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• Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov described the gulf between dream and reality in his novel The Master and Margarita. The protagonist dreamed of publishing a book - the achievement of his life. For the sake of writing it, he left his job, spent a lot of money won on the purchase of various works that helped him in his work. But in the end, he himself regretted that he had so zealously sought the fulfillment of his dream. Critics immediately fell upon the published passage, like a flock of ravens on a corpse. Insults began in the press, persecution of such an "anti-Soviet" writer. And the basement on the Arbat, which the Master paid for with a lottery win, did not bring happiness: he was set up and evicted by Magarych, who pretended to be a friend. The hero finds himself in a madhouse, and he completely burned his novel. It turns out that a person should be afraid of his desires, because he cannot even imagine what they will turn into in reality.
• M. A. Bulgakov tells about the insignificance of some of our desires in the novel The Master and Margarita. Woland, at his performance in the Variety, is ironic about the dreams of Muscovites: they are all obsessed with the “housing problem”. The magician satisfies their pettiness and vanity by throwing wads of money into the air, dressing women in luxurious outfits. But the author of the novel showed the vanity and insignificance of such aspirations literally: all the money and robes melted away or turned into empty pieces of paper. Thus, the dreams of all these limited and stingy people turned out to be worthless illusions, and Satan taught them a good lesson.
• The heroine of the novel by M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" went through a lot to realize her cherished dream. The woman longed for the return of her loved one who was missing. She tried everything possible, but did not learn anything about his fate. And then one day she met a stranger who made a frightening proposal: take a cream, spread it all over her body and wait for his call. After that, there should be a meeting with a foreigner who knows about the Master what Margarita so wants to know. The woman was very frightened, but decided to take this step. She left her husband forever and all her former life in contentment and idleness. She had to meet the devil and become the hostess at his ball. She endured both pain and fear for the sake of love. As a result, the heroine was able to rescue the Master, but her dream came true at a high price. Thus, in order to get what you want, you need to make an effort, because dreams do not come true just like that.

F. M. Dostoevsky, "Crime and Punishment"

• F. M. Dostoevsky in his work “Crime and Punishment” described a very dangerous dreamer who should beware of his desires. Rodion Raskolnikov sought to restore trampled social justice and distribute the surplus of rich people to the poor. To do this, he chose the first victim - the usurer Alena Ivanovna. This old woman wrapped dozens of honest but impoverished families in debt nets. The hero kills her, and at the same time takes the life of her pregnant sister, who was a witness to the massacre. But the fulfillment of his dream turns into the collapse of all bright hopes. The stolen money did not help anyone, but only ruined the peace of mind of the murderer and the thief. Thus, some desires are really worth fearing, since in reality they can only be embodied in ugliness and sinfulness.
• Reality is sometimes not able to desecrate a dream, as F. M. Dostoevsky, the author of the book Crime and Punishment, proves to us. Sonya Marmeladova dreamed of converting Rodion to the Christian faith and directing him to the righteous path of atonement for sin. Therefore, the girl goes to a moral feat: she goes to hard labor after her beloved. The harsh realities of prison life did not break the sublime soul. The heroine adapted herself to cruel orders and supported many prisoners with her care. Everyone loved her. Even the cold heart of proud Rodion melted. As a result, Sonya's wish came true: her chosen one renounced inhuman theories. In the epilogue, we see how he enthusiastically reads the Bible, imbued with wisdom and mercy. Thus, even the most unrealizable, it would seem, dream can break into reality and not be defiled by it, if a person ardently believes in what he is doing.

A. P. Chekhov, "Ionych"

• In A.P. Chekhov's story "Ionych", the hero dreams of his realization in the profession. He wants to make a great contribution to the development of medicine, he wants to help people and bring good to this world. But Dmitry finds himself in a remote province, where his sincere impulses towards the light are drowned out by the impenetrable darkness of philistinism and vulgarity. The whole environment of the young doctor drags him into a swamp of monotony and boredom. Here no one aspires to anything, no one yearns for anything. Everything goes on. And Startsev also betrays his dream, becoming an ordinary fat middle-aged man. He is rude and grumpy, serving annoying patients, whom he considers solely as a source of income. Now he only wants to sit in a club and gamble. Using his example, we understand that betraying one's ideals and dreams promises complete spiritual degradation.
• Not all dreams are destined to come true, and this is the norm of life. This thesis is proved by A.P. Chekhov in the book "Ionych". Katerina dreams of becoming a virtuoso pianist, but can she do it? Hardly. Not all people are given true talent. But the heroine does not understand this, showing off her ability to drum on the keys. She even rejects Dmitry's offer, leaves her father's house and spends several years in the capital, trying to learn to be a pianist. And what is the result? Youth fades, beauty fades, and the dream turns into sick pricks of ambition. The girl returns home with nothing, vaguely aware of her own mediocrity. Was it worth it to be so arrogant and reject the young man? No. But the past cannot be returned, and Katerina tries in vain to remind Dmitry of his former feelings. Thus, not all dreams are given to a person to realize, and he must accept this fact courageously and calmly, directing his efforts in another, more suitable direction.

