfect verbs - past participles (read - read, read).

3. As a form of the verb, the participle has time: present and past. The participle has no future form.

Participle suffixes

TO fickle signs participles include gender, number, case, full and short forms (features of adjectives).

Only passive participles have a full and short form: Fields sown with snow lay before us. The fields were covered with snow.

Like short adjectives, short participles change by number (finished - finished), in the singular by gender (written, written, written).

Full participles have a number (running - running), gender in the singular and case.

The case, number and gender of participles are determined by the case, number and gender of nouns.

Syntactic role

In full form - definition: Calm down trees silently and obediently dropped yellow leaves (A. Kuprin).

In short form - the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate: The whole room is illuminated with an amber brilliance. (A. Pushkin)

The main features of the verb

Question number 2. (What is the difference between perfective and imperfective verbs?)

View verbs - verbs are perfect and imperfective.

• Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do?

• Verbs perfect look answer the question what to do?

• There is a small number in Russian two-part verbs, that is, such verbs that, depending on the context, have the meaning of the perfect form (and answer the question what to do?), then of imperfect form (and answer the question what to do?).

Execute, marry, marry, order, investigate, examine, arrest, attack, etc.

For example: Rumors spread throughout the country that the king would personally execute (what is he doing?- imperfect species) their enemies; The king executed (What did you do?- perfect view) over fifty rebels.

Question number 3. (What verbs are called transitive?)

Transitivity There are transitive and intransitive verbs in Russian.

· transitive verbs able to combine with a noun, a pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition.

Question number 4.

1.Find the noun that the verb refers to. For example, in the sentence “All of Russia glorified the victory won by the Russian army on the Borodino field”, the verb “glorified”, being a predicate, is connected with the subject - the word “Russia”. And the participle "obsessed" (the participle is also a form of the verb, and therefore always has a pledge) refers to the word "victory".

2
Answer the question - what kind of action does our verb denote? Is it about something that was done by the person (or what) the noun denotes? Or did someone else do this to him? “Russia glorified the victory” - it is Russia that is the protagonist here. Therefore, the verb "glorified" is in the active voice. “The victory won by the army” - here the character is already “army”, and the participle “won” denotes what the army did with this victory. Therefore, it is in the passive voice.

3
A separate conversation is reflexive verbs, that is, those that end in "-sya". Sometimes it is believed that all such verbs are necessarily of the passive voice. But this is a mistake. There are many active reflexive verbs. You can tell them apart like this. Try to rephrase the sentence so that the "-sya" ending is dropped. For example, "An article is being written now" easily becomes "Someone is writing an article now." So, “written” is a passive voice verb. But let's take the phrase "The hostess stocks up vegetables for the winter." To paraphrase it, we get "Vegetables store the hostess for the winter." Obviously, initially the proposal spoke about something completely different. Similarly, it is impossible to remake the phrase "The dog bites." "Someone is biting the dog" is a sentence with a completely different meaning. “Stocks” and “bites” are active voice verbs.

4
The active voice also includes those reflexive verbs that denote an action on oneself. You can distinguish them by trying to replace the ending "-sya" with a separate word "yourself". "He saves himself from danger" thus becomes "He saves himself from danger." The active voice of this verb is already obvious.

Question number 5. (What is a participle? What signs of the participle bring it closer to an adjective and a verb?)

Participle- an independent part of speech, which denotes a sign of an object by action, combines the properties of an adjective and a verb and answers the question Which? There may also be questions what to do? what to do?

The main signs of the sacrament

Question number 6. (How are participles formed? What is the difference between real and passive participles?)

Education:

· Present participles are formed from the foundations of the present tense. In order to highlight this stem, it is necessary to discard the personal ending of the verb in the present tense:

a) real participles:

decide(I conjugation): resolving-ut → decide- + -yushch- + -y (decisive );
build (II conjugation): stro-yat → stro- + -box- + -th (building );

b) passive participles:

decide(I conjugation): resolving-ut → decide- + -em- + -th (solvable );
build (II conjugation): stro-yat → stro- + -im- + -th (under construction ).

