Participle: examples of words in Russian. Correct spelling: what is participle and participle, rules with examples

Participle- part of speech, which is a special form of the verb, which denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “what?”, “what?”, “what?”, “what?”.

As a verb form, participles have the following grammatical features:

• Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) slumbering(what to do? - doze off); jumping cat(what to do? - jump off);
• Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) Dozing, cat (what?) Escaped);
• Returnability: returnable and non-refundable.

Morphological and syntactic signs of participles

There are scientists who believe that the participle is an independent part of speech, because it has features that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some of the characteristics of adjectives, such as

• object attribute designation
• and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number, and case).

Participles are real and passive, some have full and short forms. The short form of the participle in the sentence plays the role of the nominal part of the compound predicates. For example: Textbook disclosed on the tenth page.

Participles are able to decline in cases, numbers and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verb features, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: The book is lost, the briefcase is lost, the panel is lost.

Participles have an initial form, but only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have it. Participles real and passive are formed with the help of suffixes.

Types of participles and their examples.

Passive participles.

Passive participles- these are the participles that denote a sign that is created in one object under the action of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) Drawn or drawn by a student.

They are formed from the stems of the verb in the present and past tenses with the help of suffixes:

• -om- (-em-) - for verbs of I conjugation
• -im- for verbs of II conjugation
• -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense

Examples: read, carried, kindled, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split

Real participles.

Real Communion- this is a participle, which denotes a sign produced by the subject / object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.

Real participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tense with the help of suffixes

The main features of the verb

Question number 2. (What is the difference between perfective and imperfective verbs?)

View verbs - verbs are perfect and imperfective.

• Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do?

• Verbs perfect look answer the question what to do?

• There is a small number in Russian two-part verbs, that is, such verbs that, depending on the context, have the meaning of the perfect form (and answer the question what to do?), then of imperfect form (and answer the question what to do?).

Execute, marry, marry, order, investigate, examine, arrest, attack, etc.

For example: Rumors spread throughout the country that the king would personally execute (what is he doing?- imperfect species) their enemies; The king executed (What did you do?- perfect view) over fifty rebels.

Question number 3. (What verbs are called transitive?)

Transitivity There are transitive and intransitive verbs in Russian.

· transitive verbs able to combine with a noun, a pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition.

Question number 4.

1.Find the noun that the verb refers to. For example, in the sentence “All of Russia glorified the victory won by the Russian army on the Borodino field”, the verb “glorified”, being a predicate, is connected with the subject - the word “Russia”. And the participle "obsessed" (the participle is also a form of the verb, and therefore always has a pledge) refers to the word "victory".

2
Answer the question - what kind of action does our verb denote? Is it about something that was done by the person (or what) the noun denotes? Or did someone else do this to him? “Russia glorified the victory” - it is Russia that is the protagonist here. Therefore, the verb "glorified" is in the active voice. “The victory won by the army” - here the character is already “army”, and the participle “won” denotes what the army did with this victory. Therefore, it is in the passive voice.

3
A separate conversation is reflexive verbs, that is, those that end in "-sya". Sometimes it is believed that all such verbs are necessarily of the passive voice. But this is a mistake. There are many active reflexive verbs. You can tell them apart like this. Try to rephrase the sentence so that the "-sya" ending is dropped. For example, "An article is being written now" easily becomes "Someone is writing an article now." So, “written” is a passive voice verb. But let's take the phrase "The hostess stocks up vegetables for the winter." To paraphrase it, we get "Vegetables store the hostess for the winter." Obviously, initially the proposal spoke about something completely different. Similarly, it is impossible to remake the phrase "The dog bites." "Someone is biting the dog" is a sentence with a completely different meaning. “Stocks” and “bites” are active voice verbs.

4
The active voice also includes those reflexive verbs that denote an action on oneself. You can distinguish them by trying to replace the ending "-sya" with a separate word "yourself". "He saves himself from danger" thus becomes "He saves himself from danger." The active voice of this verb is already obvious.

