What does it mean to me to be a cultural worker?
A house that gives creativity
Today the understanding of cultural leisure is changing. And modern clubs are forced to look for new forms of communication with the audience, rethink the accumulated experience, use new mechanisms and operating principles to attract spectators, organize amateur creativity, and create a comfortable cultural space.
For me, the cultural center is the place where I worked for more than 38 years. During them, I try to capture interesting moments of certain events, holidays, events in order to reflect in memory the feelings of people when they reveal their talents, demonstrating joy, sadness and other emotions, for example, in song, dance….
Frankly, for many years I myself have realized the dream of my youth - singing in a folk song ensemble.
The House of Culture, I believe, is a place where you can relax your soul, chat, meet friends, be an artist or watch your children’s work on stage. And some people just come to take a break from everyday life.
Nowadays, when life is filled with endless difficulties, problems and worries, we want something special - bright and kind.
On the eve of the professional holiday of cultural workers, I would like to wish my colleagues to keep up with the times, health, creative success in all endeavors, inspiration and happiness.
Lyubov Kaygorodova, leading methodologist for socio-cultural activities of the MBUK KRDKiD.
We give people joy
For me, a cultural worker is a real calling, difficult, but exciting, creative and all-consuming. The main purpose of our profession is to give people joy.
The profession is difficult, but wonderful, to which I devoted more than 20 years. Anyone who works in culture knows what hard work it is. Be in everyone's sight every day, communicate and find contact with people of all ages, views and beliefs. In the evenings, on weekends and holidays, you can be at work, even at home on vacation, visiting, just when you walk down the street, you can come up with something new and interesting.
With our creativity and love for our profession, we light up hearts, give people joy and good mood, create a holiday, opening cherished doors to the world of beauty. And our love for the audience echoes in the hearts of listeners.
They don't give us songs and sonnets,
They do not compose odes in our honor.
Maybe the poets haven't heard
What kind of cultural worker is there in the world?
Artists don’t stand up for cross-country exercises,
To sing great deeds
A humble cultural worker,
Nice village worker!
However, not for the line in the verse
And not in gratitude on behalf of.
We do the work, we are responsible
For human souls and hearts.
Tatyana Kulakova, head
methodological department of MBUK KRDKiD.
Let the eyes of the audience shine
As practice shows, organizational skills and the ability to establish and maintain contacts with people are very important for a club worker. A club worker must have a “psychological sense”: quickly and correctly understand people, find an individual approach to them, be tactful and show pedagogical resourcefulness.
My pedagogical and psychological education, as well as many years of management experience, helps me in all this. Nowadays, it is not easy to organize the work of three cultural centers and make people want to go to clubs. Our specialist trainees help me with this: Nikolai Vasilievich Cheremnykh and Tatyana Ivanovna Baranova. I really appreciate the positivity and desire to work of our young girls, who are just beginning to take their first steps in our field, and only selfless and dedicated people work in it, while others simply cannot stand it. But temporary difficulties are nothing compared to the feeling of satisfaction that you experience after a successfully held event and the shining eyes of your fellow villagers.
On this professional holiday, I wish all my colleagues optimism, patience, creative ideas and a room full of grateful spectators.
Nina Norova, director of Rozhdestvensky
central house of culture.
This is what you should live for
The world-famous French writer and poet Antoine de Saint-Exupéry believes that culture is the inner content of a person, which is revealed to him through hard work, beliefs, customs and knowledge accumulated over centuries. And I share his point of view.
For me, culture is an internal, spiritual component in which a person lives in harmony with the world around him and himself, and realizes his importance. To be happy, such a person only needs to do what he loves.
If a person does something from the bottom of his heart, with inspiration, then it cannot leave anyone indifferent, it is fascinating.
This is precisely the principle that underlies my work - to serve culture with complete dedication. This is something to live for.
Galina Pendyur, head of department
on cultural and leisure
activities of MBUK KRDKiD.
Burn yourself - ignite others
Being a cultural worker is a real calling, a profession that is not easy: try to ignite others with optimism, kindness, love and hope every day!
My profession is exciting, creative and stellar. A cultural worker in a village is the most public person. If he goes to the polls, the residents will definitely elect him, and he will be a deputy. This is a very universal person because he will find an approach to everyone. This is a very sensitive person who can reach everyone, and everyone knows him. And if a true professional heads a cultural institution, then such an institution is guaranteed success. In 2014, the Year of Culture, we received a Diploma from the best cultural institution of the Russian Federation, located on the territory of a rural settlement, and entered the top 100 cultural institutions of the Russian Federation.
For me, the work of the director of a cultural institution is a constant creative search; this year I celebrate 30 years of work experience in the industry.
Happy holiday to my colleagues - bright stars. And I wish you to burn yourself - to ignite others!
Marina Ivanova, director of MBU
"Cultural and sports complex"
Mendeleevsky rural settlement.
Live by work, breathe by creativity
To be a cultural worker means to successfully do something you love and understand. Live by work, breathe creativity, relax with ideas!
This means being at the center of the most interesting, exciting activities and exciting events! Communicate with people of different ages: keep up with active and creative youth, gain wisdom and experience from people of the older generation, light up little stars of talent in children and help the bright flame of creativity flare up in front of an inquisitive and discerning viewer.
To be a cultural worker means to rely in your work on a close-knit circle of like-minded people and for almost 30 years to be the leader of a choral group, where each singing participant is specially dear to you and irreplaceable!
To be a cultural worker means to captivate and lead everyone towards the intended goal, regardless of fatigue or household chores. This means that your whole family lives with the club’s problems and needs. This means that your own children are in the thick of cultural life from a very young age and are always nearby on stage! This means that all the festive events of the cultural center are, in fact, your family holidays!
To be a cultural worker means to always try to find something new and unusual in order to once again give people a storm of positive emotions and impressions, to surprise and delight everyone around them!
This means, for so many years, being a colleague of the most active and positive people who know and know how to make the life of an ordinary person diverse and unforgettable!
My dear strawberry colleagues! With all my heart I sincerely congratulate you on Culture Day! I wish you health, prosperity, family warmth and comfort! May every day bring you smiles, joy and love!
Notes from travelers, chronicles, memoirs of war participants and many other evidence of the past are contained in books. Books can be handwritten or printed. They are of great value to the historian. There is no researcher of the past who would not go to the library. Translated from Greek, “biblion” means book, “theka” means repository, that is, this word means “book depository.”
Studying sources helps historians see how people lived in the past. To do this, you first need to collect historical materials and then carefully check their accuracy.
Pictures (photos, drawings)
Storing documents in an archive
State Historical Museum. Russia, Moscow
House-Museum of A.P. Chekhov. Russia, Taganrog
Artistic and architectural palace and park museum-reserve "Peterhof". Russia, near St. Petersburg
National Museum. Czech Republic, Prague
Museum of Art and History. Austria, Vienna
Uffizi Gallery. Italy, Florence
National Gallery. UK, London
Courtyard of the British Museum, London
Louvre. France, Paris
In the hall of the Louvre
Open-air museum. Italy, Rome
Exhibits of the Capitoline Museum. Italy, Rome
Cairo Museum. Egypt
In the hall of the Cairo Museum
Summer Imperial Palace. China, Shanghai
Exhibits from the Shikumen Museum. China, Shanghai
National Museum of Anthropology. Model of the ancient city of Tenochtitlan, located on the site of modern Mexico City. Mexico, Mexico City
Exhibits from the National Museum of Anthropology. Mexico, Mexico City
National Museum of the Republic of Tuva. Russia, Kyzyl
Exhibits of the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics. Russia, Moscow
In the halls of the State Museum of Fine Arts. A.S. Pushkin. Russia, Moscow
Museum of the History of Railway Equipment of the Moscow Railway. Russia, Moscow
State Museum of Weapons. Russia, Tula
In the hall of the State Arms Museum
Arabic botanical atlas. XV century Princeton University Library. USA
British Museum Library, London
Handwritten book page. XV century British Library
Missal. XV century British Library
Library of José Vasconcelos. Mexico, Mexico City
Library of the Strakhov Monastery. Czech Republic, Prague
National Library of France, Paris
Library of Congress, Washington, DC
Materials for completing the practical task
to help students in discipline
"Introduction to the specialty"
Syktyvkar
2009
Compiled by: N.F. Guseva, teacher
GOU SPO "Komi Republican College"
Cultures named after. V.T.Chistaleva"
Control practical task:
1. By analogy with the proposed materials on the Izhemsky Municipal Municipality, Komi Republic, propose sociocultural service programs in your region.