A. S. Pushkin, "The Captain's Daughter"

• Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, in his historical novel The Captain's Daughter, describes devotion to a dream, which culminated in the realization of a wish. Marya Mironova fell in love with Peter and dreamed of marrying him. But fate always put a spoke in their wheels: at first, Shvabrin informed Grinev's father that the dowry was eager to lure the rich heir into a trap. The elderly nobleman naturally forbade this marriage. Then Marya became a prisoner of Alexei, and he forced her to marry him. It would seem that the poor orphan should have accepted the offer, she would not have to wait for the best, but the girl stubbornly waited for her beloved. When the release took place, she again had to lose Peter. He was convicted for imaginary help to Pugachev. And then the heroine was not afraid to go to the Empress herself. Such fidelity to the dream finally led Marya to fulfill her desire: she became the wife of a loved one.
• Sometimes people are ready to go to any abominations, just to make their dream come true. Such an example is described by A. S. Pushkin in the novel The Captain's Daughter. Alexei wanted to marry Marya, but she rejected him. The beauty also fell in love with the new officer of the garrison, Peter. Then Shvabrin decided to achieve his goal through intrigue and even betrayal. He denigrated the reputation of Mironova and her family in the eyes of Grinev. Then the brave young man appointed the gossip a duel, defending the honor of his beloved girl. And Shvabrin again showed meanness, using a dishonest method. And when the rebels captured the fortress, the hero did not even raise an eyebrow, betraying his patronymic. It was then that he decided to take his wife by force and coercion, without stopping at nothing. Grinev prevented him in time, and yet Alexei was ready to step over all moral prohibitions, if only to achieve the fulfillment of his dream. Because of such unscrupulousness, it did not come true, because in any aspiration it is important to maintain dignity, otherwise you will only move away from your dream, because you will become unworthy of it.

A. N. Ostrovsky, "Thunderstorm"

• In A. N. Ostrovsky's play "Thunderstorm", the main character dreams of a happy and free life. But marriage did not justify her hopes: her husband was under the iron heel of his mother, who sent reproaches every day of the existence of a young family. If the son could still run away for a while to a tavern or on business, then his wife took on the brunt of the relationship with her mother-in-law. Reality brutally deceived the expectations of a sublime and romantic girl. She thought that all families, like her parents, live in harmony and understanding. But her dream of love is not destined to come true even outside the scrap of Kabanikhi. Boris was another disappointment. His love did not extend beyond his uncle's prohibition. As a result, from the collision of reality with the world of dreams, the heroine loses the strength to live and kills herself. Thus, the conflict between reality and dreams can lead to tragedy.
• Dreams come true, but not by themselves. For this you need to do something. But often people do not understand simple truths, and A. N. Ostrovsky described such an example in the drama Thunderstorm. Tikhon loves his wife and dreams of living with her in the warmth and harmony of the family hearth, but the hero's mother constantly pesters the young with her eternal desire to control everything. It would seem that this problem can be corrected, but Tikhon is a weak-willed and apathetic person, to whom any business seems to be an unbearable burden. He is afraid of his mother, although he has already become an adult man. As a result, he pulls the strap of a difficult life without trying to fulfill his desires. This was enough to bring the unfortunate Katerina to suicide. In the finale, the hero mourns his wife and reproaches his mother for the collapse of all his hopes. But only he is to blame.

I. A. Goncharov, "Oblomov"

• In the novel Oblomov by I. A. Goncharov, the hero gets bogged down in fantasies all his life, hiding from reality in a warm bathrobe on his favorite sofa. He practically does not leave the house, but often thinks that he will come out and do something. To all the demands of reality (theft in Oblomovka, the need to leave the apartment, etc.), Ilya Ilyich only brushes aside, trying at any cost to throw the worries about affairs onto someone else. Therefore, Oblomov is always surrounded by scammers who benefit from the incessant escape of a friend from reality, where they shamelessly rob him. The daydreaming of Ilya Ilyich leads him into a dead end. Living days in illusions, he forgot how to do anything, so he loses his beloved Olga, squanders the rest of the inheritance and leaves his son an orphan without a fortune. Oblomov dies in the prime of his life from his way of life, although no, from his way of thinking, because it is he who brings a man to complete physical and spiritual degradation. Thus, excessive daydreaming threatens a person with irreparable and serious consequences.
• Our dreams do not always lead us on the right path. Sometimes they confuse us in the depths of labyrinths, from where it is difficult to get back. Therefore, it is necessary in time to distinguish our true desires from false and imposed ideas about what we want. In the novel by I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov" is just such an example. Olga Ilyinskaya imagined herself to be the savior of Ilya Ilyich and began to stubbornly remake him. She did not spare his habits, did not consider his opinion, and did not love him the way he was in real life. She saw in front of her only an illusion that she dreamed of making. Therefore, their relationship did not work out, and the heroine herself fell into a stupid position. She, young and beautiful, almost herself made an offer to a lazy fat man, who in every possible way slowed down the process. Then the woman realized that she lived in illusions and invented love for herself. Olga, fortunately, found a more suitable husband and said goodbye to false desires that could have made her unhappy if they were fulfilled. Thus, not all dreams lead us to a happy future.

A. Green, "Scarlet Sails"

• In Green's work Scarlet Sails, the heroine proved by her own example that even the wildest dreams come true if a person believes in them with all his heart. Once upon a time, a little girl received a prediction that a prince would sail for her on a magical ship with scarlet sails. Assol believed in the destiny and began to wait for that mysterious stranger, although everyone around laughed at her naivety. Society took out on her a negative attitude towards her father, and the girl grew up as an outcast. In addition, she was considered crazy, because who in their right mind would believe in stories about fabulous ships and handsome princes? But the heroine stubbornly believed in her lucky star, and for good reason. The brave sailor found out about her dream and fulfilled it, deciding to support the beauty. As a result, Assol waited for the fulfillment of her desire, despite the fact that no one believed in her. Thus, in order to realize your dreams, you must be a courageous and independent person, devoted to his ideal.
• To fulfill your dream, a person sometimes has to sacrifice a lot. For example, Arthur Gray from the story "Scarlet Sails" was forced to leave his home and break ties with his family in order to become a sailor. His parents were famous aristocrats, representatives of an ancient dynasty. Their only son was destined for the fate of a diplomat, because his father was an important government official. However, the boy wanted to live differently. The gloomy and pompous atmosphere of the mansion oppressed him. He wanted freedom and variety of travel. But the family did not approve of his intentions. Then the 15-year-old boy ran away from home. It was no doubt hard for him to take this step, but he was able to get out of his comfort zone. Such is the price of the fulfillment of dreams.

