Subordinate clauses in Russian are dependent parts of the main clause in a complex sentence. That is, they play the role of secondary members of the sentence. Therefore, the types of subordinate clauses are divided according to the role played in the sentence. One question can be asked to the entire secondary sentence, just as it is done with respect to the members of the sentence.

The main types of subordinate clauses

Four types of them are considered: attributive, adverbial, explanatory and connecting. Examples can be given that will represent all kinds of subordinate clauses:

1. The flower bed, which was laid out in the courtyard on the left side of the porch, resembled a small copy of the town - a sort of Flower Town from Nosov's fairy tale about Dunno. (Determinative).
2. And it seemed to me that restless and funny short men really live there. (explanatory).
3. And we do not see them because they are hiding from us underground. (Circumstantial).
4. But as soon as we leave somewhere, as shorties get out of their hiding places and begin to enjoy life violently. (Connective).

Determinative clauses

These subordinate clauses in Russian define the sign of one noun or sometimes a phrase consisting of a noun and a demonstrative word. They serve as answers to questions Which? whose? which? These minor sentences are joined to the main part by allied words. whose, which, who, what, which, from where, where, when. Usually in the main part of a complex sentence there are demonstrative words such as such, each, any, any or That in various forms of childbirth. The following suggestions can be taken as examples:

• living beings, which?) who live on the planet next to people, feel a good human attitude towards them.
• Reach out your hand with food, open your palm, freeze, and some bird, ( which?) whose voice is heard in the morning in the bushes of your garden, with confidence will sit on your hand.
• Every person ( Which?) who considers himself the pinnacle of the creation of the Almighty, should correspond to this rank.
• Whether a garden, a forest or an ordinary yard, (Which?)where everything is familiar and familiar, can open the door to the wonderful world of nature for a person.

Adventitious connecting

Interesting types of subordinate clauses that do not refer to a single word or phrase, but to the entire main part. They are called connecting. Often these parts of a complex sentence contain the meaning of the consequence, supplementing or explaining the content of the main part. Secondary sentences of this type are attached using allied words where, how, when, why, where, what. Examples:

• And only next to the mother any baby feels protected, what is meant by nature.
• Caring for the cubs, tenderness for their offspring, self-sacrifice is laid in the creature at the level of instinct, how every creature needs to breathe, sleep, eat and drink.

Explanatory clauses

If the author of the text wants to explain, specify any one word of the main part, which has the meaning of thought, perception, feeling or speech. Often these clauses refer to verbs such as say, answer, think, feel, be proud, hear. But they can also specify adjectives, for example, satisfied or glad. It is often observed when these types of subordinate clauses act as explanations of adverbs ( clearly, necessary, necessary, known, pity) or nouns ( message, thought, statement, rumor, thought, sensation). The subordinate explanatory clauses are added with the help of:

Unions (to, what, when, as if, like others);

Any allied words;

Particles (union) whether.

Examples are the following compound sentences:

• Have you ever observed What?) how amazingly sunlight plays, reflected in dew drops, insect wings, snowflake tiles?
• Once such beauty, a person will surely be incredibly happy, ( what?) who discovered the unique world of beauty.
• And it immediately becomes clear What?) that everything around was created not just so that everything is interconnected.
• Consciousness will be filled with indescribable feelings of joy, (which?) as if you yourself are a part of this amazing and unique world.

Adventitious mode of action and degree

Adverbial clauses are divided into several subspecies. A group of dependent parts of compound sentences that refer to a sign or action, called in its main part, and denote its degree or measure, as well as the image, are referred to as subordinate modes of action and degree. They usually answer the following questions: how? how much? How? in what degree? The design of the connection of the subordinate with the main part looks something like this: full adjective + noun + such; full adjective + such; verb + so. The attachment of these subordinate clauses is provided by unions to, what, as if or allied words how much, how much and some others. Examples:

• The little girl laughed so infectiously, so spontaneously, that it was hard for everyone else to stop smiling.
• The sonorous play of her laughter broke the tense silence of the room, as if unexpectedly scattered colorful peas from the package.
• And the little face itself has changed so much, as far as it was possible in this case: the girl, exhausted by the disease, could already easily be called a lovely and absolutely healthy child.