© Guseva N.F., compilation, 2009
Modern cultural institutions
and social and cultural service programs
While still in the capital of the Komi Republic - Syktyvkar, you can get acquainted with the Izhma land by visiting the municipal club-type cultural institution “Center of Folk Culture of the Komi-Izhma Residents “Izva”.
Hotel services and museums.Since the area has never been a transit area, a network of hotels, as well as roadside bistros, restaurants, and cafes, did not develop. Since the construction of the federal highway that will connect Naryan-Mar with the center of Russia is nearing completion, the need for a roadside network has already arisen. The first builder of a private hotel was the Izva enterprise in the village of Diyur, and their hotel is currently the best shelter for traveling guests with a good dining room and decent rooms, although without a number of stars or asterisks.
In addition, this is the only place in the area where the dining room menu contains dishes typical of the national cuisine of the Komi-Izhemtsy. The hotel in the regional center - the village of Izhme - has long been in need of reconstruction. However, it is quite possible to use it for a stay for one or two nights. It doesn’t hurt visitors to know that the district center has night shops, and even a night bar, where you can drink a cup of coffee or a glass of tea with friends and have a quick snack.
District Museum quite unusual. Its funds are not as diverse as in many other rural areas, but it has many ethnographic exhibits that are not even available in international centers for the study of the culture of the Finno-Ugric peoples.
An exotic lover can even take a photo in full reindeer herder's attire: wearing a malitsa, pima, and holding a tynzei. As the museum curators say in such cases: “It never hurts to shake out your home chest.”
Various areas of activity can generate a strong motivation to travel and interest in a tourist destination. Important variables influencing the attractiveness of a tourist destination for various groups and categories of tourists are its cultural and social characteristics. The greatest interest among tourists is caused by such elements of the culture of the people as art, science, religion, history, etc.
The Izhemsky region is a region of villages and villages remote from cities and industrial centers, in which the traditional Izhemsk village, life and culture have been preserved, people who speak in the voices of their ancestors are still alive, remnants of totemism and animism have been preserved - the ancient beliefs of the Komi people.
The set of historical traditions and achievements in knowledge, language, way of life, folklore and literature, art, customs and mores, organization of public life, religious views.
art– one of the important elements of culture that can form a convincing motive for a tourist trip. So, for example, inIzhemsky District Museum of History and Local Lore- the pride and calling card of the Izhemsky region, you can get acquainted with the exhibition of unusual paintings from the down and feathers of forest birds by the local original artist T. Popova. There are many amateur artists in Izhem villages. The painting of one of them – Peter Kanev “Izhemka” – has been at many exhibitions abroad.
Music and dancing. The musical potential of the region is one of the attractive elements of culture.
The Izhemsky Folk Song and Dance Ensemble began its activities in 1948. It was this year that a choral circle was organized at the House of Culture from among song lovers under the leadership of Gleb Vasilyevich Semyashkin, who became the first artistic director and accompanist of the Izhemsky Choir. Two years later, the choir group already performed at the republican show of rural amateur performances. Gradually, spectators in the regions of the Komi Republic, Moscow and Leningrad learned about the Izhemsky Choir. In 1957, the choir received the title “folk”, and 10 years later it became known as a song and dance ensemble.
The team is a regular participant in various competitions and festivals of republican, Russian and international significance. Concert programs show the life and culture of Izhma residents. Beautiful theatrical scenes from the life of the Komi people have been created. Based on the collected folklore and ethnographic texts, separate numbers were prepared about the ice drift festival on the Izhma River, about the Lud folk festival, and the script for the program “Izhma Gate” and “Izhma Wedding” was written. Along with similar “pictures” of folk life, the ensemble performs songs by amateur composers of the Komi Republic. The songs of G. Semyashkin remained in the “golden fund”, and the song “Izhemskie Shawls” by P. Chistalev is still the “calling card” of the ensemble. Folk art is inexhaustible, so the main task of the ensemble is to convey the cultural heritage of the region as fully and carefully as possible to the population of the republic and all Izhma residents who find themselves cut off from their native land.
Children's folklore group of Sizyabsk secondary school "Kupalnicha". The team was created in 1989, when the school celebrated its 100th anniversary. And the name was a seemingly ordinary flower - a bathing suit, slender, beautiful, majestic, but at the same time very modest, similar to a pearl - bright, proud, stately... and meek. The type of folklore ensemble is vocal and choreographic with elements of folk dances and rituals. Number of participants – 23. Costume – Komi-Izhemsky.
“Kupalnicha” was formed on the initiative of the English teacher of the Sizyab school - Valentina Timofeevna Chuprova. She did a lot of work to collect, decipher and systematize folklore and ethnographic material from the village of Sizyabsk, Izhemsky district.
The permanent accompanist since its creation has been Vladimir Ivanovich Chuprov. A good ear for music and a desire to revive folk songs helped him to reveal himself as an accompanist in this particular group.
The leaders of the folklore group “Kupalnicha” are enthusiasts of their craft, instilling a love of folk art in their students, carrying traditional knowledge, memory and culture of our people into the future. The iridescent colors of the outfits, the sonorous girls' voices, the perky acting, the charm of youth, the glowing eyes of the participants - this is what touches the souls and excites the hearts of all viewers of this unique group.
The repertoire of the group is based on local material: round dances, folk and original songs, labor improvisations and lamentations, folk dances, games, elements of the wedding ceremony: unbraiding a braid, dressing a girl in a bride’s outfit; wedding lamentations, lullabies and funeral laments; children's folklore: counting rhymes, riddles, teasers.
Since 1989, the team has taken part in all school, rural and regional events, Republican festivals of creativity of young talents, festive events in Syktyvkar dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the Komi Republic.
The folklore of the Izhem Komi is represented by a variety of genres: ritual poetry - in wedding laments, funeral laments and unique lullabies, lamentations and laments reveal the deep meaning and symbolism of Komi family rituals. Labor improvisations and calendar folklore in figurative poetic form illuminate the life of a northern farmer.
Great songs, labor improvisations, and ritual lamentations occupy an exceptional place in Izhma song folklore. The Izhmo-Kolvinsky epic is a unique phenomenon, which at one time managed to prove the existence of such a folklore genre as epic among the Komi-Zyryans.
Tales about Yag Mort, the forest man, still excite the minds and fantasies of Izhemsk residents.
In some countries, music acts as a main factor in attracting tourists. Famous music festivals attract thousands of participants every year. Many resort hotels introduce their guests to national music during evening entertainment programs, folklore evenings and concerts. Audio films with recordings of national music, the sale of which is common in most tourist centers, serve as an excellent means of introducing tourists to the culture of the people.
Folk crafts.The region receiving tourists should offer them a wide range of souvenirs made (in a factory or handicraft way) by local craftsmen and craftsmen.
Souvenirs are a good memory of the country. However, it should be remembered that a souvenir made not in the country of visit, but in another one, loses its significance for the tourist and is perceived as a fake. All types of souvenirs, as well as other goods necessary for tourists (tourist equipment, beach accessories) should be available and sold in conveniently located stores and other retail outlets. The motives for purchasing and freely spending money are quite strong during travel, and therefore tourist goods should be manufactured in an assortment that is in particular demand among tourists.