N. V. Gogol, Dead Souls

• The difference between a dream and a desire becomes clear when we find out what a person wants from life. The protagonist of N. V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" wanted one thing: enrichment. For this, he traveled around Russia in search of landlords who could transfer to him those peasants who had already died. So, the swindler intended to fraudulently obtain a loan by pawning dozens of serfs, who actually did not exist. Obviously, Chichikov did not disdain the lowest means in the implementation of his plans. He was not afraid to put his honor at stake, even his freedom, because for such machinations you can get on trial. But is the result worth the risk? Is a person really ready to sacrifice everything that he has for the sake of money? This is a very petty reason. For a dream, a simple desire for profit is not enough. This is just a consumer desire that is easy to satisfy. Most people have it, there is nothing in it that could inspire a person. A real dream is an ideal, a barely achievable miracle, to which a person is drawn. And what is so prosaic and banal is called only a momentary whim - desire.
• One of the heroes of N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" was distinguished by a special reverie. Manilov lived in dreams, so in words he seemed like an ideal landowner. He dreamed of building a stone bridge across the pond, setting up tents and stalls for merchants there, in a word, organizing innovative trading platforms. However, all the regulars at home knew that the owner had been telling this story for years. He also gave the impression of a well-read and cultured person, but the book on his desk has been open at page fourteen for two years now. The nobleman took great care of the household, but did not understand anything about it, so the manager robbed him. Manilov lived with illusions that fed his imagination. These phantoms were enough for him, he was not going to do anything to realize them. Therefore, none of his grandiose plans will ever cease to be a plan.

A. P. Chekhov, "Gooseberry"

• A dream is a beautiful and inspiring extravaganza that guides us through life to the future we want. But if dreams turn into a fanatical desire, close to obsession, then they can drive a person crazy. An example was described by A.P. Chekhov in the story "Gooseberry". The protagonist, more than anything, wanted to buy his own estate. There he intended to grow his favorite garden berries and live in complete peace. For the sake of acquiring this paradise, he decided to waste all of himself. The man married for convenience, killed his wife with savings and stinginess, and he himself was malnourished, if only to save money for a coveted purchase. All hobbies, feelings, knowledge were forgotten. Nikolai Ivanovich lived only one dream. As a result, he achieved his goal, became a gentleman with his estate and a saucer of sour gooseberries. But he lived in solitude and complete idleness, having no family, no love, no life's work. The hero became spiritually impoverished, scared away all his friends, even his brother was uncomfortable in his presence. Extremes do not lead to good, even if they appear in dreams. Fanaticism destroys the inner world of man.
• In A.P. Chekhov's story "The Gooseberry", the main character proved by his own example that one cannot dream only about material values, otherwise the dreamer's personality degrades. Nikolai Ivanovich all his life sought only to acquire the estate, which his father lost due to debts. The son reacted very painfully to this incident from the family chronicle, and, apparently, this event influenced his worldview. He was ready to sacrifice everything in order to acquire an estate with a plot suitable for growing gooseberries. Nikolai Ivanovich married a rich, but middle-aged and ugly widow, and soon brought her to death with his stinginess. Such behavior alienated all his acquaintances and friends. He was left alone, but with gooseberries, because he bought a house and land. After the purchase, his brother noted that the newly minted master had fallen and degraded. A petty and selfish dream led him to a philistine existence, which by no means can be called a full-fledged life. His well-fed satisfaction has nothing to do with happiness. That is why it cannot be said that all dreams are equally sublime and beautiful.

A. I. Kuprin, "Olesya"

In A. Kuprin's story "Olesya", the heroine had a dreamy nature, so she imagined that she could deceive fate. She possessed magical abilities, and with the help of cards she made a prediction that foreshadowed her pain from bonding with her lover. But the young witch was too fascinated by Ivan, and therefore allowed the dream of their love to come true. Their romance really went on easily and rapidly, the young people were crazy about each other. Apparently, because of this eclipse of consciousness, the girl succumbed to destructive illusions - she believed that she needed to go to church and lead the lifestyle that her chosen one likes. But reality turned out to be a cruel refutation of this sweet self-deception: Olesya was severely beaten by fanatical parishioners. She realized that dreams of an alliance with Ivan were not destined to break through the misunderstanding and prejudices of society. And the dream of conquering fate also did not come true: inexorable fate followed the victim on the heels. Obviously, reality destroys our fantasies when we are under the intoxicating spell of love and allow ourselves to dream about things that simply cannot come true.

I. A. Bunin, "The Gentleman from San Francisco"

In Ivan Bunin's story "The Gentleman from San Francisco", the hero's dream never comes true, because he constantly postponed the deadline for its implementation and, in the end, died. He worked all his life, made capital, built his own business, and therefore devoted little time to his family and leisure. So, from a man he turned into a gentleman without a name and individual features. The hero became an ordinary businessman, in whom it was possible to discern only the presence of money. But he dreamed about something else - about a happy life with loved ones, about traveling and new sensations. But the man realized too late what was really dear to him. Never having reached the cherished goal of the journey, he died at the very first stop. All his dreams were shattered by his inability to sort out his priorities. He postponed the important for later, and as a result, nothing came true.