Adverbial clauses

These dependent clauses indicate the place of origin of the action, which is called in the main part of the compound sentence. Referring to the whole main sentence, they answer the following questions: where? Where? Where? and join with allied words where, from where, where. Often in the main sentence there are demonstrative words there, everywhere, there, everywhere, everywhere and some others. The following examples of such proposals can be given:

1. It is quite easy to determine the cardinal directions in the forest more often, where there is moss on the trees.
2. Ants dragged on their backs building material for their anthills and food supplies from everywhere, where only these hardworking creatures could get.
3. I'm always drawn there, to magical lands, where we went with him last summer.

Adverbial clauses of time

Indicating the time of action, these subordinate clauses refer both to the entire main clause, and specifically to one predicate. For this type of adjective, you can ask the following questions: how long? How long? When? since when? Often there are demonstrative words in the main part of the sentence, for example: sometimes, once, always, now, then. For example: Animals will then be friendly with each other, (When?) when they grow up next to childhood.

Adverbial clauses, causes, purposes, consequences

1. If the dependent parts of complex sentences answer questions in what case? or under what condition? and refer either to the predicate of the main part, or to it all, joining with the help of conditional conjunctions once, when, when, if, when And How(in the meaning of "if"), then they can be attributed to subordinate conditions. Example: And even the most inveterate prankster turns into a serious and well-mannered gentleman, ( in which case?)when he becomes a parent, be it a man, a monkey or a penguin.
2. Questions because of which? Why? for what reason? from what? subordinate causes are responsible. Their attachment occurs with the help of causal unions because, because, since. Example: For a baby in early childhood, the authority of the parent is adamant, ( Why?) because his well-being depends on this being.
3. Dependent sentences denoting the purpose of the action named in the main part and answering questions For what? for what purpose? For what?, are called subordinate targets. Their attachment to the main part is provided by target unions in order to, then in order to (in order to). Example: But even then you should accompany your requirements with explanations ( for what purpose?) then, so that a thinking person grows out of a baby, and not a weak-willed robot performer.
4. Dependent parts of a sentence that indicate a conclusion or result, denote a consequence following from the above in the main part of the sentence, are called subordinate consequences and refer to the entire main sentence. They are usually joined by coercive unions. That's why or So, for example: Education is a complex and regular process, ( what follows from this?) therefore, parents should always be in shape and not relax for a minute.

Adverbial clauses

These types of dependent sentences in complex structures refer either to the predicate or to the entire main part and answer the question like?, joining with comparative conjunctions as if, as, as, as, exactly. Comparative clauses differ from comparative phrases in that they have a grammatical basis. For example: The polar bear cub so funny fell on its side and lifted its paws up, it's like a naughty boy playing happily in the sandbox with his friends.

Adverbial clauses

Dependent sentences in a compound construction, denoting circumstances in spite of which the action indicated in the main part has been committed or can be committed, are called subordinate concessions. You can ask them questions: despite what? in spite of what? and attach to the main one with the help of concessive unions at least (although), let (let) that, for nothing, despite and some others. Allied combinations are often used: no matter how much, no matter what, when no, no matter who, no matter how and the like. Example: Even though the panda cubs were having fun, their dark spots around the eyes gave the impression of sad thoughtfulness.

A literate person should always remember: when writing sentences that are part of a complex one, they are separated by commas.

Goals:

1. Introduce complex sentences with adverbial clauses.

2. To form the ability to distinguish between types of adverbial clauses in terms of meaning, questions, means of communication; simple and compound conjunctions in s/n sentences with adverbial clauses.

3. To cultivate industriousness, independence.

Equipment: textbook “Russian language. Grade 9”, computer, projector, screen, handout (test), handout didactic material.

During the classes

I. Org. moment. (Orders of the teacher organizing the work of the class).

II. Repetition of the studied material.

1. Work at the computer. (Performing tasks from the disk, 2 students work in turn)

2. Theoretical questions.

What is the difference between a complex sentence and a simple sentence?

What are the types of compound sentences?

What is the difference between compound sentences and compound sentences?

What types of complex sentences do you know?