Question number 5. (What is a participle? What signs of the participle bring it closer to an adjective and a verb?)

Participle- an independent part of speech, which denotes a sign of an object by action, combines the properties of an adjective and a verb and answers the question Which? There may also be questions what to do? what to do?

The main signs of the sacrament

Question number 6. (How are participles formed? What is the difference between real and passive participles?)

Education:

· Present participles are formed from the foundations of the present tense. In order to highlight this stem, it is necessary to discard the personal ending of the verb in the present tense:

a) real participles:

decide(I conjugation): resolving-ut → decide- + -yushch- + -y (decisive );
build (II conjugation): stro-yat → stro- + -box- + -th (building );

b) passive participles:

decide(I conjugation): resolving-ut → decide- + -em- + -th (solvable );
build (II conjugation): stro-yat → stro- + -im- + -th (under construction ).

· Past participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive (or the stem of the past tense):

a) real participles:

decide(stem to vowel): resolving-be → solve- + -vsh- + -th (deciding );
carry (stem to consonant): carriedti → non- + -sh- + -th (carrying );

b) passive participles:

write(based not on -it ): write-be → write- + -nn- + -th (written );
build (based on -it ): built/i-t → built- + -enn- + -th (built );
take : take-be → take- + -t- + -th (taken ).

Real and passive:

• Valid participles denote a sign that is created by the action of the object itself.

reading reads by himself ; reading the boy is the boy whoread it myself .

• Passive participles denote a sign that is created in one object by the action of another object.

readboy a book is a book thatread the boy ; built worker's house - a house thatbuilt workers .

Passive participles have a number of features:

• passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs;

• passive participles have a full and short form;

A built house - a house is built, finished milk - milk is finished drinking.

• passive participles can be extended by a noun or pronoun in T. p. with the meaning of the subject of the action.

Wed: built(by whom?) workers house (workers built a house); told(by whom?) grandmother fairy tale (grandmother told a tale).

Question number 7. (What is a gerund? What brings together and what distinguishes a gerund and an adverb?)

gerund- an independent part of speech, which denotes an additional action, combines the properties of the verb and adverb and shows how, why, when the action caused by the verb-predicate is performed.

The participle answers questions doing what? having done what? There may also be questions How? Why? how? When? and etc.

Leaving, waiting, seeing.

A gerund with dependent words is called participle turnover.

Leaving for the village, waiting to go on stage, seeing his brother.

Similarities:

Question number 8.

Formation of gerunds– gerunds are formed from verbs with the help of special suffixes – -a, -i, -v, -lice, -shi :

• gerunds imperfect form formed from the stem of the present tense with the help of suffixes -and I :

be silent: silently -at → silentA ;
decide : resolving -yut → reshaI ;

• gerunds perfect look formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of suffixes -in, -lice, -shi :

shut up: shut up -be → shut upV ;
decide : decide -be → decideV ;
to do : busy -be-Xia → busylice camping;
bring : brought -ti → broughtshea .

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In Russian, there are special parts of speech adjacent to a noun or a verb. Some linguists consider them to be special verb forms and explain this by the presence of similar features.

In contact with

Morphological features

Let's consider in detail what is participle and participle. Even the ancient grammarians noted their duality, so they gave them a name meaning “participation” in a noun or verb.

Participle

Declines, that is, changes in gender, number, cases, has a short and full form. At the same time, it has the properties of a verb. For example, having a view:

• checking notebooks (imperfect view) - the one who checks (what is he doing?);
• checked (perfect form) - the one who checked (what did he do?).

Besides , has a time value. It is a constant feature of data having the form of either present time(creating) or past(built). There is also the presence of a return form (recognized sya).

It is characterized by the presence of two pledges - passive and real. Passive participles designate a sign of an object that experiences an action on itself (received package - received the package). The real ones reflect the sign of an object that independently produces an action (a running person is the one who runs himself).