In some tourist centers, special shops in the national style are created, where local craftsmen make products directly in the presence of customers. This form of trade in souvenir products is a unique attraction of the region and arouses considerable interest among tourists.
Unfortunately, in the 21st century, the processing of deer skins into leather (suede - mossy ) through special tanning - a traditional craft of the northern Komi. At one time (the first information about suede huts - “nyar karka”, in the Izhemskaya volost dates back to the 70s of the 18th century) suede making qualitatively changed the economic structure, sharply increasing the marketability of reindeer husbandry. The centers of moss production were the Izhemsk and Krasnoborsk volosts of the Pechora district.
Pattern knitting. When decorating, craftswomen adhered to traditional norms: they used a certain set of patterns and color combinations, placing them on things in an established order.
The folk crafts of Izhemsky masters and craftswomen are most clearly expressed in products made from reindeer fur. Malitsa, parkas, pimas, fur slippers, panels made from scraps of deer skins.
Among the Izhemsky Komi, the most common type of clothing was malitsa (“malicha”) - straight-cut, straight-cut clothing made of deer fur, sewn with the pile inside, with a hood, long sleeves and fur mittens sewn to them. In severe frosts, the Izhma people put on “sovik” - thick clothes made of reindeer fur, the same cut as the malitsa, but sewn with the fur facing out. The sovik is worn over the malitsa.
The richness of the fabric and the peculiarity of the cut make Izhem shirts with sos-sleeves stand out. Their width at the armhole can reach 45-60 cm. The sleeve at the wrist is gathered into double-sided or one-sided folds. Women of the Izhemsky region wore so-called round sundresses. For their sewing, silks with floral patterns, predominantly in cold shades, were used. The hem was decorated with lace or homemade fringe. According to a tradition that is still widespread among the population, the clothes of a deceased person are distributed to relatives and friends.
There is a wide variety of hats. They are divided into two groups: girls' headdresses and married women's headdresses.
Wedding headdresses are of particular interest. The ancient headdress of an Izhemka bride - “yur noi” - is a headdress (without a bottom) on a solid base, covered with red cloth, with a slightly protruding front part. The necklace was entirely embroidered with multi-colored beads, buttons and sequins. According to ancient customs, the jur noi was worn with loose hair on the eve of the wedding after a ritual visit to the bathhouse. At the same time, the headdress was covered with fur in order to protect the girl’s beauty from the evil eye. Although headdresses, an integral part of folk costume, began to disappear from use at the beginning of the twentieth century throughout the Komi Republic, older Izhemkas still wear them and maintain their existence.
The folk art of Izhemsky masters and craftswomen is most clearly expressed in products made from reindeer fur. Malitsa, parks decorated with national patterns, are most often of interest to workers of ethnographic museums. Another thing is pima, fur slippers, which are in high demand among guests of the area. Shoes made from reindeer skins, hand-sewn using time-tested technologies, continue to be in demand among both villagers and townspeople of the Komi Republic. In addition to household items that enjoy market success, Izhemka craftswomen have also mastered the production of souvenir panels from scraps of deer skins and Komi-Izhem toys. The workshop of the PSK “Izhemsky Reindeer Breeder” for the production of fur and leather products, uniting all home-based craftsmen, is located in the village of Sizyabsk. The products of the craftsmen and craftswomen of this center are sold at all regional and small folklore festivals and folk art fairs.
Izhemsky region is a peculiar, unique corner of the Komi land.
The villages here are famous for their carpenters, joiners, woodcarvers... From great-grandfather to great-grandson, from grandmother to granddaughter, a connecting thread of craftsmanship stretches. The sleds made by D.D. Chuprov from Bakur are distinguished by the swiftness of the frame lines, the grace, and the strength of every detail. His sledges were taken away for one of the museums in France. Pimas, sewn in the workshop of the collective farm “Izhemsky Reindeer Breeder and Co,” are in great demand not only in Russia, but also abroad.
Story. The cultural potential of the region is expressed in its historical heritage. Most tourist destinations carefully treat their history as a factor in attracting tourist flows. The presence of unique historical sites can predetermine the successful development of tourism in the region. Acquaintance with history and historical sites is the strongest motivating tourist motive.
Historical heritageThe region needs to be promoted to the tourism market. Therefore, national tourism organizations should be involved in disseminating information about the historical potential of the area. It is advisable to hold cultural events (folklore, festivals, etc.) that are traditional for tourist destinations and that can interest tourists from different parts of the world.
The locals are still preserved in the memory of old-timerscalendar holidays,Each village has its own “temple festival”, but the most spectacular is the regional festival “LUD”. Currently it takes place on the last Sunday of June or the first Sunday of July - on the eve of the beginning of the hay harvest. “Vidze pyran lun vodzyn” – “before the day, when they enter the meadows.” The fixed place and time of the holiday is the interfluve of the Izhma and Kurya rivers - the “island”, from evening to sunrise, i.e. in times of transition. Thus, the transitional place and time of action were selected, which, according to ancient beliefs, had the greatest magical power.
The main themes of the holiday are vegetation and the purifying power of water. The holiday opens with “Voreta” - dance processions with songs along the streets of villages, followed by a transition to the island. Here, on the island, there are performances by folklore groups from the entire region, a folk costume competition “Micha Izhemka”, where young women present not only folk costume, but also certain knowledge of traditional culture; an impromptu introduction of potential brides and grooms from different villages in a round dance of brides, initiation into accordionists. An obligatory dance element of the holiday was various paired connections of hands and the passage of dancers under them as if through a “gate.”
The Lud holiday includes round dances and round dance games, some of them are “Kyk Ryad”, “Orchchon Sulalom”, “Krugon Vorsom”, “Kuimon”, etc. The population feels unity in a common round dance, the leaders of which are amateur performers.
On the eve of the holiday, young horsemen gathered on the island, drove away a herd of horses, thereby trampling the area for the celebration, skirting the island. Currently, this tradition has been transformed into sports horse racing across the water meadow. Riders from all over the region participate here, the races are held in 5 races (trot, mares, stallions, geldings, general race). It should be noted that at present, such mass celebrations have not been recorded anywhere in the Republic, in which horse racing is a mandatory activity. The horse, according to the ideas of the ancient Komi, is a sacred animal that personifies the sun. This reverence for the horse is also natural. This phenomenon, which has remained and survived to this day, is unique.
The mythological basis of the holiday has been preserved. Motives for scaring away (firing guns before a holiday), stealing (stealing an ax, which then had to be bought back), ablution (bathing after sunrise), trampling (preparing the site), etc.
Reindeer Herder Day has long traditions, this holiday is dedicated to the beginning of the migration of reindeer herds to winter pastures. Celebrated on the church holiday of Elijah's Day. Reindeer racing is especially popular - a mandatory attribute of the holiday. Great professional skill is also required in catching reindeer for a team, throwing a lasso at a target and an ax (tynzey) at a distance, and jumping over sleds, which are included in the national sports games.
Literature. Literary monuments of the region have a more limited appeal compared to other cultural elements, but still constitute an essential tourist motive and the basis for the organization of diverse tourist programs and routes. Literary works have the power to create an impression about a country and its culture. It has been proven that the presence or absence of a certain type of literature in a country indicates the state of its cultural and political systems. It is advisable to include literary evenings in entertainment programs for tourists, especially since some hotels have well-equipped libraries. As part of educational tourism, it is recommended to organize literary tours to places associated with the names of authors and characters of famous literary works.