What are complex sentences with attributive clauses?

What are complex sentences with subordinate explanatory clauses?

3. Dictation. Write sentences and build diagrams.

1) The ink penetrated the parchment so deeply that the most cruel scraping could not erase the traces of the text.

2) Sometimes it is enough to moisten the manuscript with one or another chemical composition so that the bluish or reddish outlines of the old text come to the surface.

3) And before its invention, the materials that our ancestors used to write were stone, clay and metal.

III. Preparation for GIA. Test tasks from part B. (3 slides)

IV. Presentation of the topic and objectives of the lesson.

Today we will get acquainted with the types of adverbial clauses. Most adverbial clauses have the same meanings as the circumstances in a simple sentence, which means they answer the same questions and are divided into the same types.

Let's remember what types of circumstances you know? (Mode of action, degree, place, time, condition, cause, purpose, concession)

And how do we distinguish between types of circumstances? (for questions)

We will also distinguish types of adverbial clauses by questions, as well as by conjunctions and allied words, with the help of which they are attached to the main clause.

1. The study of theoretical material with the help of projection on the screen. (From the training disk)
2. Studying the types of adverbial clauses according to the table of the textbook.

Consider a table.

Adverbial clauses

Mode of action or degree	How, how much, how much, what, so that, as if, as if, as if, etc.	The girl told it so well (how?) that no one had any questions.
Places	Where, where, from where	The travelers went to (where?), From where the noise of cars was heard.
time	When (once ... then), until, as soon as, barely, since (since), until (until), etc.	I will return (when?) When our white garden will spread its branches in spring. (S.A. Yesenin)
Conditions	If (if ... then), when, once, etc.	I will come to you tomorrow (on what condition?), if you don't mind.
Causes	Because, because, due to the fact that, since, for, due to the fact that, etc.	Need to light a lamp (why?) because it's getting dark.
Goals	To, in order to, etc.	We went across the field (why?) to shorten the path.
Comparisons	How, with what, with what - with that, as if, as if, exactly, etc.	Before the storm, it became quiet in the forest (how?), as if everything had died.
concessions	Although, despite the fact that, let it be, no matter how	No matter how we hurried to the station, we still missed the last train (despite what?).
Consequences	So	She didn't read anything, so she didn't pass the exam.

How many adverbial clauses stand out?

What type of subordinate clause does not match the circumstance in a simple sentence? (Additive corollaries)

3. Physical Minute.

V. Consolidation. Complete the exercise in the tutorial.

Write with punctuation marks. Mark the subordinate clauses, as well as conjunctions and allied words that attach the subordinate clause to the main one.

1) Where the mouth of the river used to be, the trail climbs up the mountain.

2) Wherever you look, there are hills everywhere.

3) When we reached the top of the mountain the sun had already risen.

4) In the morning, as soon as we moved away from the bivouac, we immediately came across a path.

5) The sun must have disappeared below the horizon because it suddenly became dark.

VI. Execution of test tasks.

(Handout)

1. Find a complex sentence.

1. I was about to get up, when suddenly my eyes rested on a motionless human image.
2. I peered: it was a young beautiful girl.
3. She was sitting twenty paces away from me, her head bowed thoughtfully and her hands on her knees.
4. The left, far bank was still drowning in darkness, and the darkness drew huge absurd figures there.

2. In which sentence does the subordinate clause come before the main one?

1. I didn't immediately realize what had happened.
2. Whether I can help you now, I don't know.
3. The hostess asked us if we were really leaving tomorrow.
4. The apple trees disappeared because the mice ate all the bark.

3. In which sentence is the subordinate clause inside the main clause? (No punctuation marks.)

1. When she returned home, she thought that she would hardly be happy here and that it was much more interesting to leave the station than to live here.
2. Without waiting for the door to be unlocked, he jumped over the wattle fence, pushed back the lock, brought in the horse and himself tumbled into the hut full of sleeping people.
3. Approaching the courtyard, Chichikov noticed the owner himself on the porch, who was standing in a green frock coat with his hand to his forehead in the form of an umbrella in front of his eyes.
4. It was still early, so early that the sun had not yet risen above the honeysuckle and it was cool in the garden.

