The concepts of subject and predicate are among the most basic in the Russian language. It is with them that the acquaintance of children with syntax begins. It is very important that the student understand this section and fix it in memory, since all subsequent rules of punctuation, complex sentences and many other sections will be inextricably linked with the subject and predicate. These two concepts make up the grammatical basis, so it will also be discussed in this article. Refresh your memory and help your child learn new knowledge.

What is the subject

To begin with, consider the rule of the Russian language:

• The subject is one of the main members of the sentence. It can denote both an object and an action or a sign of a predicate. Answers the question "Who?" and "What?".

As a rule, this member of the sentence is expressed by a noun or a pronoun. It is emphasized with one line.

• For example, in the sentence “Grandma went to the market”, the subject will be the noun “Grandma”, since in this sentence the grandmother is the main character.
• If we take the sentence “He likes ice cream”, then the pronoun “He” will be the subject in it.

However, there are other interesting cases in which absolutely any part of speech acts as a subject, if it can be defined as a noun. For example:

• Five go to the right. In this sentence, the subject will be the word "Five", although in its usual form it is a numeral. Here it replaces the noun, acting as the main member of the sentence.
• Miser pays twice. In this case, the subject will also be the word "Miserly", which is a noun, and outside the sentence - an adjective.

The verb also often acts as the subject if it is in the indefinite form:

• Going to the store is his main goal. This is a complex sentence, in one of the parts of which the subject is the infinitive.

And finally, even a whole phrase can become the subject. It can be indivisible names, full name of a person.

• Anna Sergeyevna hurried home. In this sentence, the subject is Anna Sergeevna.

After a while, the child will be able to determine the subject intuitively, without reciting the rules by heart.

What is a predicate

The predicate must be underlined with two parallel horizontal lines, answers the question “What is it?” and “What does it do?”, and also denotes an action or some sign of the subject.

The predicate has several types:

• verb.
• Composite noun.
• Compound verb.

Each type of predicate is best analyzed separately. The simplest of them is the verb.

• The verb predicate is usually expressed by the verb in certain moods: indicative, imperative, and also conditional. To determine the predicate correctly, you need to refresh your memory and remember what moods are.
• Perhaps a predicate in the form of a stable phrase.
• Phraseologisms also belong to the verbal predicate.

The compound verb predicate is easy to notice:

• In this case, two verbs answer the main question of the predicate. For example: "He still continued to eat." The predicate will be "continued to eat."
• Or "The cat needs a lot of sleep." Now the predicate - "need to sleep."

A compound nominal predicate is so called because it contains a linking verb and a nominal part: a noun or pronoun, adverbs, participles.

• She was a beauty. In this sentence, the predicate is “she was a beauty”, since the word “was” often acts as a linking verb, and “beauty” is a nominal part.

It may not be possible to remember everything the first time, but after solving the tasks you will succeed.

What is a grammatical basis

The grammatical basic is the main members of the sentence, namely: the subject and the predicate. They are connected in meaning and are distinguished by horizontal lines.

The stem itself, as a rule, is highlighted in square brackets in the sentence.

grammatical basis sentences form the main members of the sentence ( subject and predicate ). That is, the grammatical basis of the sentence (predicative basis, core) is the main part of the sentence, which consists of its main members: the subject and the predicate. See also introductory words..

Subject.

Remember!

Subject can be expressed not only by a noun or pronoun in nominative case, but also:

Predicate.

There are three types of predicates in Russian. The following algorithm of actions will help you determine which type is represented in your proposal.

Distinguish!

If there are homogeneous predicates in the sentence, then each of them should be considered separately.

Also watch the video presentation.

Clue.

1) Most often, doubts are caused by the definition of a simple verbal predicate, expressed in more than one word:

I I will take part in the exhibition.

In this example I will take part- a complex form of the future tense, which is defined in syntax as a simple predicate. And the combination participate is a phraseological unit that can be replaced by the word I participate. Therefore, we have a simple verbal predicate.

Trap!

Often they make a mistake, calling the following construction simple verbal predicates:

Everything in Moscow is saturated with poetry, pierced with rhymes.

This error is due to two factors.

First, a short passive participle should be distinguished from the past tense form of the verb.

Remember!

The short participle has suffixes -T-, -N-, and the verb -L-. Means, impregnated, pierced are short passive participles.