· Past participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive (or the stem of the past tense):

a) real participles:

decide(stem to vowel): resolving-be → solve- + -vsh- + -th (deciding );
carry (stem to consonant): carriedti → non- + -sh- + -th (carrying );

b) passive participles:

write(based not on -it ): write-be → write- + -nn- + -th (written );
build (based on -it ): built/i-t → built- + -enn- + -th (built );
take : take-be → take- + -t- + -th (taken ).

Real and passive:

• Valid participles denote a sign that is created by the action of the object itself.

reading reads by himself ; reading the boy is the boy whoread it myself .

• Passive participles denote a sign that is created in one object by the action of another object.

readboy a book is a book thatread the boy ; built worker's house - a house thatbuilt workers .

Passive participles have a number of features:

• passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs;

• passive participles have a full and short form;

A built house - a house is built, finished milk - milk is finished drinking.

• passive participles can be extended by a noun or pronoun in T. p. with the meaning of the subject of the action.

Wed: built(by whom?) workers house (workers built a house); told(by whom?) grandmother fairy tale (grandmother told a tale).

Question number 7. (What is a gerund? What brings together and what distinguishes a gerund and an adverb?)

gerund- an independent part of speech, which denotes an additional action, combines the properties of the verb and adverb and shows how, why, when the action caused by the verb-predicate is performed.

The participle answers questions doing what? having done what? There may also be questions How? Why? how? When? and etc.

Leaving, waiting, seeing.

A gerund with dependent words is called participle turnover.

Leaving for the village, waiting to go on stage, seeing his brother.

Similarities:

Question number 8.

Formation of gerunds– gerunds are formed from verbs with the help of special suffixes – -a, -i, -v, -lice, -shi :

• gerunds imperfect form formed from the stem of the present tense with the help of suffixes -and I :

be silent: silently -at → silentA ;
decide : resolving -yut → reshaI ;

• gerunds perfect look formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of suffixes -in, -lice, -shi :

shut up: shut up -be → shut upV ;
decide : decide -be → decideV ;
to do : busy -be-Xia → busylice camping;
bring : brought -ti → broughtshea .

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The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function

Participle - a special (non-conjugated) form of the verb, which denotes a sign of an object by action, answers the question what? (what?) and combines the features of a verb and an adjective. In a sentence participle can be a definition or nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: Exhausted by a poisonous night, insomnia and wine, I stand, breathe in front of a brightening window opened into the fog (G. Ivanov); nice started glorious deed ... (A. Akhmatova).(Together with dependent words, participle forms participial, which in school practice is usually considered one member of the sentence: exhausted by the poisonous night; into the fog by a bright window.)

Signs of the verb and adjective in the participle

Note . The real/passive meaning and time are expressed in participles with the help of special suffixes.

Participle ranks

Communions divided into real and passive.

Valid communion indicate the attribute of an object by the action that the object itself performs: running boy- sign boy by action run, which the boy does.

Passive communion designate a sign of one object by the action that another object performs (i.e., a sign of an object on which an action has been or is being performed): broken (boy) glass- sign glasses by action smash, which commits boy.

AND valid, And passive participles can be present and past tense (the participles have no future tense).

Participle formation

1. Communions present tense (both real and passive) are formed only from imperfective verbs (perfective verbs do not have participles present tense).

2. Passive communion are formed only from transitive verbs (intransitive verbs do not have passive participles).

3. Communions present tense (both real and passive) are formed from the basis of the present tense.

4. Communions the past tense (both real and passive) are formed from the stem of the infinitive.

5. Passionate communion The past tense is predominantly formed from perfective verbs.

Valid communion present time -usch-/-yusch-(from verbs of I conjugation), and -ash-/-box-(from verbs of II conjugation): pi-sh-ut - writing, numaj- ym- reading(from verbs of I conjugation); shouting - screaming, talking - talking(from verbs of II conjugation).

Valid communion past tense formed with suffixes -vsh-, -sh-: write- writing, screaming- shouting, carrying - carrying.

Passive communion present time formed with suffixes -em-, -om-(from verbs of I conjugation) and -them-(from verbs of II conjugation): chita jut- readable (chitae] my), ved-ut- driven, love - beloved.

Some transitive imperfective passive verbs participles present tense do not form: wait, prick, take, crush, rub, dig, wash, pour, write, build, chop and etc.