VII. Lesson results.

What did you learn in class today?

What types of adverbial clauses are distinguished?

How to distinguish between these types of adjectives?

VIII. Homework: item 12, exercise 74 (handout didactic material).

Temporal clauses contain an indication of the time of the action or manifestation of the sign, which is referred to in the main part of the sentence. Time clauses answer the questions "when?", "how long?", "since when?", "until when?", "for how long?" and relate to the entire main part: As you enter the cast-iron gate (when?), A blissful shiver will touch your body (A. Akhmatova); On the blue waters of the ocean, only the stars will flash in the sky, a lonely ship (when?) rushes, rushes in full sail (M. Lermontov); Someone put a letter on the hoop. and disappeared (when?), before Marya Kirilovna had time to form herself (A. Pushkin); As we moved towards Lake Khanka, the current became slower (when?) (V. Arseniev).
Time clauses can perform the function of spreading the main part when there is no time circumstance in it: the Sun was already high when I opened my eyes (V. Garshin); When we returned back, the forest woke up and came to life and was completely filled with bird joyful hubbub (A. Kuprin), or to clarify the circumstance of time in the main one: Before, when I was younger, my relatives and friends knew what to do with me .. (A. Chekhov); In the spring, when the earth thaws, people also seem to become softer (M. Gorky).
Temporal relationships in a complex sentence can be complicated by causal and comparative-opposite ones: When a person is tired and wants to sleep, it seems to him that nature is experiencing the same state (A. Chekhov); While the servants were managing and fussing, the gentleman went to the common room (N. Gogol). In these proposals, the relationship in time is relegated to the background. Uncomplicated temporal relationships are established only in those sentences whose subordinate clauses contain an indication of certain definitions of time (When ten years have passed ...; When morning came, etc.).
Temporary accessory parts can occupy any position in relation to the main part. Restrictions are associated only with those cases when they clarify the meaning of the time in the main part of the circumstance and, naturally, are placed after it: And now, when I close my eyes, I see only my parents' house (S. Yesenin); Everywhere, where only the forest was before, white canvases of moonlight lay on the ground (V. Kataev).
A certain order of the parts is also associated with the use of double unions. In such cases, the main part, necessarily post-positive, has words-clamps: As soon as Rostov managed to hand over the letter and tell the whole story of Denisov, quick steps pounded from the stairs (JI. Tolstoy); When a writer turns from a narrator into a thinker, then he is a true artist (Yu. Bondarev); When he opened his eyes, attentive warm sparks already shone in them (A. Kuprin).
The order of the parts is also obligatory in sentences like: In less than ten minutes, we started off; The peasant did not have time to gasp, as a bear settled on him (I. Krylov), where temporary relations are created by the general semantics of lexically limited and structurally related revolutions, and ... how; I didn’t have time ... how, not a day passed ... so that, I didn’t have time ... ah. Such sentences are expressively colored (a type of sentence with the so-called mutual subordination).
Compound sentences expressing temporal relations are divided by meaning into sentences with a simultaneity relation and sentences with a different time relation. These relations are expressed by the means of communication (conjunctions and allied words) and the temporal meanings of verbs.
The relation of simultaneity is expressed in sentences with subordinate, attached conjunctions when, bye, how, bye, bye, while and forms of verbs (usually verbs in the main and subordinate parts of the imperfect form of one tense).
The union when serves to express the relationship of simultaneity without emphasizing the coincidence in time of the actions of the main and subordinate parts: It is especially good in the gazebo on quiet autumn nights, when unhurried sheer rain rustles in the garden (K. Paustovsky); There were moments when she screamed talentedly, died talentedly (A. Chekhov); Grandfather was a quirky old man and did not disdain to make ladies on the side when he went to a cab (F. Gladkov). Quite rarely, the union is used in the same meaning as (archaic or colloquial): As the hay harvest approached, dry, hot weather set in (Yu. Nagibin). The union when can be correlated with the adverb then in the main part, emphasizing the moment of coincidence of the action: Similar thoughts began to come to my mind at the end of my life, when I settled scores with my youth (V. Kataev); Then the orphan is given a holiday when they give a white shirt (Proverb).
Unions for the time being, for the time being, for the time being, emphasize the coincidence of the terms of action, show that the action of the main part fits entirely into the time interval of the subordinate: Or not me for four years, while the war was going on, every weather was ruffling, every ride was shaking (A. Tvardovsky); And while the mad beast rushed about the cage, the owner of the menagerie admired him, admired his strength (V. Bianchi); Strike while the iron is hot (Proverb); While we were crossing the clearing, the Turks managed to fire a few shots (V. Garshin).
The union while (with perfective verbs) emphasizes the moment of coincidence of the action of the subordinate part with the action of the main part: While my friend stopped, a large butterfly flashed before my eyes (S. Aksakov); While Yegorushka was looking at sleepy faces, soft singing was suddenly heard (A. Chekhov).
The relationship of different times is expressed by unions when, while, for now, while, after, since, since, as soon as, just, just, just, just a little, as, barely, only, before, before, before how, as well as the ratio of aspectual forms of verbs-predicates and the order of location of the main and subordinate parts of the sentence.