Secondly, we have a predicate that is expressed in just one word, but whether it is simple or compound (see Morphological analysis of the word with examples)? Try adding some adverbial tense to the sentence, for example, at the beginning of the twentieth century, and see how these forms behave.

At the beginning of the 20th century, everything in Moscow was saturated with poetry, rhymes were pierced.

A bunch appears was and the predicate already clearly becomes compound. The Russian language is not characterized by constructions in the present tense with a bunch be. Agree, it sounds clearly foreign if we say: All in Moscow There is impregnated with verses, rhymes There is pierced.

Thus, if in a sentence you encounter predicates expressed by short passive participles, then you are dealing with compound nominal predicate.

Remember!

Words can't, can, must, must included in composite predicates.

To me need to get off at this stop.

Trap!

Be careful with words to be, to appear, to be, because by highlighting only them, you can skip one more component of the predicate.

She seemed funny to me.Wrong!

If you highlight only the words seemed, then the meaning of the sentence is completely changed ( seemed = dreamed, dreamed, imagined).

Right: She seemed funny to me

Wrong: The teacher was strict (was = existed, lived).

Right: The teacher was strict.

Trap!

In this task, quite complex sentences are offered for analysis and the answer options are very often similar to each other. What "traps" can you expect here?

1) Offers can be made according to different models:

• subject + predicate;
• only predicate or subject (single-member sentences);
• subject + homogeneous predicates;
• homogeneous subjects + predicate.

In the answer option, the subject, predicate, or one of the homogeneous subjects or predicates may be omitted.

Remember!

The grammatical basis includes ALL the main members of the sentence, the omission of one of them is a clear mistake.

2) In the answer option, the subject and predicate of different grammatical bases can be combined.

3) The subject can only be in I.P.! Answer options with nouns, pronouns not in I.P. deliberately incorrect (except when they are part of the predicate and without them the whole meaning of the sentence changes).

4) The answer option may contain participial or participle turnover, which are never included in the grammatical basis.

Distinguish!

Structures should be distinguished verb + noun in V.P. And noun + passive participle.

The coordinates were calculated. ? Coordinates calculated.

IN first case coordinates is a noun in the accusative case that depends on the verb (i.e. addition), and in second is a nominative form that agrees with the past participle (i.e. subject). If you change each of the designs, the differences will be visible. Let's put the predicates in each of the sentences in the singular form:

Calculate coordinates. coordinate calculated.

The subject and predicate always agree with each other, and the object will remain unchanged.

5) Sometimes words which, which in complex sentences are subjects.

[And shiny droplets crawled down his cheeks] , (which are on the windows during the rain). (which = droplets).

Parsing the task.

1. Which of the combinations of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(1) So what is the difference between human and animal perception? (2) For an animal, only concrete things exist; its perception is inseparable from the real environment in which it lives and acts. (3) So, for example, the "television version" of a dog means nothing to a cat. (4) Man, in the process of evolution, has acquired a unique ability to create ideal images of reality in his imagination, but they no longer seem to be a direct cast from a specific thing. (5) Thanks to the development of cognitive activity, in particular, the processes of abstraction and generalization, a person can isolate any individual features of the object being studied, being distracted from all other, insignificant details. (6) Thus, a person has the ability to form a generalized image of a real thing, which allows you to see and recognize common features and qualities of various phenomena of reality.

1) perception is (sentence 2)

2) acquired the ability (sentence 4)

3) they are not represented as a cast (sentence 4)

4) which allows you to see (sentence 6)

Option number 1 is not a grammatical basis, since here the predicate is not fully represented, which distorts the meaning of the whole sentence (perception is = in the meaning of “comes, arrives somewhere for some reason”). See point 3 in the Predicate section.

Option number 2 is also incorrect, since it lacks a subject. Who acquired the ability? In sentence 4, the subject is the word Human.

Option number 3 true, although at first glance it seems wrong. The authors of the task are deliberately trying to confuse us. Although the word cast does not stand in the form of I.P., but it is part of the predicate, since without it the logic of the narrative is lost. They do not introduce themselves = Images do not call their names?!

Option number 4 incorrect . The subject is highlighted correctly. Word which, as we have said, may be subject. In the subordinate part, it is replaced by the word image and performs the same functions, that is, it is the subject. But the predicate is not fully represented. In the offer it is allows you to see and recognize.

So way, the student who chooses option 3 will be right.

