Franz Joseph Haydn () is an Austrian representative of the Viennese classical school. Born March 31, 1732 in Lower Austria, in the small town of Rorau.
St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna Little Josef attracted the attention of musicians at the age of five. Haydn had excellent hearing, memory, sense of rhythm. His sonorous silvery voice led everyone into admiration. Thanks to his outstanding musical abilities, the boy first got into the church choir of the small town of Gainburg, and then into the choir chapel at St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.
Singing in the choir was very good for Haydn, but the only school. The boy's abilities developed rapidly, and difficult solo parts began to be entrusted to him. Josef was quick-witted and quickly perceived everything new. He even found time to play the violin and clavichord and achieved significant success.
Haydn contributed to the formation of classical genres - symphony, sonata, instrumental concerto, quartet, as well as sonata form. He finally approved the classical principles of the construction of the sonata-symphony cycle. In the work of Haydn, a permanent composition of a string quartet has developed, which has become a characteristic representative of chamber instrumental music: 2 violins, viola, cello. Haydn also approved the classical - double - composition of the symphony orchestra: 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 pipes, a pair of timpani and a string quintet: 2 groups of violins (I and II), violas, cellos and double basses. Occasionally, clarinets appear in Haydn's symphonies.
Haydn wrote music in a wide variety of genres: 104 symphonies; A huge number of chamber ensembles (83 quartets, trios); Over 30 concertos for various instruments, incl. and clavier; Works for solo clavier: 52 sonatas, rondos, variations; 24 operas; 2 oratorios: "The Creation of the World" and "The Seasons"; About 50 songs; 14 months
Haydn's art is closely connected with the Enlightenment, which is manifested in: the rational basis of his work; harmony, balance and thoughtfulness of all components of the artistic image; connection with folklore. Haydn's work is a kind of anthology of folklore of different peoples (Austrian, German, Hungarian, Slavic, French); optimistic structure of works. Cheerful, energetic, cheerful, Haydn's music instills faith in a person's strength, supports his desire for happiness.
The vast majority of Haydn's symphonies are bright, optimistic, and in major. Haydn also has "serious", dramatic symphonies - these are minor symphonies of the 1760s - 70s. This time was marked by quarrels between Haydn and Prince Nikolaus Esterhazy, who was not satisfied with the overly tragic, in his opinion, tone of Haydn's music. During his service with Prince Esterhazy, Haydn wrote most of his operas, quartets and symphonies. In total, Haydn created 104 symphonies! Esterhazy Palace on Wallnerstrasse Vienna Miklos Joseph Esterhazy
Haydn's top creations also include his oratorios - The Creation of the World, The Seasons. The plot of the "Creation of the World" is extremely simple and naive. The first two parts of the oratorio tell about the emergence of the world by the will of God. The third and last part is about the paradise life of Adam and Eve before the fall. The oratorio "The Seasons" should be recognized as an even more significant work of Haydn than the "Creation of the World". In 4 parts of the oratorio, the composer depicts all the seasons and compares pictures of nature with pictures of peasant life.
Conclusion Haydn's career turned out to be extremely long. Under Haydn, the activities of Bach and his sons proceeded, under him Gluck carried out his operatic reform, he communicated with Mozart, whom he considered the first composer of the world (in turn, Mozart dedicated 6 quartets to Haydn). During Haydn's lifetime, most of the symphonies of Beethoven were written, who took lessons from him in his youth. Haydn died shortly before the young Schubert began composing his songs. Even in his declining years, the composer was an unusually fresh and cheerful person, full of creative energy and youthful enthusiasm.
The last years the composer spent on the outskirts of Vienna, in a small house. A quiet and secluded dwelling was visited by admirers of the composer's talent. The conversations touched on the past. Haydn especially liked to recall his hard, laboring youth, but full of bold, persistent searches. The house in Vienna where Haydn spent the last years of his life is now a museum
List of sources used
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Franz Joseph Haydn
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Franz Joseph Haydn (1732 - 1809)
great Austrian composer, representative of the Vienna classical school, one of the founders of the symphony and string quartet.
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Lower Austria - the birthplace of Haydn
Joseph Haydn (the composer never named himself Franz) was born on March 31, 1732 in the Lower Austrian village of Rorau in the family of Matthias Haydn (1699-1763).
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His parents were seriously interested in vocals and music. They discovered musical abilities in their son. At the age of 5, he arrived with relatives in the city of Hainburg an der Donau. There Josef began to study choral singing and music.
Hainburg an der Donau
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When Josef was 7 years old, Kapellmeister von Reuter, passing through Hainburg, accidentally heard his voice. He took the boy with him and placed him in the chapel of St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna. There Haydn studied singing, playing the harpsichord and the violin.
17th century French harpsichord
Studying in Vienna
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Until the age of 18, he performed soprano parts with great success, and not only in the cathedral, but also at court. He took part in the funeral of Antonio Vivaldi in 1741. At the age of 17, Josef's voice began to break, and he was kicked out of the choir.