N. V. Gogol, "Nevsky Prospekt"

Not all dreams are equally useful for a person. Some of them are really worth fearing. For example, the artist from Gogol's book "Nevsky Prospekt" saw a beautiful stranger on the main street of the city. He immediately fell in love and followed her in the hope of getting to know her. The imagination of a creative person endowed the girl with some kind of magical charm. He followed her, and even seemed to see signs of attention from her side, but it turned out that the lovely young lady was leading him to a brothel. Seeing the hot spot, the hero was taken aback and ran away. At home, he desperately yearned for a young woman, or rather, for his vision from Nevsky Prospekt. He endowed him with an extraterrestrial beauty that has a hypnotic attraction. He immediately decided to save his ideal, to wrest it from the clutches of vice. But a second visit to the brothel showed that the desire was unrealizable. The girl laughed contemptuously in response to the artist's sermons. All his illusions were shattered with a bang. He couldn't bear it. The conclusion can be drawn as follows: impressionable people should not chase dubious ideals. They need to be afraid of their own fantasy.

The collapse of hopes for the realization of a dream can hurt a person painfully and deprive him of an incentive to live. For example, the hero of Gogol's story "Nevsky Prospekt" is disappointed in the dream of saving a beautiful stranger. A young brunette, whom he saw on the street, turns out to be a worker from a brothel. Piskarev is very worried about this, but decides to rescue the girl from the captivity of vice. Opium greatly inflamed his imagination, and in a state of drug intoxication, the man could no longer adequately perceive reality. Arriving at a brothel, he began to preach the rejection of an immoral lifestyle. Naturally, the heroine only laughed at the guest. She wasn't going to change anything. But Piskarev could not stand the collapse of hopes and committed suicide. The unfortunate person simply could not live anymore, having lost his crazy dream, so the consequences of the destruction of dreams were so tragic.

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Let's try to figure it out. A dream is a desire for something specific, for the sake of which a person begins to act. He sets goals for himself so that his dream becomes a reality. Everyone has dreams. More often we dream about something real and concrete, sometimes about something difficult to achieve. Some dreams are easy to turn into reality, others are never destined to come true. The main thing is that a person should dream. Otherwise, he will have nowhere to go. But the dream must also be right. I will try to prove this by referring to fiction: Leo Tolstoy's epic novel War and Peace.

Pierre Bezukhov, one of the main characters of the work, dreams of being useful to people, to the state.

This dream leads him to the Freemasons, he tries to improve the life of his peasants: he builds schools, hospitals (albeit not entirely successful), makes an attempt to kill Napoleon, and even ... finds himself in the center of the Battle of Borodino. What if he didn't have that dream? He would drown in family squabbles with immoral Helen, in the pleasures of secular society. The dream of being useful leads him through life, making him stronger and wiser.

And what does Helen Bezukhova dream about? About wealth and glory in high society. And she achieves a lot too. She is considered not only the most beautiful woman, but also smart. Only Pierre knows that behind the external brilliance is emptiness. Salon Helen becomes the most fashionable.

But she can't stop. She needs more and more money and fame. She forgets morality. There is a war, and Bezukhova changes her faith and does not know who to choose from the suitors. Such a dream leads the heroine to death.

Thus, it is imperative to dream. It is the dream that makes us act, guides us through life. But dreams are different. Do not dream only about something for yourself, about something material. These are dangerous dreams that can turn your life into an eternal pursuit of the unattainable. In this pursuit, you will lose more than you gain. Learn to think beyond yourself. Most importantly, dream. And turn your dreams into reality. Everything depends only on us.

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Updated: 2018-10-10

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Antoine Marie Jean-Baptiste Roger de Saint-Exupery(1900, Lyon, France - July 31, 1944) - famous French writer, poet and professional pilot.

A. de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince". The Old Fox taught the Little Prince to comprehend the wisdom of human relationships. To understand a person, one must learn to peer into him, to forgive minor flaws. After all, the most important thing is always hidden inside, and you can’t see it right away.

This is the story of the accidental landing of the writer himself and his mechanic Prevost in the desert.
The symbol of life - water, quenches the thirst of people lost in the sands, the source of everything that exists on earth, the food and flesh of everyone, the substance that makes it possible to resurrect.
The dehydrated desert is a symbol of a world devastated by war, chaos, destruction, human callousness, envy and selfishness. This is a world in which a person dies of spiritual thirst.

The rose is a symbol of love, beauty, femininity. The little prince did not immediately see the true inner essence of beauty. But after talking with the Fox, the truth was revealed to him - beauty only becomes beautiful when it is filled with meaning, content.

“Love does not mean looking at each other, it means looking in the same direction” - this thought determines the ideological concept of the story-tale.

He considers the topic of Evil in two aspects: on the one hand, it is “micro evil”, that is, evil inside a single person. This is the deadness and inner emptiness of the inhabitants of the planets, which personify all human vices. And it is no coincidence that the inhabitants of the planet Earth are characterized through the inhabitants of the planets seen by the Little Prince. By this, the author emphasizes how petty and dramatic the contemporary world is. He believes that humanity, like the Little Prince, will comprehend the secret of being, and each person will find his guiding star that will illuminate his life path. The second aspect of the theme of evil can be conditionally called "macro-evil". Baobabs are a spiritualized image of evil in general. One of the interpretations of this metaphorical image is connected with fascism. Saint-Exupery wanted people to carefully uproot the evil “baobabs” that threatened to tear the planet apart. “Beware of the baobabs!” - conjures the writer.