2. What words are the grammatical basis in the sixth (6) sentence of the text?

(1)… (2) They are united by one desire - to know. (3) And their age is different, and the professions are very different, and the level of knowledge is completely different, but everyone strove to know more than they already know. (4) This expressed the need of millions and millions of people, eagerly absorbing all the secrets of the world, all the knowledge and skills accumulated by mankind. (5) Library visitors either studied somewhere or dreamed of studying. (6) They all needed books, but when they came to the library, they got lost in the ocean of books. (7) ... (According to K. Chukovsky).

1) books were needed, they were lost

2) they needed, they were lost

3) books were needed, coming here, they were lost

4) books were needed, they were lost in the ocean

The right one is Option 1, since in the remaining options, the second included secondary members of the sentence in the basis: in the second, the word is superfluous them (addition, stands in D.P.), in the third there is a participial turnover that is not included in the basis of the sentence, and in the fourth there is a circumstance in the ocean.

3. What combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences (or part of it)?

(1) ... (2) She will die of hunger if the gate is strong and no one opens it, but does not think to move away from the gate and pull it towards her. (3) Only a person understands that one must endure, work hard and do not what one wants, in order to get what one wants. (4) A person can restrain himself, not eat, not drink, not sleep, only because he knows what is good and should be done and what is bad and should not be done, but his ability to think teaches him this. (5) Some people increase it in themselves, others do not. (6)…

1) she will die (sentence 2)

2) what you want (sentence 3)

3) what is good and should do (sentence 4)

4) teaches ability (sentence 4)

This is an advanced task.

Option number 1 incorrect, since not all predicates are indicated by the authors. The proposal has a rather difficult structure for analysis. It is complex with a subordinate clause that is wedged between two homogeneous predicates. Therefore, you may not notice that the basis she will die must also include the predicate won't think of stepping back and pulling.

Option number 2 is also excluded. Verb I want to is impersonal and cannot have a subject.

Option number 3 similar to the previous one. This offer is also impersonal. Word must in dictionaries it is defined as a category of state, which is used in sentences without a subject.

True is Option 4.

Task Formulation:

Indicate the number of grammatical bases in the sentence 51. Write down the answer with a number:
(51) Anna Fedotovna closed her blind eyes, listened intently, but her soul was silent, and her son's voice no longer sounded in her.

Correct answer: 3

A comment: 1st basis - Anna Fedotovna closed her eyes, listened; 2nd - the soul was silent; 3rd - the voice did not sound.

Task 11 related to task 8OGE in Russian, in which it is required to write out the grammatical basis. Therefore, you should first repeat (Link will open in a new window). Given the specifics of task 11, your main task is to count the number of stems in the sentence. Therefore, in this article we will consider the theoretical material in more detail.

What you need to know:

Subject

SUBJECT- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting the object, the action or sign of which is expressed by the predicate, and answering the questions "who?", "What?". You can ask a question that will help you in any situation: "Who (or what) is doing the action?" When parsing a sentence, the subject is underlined with one line.

Most often, the subject is expressed by a noun or personal pronoun in the nominative case (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they).

Example: The book was on the table. In this sentence, the subject is - book. She was on the table. In this sentence, the subject is - she.

The subject can be:

1. any part of speech used in the meaning of a noun: Smart won't go uphill smart bypass the mountain(adjective in the sense of a noun). Asleep did not notice that the train had left for the depot (participle in the meaning of a noun) Walked towards him three (numeral).

2. indefinite form of the verb: Observe chasing birds is our cat's favorite pastime.

3. pronouns of other categories (relative-interrogative, definitive, demonstrative) in the nominative case: Who feed the cat? You can't help but love a cat which lives in our house.

The subject expressed by the phrase

The subject can be expressed as a whole value phrase:

1. proper name: At first sight Maria Sergeevna he didn't like, Black Sea Wonderful;

2. stable combination of words: Ugly duck actually was a swan. Railway goes along the coast of the Black Sea;

3. phraseological unit: Disservice in the form of a crib thrown by a comrade, prevented him from passing the exam the first time;

4. combination of a numeral with a noun in the genitive case:They sat on the bench three old men ;

5. a combination of a noun that has a quantitative meaning (most, series, part, etc.) with a noun in the genitive case: Part of a class went on an excursion;

6. a combination of an adjective, numeral or pronoun in the nominative case and a noun in the genitive case with a preposition from: Each of us wanted to be excellent;

7. combination of an indefinite pronoun with an adjective: Each of us has something special;

8. a combination of a noun or pronoun in the form of the nominative case with a noun or pronoun in the form of the instrumental case with the preposition c: Me and Tamara we go as a couple. (A. Barto)

In all these cases, the subject is the whole phrase, and not individual words in its composition.