Passive communion past tense formed with suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-: read- read, build - built, open- open.

Suffix -enn- joins stems into a consonant (P rines ti- brought) or on -and (note - noticed).

Note. Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive form participles past tense.

Short form participles

Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)

IN short form participles (as well as short adjectives) change only by numbers and in the singular by gender (short forms do not change by cases).

Short form participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the basis of the full participle forms with the help of endings: zero - the masculine form, A- female, o - average, s- plural: solve, solve, solve, solve; built, built, built, built.

In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate: And the sailing boat is lit by copper-red sunset (G. Ivanov).Brief Communion can sometimes play the role of a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning , Tatyana is waiting: when is the answer? (A. Pushkin)

Participles and verbal adjectives

Communions differ from adjectives not only in the presence of morphological features of the verb, but also in their meaning. Adjectives denote constant attributes of objects, and communion- signs that develop over time. Wed, for example: red- blushing, flushed; old- aging, older.

Communions may lose the meaning and signs of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case participle denotes an already permanent sign of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words with it, control nouns: an out-of-tune piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer. Wed: He also liked Tit Nikonych ... everyone's favorite(participle) and loving everyone (I. Goncharov) And When she played the piano my favorite(adjective) plays ... I listened with pleasure (A. Chekhov).

Most easily pass into passive adjectives communion: restrained character, high spirits, strained relations, confused look.

Communions are used mainly in the styles of book speech and are almost never found in colloquial everyday speech.

Morphological analysis of the sacrament includes the allocation of three permanent signs (real or passive, aspect, tense) and four non-permanent (full or short form, gender, number and case). Participles, like the verbs from which they are formed, are characterized by transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irreversibility. These permanent features are not included in the generally accepted scheme of analysis, but can be noted.

Permanent:
real or passive;
type (perfect or imperfect);
time (present or past).
Non-permanent:
full or short form (in the passive);
case (in full form);
number;
genus (singular).
initial form- the full form of the participle in the nominative case of the singular masculine.

Active and passive participles

Valid participles denotes a sign of an object that itself performs an action: teaching(i.e. he teaches), teaching(i.e. he taught himself), trained(i.e. he taught himself).
Are formed:

Passive participles denote a sign of an object that experiences the action of another object: trainable(by someone) trained(by someone).

gerund

gerund- this is a special form of the verb, which denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb, and answers questions what doing?what having done?
Syntactic role: in a sentence it can be a circumstance.
Over the river,a fisherman's fire blazed.(P.)

Morphological signs of the participle

1. View (perfect or imperfect).
2. Transitional or intransitive.
3. Immutability.
initial form- infinitive.

Type of gerunds

Imperfect.
Imperfect participles answer the question what doing? and are formed using suffixes:

Perfect.
Perfective gerunds are formed using suffixes

scientist(by someone).
Are formed:

Compound non-union sentence
A compound sentence is called non-union, the parts of which are not connected
unions or allied words, but in meaning, intonation, by the ratio of species
tense forms of verbs and the order of the parts (The horses set off,
the bell rang, the wagon flew (A.S. Pushkin). You are wrong again:
I'm not a deli at all; I have a bad stomach (M.Yu. Lermontov).
A complex non-union sentence can consist of two or more
independent parts. Between parts in non-union complex sentences can be established
various semantic relationships, for example:
- transfers (The horses set off, the bell rang, the wagon flew
(A.S. Pushkin);
-comparisons (Twilight had long come - she was still sitting in
living room (A. Aksakov);
-explanations (Suddenly we hear: lapwings are screaming at the top of their lungs (M.M. Prishvin);
-conditions (I’ll think - I’ll hide the big rivers for a long time under oppression (N.A.
Nekrasov);
-reasons (Now the water in the lake was very black, transparent: all duckweed to
winter sank
on
bottom (K.G. Paustovsky);
-consequences (We are in mourning, so it is impossible to give a ball (A.S. Griboyedov);
-time (the storm stopped - the detachment moved on), etc.