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Difficult decade
Haydn filled in the gaps in his musical education. He studied composition theory diligently. He wrote sonatas for harpsichord. His first major works were two brevis masses, F-dur and G-dur, the opera Lame Demon (not preserved); about a dozen quartets (1755), the first symphony (1759).
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Haydn conducts a string quartet
In 1759, the composer received the post of bandmaster at the court of Count Karl von Morzin. For his orchestra, the composer composed his first symphonies. Haydn is one of the founders of the symphony and the string quartet.
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Service at Esterhazy. Friendship with Mozart
In 1761 he became the second Kapellmeister at the court of the Esterhazy princes, the most influential and powerful aristocratic families of Austria. The responsibilities of the bandmaster included composing music, directing the orchestra, playing chamber music in front of the patron and staging operas. During a 30-year career at the court of Esterhazy, the composer composed a large number of works, his fame is growing. In 1781, during a stay in Vienna, Haydn met and became friends with Mozart.
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Free musician again. Introduction to Beethoven.
In 1790, Prince Nikolai Esterhazy died, and his son, not being a music lover, disbanded the orchestra. In 1791 Haydn received a contract to work in England. Subsequently, he worked extensively in Austria and Great Britain. Two trips to London, where he wrote his best symphonies for Solomon's concerts, further strengthened Haydn's fame. Passing through Bonn in 1792, he met the young Beethoven and took him on as an apprentice.
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"World creation"
Haydn tried his hand at all kinds of musical composition. In the field of instrumental music, he is considered one of the greatest composers of the second half of the 18th and early 19th centuries. Haydn's greatness as a composer was manifested to the maximum in his two final works: the great oratorios - The Creation of the World (1798) and The Seasons (1801).
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"The Seasons" (1801).
The oratorio "The Seasons" can serve as an exemplary standard of musical classicism. Work on oratorios undermined the strength of the composer. His last works were Harmoniemesse (1802) and an unfinished string quartet op. 103 (1802). The last sketches date back to 1806, after which date Haydn did not write anything.
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When, in 1803, due to nervous exhaustion, he stopped writing music and very rarely appeared in public, he ordered business cards to be made with a quote from his song "The Old Man": "All my strength has run out; I am old and weak" ... - Joseph Haydn.
Business card of old Haydn
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The composer died in Vienna on May 31, 1809. Vein. There is a church on the Mariahilferstrasse shopping street itself. And in front of the church is a monument to Haydn.
Vein. Monument to Haydn
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The house of Haydn himself stands inside the quarter, in a lane that was once called Steingasse, and is now proudly called Haydngasse ("gasse" means "lane"). At the end of the 18th century it was a suburb of Vienna - Gumpendorf, and life here was even quieter than now. The gray house, marked with flags, is the house of Haydn, bought by him for honest earnings from the princes of Esterhazy.
Vein. Haydn's house
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1 slide: portrait of Haydn - http://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/3207/mozartwa.4/0_1e3d0_4333d24_XL 2 slide: portrait of Haydn - http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be /Haydnportrait.jpg 3rd slide: Haydn's home - http://im3-tub-ru.yandex.net/i?id=73717609-45-72&n=21 4th slide: Hainburg http://upload.wikimedia.org /wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hainburg_donau_austria_1900.jpg/789px-Hainburg_donau_austria_1900.jpg Slide 5: harpsichord - http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Clavecin_français.jpg Slide 6: portrait Vivaldi - http://www.aveclassics.net/_ph/1/2/39482788.jpg Slide 8: Haydn conducts a string quartet - http://www.uaculture.com/Music/Images1/Berezen/_w/classics_jpg.jpg Slide 9: portrait of Mozart - http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart_1.jpg/408px-Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart_1.jpg
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Slide 10: portrait of Beethoven - http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Beethovensmall.jpg Slide 11: "The Creation of the World" - http://i12.fastpic.ru/big/2011/0117 /15/02e60e1070b13519880308cf7137c915.jpg http://i16.fastpic.ru/big/2011/0124/0c/fbb1b4135e117314459a3c0fcc5aed0c.jpg 12slide: “Seasons” - http://im2-tub-ru.yandex .net/i? id=291240697-48-72&n=21 13 slide: Visiting card of old Haydn - http://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/3206/tomyris.1d/0_17570_b36ed04d_XL.jpg 14 slide: Site cleofide Vienna. Visiting Papa Haydn. http://cleofide.dreamwidth.org/113991.html monument to Haydn - http://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/3001/tomyris.1d/0_1755b_50000458_XL.jpg 15 slide: Vienna. Haydn's house - http://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/3201/tomyris.1d/0_1755c_c5068a04_XL.jpg 16 slide: portrait of Haydn - http://ice.tsu.ru/files/paul/Haydn.jpg 17 slide: coin - http://im7-tub-ru.yandex.net/i?id=93926589-64-72&n=21 Mercury - http://www.eurostyx.com/images/mercury508.jpg , http:/ /pda.compulenta.ru/upload/iblock/4da/surface.jpg
Joseph Haydn
(1732-1809), Austrian composer.