The books of the writer Yakov Rochev and the poet Vladimir Popov became widely known in the Komi Republic and in Russia. In the Komi Republic, many are familiar with the work of the poet Yakov Chuprov, the writer Albina Anufrieva, historians Andrei Terentyev and Nikolai Rochev, who was awarded the State Prize of the Republic of Kazakhstan. All 25 schools in the district teach the Komi language. Journalist and local historian Khatanzeisky N.K. published two books about the history and modernity of the Izhemsky region.
Religion. Pilgrimage is the oldest type of travel, known to mankind for thousands of years. The motives for a pilgrimage journey are the spiritual desire to visit religious centers and holy places, especially revered in a particular religion, the performance of religious rites, etc. The motivation comes either from the instructions of the religion (for example, every Muslim must perform the Hajj to Mecca) or from religious aspirations and a person's beliefs.
The Christian church calendar, including temple holidays, is an integral part of the traditional spiritual culture of the Komi people. The idea of its revival today is associated not only with the preservation and development of the native language and folklore, but also with the restoration of Orthodox churches.
The tradition of holding sacred and temple holidays is preserved in individual Komi villages to this day. Each of these holidays can be called an ethnographic monument: the Feast of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Ever-Virgin Mary (April 7, AD) in the village of Sizyabsk on the Izhma River; the feast of the Miraculous Icon of Paraskeva-Friday (timed to coincide with the ninth Friday after Easter) in the village of Krivoye on the Vashka River; “Cross of the Moons” (September 8, New Art.) in the village of Ust-Kulom on the Vychegda River; Memorial Day of Saint Onikei (November 17, New Art.) in the village of Latyuga on the Mezen River and others.
Since the time of the first Orthodox missionaries and High Hierarchs, the tradition has been preserved of building Annunciation churches on the northern lands as a symbol of “enlightenment, just as the Annunciation was the beginning of our salvation.” One of the most famous churches in honor of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary was in the village of Sizyabsk on the Izhma River. Its construction began in 1843. When the stone single-altar church was being roughly built (in 1846), bad luck happened - on the day of the raising of the cross, the main dome along with the vault collapsed. On August 23, 1854, after the restoration of the vault, the temple was consecrated.
Why Sizyabsk was chosen is not difficult to answer. From this village, Izhemsky reindeer herders—Orthodox Christians—went after the Feast of the Annunciation for a summer camp in the tundra, where they often met with Nenets and Khanty during their nomadic migrations. In one of the songs of the Izhem Komi it is sung:
We left Blagoveshchennoye
first arrival
We left the glorious Sizyab bazaar,
We went along the deer path,
laid by the Nenets,
We went to the black tundra...
The majestic stone structure of the Annunciation Church was crowned with light domes: four domes, as a sign of the four Gospels, surrounded the central head of the temple.
The dome over the altar is in honor of the Mother of God. The inside of the temple is painted with frescoes depicting gospel scenes. In its eastern wall there was once a skillfully made stained glass window with an image of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which seemed to come to life every morning in the rays of the rising sun. Old-timers say that once a year, on the Annunciation, “when the sun is shining,” the Virgin Mary illuminated the parishioners of the temple with her joy. Mothers said to their daughters: “Look how the Mother of God smiles at you!”
In Sizyabsk, the Annunciation is called “God’s greatest holiday... if you magnify this holiday, then the steadfast and invisible One will definitely help and save you... you won’t know it yourself...”
Indeed, the Annunciation is one of the great holidays in both the church and popular calendars. Reflecting on the symbolism of the ancient icon of the Annunciation, P.A. Florensky wrote: “The Feast of the Annunciation, cosmically, is the holiday of the spring equinox: although at present the celebration of the Annunciation lagged behind the equinox by 13 days, in the second century the equinox was considered March 24, that is, the holiday of spring. And just as at the moment of the vernal equinox the whole fullness of the cosmic year is contained, as in a grain, so on the feasts of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin, the whole fullness of the church year is contained, as in a bud.” In the past, Blagovest was considered not only the beginning of spring, but also the beginning of the year. The Mother of God was revered as “the blessing of all seasons.”
According to the beliefs of the Izhma Komi, already at the beginning of April on the Izhma and Pechora rivers you can hear the cry of a cuckoo, which not only “announces” the arrival of spring, but also warns that before the arrival of the Annunciation it is impossible to begin a new great work - otherwise God will punish. The first thunder of spring is heavenly punishment for those who violate this prohibition. The legend says: “Once a cuckoo built a nest on Blagovest and laid a brood. After that, her nest and brood began to be lost. Since then he has been crowing: kukku-kolny! kukku-pukty-kolny!..” (I leave the loss, I leave it to fate). They say that if the housewife washes the floor on Annunciation Day, the house will fall into the ground - a good housewife on this day will not touch the sieve...
Reindeer herders went to the summer camp only after the Annunciation. Old-timers tell the story: “One reindeer herder was getting ready to leave with his herd for the tundra on the eve of the feast of the Annunciation. Others tried to dissuade him, but he only cursed. That summer, several dozen deer were killed by lightning, and he himself fell into a swamp - they pushed him into the ground - they could barely pull him out.”
At the beginning of the century, residents from many villages located on Izhma and Pechora gathered in the village of Sizyabsk for the Annunciation. We went to a holiday and saw some Nenets families who had converted to the Orthodox faith.
On the eve of the holiday - in the evening - up to several hundred reindeer and horse teams with guests arrived in Sizyabsk simultaneously along different roads, bringing with them offerings for the church (calves, deer carcasses, food and whole cartloads of hay).
According to legends, the very path to the Annunciation Church can bring deliverance from sin and healing from illnesses. The sick and suffering vowed to make the “difficult path to redemption and salvation.” From the village of Izhma to the Sizyab temple they walked a seven-kilometer path on their knees, overcoming several ascents and descents, making several stops along the way. In order to be in time for the morning service, they left Izhma late at night. Since at this time of year there is still a strong snow crust on the roads, pilgrims wrapped their feet in rags or put on high fur shoes. According to eyewitnesses, older women rested their hands on the ground and often placed small children on their backs.
The famous Komi ethnographer at the beginning of the 20th century A.S. Sidorov wrote that “a baby is considered pure and, according to Komi views, acts in a terrifying way on an evil force.” According to Komi beliefs, you can protect yourself from evil spirits at night if you lie down in the house between two young children. Making the difficult journey to the temple, its participants seemed to repeat the path of Christ to Golgotha in the hope of physical and spiritual resurrection. On their knees they walked around the church in the sun near the icon of the Annunciation and remained on their knees until mass...
From the second half of the 30s, the Annunciation Church shared the fate of most churches: first it was turned into a warehouse, and later into a club. In 1936, the last priest of the Sizyab parish, Father Alexander, was arrested. That same year, the bell was removed from the wooden bell tower, and the tower itself was later dismantled. Today there is a residential building on a stone foundation. In these same years, a celebration in the spirit of the new era was scheduled for the next “Komsomol Easter”: Komsomol girls scraped paintings with images of saints from the walls of the temple, whereas before they came here before Easter to wash the floors, windows and church utensils.
But even after the closure of the temple, the tradition of the holiday in the village did not fade away. The parishioners secretly carved a niche in the eastern wall in which they placed candles on the day of the Annunciation, as if reviving the bosom of the church. There, at the niche, a prayer service was held for the glory of the Most Holy Mother of God. Every year, on the night before the holiday, dozens and sometimes hundreds of lights lit up near the church wall. From the candles placed in the niche, wax flowed down to the ground in streams.
Written evidence has been preserved of how the feast of the Annunciation was celebrated in the village of Sizyabsk in the early 70s: “A large number of believers gather near the church (although it is inactive) - sometimes 120-200 people. They come from Mokhchi, Izhma, Brykalansk, Gama on foot - taking a bus to pray is considered a sin. Some people crawl on their knees the last meters to the church... some of the believers gather in the house of Tatyana Fedorovna Vokueva, who keeps an icon depicting the Annunciation.”