From the foregoing, the conclusion follows: this part of speech denotes a sign of an object by action, manifested in time.

gerund

The term originated in the 18th century, meaning " relation to action”, which is indicated by the first part of the word “dee-” (doer, deed). In modern grammar, such a name has a part of speech denoting additional action in relation to the main, expressed by the verb. Therefore, this form has verb features:

• view perfect(opening), imperfect (closing);
• recurrence(pretending camping).

Perhaps this is the limit of the similarity of the parts of speech under consideration, but there are numerous differences.

What is the difference

First of all, it should be noted that it does not change, that is, it does not decline and does not conjugate. Therefore, in his morphemic composition no flexion. On the contrary, participle endings are their hallmark.

To distinguish between these verb forms will help the questions they answer:

1. Full Communion(which (th; -th, -th)?); short (what (-a; -o, -s)?).
2. gerund(doing what? doing what? how? how?).

Another difference is the different syntactic role. The participle performs the function of circumstance (Bending, winding, a river into the distance.). Brief Communion is only a predicate (The doors to the world of beautiful dreams are open.). Complete can be:

• definition (Foaming waves crashed against high, impregnable rocks.);
• part of a compound nominal predicate (Bread was moldy).

Suffixes

The formation of participles and gerunds occurs in a suffixal way.

Participles are formed from verbs of the corresponding form. Table 1.

It is the suffixes of participles and gerunds that indicate the belonging of words to one or another part of speech.

Important! When forming perfective forms, suffixes -а, -я are not used: incorrect use: looking, correct: looking.

Participles are not formed from the following imperfective verbs:

• ending in -ch (to save, burn the stove and others);
• having a suffix -nu- (pull, go out, shout and others);
• run, prick, climb, plow, want, beat, twist, drink, eat, pour, anger, sew, tear, wait, bend, sleep, lie.

The condition for the correct choice of a vowel in the suffixes of participles of the present tense is knowledge of the conjugation of verbs. Table 2.

note! Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. There are no present tense forms of the verbs: save, shave, wake up, call, write, drink.

Table 3

Table 4

The choice of a vowel before -н (н) is determined by the infinitive suffix:

Spelling with NOT

Both parts of speech are written with NOT together, if not used without it, for example: disliked, hating.

In other cases, the gerund with is not always written separately, except for words with the prefix under-, which means “less than expected”, “poor quality”, for example, overlooking the child. Compare: not having finished watching the movie, that is, not finishing watching the movie.

Particle "not" should be written separately with a short form of participles (not embroidered), as well as with a complete one in the presence of explanatory words (a novel not published on time), negation (far, at all, never, not at all, not at all and others) or opposition (not started, but finished) .

The use of one and two letters "n"

Double letter -nn- in suffixes of full participles it is written, if available:

• prefix: beveled, welded (but: uninvited guest);
• dependent words: steamed in the oven;
• suffixes -ova-, -eva-, -irova-: canned, overjoyed;
• the word is formed from a perfective verb without a prefix (exception: wounded): deprived.

At the end of short forms, one -n- is always written: based, unpacked.

Separation of syntactically constructions

Often there is such punctuation error- incorrectly placed punctuation marks in sentences containing adverbial and participial phrases. The reason lies in the inability to distinguish them from each other, to determine the boundaries of these structures, to find the word to which they refer.

Let us find out under what conditions adverbial and participle turnover. Let us give the rules existing in the language with examples.

Participial

Explains a noun or pronoun, is a definition, stands apart if:

• refers to the personal : Lulled by the tender words of his mother, he slept soundly. I, who know every path in the surrounding area, was appointed head of the reconnaissance group.
• stands after a defined noun: A soldier, stunned by a projectile, fell on the battlefield.
• has circumstantial significance reasons or concessions: Tired after a long journey, the tourists continued on their way. The tourists continued on their way (despite what?), although they were tired after a long journey. Left to their own devices, the children found themselves in a difficult position.

The children found themselves in a difficult position (why?), because they were left to their own devices.

Participial turnover

Denotes an additional action of the verb-predicate, is a circumstance, always stands apart: Raising the waves, the sea raged. The old man walked with a limp on one leg.