Allied sentences are complex sentences in which the semantic relations between predicative constructions (parts of a complex sentence) are expressed using unions or allied words. For example: I realized that I need to act immediately. This was the abyss where he was afraid to look (JI. N. Tolstoy). Allied sentences according to their syntactic form are divided into complex and compound sentences. The formal syntactic means that distinguishes between the coordinating and subordinating connection in a complex sentence are coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. It is the use of a coordinating or subordinating conjunction as part of a complex sentence that characterizes the sentence as a compound or complex subordinating one. Coordinating conjunctions show the equality of predicative constructions. For example: The rain stopped, but the wind blew with a vengeance. Subordinating conjunctions express the syntactic relation of the dependence of one predicative construction on another. For example: We were late because we lost a lot of time in traffic jams.
8 . Spelling separator b and b

Although the letters b and b by themselves do not represent any sounds, they are written in order to pronounce words correctly. Compare, for example: SEED (without a soft sign) and FAMILY (with a separating soft sign). To remember when to write a soft sign and when to write a hard sign, you need to learn the following rules.

The dividing b is written inside the word (in the root or suffix, but not after the prefix) before the letters E, E, Yu, I, I (BLIZZHI, BURYAN, FOX TRACKS), as well as in some borrowed (foreign) words before the letter O ( BOUILLON, SIGNOR, GUILLOTINE). A soft sign usually softens the consonant sound that precedes it and, in addition, makes us pronounce an additional sound [Y].

The separating b (solid sign) must be written at the junction of the prefix and the root, if the prefix ends in a consonant, and the root of the word begins with the letters E, Yo, Yu, Ya. In addition, the separating Ъ is written in compound words with numerals: TWO-LEVEL, TRILINGUAL.

Please note: before other vowels, Ъ is not written: SAFETY, COUNTERATTACK, TRANSARCTIC.

The exceptions are complex abbreviated words (CHILDREN, INYAZ, ORGEDITSA) and complex words written with a hyphen (POL-YURTS). These words do not need a hard or soft sign.

Participle - an independent part of speech denoting a sign of an object by action and answering a question Which? The participle has the characteristics of a verb and an adjective.

Morphological (grammatical) signs of participle:

Permanent(these are signs taken from the verb):

1. Lexical meaning(meaning of an action; unlike an adjective denoting a permanent feature of an object͵ participle denotes a feature of an object by action, ᴛ.ᴇ. a variable sign that exists at the moment the action is being performed: Fluffy kitten ( constant sign - ϶ᴛᴏ adjective) - playing kitten(a sign of inconstant - ϶ᴛᴏ participle);

2.View- imperfect and perfect: offering (what did he do?) - offering what he did ?;

3.Time- present and past: sleeping - sleeping, reading - reading.

From verbs nes. V. two participles can be formed. temp. (offering, offered) and one past participle. temp. (proposed). From the verbs of owls. V. only past participles are formed. vr .: offered, bought, removed, offered, bought, removed; 4. recurrence: meeting, pleasing - irrevocable; meeting, rejoicing - returnable; 5. Pledge- real and passive. Real participles denote a sign of that person or object, which itself performs the action: considering, considering, considering. Passive participles denote a sign of a person or object ͵ to which the action is directed: considered, considered. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. At the same time, participles cannot be formed from some transitive verbs. temp. with suffixes -om-, -em-, -im-, in particular, from verbs: protect, beat, take, wake up, call, write, drink. Some transitive verbs, such as wait, love, see, push, do not have passive past participles. temp. 6. The participle retains all lexical and syntax links, which the verb had: head the government - headed the government, work on a book - worked on a book, think deeply - thought deeply.

Fickle(these are signs taken from the adjective)

1. Designate a sign of a person, an object.

2. They change in numbers, genders and cases: a sleeping child, a sleeping daughter, sleeping children, to sleeping children.

3. Passive participles, as well as qualitative adjectives, except for the full one, have a short form: the purchased goods - the goods are purchased, the beloved child is loved by everyone.

4. Role in the sentence: there are only full participles definition, brief - only part compound nominal predicate.

Participle formation

Present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense verb: nes-ut → nes- yi-y, don't- ohm th. Past participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive: brought-ti →brought- w-y, brought yonn th. Passive participles are formed from transitive verbs: decide → decide eat th.