Especially a lot of people began to gather here in recent years. And not only on the Annunciation, but also on other church holidays. At the request of believers, local authorities built concrete platforms near the niche so that anyone who wanted could light a candle.
In 1993, the Sizyab temple was returned to the newly registered Orthodox community, headed by Alla Dmitrievna Kaneva, and then Evdokia Stepanovna Chuprova. Every year on the Annunciation they welcome a continuous stream of people in the church - guests from the villages of Kartael, Vertep, Shchelyayur, Kelchiyur, Ust-Tsilma and from the most remote villages. The first parishioners appeared in the church on the evening of April 6. These are mostly elderly women, dressed, according to tradition, like nuns, in dark hooded robes. In Izhma they say: “Before Easter they don’t eat meat and wear malitsas.” By late evening, young people come to church. Before entering the temple, parishioners walk around it three times, making the sign of the cross and bowing to the domes that once crowned the church.
On the day of the holiday, in the center of the temple, wooden trays are placed on tables, where parishioners place lit candles. An improvised altar is built on a wooden stage, on which the icon of the Annunciation is placed. Until late at night, you can see children within the walls of the temple, collecting extinguished candles from trays or simply watching the parishioners, sitting at the altar. On the night of the Annunciation, the image of the Blessed Virgin Mary is illuminated with light from many hundreds of lit candles. People stand in the temple for hours, as if waiting for a miracle.
On the night of the Annunciation, families come to the temple or one at a time - making the journey “according to the covenant”, and on the morning of April 7, residents of the village of Sizyabsk and visitors go to the church in a procession of the cross, which begins from the votive cross, located at the exit from the village along the road at the cemetery. In the past, on the day of the first cattle pasture (lud vyv lun), a prayer service was held at the cross.
In April 1995, at the Annunciation in Sizyabsk, for the first time in many years, a priest - hieromonk from the Ulyanovsk Monastery - conducted a service in the church. On this day, many village residents and visitors were baptized. There is hope that the Annunciation Church will sooner or later be restored and re-consecrated. The truth is well known: “A temple is built of stones. The church consists of living people.”
Thus, the culture of a region can provide potential tourists with a strong incentive to travel. Therefore, the preservation of cultural heritage and its rational use are of decisive importance for the sustainable attraction of tourist flows and maintaining the popularity of a particular tourist destination.
From an article by T. Popova, head of the cultural department of the Izhemsky District municipality: “Cultural institutions form the socio-cultural environment of the region, the level of development of which determines the quality of life of everyone who lives here.
Rural culture requires integrated approaches to solving problems. After all, this concept includes culture of spiritual, environmental, industrial, consumption, communication, leisure, etc. The influence of each of these elements on the situation in the village is significant. The processes taking place in culture require a change in the content of the work of cultural institutions, taking into account the needs of the population.
Today, in my opinion, cultural workers must overcome disunity and unite to work in harmony and together, making full use of the accumulated experience. The task of cultural workers is not to lose their creative potential and to maintain a healthy passion for work. If possible, increase the level of cultural services to the population.
Together with the head of the district, the Council of Deputies, heads of rural administrations, and the cultural department, preserve the existing network of cultural institutions and strengthen their material and technical base. Only through joint efforts is it possible to preserve the cultural heritage that we have, which we ourselves need and, I think, at present this should become the main task.”
The tourism potential of the Izhemsky district is quite high. It is based on factors such as a large number of historical and cultural monuments of the Komi ethnic group, some of them are unique.
Assessing the potential of the region from the standpoint of the possibility of including it in the agritourism business, the presence of various recreational resources makes it possible to develop several areas of tourism at once and thus form a multifunctional recreational tourist center and offer tourism programs for visitors from other regions.
Ethnographic tourism and local history attract many scientists, researchers, and tourists to the region. But it’s very difficult to get acquainted with the life of the Izhma reindeer herders in the summer. Only helicopters fly to their pastures in the Kara Sea. Therefore, it is better for ethnography lovers to come to Izhma in winter, when reindeer herding tents are in the white-moss forests, and deer extract reindeer moss from under the loose, stormy snow.
The tour with a visit to the winter camps of the reindeer herders of the Izhemsky region is designed for connoisseurs of the cultures of the small peoples of the north, introduces the life of the reindeer herders, as well as competitions in national sports - jumping over sleds, throwing a tynzei (lasso), throwing an ax at a distance. The Izhemsky district is the only one in the Komi Republic where these sports are developed not only independently, but also on the basis of sports schools. The highlight of the winter Izhemsk tour can be called reindeer sleigh rides - three or four trained reindeer.
In the plague, the utmost rationality is always surprising. Each thing has its own place, determined over centuries. Not surprising. Chum is a mobile home for quick assembly, disassembly and loading. No matter how much they tried to replace it with modern trailers, beams, tents, they could not. Even scientists have not found a more practical analogue of a mobile home that can be repaired using improvised means. Over the course of centuries, technologies have been developed in which what remains of deer skin is not even flaps, but narrow strips, but they also have their own utilitarian purpose.
Sebys - ethno-commercial reserve
Part of the basin of the Izhma tributary of the Sebys River has been declared a nature reserve, where hunting and fishing are allowed for the Izhma Komi people.
UNESCO recognized the territory of the reserve as part of the preservedvirgin forests of Europe. In the 90s of the last century, geologists discovered oil-bearing formations here. Litigation began to protect the protected area from encroachment by oil workers. Izhma residents managed to defend the right to preserve the reserve. And nature helped: the exploration well at Sebysi did not produce oil at the expected depth.
Today, hunting trails – “putiki” and ecological trails, developed by local tourists, as well as ecologists from the village of Lasty, run through the territory of the Sebys reserve. These educational tours are popular mainly with Izhma schoolchildren and their peers - schoolchildren from neighboring areas.
For lovers of adventure and active recreation, kayaking on Sebysu is a great opportunity to get in touch with northern nature during your vacation and feel like a part of it. A ten-day tour with fishing with various gear, and in the fall – also hunting for upland game, will leave impressions for the whole year. For berry lovers, July and August are the time to collect blueberries, blueberries, currants, cloudberries, and September - lingonberries.
Jam made in the taiga on a winter evening in a city apartment for tea is an original gift for relatives and friends. For those who do not like kayaks and physical activity, there is the opportunity to go to the taiga huts on a motor boat, go fishing and hunt in the fall with a guide-instructor. Those who like the mysterious and mystical can visit the ancient pagan sanctuary of the Izhma people and feel the influence of something unearthly, cosmic.
Black Kedva
For fans of sport fishing, the rivers originating from the Timan Ridge - the White and Black Kedva - will always be attractive for sport fishing for grayling, pike, and large perch. During a week-long rafting trip along one of these rivers, you can satisfy all your fishing spirits and try out all the sporting fishing methods and sports equipment. Fly fishing, spinning, float and “cunning” fishing rods are rarely unsuccessful. If the upper reaches of these rivers are rich in grayling, then in the lower part, before the confluence with the Izhma, pike and large humpback perch are more active.
The upper reaches of the Black Kedva (Timan Ridge) are a place of unafraid birds and animals, a corner of still untouched nature - a paradise for lovers of sport hunting, photo hunting and fishing.
Izhemskie multi-day races
1. Down the Izhma River (water tour). The most affordable multi-day tour - rafting on the Izhma River starts from the city of Sosnogorsk, literally two hundred meters from the railway station. It takes 10 days on kayaks, 15 on catamarans or rubber boats.
Travel of the first category of complexity is attractive for family, school and youth summer holidays. The river alternates with simple riffles and long reaches. Abundance of sand spits, beaches, water meadows. All this makes it easy for tourist groups to decide on a bivouac, even with little travel experience. Hunting and fishing huts, which most often have a built-in bathhouse nearby, allow you to wait out bad weather and organize a group wash. In addition, for lovers of herbal medicine, in any summer month there is a wide field for collecting medicinal herbs in an ecologically clean area.