Important! The exceptions are turns that have passed into the category of set expressions, such as: holding their breath, headlong, sticking out their tongue, slipping their sleeves.

Compare two sentences:

1. Sticking out his tongue, the dog was breathing heavily (Dog stuck out his tongue).
2. The boy ran with his tongue out (running fast).

In the first case, there is an adverbial turnover in the sentence. In the second, the expression "sticking out the tongue" has a figurative meaning. It is easily replaced by one word, the adverb "quickly", therefore, is one that does not stand apart.

Common grammar mistakes

The most common mistake is the incorrect agreement of the participle with the word being explained, caused by the inability to correctly define it. This can be seen in the following example:

Tikhon was a weak-willed man who completely obeyed his mother, Kabanikhe.

The writer asked a question from the word Tikhon, although the participle "obeyed" explains another word - "man." The correct one sounds like this:

Tikhon was a weak-willed person (what?), Completely obeying his mother - Kabanikhe.

Passive and real participles are often confused:

Among the lottery tickets was won.

From the written it turns out: the ticket was won, although the thought is different: the ticket was won, therefore, we use the word winner.

When using a gerund, it is important to consider that both actions, main and additional, must refer to one person. If this is not done, we will get similar phrases: Comprehension of the depth of spiritual values, the hero's worldview changed.

The additional action expressed by the gerund does not refer to the hero who performs the action, but to the word "worldview".

Correct option: Comprehending the depth of the spiritual values ​​of the people, the hero changed his worldview.

For the same reason, this part of speech cannot be used in impersonal sentences that convey a state, not an action: Having deceived the mother, the children became ill.

Communion and participle: what's the difference? Participle and participle turnover - a simple explanation

Participial

Conclusion

The speech of an educated person cannot be imagined without verb forms. The first ones help in a detailed, comprehensive characterization of the subject. The second ones make it possible to simplify speech, replace a number of homogeneous predicates, denoting not the main action, but a secondary, additional one. If you learn to understand the participles, you can make your speech beautiful, bright, understandable, which is important for success in life.

Permanent:
real or passive;
type (perfect or imperfect);
time (present or past).
Non-permanent:
full or short form (in the passive);
case (in full form);
number;
genus (singular).
initial form- the full form of the participle in the nominative case of the singular masculine.

Active and passive participles

Valid participles denotes a sign of an object that itself performs an action: teaching(i.e. he teaches), teaching(i.e. he taught himself), trained(i.e. he taught himself).
Are formed:

Passive participles denote a sign of an object that experiences the action of another object: trainable(by someone) trained(by someone).

gerund

gerund- this is a special form of the verb, which denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb, and answers questions what doing?what having done?
Syntactic role: in a sentence it can be a circumstance.
Over the river,a fisherman's fire blazed.(P.)

Morphological signs of the participle

1. View (perfect or imperfect).
2. Transitional or intransitive.
3. Immutability.
initial form- infinitive.

Type of gerunds

Imperfect.
Imperfect participles answer the question what doing? and are formed using suffixes:

Perfect.
Perfective gerunds are formed using suffixes

scientist(by someone).
Are formed:

Compound non-union sentence
A compound sentence is called non-union, the parts of which are not connected
unions or allied words, but in meaning, intonation, by the ratio of species
tense forms of verbs and the order of the parts (The horses set off,
the bell rang, the wagon flew (A.S. Pushkin). You are wrong again:
I'm not a deli at all; I have a bad stomach (M.Yu. Lermontov).
A complex non-union sentence can consist of two or more
independent parts. Between parts in non-union complex sentences can be established
various semantic relationships, for example:
- transfers (The horses set off, the bell rang, the wagon flew
(A.S. Pushkin);
-comparisons (Twilight had long come - she was still sitting in
living room (A. Aksakov);
-explanations (Suddenly we hear: lapwings are screaming at the top of their lungs (M.M. Prishvin);
-conditions (I’ll think - I’ll hide the big rivers for a long time under oppression (N.A.
Nekrasov);
-reasons (Now the water in the lake was very black, transparent: all duckweed to
winter sank
on
bottom (K.G. Paustovsky);
-consequences (We are in mourning, so it is impossible to give a ball (A.S. Griboyedov);
-time (the storm stopped - the detachment moved on), etc.