Compound sentences with a time difference relationship have two main varieties: in some sentences, the action of the main part follows the action of the subordinate clause, in others, the action of the main clause precedes the action of the subordinate clause.
The most common are constructions with the designation that the action or state referred to in the main part of the sentence follows the action or state indicated in the subordinate clause. To express such a sequence in time, unions are used when, after, since, as soon as, just now, only just, only "only, only, a little, as, barely, only. The predicates in this case are expressed in verb forms of the perfect form and less often - imperfect.
Since the conjunction when is also used in sentences with a relation of simultaneity, the main means of expressing a sequence of actions or states is the verb form of the perfect form in the subordinate part.
Compound sentences with a union when, in the presence of perfective verbs in the main and subordinate parts, indicate that the action of the main part follows the action of the subordinate: When the drummer entered the hut, Petya sat down away from him (JI. Tolstoy); When the clatter of his horse had already died down, I went around to the terrace and again began to look into the garden (JI. Tolstoy). The presence of an imperfective verb in the main part of the sentence serves as a means of indicating that the performance of the action of the subordinate part coincides with the continuation of the main action: When you know a lot, it is difficult to compose (D. Granin); And when, through the waves of incense, the choir thunders, rejoicing and threatening, the same inevitable eyes look into the soul strictly and stubbornly (A. Akhmatova).
In complex sentences with conjunctions like, as soon as, only, only, just, only, just, a little, it is barely indicated that the action or state of the main part of the sentence follows the action or state (or its beginning) of the subordinate clause especially quickly : This story continued every time Azamat (M. Lermontov) came; And as soon as he sees his native land in the darkness of the night, again his heart trembles and his eyes burn with fire (M. Lermontov); A little morning lit up the guns and forests blue tops, the French are right there (M. Lermontov); As soon as morning came, the singing of doors was heard throughout the house (N. Gogol); As soon as the sun came out from behind the mountain and began to illuminate the valley, the wavy clouds of fog dissipated (L. Tolstoy).
The union after it indicates that the action of the main part of the sentence begins only after the end of the subordinate clause: After the glasses prescribed for me were made, it was time to leave Moscow (M. Isakovsky); For some reason, ice drift begins most often on dark nights, after “ravines go” (K. Paustovsky).
The union since then emphasizes the initial moment of the action of the main part: Since she refused Andrei, the old man was officially dry with Ionna, and Marianna barely answered her (V. Panova). Complex unions after, since others can be dismembered, in the subordinate part in this case there remains only a union as: Since my driver was riding behind, he seemed to have become more cheerful and talkative (JI. Tolstoy).
Another group of sentences with a time difference relationship are sentences in which the action or state of the main part precedes the action or state of the subordinate clause. In such sentences, the clause is joined by conjunctions before, before, before, bye, bye, bye.
Proposals with unions before, before they can be complicated by comparative-adversative relations: And, even before Seryozhka could consider what it was, he realized from the chirp that filled the steppe that it was a detachment of motorcyclists moving (A. Fadeev). There may not be such a complication: Before teaching a boy, I must know his soul (A. Chekhov); It was necessary to try many roads before settling on any of them (N. Dobrolyubov).
An uncomplicated indication that the action or state of the main part of the sentence precedes the action or state of the subordinate clause is contained in sentences with a conjunction before: work, before going to the draft board... (A. Fadeev); Before setting off again, Alexey Meresyev cut a stick out of juniper (B. Polevoy). Union before it can be dismembered; He jumped out of the house at the very last moment before the roof collapsed (V. Ilyenkov).
The same meaning can be conveyed by unions for the time being, for the time being, for the time being, but indicating the limit to which the action of the main part continues: But on other days it was necessary to peer and fumble for a long time until a family of boletus mushrooms in tight caps was found - (V. Nabokov); I will go to bed and whisper poetry until I fall asleep (M. Gorky).
The designation of the limit can be emphasized by the presence in the main part of the combination until: For some reason, I did not attach any importance to the silent indication of the dog and went about my thoughts until a new rustle was heard behind me (M. Prishvin).
Among complex sentences with clauses of this type of time, there are sentences whose clauses acquire greater independence, which brings these sentences closer to compound sentences. Such transitional cases between composition and submission arise when using the union as (in combination with suddenly): I was about to get up and try my luck again, when suddenly my eyes stopped on a motionless human image (I. Turgenev); Andriy sped up and almost overtook Golokopytenko, when suddenly someone's strong hand grabbed the reins of his horse (N. Gogol).
It is necessary to distinguish the clauses of time from other clauses attached by the allied word when: There are such blessed minutes (what?) When a person wants to be silent (V. Povolyaev) - attributive clause; Even before the trial, the cells discussed (what?), when they would be led through the stage (L. Tolstoy) - an explanatory clause; If I were an evil person, would I (under what condition?) let my prey out of my hands (D. Mamin-Sibiryak) - clause of the condition; When Karetnikov woke up, he could not (when?) take his head off something solid (V. Povolyaev) - an adjective of time.