2. Israel – Izhma – Ust-Tsilma (Bike tour). Route of the second category. Interesting for lovers of traveling on wheels to unknown corners of the European North. It became real only in recent years. After completion of the construction of roads and bridges in the Ust-Tsilemsky district. From the Israel railway station to Izhma, and then Plotkin Nos, where a permanent ferry service is organized, the road is asphalted, for the most part the surface is of good quality. Behind the ferry crossing, the road surface is unpaved, however, it allows you to ride bicycles with minor losses in speed.
A bicycle tour allows you, in a fairly short time, to get acquainted with two ethnically unique regions of the republic and their original culture, as well as architectural and historical monuments of wooden architecture preserved in various villages of these regions. This same tour can be done on motorcycles or by hitchhiking. Please note: after the completion of the road, traffic on this section is very busy.
Tourism revives, preserves, popularizes the characteristic appearance of the national province, traditional crafts, cultural and everyday traditions; provides employment to the rural population, thereby preventing migration from rural areas and rural degradation; represents a promising, new, specific direction of tourism activity; ultimately contributes to the development of the province, improving the level and quality of life in rural areas, and replenishing local budgets.
Izhemsky district is located far from the industrial zones of the Komi Republic. Generous forests, fish rivers and lakes, pleasing to the eye surrounding villages invite you to take a break from the daily hustle and bustle, to join the eternal mysteries of nature and simple rural life. The entire Izhemsk nature fascinates with its pristine beauty and originality. Hunters and mushroom pickers are attracted by pine forests, clean lakes and fast streams.
The rich historical past of the Izhemsky land should attract tourists not only from all over Russia, but also from abroad.
Bibliography
- Izhemsky district [Text]: Business card. – Syktyvkar: OJSC “Komi Republican Printing House”, 2004.
Kvartalnov, V.A. Culture as a factor of tourist motivation [Text] / V.A. Kvartalnov // Science of culture: results and prospects. – M., ed. RSL, 2001.
- Popova T. Culture is an apple peel over the ocean of chaos [Text] / T. Popova // New North. – 2004. – February 17.
- Traditional culture of the Komi people [Text]: ethnographic essays / Comp. N.D. Konakov. – Syktyvkar: Komi Book Publishing House, 1994.
Reviewers:
Department of Social and Cultural Activities of the St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts;
Krasilyshkov Yu.D., candidate of pedagogical sciences
Zharkova L.S. Activities of cultural institutions. Textbook - 3rd ed. isgtr. and additional - M.: MGUKI, 2003. - 234 p.
The manual examines the essence of the theory and practice of cultural institutions, the patterns of their functioning in leisure conditions. The purpose of the course being studied is to master the skills of managerial activities in cultural institutions.
© Moscow State University of Culture and Arts, 2003
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the course “Activities of cultural institutions” is to equip students with the knowledge, skills and abilities to master managerial activities in cultural institutions.
The main objective of this course is to reveal the essence of the theory and practice of cultural institutions, the patterns of their functioning in leisure conditions.
Consideration of the content of this course should begin, first of all, with an analysis of the scientific foundations of the activities of cultural institutions. This approach involves, first of all, a comprehensive description of the state and trends in the development of cultural institutions, their goals, functions and methods.
A special section is devoted to the development of a network of cultural institutions and the specifics of their activities. The course content includes the study of the main activities of cultural institutions, the analysis of which allows us to reveal the scale of the possible.
The process of development of various forms of cultural and leisure activities is complex and multifaceted and depends on the influence of objective and subjective factors. Therefore, a special section of the training course is devoted to the analysis of the means, forms and methods of activity of a cultural institution, which are considered both in theoretical terms and from the point of view of their practical use. The main objective of the section is to show how, through which channels of influence, the goals facing cultural institutions are realized.
And finally, one of the sections of the training course is devoted to finding ways to improve the activities of cultural institutions, identifying ways to increase the effectiveness of various forms and methods. Significant place in educational
benefits are allocated to financing, accounting and reporting, remuneration of workers, economic activities of cultural institutions, office work and labor protection.
To master the content of this course, all types of classes are used: lectures, seminars, small group and individual. All types of classes are designed as preparation for practical activities of students in cultural institutions
In order to more deeply consolidate and expand practical skills in the field of organizing leisure time, identifying and developing creative interests and abilities, it is recommended to develop a system for students to consistently complete a cycle of individual and group tasks throughout the entire period of study during classes in the classroom, basic cultural institutions, educational and production practice.
The total amount of time allocated for lecturing may change as private methods are developed, a textbook is published, and specific tasks are being solved at this stage by Russian cultural institutions. When studying this course, special attention should be paid to interdisciplinary connections with “Pedagogy”, “Psychology”, “Social Psychology”, “Management”, etc.
Chapter I. LEISURE AND PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
§ 1. Leisure as a result of the rational organization of people’s lives
The rational organization of people's lives presupposes the clear functioning of the country's economy, consisting of material and intangible production. In turn, in each of these blocks two sectors are distinguished: the production of tangible (intangible) goods and the production of tangible (intangible) services. Goods are use values, services are useful effects of labor.
Intangible goods and services are products and effects of labor that do not have a material nature: performances, concerts, etc.
The socio-cultural sphere is an integral part of the economy. It includes those types of activities that increase the total consumption fund and are characterized by the intangible nature of the results of labor. It includes: education, healthcare, physical education and sports, tourism, culture and art.
Hence, the hierarchy of constructing the economic structure of society, taking into account culture as its sphere, looks as follows: material production - immaterial production - socio-cultural sphere - culture.
As a sphere of human activity, culture is characterized by the uniqueness, non-repetition and immateriality of the results of labor; it integrates the most educated and gifted part of the labor force. Along with science, culture also has a direct impact on the formation of society’s labor resources. The material and economic base of culture, as well as the level and scale
consumed resources differ significantly from those in other sectors of material production. The results of culture do not appear in society immediately, not instantly. Only after 2-3 generations does society feel the results of the costs that were invested in culture.
In Russia in 1989, over a million people were employed in the cultural sector, and 475 thousand people in the arts. According to the same year, there were 115.2 thousand public libraries, 100.4 thousand clubs, 2013 museums, including branches, 506 professional theaters. An analysis of these and other data indicates that since 1985 there has been a tendency towards a general reduction in the number of libraries, and since 1987 the number of club institutions has been declining. The number of theaters and museums is increasing. However, qualitative analysis indicates that specific indicators per a certain number of residents in terms of providing them with cultural services are constantly decreasing.
Before the start of reforms in Russia, cultural institutions had a rich range of means and methods of influencing the spiritual world of a person. The sphere of cultural construction had a large organizationally formed social apparatus, focused on creating conditions for the rational organization of leisure time for the population.
Today, leisure is becoming more and more comfortable, ensured by the development of technical progress in video equipment, personal computers, film and photographic equipment. As a result, this problem is acquiring new facets that could not be ignored when considering the role and place of cultural institutions in organizing leisure time for the population5.
Free use of libraries for the population, relatively low prices for museum tickets, o"ri-
"Triodin V.K Club and free time. - M. . Profi-dat, 1982. - P. 9-12.
The focus of club institutions on the development of cultural, educational, propaganda, educational and other forms of work on a voluntary basis with broad public involvement has given rise to a negative attitude towards the activities of cultural institutions.
Although in fact, the activities of clubs or libraries that were free in form (for each of us) were not so in essence. Since lectures, the activities of circles, amateur art groups, the maintenance of libraries and museums - all this required considerable expenditure of various resources, society allocated funds for these purposes from that part of the national income that was created in the form of surplus product, but not received in the form of wages . Financial resources for the maintenance of cultural institutions and the organization of their activities were allocated in the form of allocations from the state and trade union budgets. The amount of these funds can be considered adequate to the scale of work carried out by cultural institutions free of charge for the population.