Allied sentences are complex sentences in which the semantic relations between predicative constructions (parts of a complex sentence) are expressed using unions or allied words. For example: I realized that I need to act immediately. This was the abyss where he was afraid to look (JI. N. Tolstoy). Allied sentences according to their syntactic form are divided into complex and compound sentences. The formal syntactic means that distinguishes between the coordinating and subordinating connection in a complex sentence are coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. It is the use of a coordinating or subordinating conjunction as part of a complex sentence that characterizes the sentence as a compound or complex subordinating one. Coordinating conjunctions show the equality of predicative constructions. For example: The rain stopped, but the wind blew with a vengeance. Subordinating conjunctions express the syntactic relation of the dependence of one predicative construction on another. For example: We were late because we lost a lot of time in traffic jams.
8 . Spelling separator b and b

Although the letters b and b by themselves do not represent any sounds, they are written in order to pronounce words correctly. Compare, for example: SEED (without a soft sign) and FAMILY (with a separating soft sign). To remember when to write a soft sign and when to write a hard sign, you need to learn the following rules.

The dividing b is written inside the word (in the root or suffix, but not after the prefix) before the letters E, E, Yu, I, I (BLIZZHI, BURYAN, FOX TRACKS), as well as in some borrowed (foreign) words before the letter O ( BOUILLON, SIGNOR, GUILLOTINE). A soft sign usually softens the consonant sound that precedes it and, in addition, makes us pronounce an additional sound [Y].

The separating b (solid sign) must be written at the junction of the prefix and the root, if the prefix ends in a consonant, and the root of the word begins with the letters E, Yo, Yu, Ya. In addition, the separating Ъ is written in compound words with numerals: TWO-LEVEL, TRILINGUAL.

Please note: before other vowels, Ъ is not written: SAFETY, COUNTERATTACK, TRANSARCTIC.

The exceptions are complex abbreviated words (CHILDREN, INYAZ, ORGEDITSA) and complex words written with a hyphen (POL-YURTS). These words do not need a hard or soft sign.

The participle is a special form of the verb with the following features:

1. Denotes a sign of an object by action and answers the questions which? What is doing, what is done?, What is done?.

2. It has the morphological features of a verb and an adjective.

The features of the verb are

Type (SV and NSV),

Transitivity (the sign is relevant for real participles),

recurrence,

Time (present and past).

Voice (active and passive).

In school grammar, voice is considered as a feature that is not characteristic of all verb forms, but only participles, while in scientific grammar the feature of voice is seen in the verb in any form (cf.: Workers build a house - The house is built by workers) - see reflexivity of the verb .

The features of the adjective are

Case (for full participles),

Completeness / brevity (only for passive participles).

3. Participles agree with nouns like adjectives and in the sentence they are the same members as adjectives, that is, the definition and nominal part of the compound nominal predicate (short participles are only part of the predicate).

Dependence of the number of participial forms on transitivity and the form of the verb

A verb can have from one to four participial forms, depending on its transitivity and aspect.

Transitive verbs can have forms of real and passive participles, intransitive verbs have only forms of real participles.

ST verbs have only past participles (that is, ST verbs cannot have any present tense forms - neither in the indicative mood, nor in participial forms), NSV verbs can have both present and past participles. Thus,

transitive verbs NSV have all 4 participles (reading, reading, reading, reading),

intransitive verbs NSV have 2 participles - real present and past tense (sleeping, sleeping),

transitive verbs CB also have 2 participles - real and passive past tense (read, read).

intransitive verbs CB have only 1 participial form - the real participle of the past tense (overslept).

Valid participles

Real participles denote a sign of an object that itself produces an action: a boy reading a book.