Saint-Exupery urges us to treat everything beautiful as carefully as possible and try not to lose the beauty within ourselves on the difficult path of life - the beauty of the soul and heart.
The Little Prince learns the most important thing about the beautiful from the Fox. Outwardly beautiful, but empty inside, roses do not evoke any feelings in a contemplative child. They are dead to him. The protagonist discovers the truth for himself, the author and readers - only that which is filled with content and deep meaning is beautiful.

Misunderstanding, alienation of people is another important philosophical theme. The deadness of the human soul leads to loneliness. A person judges others only by the “outer shell”, not seeing the main thing in a person - his inner moral beauty: “When you say to adults:“ I saw a beautiful house made of pink brick, it has geraniums in the windows, and pigeons on the roofs, ”they don’t can't imagine this house. They need to be told: “I saw a house for a hundred thousand francs,” and then they exclaim: “What a beauty!”
People must take care of the cleanliness and beauty of their planet, jointly protect and decorate it, and prevent all living things from perishing. So, gradually, unobtrusively, another important topic arises in the fairy tale - ecological, which is very relevant for our time. The journey of the Little Prince from star to star brings us closer to today's vision of space, where the Earth, through the negligence of people, can disappear almost imperceptibly.
Love And another secret is revealed by the Fox to the baby: “Only the heart is vigilant. You won’t see the most important thing with your eyes... Your Rose is so dear to you because you gave her all your soul... People have forgotten this truth, but don’t forget: you are forever responsible for everyone you tamed.” To tame means to bind oneself to another being with tenderness, love, a sense of responsibility. To tame means to destroy the facelessness and indifferent attitude towards all living things. To tame means to make the world significant and generous, for everything in it reminds of a beloved being. The narrator also comprehends this truth, and for him the stars come to life, and he hears the ringing of silver bells in the sky, reminiscent of the laughter of the Little Prince. The theme of “expansion of the soul” through love runs throughout the tale.

Only friendship can melt the ice of loneliness and alienation, as it is based on mutual understanding, mutual trust and mutual assistance.
“It's sad when friends are forgotten. Not everyone has a friend,” says the hero of the tale. At the beginning of the tale, the Little Prince leaves his only Rose, then he leaves his new friend Fox on Earth. “There is no perfection in the world,” the Fox will say. But on the other hand, there is harmony, there is humanity, there is a person’s responsibility for the work entrusted to him, for the person close to him, there is also responsibility for his planet, for everything that happens on it.
Exupery wants to say that each person has his own planet, his own island and his own guiding star, which a person should not forget. “I would like to know why the stars shine,” the little prince said thoughtfully. “Probably so that sooner or later everyone can find their own again.”

Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ---1828 --- 1910 Novel "War and Peace"

Pierre (Tolstoy "V. and the World") was helped to survive in captivity by the wisdom of Platon Karataev, who taught him to live simply and appreciate what you have: the sun is shining, the rain is coming - everything is good. No need to rush, rush about in search of happiness - live and rejoice, be happy that you live. He got along with everyone, even the French.

On the example of Pierre Bezukhov and Platon Karataev L. N. Tolstoy showed two completely different types of Russian characters, two different social heroes.
The first of them is the count, who was captured by the French as an "arsonist" and, miraculously, escaped execution. The second is a simple, wise, patient soldier. Nevertheless, the soldier Platon Karataev managed to play an extremely important role in the life of Pierre Bezukhov.
After the execution of the "arsonists", which Pierre became an eyewitness, "it was as if in his soul the spring on which everything was held up was pulled out, and everything fell into a heap of senseless rubbish. Faith in the improvement of the world, and in the human soul, and in god."
The meeting in the booth with Platon Karataev helped Pierre's spiritual revival: "He felt that the previously destroyed world was now being erected in his soul with new beauty, on some new and unshakable foundations." Karataev made a huge impression on Pierre with his behavior, common sense, the expediency of actions, the ability to "do everything not very well, but not badly either." For Pierre, he became "an incomprehensible, round and eternal personification of the spirit of simplicity and truth."
Bezukhov, who endured severe suffering and the fear of death, finds himself in another world. He sees how Karataev neatly arranged all his "household" in the corner, how a little dog ran up to him and began to caress. The soldier spoke of something very simple, began mumbling prayers. All these everyday words and deeds in those conditions seemed to Pierre a miracle, a great discovery of the truth of life. Pierre felt the new beauty of the recently destroyed world, received “calmness and contentment with himself”: “And he, without thinking about it, received this calm and this agreement with himself only through the horror of death, through deprivation and through what he understood in Karataev".
Karataev feels himself a part of the people: ordinary soldiers, the peasantry. His wisdom is contained in numerous proverbs and sayings, behind each of which an episode of Plato's life is guessed. For example, "where there is judgment, there is untruth." He suffered from an unfair trial, and is forced to serve in the army. However, Plato takes any twists of fate calmly, he is ready to sacrifice himself for the well-being of the family. Karataev loves every person, every living creature: he is affectionate with an ordinary stray dog, helps other prisoners, sews shirts for the French and sincerely admires his work.
Platon Karataev becomes for Pierre an example of the perception of another world, where simplicity and truth, love for humanity dominate.
The relationship between Platon Karataev and Pierre Bezukhov did not develop for long in the novel. Due to the aggravated illness, the French shot Karataev.
The soldier quietly passed away, and Pierre took Karataev's death calmly, as a matter of course.
Plato appeared next to Pierre, like a savior, at the most difficult moment of his life and left casually. But, despite this, his personality is so outstanding and the influence on the fate of Pierre is so great that Karataev cannot be simply ranked among the episodic heroes of the novel.
Not without reason, years later, Pierre often recalled him, thought about what Plato would say about this or that event, "would approve or disapprove." The meeting of these two heroes largely determined the fate of Count Pierre Bezukhov and showed the greatest wisdom of the Russian people, embodied in the guise of a soldier Platon Karataev

arguments for writing

The problem of a dream and its realization often becomes central in works of fiction.