Passive past participles - mainly from perfective verbs: decide → decide yonn-and I. The real participles of the present tense are formed using suffixes -usch- (- yusch-) from verbs I ref., -ash- (-ash-) from verbs II ref.: carried yi uh, game Yusch uh; scream ash oy, white crate uy. Passive present participles are formed using suffixes –em-(-om-) from verbs I ref., -them- from verbs II ref.: chita eat oh, ved ohm th; import them th.

Real past participles are formed using suffixes –vsh-(after a vowel) and –w-(after consonant): resolving vsh yy, grew up w uy. Passive past participles are formed using suffixes –nn-, -enn-(-yonn-), -t-: read nn th, brought yonn oh, smash T th.

Spelling participles

1. The choice of a vowel in the suffixes of present participles depends on the conjugation of the original verb: wavering(from swaying - I ref.), wavering(from fluctuate - I ref.); under construction(from build - II ref.), visible(from seeing - II question). ! from the verb glimpse participle is formed squeamish.

2. In the passive participles of the past tense, it is written –nn-, if the verb in the indefinite form ends in -at, -yat: write - written, dispel - dispelled; spelled –enn-(-enn-), if the verb ends in -et, -it, -ti, -ch: see - seen, shoot - shot, save - saved, save - saved.

3. In the suffixes of the passive participles of the past tense, it is written nn if these participles have prefixes or explanatory words: is right enn th manuscript, correct enn and I corrector manuscript.

4. In non-prefixed participles formed from perfective verbs, it is written nn : abandoned, given, bought, deprived, captive; and in some participles formed from imperfective verbs: seen, seen, heard, read. Exceptions: named brother, planted father, smart boy.

5. Participles with a suffix –ova-, –eva- are written with nn : spoiled child, risky project, uprooted plot. In words forged, chewed combinations ov, ev are included in the root.

6. In short passive participles it is written n : the theory is confusing. In short verbal adjectives, nn A: Its capabilities are limited. But: The scope of work is limited by funds.

7. Case endings of participles are defined as for adjectives on the issue: parting (what?) comrades.

8. Particle Not with participles is written separately if there is a contrast with the union A, or dependent words (participle turnover), or the participle is used in short form: not finished, but only begun story; manuscript not returned to the author; not verified.

9.Merge with Not are written together with full single participles or with participles that are not used without Not: unnoticed typos, an indignant look.

Participial- ϶ᴛᴏ participle with dependent words. The participial phrase standing after the word being defined is isolated: The waves fell silent, crushed by a heavy pile of ice. Pressed down by a heavy pile of ice, the waves fell silent. If the participial turnover has the meaning of cause or concession, then it is also isolated before the word being defined: Wounded in the hand, the commander did not leave the battlefield.

The use of participial turnover

ü The noun to be defined must be either before the whole turnover or after it, but not inside the turnover. Wrong: A person cut off from reality finds his place in life with difficulty.(should: A man out of touch with reality...)

ü Participles have only two forms of tense - present and past, they have no future tense. In these cases, the participial turnover is replaced by a subordinate attributive clause. Wrong: A student who writes a summary without a single mistake will receive a high mark.(should: The student who writes...)

ü It is necessary to take into account the specific (or temporary, or mortgage) diversity: The book describes the events taking place in the 15th century.(should: taking place in the 15th century); Toys produced by the Zagorsk factory are known all over the world(should: produced)

! Participles used without dependent words in a figurative sense are adjectives, they can be easily replaced by synonyms: organized student (= strong-willed) - adjective teacher-organized hike (the one organized)- participle.

! Completely lost verb features and became adjectives

-uch, -uch, -ach, -ch: dense, prickly, recumbent, wandering;

*Words formed from verbs with a suffix –l: burnt, belated;

*Words formed from verbs with suffixes –n, -en, -yon , if they do not have dependent words: fried, braided;

* Compound words that include participle suffixes: all-destroying, half-burnt.

Morphological analysis of the sacrament

1. Initial form

2. Permanent signs:

- real - passive;

- time;

3. Non-permanent signs:

- genus;

- number;

- case;

- full-short form (for passive participles);

4. Function in a sentence.

Communion Parsing Sample