Since, under the conditions of budget financing, funds were allocated in the form of an advance before the start of activities for cultural services to the population and were mainly aimed at maintaining cultural institutions, they are practically not linked to the final results. This means that the actual number of the population that was involved in the activities of a cultural institution may be much less than what was provided for by planned funding.
The entire history of the activities of cultural institutions shows that the quality and efficiency of their activities largely depend on the state of their personnel, their professional training, and the intellectual potential of the population.
However, the turnover of workers in cultural and educational institutions was high, ranging from 30 to 40 percent. Of the 100 workers in cultural institutions,
70% of tours received wages of less than 100 rubles, and the average salary in the industry at the end of 1985 was just over 100 rubles.
To change the current situation, life dictated the need to take the path of dismantling the departmental affiliation of cultural and educational institutions1, which was determined, as a rule, by the balance sheet ownership of a building or structure of a particular institution.
Thus, out of 76 thousand club institutions, more than 56 thousand were state-owned, because their buildings were on the balance sheet of local governments, the rest were considered institutions of various departments (mainly trade unions) and were accordingly financed from various sources. The source of the budget of state institutions was the budget of local bodies, of trade unions - the trade union budget.
Not least among the location factors is the distance to cultural centers and the density of their placement. When choosing the location of large cultural objects, underestimation of the factors of geography and the development of transport led to large socio-economic losses. By building a House of Culture in a new area of a large city, far from main transport communications, you may lose visitors. The practical maximum distance is a distance of 40-60 minutes. This means that in conditions of good roads and developed transport, a person needs to travel 30-40 km to visit a cultural institution.
Almost until the end of the 80s, socio-economic factors had a decisive influence on the location of cultural objects. As a result, there are still thousands of settlements in the Russian Federation with a population of
"Bazilevich L.A. Management system for the construction and operation of a cultural center // Culture: organization, management, economics. - St. Petersburg, 1992. - pp. 85-92.
residents of up to 500 people who did not have club facilities, industrial cities with a population of over 100 thousand people who do not have cultural and recreation parks.
Another economic factor is very objective - the amount of costs for the development of cultural institutions. “It is possible to develop some institutions at relatively low capital costs or without them at all, by adapting old buildings or part of them for this purpose”1.
With full state support, it would be possible to leave district and city cultural centers, libraries and museums as basic ones, with their subsequent transformation into state or public regional cultural centers.
Taking this into account, cultural institutions must function in free time, because the full implementation of free time, however, is both impossible and undesirable. It contradicts the ideal of leisure that is quite firmly preserved by our culture - the ideal of a natural, organic, emotionally involved development of activity. Some parts of leisure or some aspects of it should avoid rationalization. Otherwise, leisure will be no different from work. Along with the tendency to rationalize time, another, to a certain extent opposite, tendency is emerging and strengthening, which can be called the “romanticization” of leisure. A romantic attitude towards leisure presupposes a partial renunciation of planning, saving, compacting, and objective assessment of quality. It acts as an orientation towards the maximum completeness of today’s, momentary existence, which is characteristic, for example, of life on vacation, at a resort, for a holiday, in a theater or cinema2.
1 Galutsky G.M. Economics of culture. - M., 1991. - P. 39.
2 Sokolov E.V. Rational use of time and leisure culture // Social cultures. Methodology and practice of cultural and educational activities. - L., 1982. - P. 23.
Today people are acutely concerned about the paths of economic reform, the prospects for interethnic relations, the state of the environment, the rise in crime, etc. And yet, the state of mind, the state of mind of each person, and therefore, in many ways, the level of social tension in society is determined not only by these large-scale problems, but also by how to make the most of leisure time.
In the sphere of leisure, all of the above problems become particularly acute; many processes arise here associated with active social and creative activity, consumption of spiritual cultural values, and the intellectual and physical formation of personality. Today, on the one hand, objective conditions are being created for choosing the form and rational use of leisure; on the other hand, the decrease in the solvency of the population and the desire to ensure a tolerable existence significantly reduce the number of cultural contacts in the sphere of leisure.
Personal development is directly related to overcoming a number of negative phenomena in everyday life, in the organization of medical care, trade and other forms of consumer services to the population. Leisure can be considered a social wealth only when it is used in the interests of the comprehensive development of a person, his abilities, and thereby to increase the material and spiritual potential of the entire society.
One of the essential criteria is the spiritual potential of society; improvement of all aspects of a person’s business and creative life becomes an objective social need.
Economic reforms presuppose, in addition to a professional attitude to business, changes in attitudes towards property, creative mastery of modern tools and means of production, and highly efficient technology.
Of course, our society has changed radically in spiritual, moral and psychological terms. From pseudo-unanimous it turned into a thinking society. Reforms in the leisure sector are an information explosion carried out by democratic means. A huge number of registered and unregistered newspapers, magazines, various publications, radio stations, and television broadcasters have appeared.
According to sociological studies, over the past five years alone, the reduction in the daily fund of leisure time due to the reduction of irrational time spent in the household sphere amounted to about 1.3 hours per person. Now it averages 1-2 hours a day per worker in the city, 1.5 hours in the countryside, or 15-25 and 10-15 hours per week, respectively. This creates objective difficulties for the activities of cultural institutions in the modern period.
New public organizations and business circles have real conditions to significantly increase their activity in the rational organization of a person’s leisure time, thereby contributing not only to the restoration of his working capacity, but also to entering into market relations and new moral principles.
§ 2. Main types of leisure activities
The formation of the structure of leisure activities occurs in areas related to education and self-education, active social activities, health promotion, and the development of individual creative abilities. All this opens up great opportunities for involving people in a variety of activities.
Each cultural institution is designed to become a person’s favorite place to relax, meet with friends and acquaintances, and spend their leisure time wisely. Only if the population has a sustainable interest in cultural and leisure activities will the problem of the audience in cultural institutions be solved. To do this, employees of institutions need to know the moods, interests and spiritual needs of people, organize work taking into account their motivated choice of types and forms of cultural and leisure activities. In relationships with people, one should observe tact, approach individually in each individual case, taking into account the mood and needs of the audience, the specific situation, that is, creatively. It is clear that the interests and demands of different age groups of the population differ significantly from each other. Therefore, it is very important to take into account the age characteristics of the population when organizing cultural and leisure activities.
At each age there is some potential for leading requests, which must be realized at this time, but not earlier and not later, otherwise the requests themselves may not manifest themselves. This pattern is especially pronounced during childhood and at a young age. It is at this age that the immediate social environment, as well as society as a whole, must create favorable conditions so that representatives of the younger generation can, firstly, master the cultural heritage, folklore, folk games, music, and the most important moral values; secondly, to realize one’s creative potential, as well as innate qualities that determine the constructive development of the individual during subsequent life. Therefore, in any society, a huge amount of art, games, fun and entertainment is produced, which are specifically designed for the individual development of representatives of the younger generation.
The organization of leisure time for young children requires special attention, when the need for increased physical activity, cognitive activity, as well as the desire to spend free time with peers for the sake of communication comes to the fore.
You should especially carefully consider the content, forms and methods of work among young people. The peak need for communication with peers is observed among young people aged 15-25 years. "Despite all the importance and strength of socialization of a young person in the educational and industrial community, with all the need for meaningful activities in leisure time, with all the scale of the growth of the "free time industry" - tourism, sports, library and club business - with all this, young people are stubborn " gets lost" in the company of peers. This means that communication in a youth company is a form of leisure that a young person needs organically."
Young people make up more than half of the country's total adult population, and among visitors to cultural institutions they are in the overwhelming majority.