So, the landowner Manilov dreams

But his dreams do not have the slightest connection with reality, and there is no one to embody them, because. the hero lies more on the couch, shifting all household affairs to the clerk. For example, Manilov imagines an underground passage from the house or a bridge over a pond, on which merchant shops with various goods will be located. And at the same time, the author shows us that this same pond has long been abandoned and overgrown with mud. No one takes care of the flower beds around the house, and instead of peace and joy, they, like an abandoned pond, cause only a sad sigh from those who look at them. Manilov's house itself is uncomfortable, it stands on a hill, blown by all the winds. But the hero already imagines how he will build another house, with such a high belvedere that even Moscow can be seen from it, he will drink tea in the evenings on the balcony and indulge in conversations about pleasant subjects. Gogol shows us by many artistic means that the hero's dreams will never come true. For example, the futility of his dreams is emphasized by such a detail as the book laid on the fourteenth page, which the owner has been reading for two years now, as well as the names of his sons - Alkid and Themistoclus - in honor of the ancient Greek heroes.

Unlike Manilov, the protagonist of the poem, Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov, has a great desire to realize his dream. But the dream of his exclusively material nature: he wants to get rich. The hero well remembered the instruction of his father, given to him as a child, that he should save and save a “penny”. And Chichikov, trying to get closer to his goal, does not pay attention to the means. He starts a bold scam with the purchase of dead souls, deceives, flatters, bribes, in general, shows "miracles of enterprise."

Indulges in dreams, lying on the couch, and another hero -

Intelligent, kind, versed in the psychology of people, dreaming of a wonderful life for himself and his loved ones, Oblomov was struck, according to N. Dobrolyubov, with a terrible disease that many people of the nobility were subject to - "Oblomovism". Indeed, the hero knows the value of people, sees their true aspirations, which are often aimed only at obtaining ranks, titles, awards, "warm places" in the service. The absence of a high goal in the life of these people explains Oblomov's emptiness in their souls, indifference to everything. He calls the "members of the world and society" the dead, sleeping people, says that they sleep all their lives while sitting. And this justifies his inaction and lying on the couch. According to Oblomov, it is better to lie down than to spend life in a meaningless bustle. It was not for nothing that N. Dobrolyubov, already mentioned by us, called Ilya Ilyich a person looking for something, thinking about something, according to the critic, Oblomov is not a dull and apathetic nature. Despite all this, the hero's dreams of a renovated estate, a happy life surrounded by loving wives, children and friends are not destined to come true: not accustomed to work since childhood, because. all the blessings of life went to Oblomov thanks to the title of nobility and the liberties granted to this class, the hero is unable to overcome his laziness. He spends whole days half asleep, drawing up a project for the renovation of the estate for many years now, he is afraid of moving to another apartment, he is unable to refuse the house to useless people, like Alekseev or Tarantiev, who only want to dine at his expense or borrow money. Only one person is knocked out of this environment. This is Andrei Stolz, a childhood friend with whom the main character spent wonderful years of study, it was with him that he always shared his dreams and views on life. Only to him did Oblomov open up from the best side. Unlike Ilya Ilyich, Andrey Stolz is a very purposeful person. By birth, he was not a nobleman, his father served as a manager in the estate adjacent to Oblomovka and from childhood taught his son to help him run his business, made him a tutor in his boarding school and paid a small salary for this. The desire to achieve something in life pushed Stolz to endless work, self-education. Having no patronage, Andrei, only thanks to his own efforts, achieved a significant position in society, received the rank of court adviser, which gave him the right to become a nobleman. Stolz realized his dream - to win a position in society, but, having become rich and respected, the hero did not cease to be a good person. He still considered work an integral part of life, was engaged in science, traveled a lot, and improved his enterprises. But, most importantly, he remained a good friend. So, the hero helped Oblomov, taking care of his economic affairs, and besides, trying to somehow stir up the main character, he forced him to read, brought him out into society, and introduced him to interesting people.

Dreams of love and family happiness and the main character

But in the family of her husband, Katerina Kabanova sees only hypocrisy and tyranny. Everyone in the house is afraid of Katerina's mother-in-law, Kabanikhi. The husband of the main character is afraid of her mother to death, not daring to say a word against, let alone stand up for his wife. Katerina, on the other hand, strives to live not according to the rules of Domostroy, but according to the dictates of her heart. Looking for protection, support, care and tenderness, the heroine decides to take a bold step - enters into a relationship with another man. Katerina hopes that she will feel happy in this relationship, but her drama lies in the fact that, unlike her sister-in-law Varvara, who runs secretly on dates and does not think it is a big sin, she cannot forgive herself for betrayal, in which she sees betrayal against God. Thus, Katerina, who dreams of freedom and happiness, is the only one who is not afraid to do at least something to achieve her dream, even if this dream costs her life.

The dream problem becomes central and

The main character, Assol, believes that one day a beautiful young man will come after her on a ship with scarlet sails and take her and her father Longren. Their family lives in a small village by the sea and lives only by selling wooden toys that Longren makes. Assol and her father are not loved by the villagers, blaming the head of the family for the death of a rich shopkeeper. They are outcasts, whom few people are ready to help, so Assol dreams of leaving for a beautiful country where people know how to love and forgive, and do not dream only of the most primitive and rude. And her wish is granted.

Hero

Danko dreams of freedom for the people of his tribe, for this he does not spare his own life, tearing his heart out of his chest in order to illuminate the path along which the tribe is trying to get out of the impenetrable forest and stinking swamps with its bright fire. The hero does this despite the fact that people are angry with him and want him dead, not believing that he can fulfill his promise and lead them to freedom. Danko loves and pities people, and therefore his dream is connected with them, with a better life for them, which is why he sacrifices himself without regret.