The real participles of the present tense are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs NSV from the stem of the present tense using suffixes

Usch-(-yushch-) for verbs of the I conjugation: run-yush-y, run-yush-y,

Ash-(-box-) for verbs of the II conjugation: lying-ash-th, hundred-box-th.

The real past participles are formed from the transitive and intransitive verbs NSV and SV from the basis of the past tense using suffixes

Vsh- for verbs with a stem ending in a vowel: chita-vsh-y,

Sh- for verbs with a consonant stem: carried-sh-th.

Verbs can form real past participles from another stem:

Some verbs in -sti (to lead, to acquire) form the participles under consideration from the stem of the present / simple future tense (and not from the stem of the past tense): who has found (the stem of the future tense has found-ut, the stem of the past has found-la), who led;

The verbs to go and fade form these participles from a special stem that is not equal to any other: walked-sh-th, fade-sh-th.

Some verbs can form two participles from different stems: one from the stem of the past tense dried up and the other from the stem of the infinitive dried up, and the choice of the suffix is ​​carried out in accordance with the above rule.

Passive participles

Passive participles denote a sign of the subject to which the action is directed: a book read by a boy.

Passive present participles are formed from the transitive verbs of the NSV, from the basis of the present tense with the help of the suffix

I eat- (sometimes -om) for verbs of the I conjugation: read-em-th, ved-ohm-th,

Im- for verbs of II conjugation: store-im-th.

Passive participles can be formed from single intransitive verbs: led and managed are formed from intransitive verbs to lead and manage (the meaning of the object with these verbs is expressed by the noun in the form not V. p., but T. p.: to manage, manage the plant).

The passive participles of the present tense do not have verbs to beat, write, sew, revenge and others.

The passive present participle of the verb to give is formed from a special stem (give-em-th).

The verb move has two passive participles in the present tense: moved and moved.

Passive past participles are formed from transitive verbs NSV and SV (participles from NSV verbs are few) from the stem of the past tense using suffixes

H (n) - from verbs on -at, -yat and -et: read-nn-th,

En (n) - from the bases to the consonant and -it: carried away-yonn-th, built,

T- from the bases to -nut, -ot, -eret and from monosyllabic verbs and their derivatives: close-t-th, ring-t-th, locked-t-th, bi-t-th, break-t- th.

Passive past participles are not formed in the verbs love, seek, take.

For some verbs in -sti, -st, passive past participles are formed from the basis of the present / future tense: given, acquired, spun, stolen.

Passive present and past participles can also be formed by adding the postfix -sya to the active form:

Passive participles have a full and short form: a letter written by me - a letter written by me. Short participles have the same grammatical properties as short adjectives, that is, they do not change by case and act in the sentence mainly as a nominal part of the predicate.

Participles and verbal adjectives

Both forms of participles and verbal adjectives can be formed from the same verb. If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb to burn with the help of the suffix -yash- the participle is formed, and with the help of the suffix -yuch- - the adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn- or -im-), it is more difficult to distinguish between them.

However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case.

1. Participles denote a temporary attribute of an object associated with its participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives denote a permanent attribute of an object (for example, “arising as a result of an action”, “capable of participating in an action”), cf .:

She was brought up in strict rules (= She was brought up in strict rules) - communion;

She was educated, educated (= She was educated, educated).

2. A word in full form with the suffix -n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is a verbal adjective if it is formed from the verb NSV and does not have dependent words, and is a participle if it is formed from the verb SV and/or has dependent words, cf.:

unmowed meadows (adjective)

not mowed slanting meadows (participle, because there is a dependent word),

sloping meadows (communion, because ST).

3. Since passive participles of the present tense can only be found in transitive verbs of the NSV, words with the suffixes -im-, -em- are adjectives if they are formed from the verb CV or an intransitive verb:

waterproof boots (adjective, because the verb to get wet in the meaning of “let water through” is intransitive),

invincible army (adjective, since the verb is to defeat the NE).