The simplest constructions of the type "My name is…; I am working…,; I'm going…” learn in the very first English lessons. But such phrases are not enough to use the language at least at an intermediate level. For an interesting conversation and successful communication with foreigners, you need to learn how to compose detailed expressions from simple sentences. We will develop this skill in ourselves today, studying the clauses of time in English and conditional constructions. Knowledge of typical combinations and the ability to use them correctly will enrich and diversify our speech.

Meaning of subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses are dependent constructions of complex sentences that help to reveal the meaning of the main sentence more widely, expressing any signs, causes, conditions, consequences, etc. The method of attaching an additional part of an expression to the main one can be different, but more often this always happens with the help of or allied words.

Dependent sentences in English can have different semantic meanings, and refer to any member of the sentence, both main and secondary. The most numerous category of subordinate structures is the adverbial group. It carries the meanings of time, purpose, place, cause, etc., in general, all those topics for which the circumstance is responsible. According to the construction of constructions, most of these additional sentences coincide with similar expressions in Russian. But two representatives of the adverbial group of English clauses sometimes have a tense form that is not typical for Russian-speaking people. We will talk about them in more detail in the next section.

Adverbs of tense in English

These additional constructions carry explanations about when and how long the actions and events referred to in the main clause are performed or were / will be performed. In other words, they express the time of occurrence of events. The sentences explaining the time are attached to the main part with the help of conjunctions. The union when is most often used in English speech, therefore such subordinate clauses are often called that: sentences with when. But for different shades of time, other unions are also widely used, for example: assoonas,until,since,after,till,before,bythetime.

• MyparentshadgonetothetheaterbeforeI came home My parents had gone to the theater before I came home.
• Wewentforawalkintheparkafterthe snow had stopped We went for a walk in the park after the snow stopped falling.
• Myfatherhasn'tseenhisparentssincehe moved to the Netherlands My father has not seen his parents since he moved to the Netherlands.

In these examples, the clauses of time used in English do not differ much from Russian ones. What is their catch then? It lies in the construction of a practical construction, which refers to the future tense. In Russian we say " When I get home I will repeat this lesson". Note that both parts are in the future tense.