The problem of striving for a dream becomes central and

Little girl Zoya has one dream: she wants to become a dancer. But life is harsh on the heroine, and they don’t take her to the dance club, because she doesn’t fit in physical parameters. Zoya, that's what everyone around her calls her, does not leave her dream, she dances just like that, arranges amateur performances in a communal apartment, where, undoubtedly, she is the most talented. Subsequently, she proves to the examination committee at the theater school that she deserves to become an artist. To do this, the girl needed, in her words, to “climb the wall”, i.e. to portray to the teachers the situation of climbing a high wall. Later, when she became an excellent dancer and gained fame, to all questions about how she managed to achieve her dream, the heroine answered: “I just really wanted to dance! ..”

A collection of arguments from the literature in the direction "Dream and Reality" for the final essay in the 11th grade in the 2019/2019 academic year.

Main theses:

• Relationship between dreams and reality (connection of these concepts, differences between concepts). Internal and external conflicts that arise when confronted with reality.
• Dream: unattainable, "small", great, etc.
• Dream/wish/goal/fantasy…. Similarities and differences between these concepts.
• Dream, its role and function in human life (mobilizing, demobilizing, etc.)
• Types of dreamers in literature. types of realists. Characteristics of a person depending on his dreams.
• A dream in utopia/dystopia/fantasy. Dystopia as a genre that describes the consequences of the realization of a dream of an ideal world. Dream in realism, romanticism.

Arguments "Dream and reality" (problems):

A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

Only by remaining true to your dream, it can be translated into reality, which is confirmed by A. S. Pushkin in the work “The Captain's Daughter”. Masha Mironova dreamed of being always close to Pyotr Grinev and marrying him, but fate constantly separated her from her beloved. The first obstacle was the slander of Aleksey Shvabrin, who told Grinev Sr. that the dowry woman coveted the wealth of Peter's family and wanted to marry him by cunning. The old man, in response, did not approve of the marriage of his son with the captain's daughter. After the capture of the Belogorsk fortress by Pugachev, Marya is captured by Shvabrin. He starves her and insists on accepting his proposal to marry, but the girl does not agree and is waiting for help from Peter. When Grinev releases Mironova, separation overtakes them again - the young officer is condemned for helping Pugachev. To prove the falsity of the accusations, Marya goes to the Empress herself and saves Peter from exile in Siberia. Thanks to her firm belief in her dream, Mironova makes it a reality: lovers become happy spouses.

In the same novel, we see that a dream may not come true if you go to it dishonestly. Shvabrin showed baseness, meanness and hypocrisy in order to get Mironova as his wife. He deliberately denigrated the girl's reputation in front of the family of her lover Pyotr Grinev. When a young officer, defending the honor of his bride, challenged Shvabrin to a duel, he used a forbidden technique and seriously wounded his opponent. Alexei demonstrated his venality when the rebels captured the fortress - he went over to the side of Pugachev, betraying his comrades and the fatherland. His dream was closer than ever: Marya became his prisoner. But here, too, Alexei showed himself to be a man without high moral principles: he humiliated Mironova, starved her, forced her to become his wife. Grinev came to the aid of the girl in time, freeing her from the clutches of the scoundrel. The unscrupulousness and vileness of Shvabrin's actions made his dream unattainable.

F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment"

The injustice of the surrounding world did not become an obstacle to the realization of the dreams of Sonya Marmeladova, one of the main characters in F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment", into reality. The girl's greatest desire was the return to the righteous path of her beloved Rodion Raskolnikov. Sonya goes to hard labor for a young man and there she provides him with spiritual support, surrounds him with tenderness and care. Rodion's hardened heart softens over time, and he abandons his ideas of the insignificance of everything that exists, starting to study the Bible. Strong faith in the Almighty and a dream give their result: Sonya managed to “resurrect” her lover to a new life and a rethinking of values.

A. S. Pushkin. "Blizzard"

The main character of A. S. Pushkin's story "The Snowstorm" Marya Gavrilovna is in love with a poor army ensign and dreams of marrying Vladimir, although her parents are against an unprofitable party. The couple decides to secretly get married, but a blizzard breaks out. Due to bad weather, Vladimir does not have time to go to church, and Marya is mistakenly married to a stranger. The young man falls into despair and goes to war, where he dies in the battle of Borodino. After the death of her father, Marya becomes an enviable bride, to whom suitors begin to woo. The girl mourns for Vladimir, carefully keeping things reminiscent of him. And then on the way Marya meets the same “random” husband, officer Burmin. Love is born between the characters, and they are happily married. Thus, sometimes reality can be better than dreams.

Vladimir's dream from A. S. Pushkin's story "The Snowstorm" collapsed when he learned about Marya's wedding with another man. The young man loses heart, closes in on himself, not showing any attempts to explain himself to his beloved. In desperation, he leaves for the war, where he dies in the Battle of Borodino. Vladimir did not make any efforts on the way to his dream, so she was not destined to go astray.

M. A. Bulgakov. "Master and Margarita"

The Moscow writer Master dreamed of releasing the main novel in his creative career. For the sake of the book, he quit his job and spent all his winnings in the lottery on renting and equipping a basement on the Arbat. But the Master was greatly disappointed: the published excerpt from the "anti-Soviet" novel about Pontius Pilate was severely criticized and banned from publication. The writer burns the manuscripts, and after that he is locked up in a psychiatric hospital. As you can see, some desires can be dangerous: the dream in reality led the Master to a tragic fate.