1. It is necessary to distinguish nouns in the accusative case (they answer the questions “who?”, “What?” and are dependent words, performing the role of additions in the sentence) from nouns in the nominative case (they answer the questions “who?”, “What?” And play the role of the subject).

Example: The wind shakes the ear. In this sentence, two words answer the question "what?": wind and ear. But only the word wind is the subject, because it correlates with the predicate, therefore, it is in the nominative case. And the word ear is an addition. All new interested in young people. The subject here is "everything new," since its action is interesting. And the word youth is an addition.

2. There are sentences that do not have a subject. These are two-part incomplete or one-part sentences.

Example: From somewhere it blew. To me made it possible fix double.

Predicate

PREDICATE- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting the action or sign of the subject and answering the questions "what does it do?" or "what uhis that so? When parsing a sentence, the predicate is underlined by two lines.

Example: The guys underlined the predicate with two lines

Three types of predicate are studied at school: simple verb, compound verb, compound nominal.

Simple verb predicate

A simple verbal predicate can be expressed:

1. With one verb in the form of indicative, imperative or conditional mood: Masha does his homework. Masha does not do her homework (negative particle Not always included in the predicate). Masha will do homework. (will do - this is a compound form of the future tense of the verb to do.) Do your homework! Let him do his homework (let him do it - this is an imperative mood formed with the help of a particle, even if the form is 3 l. singular of the verb). Masha would do homework if she felt good (would do - this is the form of the verb in the conditional mood).

2. A stable combination of verbal character: The student came to the conclusion (= understood) that the predicate consists of several words. I I will take part(= will participate) in testing.

3. Phraseologism (in such cases, the predicate is the entire phraseological unit, and not individual words included in the phraseological unit) : Quite beat the buckets! (= to mess around). Opponents often put sticks in each other's wheels (= interfere).

Compound verb predicate

A compound verb predicate can consist of:

1. An auxiliary verb denoting the beginning, continuation or end of an action, and an indefinite form of the verb: Wind continued to howl. I started studying literary theory.

2. An auxiliary verb denoting the desire, ability, ability or intention to perform an action, and an indefinite form of the verb:Mom wants to go to the sea.

3. The short form of the adjective (glad, must, must, ready, etc.) and the indefinite form of the verb : Everyone should study well. Children able to rejoice life. I was glad to help you.

4. A stable combination and an indefinite form of a verb A:I didn't want to take a walk down the street in such a frost.

5. Predicative adverbs: it is possible, it is impossible, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary and the indefinite form of the verb: I need to finish the job. It's impossible not to think about future. Sometimes need to think not only about yourself. I should have talked about it right away.

The compound verb predicate always contains the indefinite form of the verb. Moreover, the indefinite form of the verb is not always included in the predicate.

Etc Name:
- Vasya began to sing.
- Petya asked Vasya

sing quieter.
In the first sentence, sing is part of the compound verb predicate, and in the second it is an addition (asked for what?).
I want to rest. She sat down (for what purpose?) to rest

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate may consist of:

1. Linking verbs and nouns, adjectives, participles, adverbs, pronouns, etc.: The sky was overcast. Outside the window it was getting dark. Sun on the horizon seemed huge. Sea it was blue.

2. Noun, adjective, participle, adverb, pronoun, etc. and zero link: He doctor (he is a doctor). Mom is an engineer (mother is an engineer). Walking in the fresh air is useful (is useful). Although the predicate in these examples consists of one word, it is still called a compound nominal.

Complicated compound nominal predicate:

I I want to become a doctor.

In this case, the predicate consists of the union of two predicates: a compound nominal ( To become a doctor) and compound verb ( I want to be). Sometimes such a predicate is called complex or mixed.

I should have been a doctor.

In this case, the predicate can be represented as a combination of three predicates: a compound nominal ( had), compound verb ( should have become) and compound nominal ( To become a doctor).

If you are looking for the grammatical basis of a sentence, check

A) whether the predicate is compound. If you are dealing with a compound predicate, then the auxiliary verb and the main semantic verb or another part of speech are included in the predicate.

b) whether the predicate is expressed by a stable combination or phraseological unit. In this case, all words in the composition of a stable combination or phraseological unit are included in the predicate.