In English speech, such a construction is impossible, because the rules of grammar do not allow using the future tense in additional constructions. This is what distinguishes the clauses of time and conditions from other clauses. To indicate future events or actions, they will use the Present tense forms ( present Simple orpresent Perfect to indicate the completion of an action). Please note that this rule only applies to the dependent structure, the main part can be in any form, including in the future. Let's see how it looks in practice.

Offer	Translation
When I meet my colleague , I'll tell him about this story.	When I meet my colleague, I will tell him about this story.
I hope I will be at home before the hurricane reaches our city .	I hope that I will be at home before the hurricane hits our city.
Nick will go to the airport as soon as the concert finishes .	Nick will go to the airport as soon as the concert is over.
After the rain stops , they'll go to the supermarket.	After the rain stops, they will go to the supermarket.
I will live in this room until my brother returns home from his trip .	I will live in this room until my brother returns home from his trip.
By the time the police find him , he'll live in another country.	By the time the police find him, he will be living in another country.
They'll go to play football when they have done their homework .	They will go to play football when they finish their homework.
As soon as he has finished talking , I can use the phone.	As soon as he finishes talking, I can use the phone.

Note that the English language has peculiar punctuation rules, according to which the subordinate clause is separated by a comma only when it is at the beginning of a sentence.

Let's just add a couple of words about conditional sentences, since they are the only constructions that behave in the same way when forming sentences with the future tense. As the name implies, these expressions reveal various probabilities, conditions, possibilities under which the events of the main statement may or may not be fulfilled. Unions by which they can be easily recognized - if,unless,incase.

The condition in English is a voluminous and complex topic, since English grammar has several types of such constructions with different rules for their use. You can learn more about all types of conditional sentences in the adjacent material.

As we have already said, subordinate clauses can be of various types. And here, too, there is a little English cunning hidden, since different types of sentences can use the same conjunctions. For beginners in learning English, such confusion sometimes puts them in an awkward position and makes them make mistakes. In order to avoid unpleasant situations in a conversation, it is necessary to be able to distinguish which member of the sentence the dependent construction refers to. Why this is really important, let's look at example phrases.

As you remember, the rule about subordinate tenses says that the union when in English requires the Present tense after itself. But in the first sentence, we used the future, is this a deliberate mistake? No. These are two completely different situations of using the union: in the first case, it adds the complement construction ( doesn't know what?), and in the second situation, when attaches an adverbial construction that reveals the duration of the action ( won't know about it when?). Let's give a couple more examples for better memorization.

• Theydon'twriteyetwhen they will arrive - They do not write yet, (about what? - about that ...) when they arrive.
• Nobodysayswhen we have to finish ourworks - No one says (what? - that ...) when we have to turn in our work.

• Iwillbehappywhen I pass thisexamverywell - I will be happy (when? - then ...) when I pass this exam very well.
• Wewillhavesupperwhen guests arrive - We will have dinner (when? - then ...) when the guests arrive.

This rule also applies to conditional constructs if the if clause is used as an object in the clause.

This concludes the development of English clauses of time. We hope that you have mastered the basic rules, learned to distinguish between use cases and are ready to test your knowledge by doing exercises on the subject of adverbial tenses in English. Good luck in improving your foreign language!

№1.

Adverbial clauses- subordinate clauses that answer the same questions as circumstances.

In the center of adverbial complex sentences are sentences whose meaning is somehow connected with the relationship of cause and effect. These are sentences with clauses causes, effects, concessions, conditions, goals . Due to the well-known similarity of values, it is easy to confuse them with each other. However, each of these varieties is characterized by its unions ( subordinate corollary - union So,goals - union to etc.).

Each of these varieties of a complex sentence has its own differences in meaning.

So, a complex sentence with adnexal reasons expresses the relationship of two events, one of which (from the point of view of the speaker) naturally gives rise to the other.

For example: The car lights upbecause it's already dark in the forest (G. Nikolaeva).

Complex sentences of the corollary convey the same relations, but the reason in them is expressed in the main, and not in the subordinate part: It's already dark in the forestso the car lights up . What was the main clause in the first case has now become subordinate.

Concessive complex sentences are also semantically related to causal. But the consequence here is directly opposite in meaning to what naturally follows from the content of the subordinate clause.