In contrast to a big unrealizable dream, Bulgakov cites the insignificance of the desires of cowardly, envious and petty people. At the performance in the Variety, Woland ridicules the vanity and materialism of Muscovites, making their dreams of status and wealth a reality. Bundles of bills fly from the stage to the audience, and women dress in luxurious outfits. The insignificance of such aspirations is revealed when expensive clothes dissolve into thin air and money turns into pieces of paper.

Where do dreams lead? We analyze based on the webinar on the Master and Margarita

L. N. Tolstoy. "After the ball"

At a ball in the house of his beloved Varenka, Ivan Vasilievich feels absolutely happy: next to him is a beautiful girl and her generous father, ready to do anything for his daughter, even to wear homemade boots. Great music sounds in the elegant room, everyone is dancing and having fun. All night long Ivan Vasilyevich enjoys the action and, leaving the governor's house, is ready to love the whole world. But the morning struck the young student with horror: Varenka's father is participating in inhuman tortures of a runaway soldier. At the same instant, the world in Ivan Vasilyevich's soul turned upside down, and he could no longer imagine himself next to a girl whose father is a tyrant. His dream was shattered by harsh reality.

A. P. Chekhov. "Ionych"

Dmitry Ionych Startsev - zemstvo doctor in Dyalizh. The young man gladly accepts patients, walks on calls, since at first he does not even have a horse. At the same time, the deaf province oppresses the educated intellectual - the inhabitants of the village are illiterate and are not able to maintain a conversation on serious topics. But soon Ionych begins to get involved and get used to the situation. Material interests come to the fore: Ionych acquires a cart with horses, lives in abundance, gambles, treating medical practice purely as a source of income, nothing more. Thus, Ionych betrays his dream, which promises him complete spiritual degradation.

In parallel, in the story of A.P. Chekhov, we see the collapse of the dream of young Katerina Turkina, who saw herself as a great pianist. For the sake of her career, the girl rejected the marriage proposal of the young doctor Dmitry Startsev, which she later regretted. The years spent in the capital did not yield results, and Kotik did not become a musician. Returning home, the girl realizes that she does not have the proper talent and tries to remind Ionych of his past feelings, but is refused. Ambition and blind pursuit of a dream leads to the fact that Turkina is left alone, losing her youth and beauty over the years.

I. S. Turgenev. "Noble Nest"

Fyodor Lavretsky's dream of an ideal family with Liza Kalitina was able to be broken by his ex-wife Varvara Pavlovna, a woman greedy for money and other people's happiness. She does not consider her husband's feelings and is not going to give him up to anyone. Lavretsky, disappointed in women after Varvara Pavlovna's betrayal, meets the open and kind Liza, for whom he develops feelings. The girl does not want to be an obstacle to family reunification and goes to the monastery. Lavretsky humbly accepts this decision and, in order to remain a decent person, renounces personal happiness. Thus, the dream can be crossed out by insurmountable circumstances created by vile people like Varvara Pavlovna.

A. N. Ostrovsky. "Storm"

Having married, the main character of the drama by A. N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" Katerina dreams of a happy married life and warm relationships that were in her family. But in reality, she faces the humiliation and suffering that the girl has to endure from the despotic mother-in-law Kabanikha and the spineless husband Tikhon, who indulges his mother in everything. Another disappointment for Katerina was Boris, who broke her heart, who refused their love for the sake of his uncle. The dreamy nature of the girl does not withstand the cruelty of the world around her, and she sees no other way out than to commit suicide. Hence the conclusion: desires that do not coincide with reality can lead to tragedy.

To make your dream come true, you need to make an effort. And for such people as Tikhon Kabanov from the drama of A. N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm", spineless "mama's sons", this is not given. Having married Katerina, he dreams of family comfort and harmony, but he cannot put in his place his domineering mother, who constantly interferes in the lives of the young. Tikhon dutifully obeys the orders of Kabanikh and does not say a word against it, even in defense of his wife, which soon drives the unfortunate wife to suicide. Mourning Katerina, he blames his mother for everything, although he himself did nothing to make his dream come true.

N. M. Karamzin. "Poor Lisa"

The peasant woman Liza, having met the nobleman Erast, sincerely fell in love with him and dreamed of becoming his wife. Each date with a young man strengthened the girl's faith in a happy future. But after the closeness that happened, everything changed in the relationship of the couple. Erast lost interest in Lisa and soon left for the war. The girl was waiting for her lover and accidentally saw him in the city. The meeting turned out to be fatal: Erast admitted that he was engaged to another, after which Lisa committed suicide. Thus, blindly following your dreams can lead to tragedy.

After meeting with Lisa, Erast decided that he had finally found true happiness. The girl struck the young man with her beauty and naturalness, and he swore eternal love to her. But the weakness of his character did not allow him to overcome class inequality, and Erast preferred material benefits to love. Having betrayed his dream, he was unhappy until the end of his days.

N. V. Gogol. "Nevsky Avenue"

The collision of dreams with reality is vividly demonstrated in N. V. Gogol's story "Nevsky Prospekt". The heroes of the work are two friends Pirogov and Piskarev. Lieutenant Pirogov does not set high goals for himself. He easily gives up his desires if any obstacles arise on the way, does not worry if he fails with women. Another thing is the sublime and refined artist Piskarev. He lives in the world he invented, where all people are perfect and pure. Having met a girl of easy virtue on Nevsky Prospekt, the artist believes that with his love he will be able to return her to the path of righteousness. But, having heard only ridicule in response, he commits suicide. A different perception of reality leads to the fact that some live at the level of animal instincts, others hover in the clouds and do not want to objectively assess the surrounding reality.