Particles in the predicate

The composition of the predicate includes some particles. The most common of these is the particle Not.

I I don't like fatalities.
I never get tired of life.
I don't like any season
When I don't sing funny songs. (V. Vysotsky)

Modal particles ( yes, let, let, let's, let's, it was like, like, like, like, exactly, hardly, almost, just etc.) are also included in the predicate.

let's talk compliments to each other. (B. Okudzhava)

Let them talk!

He almost wept with resentment.

In addition, the composition of the predicate includes particles so, yes, know (to yourself), well, so, to yourself.

Well you so late so late I've been waiting for half an hour. (As a rule, with a particle like this, the verb is repeated.)

There is noise and din in the house, and know your cat is sleeping.

Grammatical basis

The subject and predicate together form the grammatical basis of a sentence.

The grammatical basis of the sentence - the main part of the sentence, consisting of its main members: subject and predicate or one of them.

Each of us wanted to become more educated. In this sentence, the grammatical basis is - each of us wanted to be more educated.

Sometimes a sentence can have only a subject or only a predicate. Then the sentence is one-part.

A sentence can have several homogeneous subjects or several homogeneous predicates. In this case, all of them are included in the grammatical basis.

How boys, and girls passed sports standards. (Boys, girls are homogeneous subjects). Trees in a large forest during a storm groan, crackle, break down. (Moaning, cracking, breaking - homogeneous predicates).

The Russian language is rich and powerful. You cannot know all the rules, but you need to strive for this. Let's do just that today.

What words are grammatical?

Each sentence contains a grammatical basis. The constituents of the grammatical basis of a sentence are the subject and the predicate. The secondary members of the sentence indirectly or directly share these words. The grammatical meanings of the construction are determined by the meaning of the mood and tense of the predicate expressed by the verb. For example:

• "The ball goes straight into the goal." The action of the subject is happening, and is happening at the present time.
• "The ball went straight into the goal." The action of the subject took place, and took place in the past tense.
• "The ball would fly into the goal." The action of the subject does not occur, but is expressed in a wish.

Grammar basis: examples

The subject and predicate in a sentence can be expressed in different ways, sometimes taking unusual forms. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze in more detail the concept and examples of the members of the sentence that make up the grammatical basis.

The subject is the main member of the sentence and denotes the object that performs any action. The subject answers the questions "who?" and "what?", characteristic of the nominative case. The following examples will help you identify the correct subject in a sentence:

1. The subject is a noun in the nominative case. "The dog tucked its tail."
2. The subject is a pronoun in the nominative case. "I saw", "Who brought the apples?". "That's funny". "It's their child." "The purse that was found belonged to Marina" (subject in a subordinate clause). "The leaf that fell into the alley seemed to be fiery red" (subject in a subordinate clause). "Someone will see." "Everyone was quiet."
3. The subject is the indefinite form of the verb. "Being brave is already a victory." "To listen is to hear." "To break is not to build."
4. The subject is a combination of several words (one in the nominative case). "My brother and I rarely quarreled."
5. The subject is a combination of several words (without the nominative case). "Two birds sat on the windowsill"

The predicate is the main member of the sentence, associated with the subject and having the expressed question "what does he do?" meaning. Also, questions characterizing the predicate include "what is he?", "what he is", "who is he?". For example, "I drank about a liter of water"

The predicate is the main member of the sentence, associated with the subject and having the expressed question "what does he do?" meaning. Also, questions characterizing the predicate include "what is he?", "what he is", "who is he?".

Speaking about what a grammatical basis is, it is impossible not to cover the concepts of a simple and a compound predicate. The first expresses the verb in the form of any mood. The compound is expressed by several words, of which one connects it with the subject, while others carry a semantic load. For example: "His mother was a nurse" - the verb "was" connects the predicate with the subject, and "nurse" carries the semantic load of the predicate. Those. in this sentence, the predicate is "was a nurse."

A compound predicate can be a compound verb and a compound nominal. A simple verbal predicate can be expressed using a verb of one of the following forms:

1. The verb form is present tense and past tense. "He runs fast." "My sister didn't hear the call."
2. The form of the verb in the future tense. "I will be asked tomorrow."
3. The form of the verb is conditional or imperative. "I wouldn't go to that yard." "Let him eat what he wants."

Summing up, we can say that the grammatical basis expresses the grammatical meaning of the construction and the number of grammatical bases in a sentence, as a rule, is not limited.