Therefore, working with young people, children and adolescents is a very responsible task, requiring differentiated, deeply thought-out, highly professional and interesting work.
The activities of cultural institutions among pensioners require serious attention. This is a very appreciative audience. With the correct definition of content and appropriate work methods, older people can become regular visitors, direct participants and activists in the preparation and conduct of cultural and leisure programs, and active assistants to specialists of cultural institutions. In many cultural institutions, pensioners are members of public councils, are organizers, and willingly share their rich life experience with young people.
The underestimation of meaningful and active leisure among those over 50-60 is being reconsidered today. Representatives of the “third age” (as defined by social workers and demographers) do not always want to spend their free time sitting in front of the TV or relaxing in their summer cottage. Passive leisure is especially unusual for people who were previously actively engaged in professional activities. After retiring, they cannot dramatically change their life and move on to a passive existence, which is limited to the walls of the house. Such people need strong emotions, new impressions, and maintaining a wide circle of acquaintances.
If we talk about representatives of middle age groups, organized leisure in any country is aimed at them. This takes into account such social parameters of people’s lives as their place of residence, marital status, nature and level of remuneration, as well as individual preferences in leisure activities.
Special mention should be made about family vacations. A short or long vacation with family members has always had many supporters. In recent decades, organizers have been developing out-of-home family vacations. There are such types of organization of free time as family tourism, family boarding houses, family clubs and others.
In the practice of leisure activities, it is not customary to specifically highlight the leisure of men or women. Many leisure activities tend to be equally popular among both sexes. However, there are leisure activities that are predominantly gravitated towards men (fishing, hunting, participation in some sports, etc.) or mostly women (handicrafts, floriculture, etc.).
In addition to age, marital status and social status, there are other criteria that make it possible to segment consumers of leisure services, taking into account to the greatest extent the diverse characteristics of leisure preferences and requests. For example, corporate leisure activities are organized for representatives of an industry, a specific type of business, or recreational conditions are created for participants in a scientific seminar, company personnel, and the like.
Entrepreneurs and leisure organizers take into account the substantive leisure preferences of representatives of different social groups. These preferences are influenced by such indicators as the nature of work, profession, level of education, as well as income level (high-income, middle-income, low-income segments of the population). The place of residence of consumers of leisure services is also important: residents of a metropolis, large, medium or small city, town or village. The preferences of city and rural residents differ markedly.
Representatives of different socio-demographic groups have different goals, motives, content preferences, as well as behavioral characteristics of leisure time. All this affects the organization of leisure and the services that are provided in its implementation.
The network of club institutions is developing in close connection with the rich heritage of the past, traditions and socio-cultural specifics of each region. Club-type cultural and leisure institutions are subjects of cultural policy in a certain territory (city, district, town, village) to create conditions for organizing leisure time, developing traditional folk art, as well as providing residents with cultural and leisure services.
The formation of cultural needs occurs through: cultural and leisure institutions (number of cultural and leisure institutions), dynamics indicators, their distribution by type of ownership, since the content of the event and the formation of cultural needs, territorial location (geographical, human factor) depend on this; number of attendance at cultural and leisure institutions by type, genre; dynamics of these indicators; material and technical base of cultural and leisure institutions of various types; volumes and structure of income and expenses of cultural and leisure institutions, affecting the quality of maintenance and aesthetic equipment. A set of such indicators is a criterion for the development and formation of cultural needs through cultural and leisure institutions.
The forms of club services include cultural, educational, informational, educational, entertainment, recreational and entertainment events:
cycles of lectures, club lectures, public readings, lectures-concerts, public opinion tribunes, reviews (creative, scientific, political, economic), arts days (science, technology, professions and others), club meetings, cycles of club themed evenings, club kirmas , idea auctions, club quizzes, portrait evenings;
oral journals (almanacs, bulletins), question and answer evenings, debates, thematic, discussion meetings, round tables, club conversations;
holidays of the folk calendar, holidays of the historical calendar, holidays of the family calendar, folk festivals, theatrical performances, carnivals, holidays of villages (towns, streets, neighborhoods, courtyards), modern civil ceremonies, New Year's theatrical performances for children and adults, club recreation evenings, club evenings of entertaining leisure, club "lights", club gatherings, dance evenings, thematic programs of discos and disco clubs, days of collective recreation, days and programs of family recreation, comprehensive cultural and leisure programs, entertainment programs, balls, children's matinees, club game programs, competitions, competitions, concerts, performances, festivals, exhibitions, film festivals, film evenings, film screenings, film quizzes and others.
One of the trends in the development of the sociocultural situation has been the commercialization of cultural institutions, which leads to an increasingly increasing pace of development of paid services to the population.
The main types of paid services in club institutions are as follows:
Carrying out discos, presentations, concerts, weddings, graduation parties, excursions, entertainment programs, game programs, family celebrations;
Paid clubs, studios, courses, “schools”;
Services of host of evenings and programs, script writing;
Recording studio services;
Sports and entertainment services: billiards, table tennis, gyms.
Statistics show that the total volume of paid cultural services to the population is steadily increasing. On the one hand, this creates certain difficulties in the activities of club institutions and difficulties in implementing plans for paid services. Today, often, although freed from “dictation”, and at the same time from standard plans, programs, scenarios that could only be reproduced, some club workers continue to work in the old fashioned way: amateur art clubs and discos - that’s the entire traditional range of club services. On the other hand, this trend leads to the fact that many managers and employees of club institutions are increasingly studying their visitors and their socio-cultural needs in their free time, using new marketing technologies for distributing their paid services, and trying to act as truly modern managers. The quality of the services provided is beginning to steadily increase, since it is precisely for high-quality cultural services that people are willing to pay. The following paid club services are most popular among the population: concerts and performances, discos and show programs, game programs, recreation evenings, family celebrations, computer center services, paid courses, clubs, studios (including sports) and others.
Visitors are willing to pay both for core club services and for non-core club services - rental of premises, rental of sports equipment, rental of video cassettes and discs. Of course, in this regard, a number of tasks should be solved to strengthen the material and technical base of club institutions: it is necessary to purchase equipment, costumes, computer equipment and provide an Internet connection.
It is unacceptable that the set of club offers represents an average option, the same for all categories and all levels of a city or village. Since more than 90% of club institutions operate in rural areas, clubs play a vital role in preserving regional culture and folk traditions. Club institutions create conditions for the aesthetic, patriotic, spiritual and moral education of the population. They are often the only focus and center of culture in a populated area.
Thus, we see that the cultural and leisure sphere in the Republic of Belarus has a very developed infrastructure and is represented by the activities of a large number of cultural institutions that are subjects of cultural and leisure activities. A cultural institution cannot function without legal regulation and support of state policy in the field of culture.
In rural areas, unlike the city, the House of Culture or the village club are often the only “suppliers” of cultural and leisure services to the population. Having examined the forms of cultural services, we come to the conclusion that the most popular among the population are mass events, concerts, discos and show programs, competitive game programs, recreation evenings, theatrical performances, festive events and folk festivities, folk ritual holidays, holidays villages and more. Today, the club audience is stratified, each category (children, teenagers, youth, families, middle-aged and elderly people) has its own demands and needs. One of the effective ways to optimize the activities of a club institution is a clear orientation of the directions and forms of its activities to meet the socio-cultural needs of those age, social, and professional audiences that are included in the club’s service area. We see that people are willing to pay for high-quality cultural services. Visitors are willing to pay both for core club services and for non-core club services - rental of premises, rental of sports equipment, rental of video cassettes and discs. We found out that cultural and leisure activities are activities to satisfy human needs for leisure. Within the framework of cultural and leisure institutions, conditions are created to relieve certain tension, the intellectual, psychological, pedagogical and educational qualities of the individual are revealed, initiative and initiative are liberated.