The beginning of the creative path
- From 1753 to 1756, Haydn worked as an accompanist for Porpora and at the same time studied the basics of composition. In 1759, he received a place as a chapel conductor from the Czech Count Morcin. Then he wrote the first symphony, which was a great success and won him the sympathy of Prince Esterhazy, who offered Haydn the place of bandmaster in his orchestra.
- The musician accepted this offer in 1761 and served with the prince for 30 years.
- In addition to symphonies, the composer wrote 22 operas, 19 masses, 83 string quartets, 44 piano sonatas and many other works.
- In the field of instrumental music, Haydn is considered one of the greatest composers of the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries.
- In 1781, during a stay in Vienna, Haydn met and became friends with Mozart.
- Mozart considered Haydn a spiritual teacher
Vein. Monument to Haydn
- The composer died in Vienna on May 31, 1809.
- Vein. There is a church on the Mariahilferstrasse shopping street itself.
- And in front of the church is a monument to Haydn.
- The house of Haydn himself stands inside the quarter, in a lane that was once called Steingasse, and is now proudly called Haydngasse ("gasse" means "lane").
- At the end of the 18th century it was a suburb of Vienna - Gumpendorf, and life here was even quieter than now.
- The gray house, marked with flags, is the house of Haydn, bought by him for honest earnings from the princes of Esterhazy.
- 104 symphonies,
- 83 string quartets,
- 52 clavier sonatas,
- 24 operas,
- 14 masses
- several oratorios
Manchuk Anastasia
First course
School of Music
Franz Joseph Haydn
Haydn's house stands inside the quarter, in a lane that was once called Steingasse, and is now proudly called Haydngasse ("gasse" means "lane"). At the end of the 18th century, it was a suburb of Vienna - Gumpendorf, and life here was even quieter than now ... Haydn's house, bought by him with money earned from the Esterhazy princes. Entrance from the patio
The Haydn Museum is a small suite of rooms. Everything is modest: in his old age, Haydn lived here almost alone with a couple of servants who adored him, calling him not "master", but "our dear dad."
Baron Gottfried van Swieten is the librettist of J. Haydn's oratorios The Seven Words of the Savior on the Cross, The Creation of the World and The Seasons. composer and theorist Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, friend of Haydn, Mozart and van Swieten, teacher of Beethoven and many Viennese musicians of his time. Portrait of Haydn by I. Zitterer
One of the business cards of the old Haydn. When, in 1803, due to nervous exhaustion, he stopped writing music and very rarely appeared in public, he ordered business cards to be made with a quote from his song "The Old Man": "All my strength has run out; I am old and weak" ... - Joseph Haydn.
Austrian composer, representative of the Viennese classical school, one of the founders of such musical genres as the symphony and string quartet.
Christoph Willibald Gluck
Haydn's art is related in its style to Gluck's art, but the range of his images and concepts have their own characteristics. High tragedy, ancient stories that inspired Gluck are not his area. He is closer to the world of more ordinary images and feelings. The sublime beginning is not at all alien to Haydn, only he finds it not in the realm of tragedy. Serious reflection, poetic perception of life, the beauty of nature - all this becomes sublime in Haydn.
The next stage of Haydn's life is connected with the musical chapel at cathedral of st. Stephen in Vienna. Having received an invitation to become a chorister at the cathedral, the 8-year-old Haydn first came into contact with the rich artistic culture of the Austrian capital. The main musical wealth of Vienna is the most diverse folklore (the most important prerequisite for the formation of the classical school).
1749-1759 - the first years of independent life in Vienna
This 10th anniversary was the most difficult in Haydn's entire biography, especially at first. Without a roof over his head, without a penny in his pocket, he was extremely poor, wandering without a permanent shelter and doing odd jobs.
In 1759, on the recommendation of Furnberg, Haydn received his first permanent position - the position of bandmaster in the home orchestra of the Czech aristocrat, Count Morcin. For this orchestra was written Haydn's first symphony– D-dur in three parts. This was the beginning of the formation of the Viennese classical symphony. After 2 years, Mortsin, due to financial difficulties, dissolved the chapel, and Haydn signed a contract with the richest Hungarian magnate, an ardent admirer of music - Paul Anton Esterhazy.
Late period of creativity .
In 1790, Prince Miklos Esterhazy died, bequeathing Haydn a lifetime pension. His heir dissolved the chapel, retaining the title of Kapellmeister for Haydn. Having completely freed himself from the service, the composer was able to fulfill his old dream - to travel outside of Austria. In the 1790s he made 2 tours trips to London at the invitation of the organizer of the "Subscription Concerts" violinist I. P. Salomon (1791-92, 1794-95). The 12 "London" symphonies written on this occasion completed the development of this genre in the work of Haydn, approved the maturity of the Viennese classical symphony (somewhat earlier, in the late 1780s, Mozart's last 3 symphonies appeared). The English public was enthusiastic about Haydn's music. At Oxford he was awarded an honorary doctorate in music.
Haydn passed away in the midst of the Napoleonic campaigns, when the French troops had already occupied the capital of Austria. During the siege of Vienna, Haydn consoled his loved ones: "Don't be afraid, children, where Haydn is, nothing bad can happen" .