For example: Even though it's already dark in the forest The car didn't turn on the headlights. The speaker is waiting for the regular consequence of the subordinate clause ( car lights up), but it is not implemented.

Adverbial clauses are also close to causal, but the reason here is the desire of the agent in the main clause for the action of the subordinate clause to take place.

For example: He came to Rostovto go to college .

Compare: He came to Rostovbecause I wanted to go to college .

Circumstantial clauses also convey a reason, but one that the speaker is not sure about.

For example: If the brother went to college

Compare: Since my brother went to college He will write to us soon.

In addition, adverbials include adverbial clauses of time, comparison, manner of action.

Compound sentences with adverbial adverbial clauses

Theoretical information Adverbial clauses very diverse and therefore have their own classification. There are the following types of adverbial clauses: mode of action and degree, place, time, condition, cause, purpose, comparison, concession, consequence. Adventitious mode of action and degree indicate the image, degree or measure of the action (feature) named in the main sentence; answer questions: How? how? in what degree? how much? and etc.; refer to phrases in the main clause: verb + So; full adjective + such; full adjective + noun + such; join unions what, to, as if etc. and allied words: how, how much, how much and etc. In the main sentence, there can be demonstrative words: so, so much, so much, to such an extent, such and etc. For example: I was born in Russia. I love her sothat words can't say everything ( S. Ostrovoy). The air is transparentuntil the jackdaw's beak is visible ... (A. Chekhov). adnexal places indicate the place of action named in the main sentence; answer questions: Where? Where? where?; refer either to the entire main clause or to its predicate; join with allied words: where, where, from where. In the main sentence, they often correspond to demonstrative words: there, there, everywhere, everywhere, everywhere and etc. For example: Walk the free pathWhere does the free mind take you? (A. Pushkin). There,where the bowl ended , whitened birches. Adventitious time indicate the time of the action named in the main sentence; answer questions: When? how long? since when? How long? and etc.; refer either to the whole main clause or to its predicate. In the main sentence, there are often demonstrative words: then, now, always, once, sometimes and etc. For example: While he sang , the cat Vaska ate all the roast(I. Krylov). Sometimes,when you wander through unmowed deposits , almost from under the very feet, a numerous brood of quails or gray partridges breaks out(S. Ognev). Subordinate conditions indicate the condition under which the action named in the main sentence can be carried out; answer questions: under what condition? in which case?; refer either to the entire main clause or to its predicate; are joined by conditional unions: if, if, if, if, when(in meaning " If"), How(in meaning " If") and etc. For example: If life deceives you don't be sad, don't be angry(A. Pushkin); When there is no agreement among comrades , their business will not go well(I. Krylov). Adnexal causes indicate the reason for what is said in the main sentence; answer questions Why? from what? because of which? for what reason?; refer either to the entire main clause, or only to the predicate; are joined by causal unions: because, because, because and etc. For example: I'm upset,because you have fun (M. Lermontov); The Ossetian cab driver tirelessly drove the horses,because he wanted to climb the Kaur mountain until nightfall (M. Lermontov). Adventitious targets indicate the purpose of the action named in the main sentence; answer questions: For what? For what? for what purpose? For what? and etc.; refer either to the entire main clause or to its predicate; join target unions: to (to), then to, in order to and etc. For example: To become a musician so skill is needed(I. Krylov). I want to liveto think and suffer (A. Pushkin). Adventitious comparisons explain the content of the main sentence by comparison; answer the question: like what?; refer either to the entire main clause or to its predicate; are joined by comparative conjunctions: as, as if, as if, exactly, than (by that) and etc. For example: It was quiet for two minutes.sure convoy fell asleep (A. Chekhov). And with a thorny branch the spruce is knocking on the window,how a belated traveler sometimes knocks (A. Pleshcheev). Adventitious concessions indicate the circumstance in spite of which the action named in the main sentence is performed; answer questions: in spite of what? contrary to what?; refer to the whole main clause or to its predicate; are joined by concessive unions: although (at least), despite, let, let, for nothing; although etc., allied combinations: no matter what, no matter who, no matter how much, when no, no matter how and etc. For example: Hot,although the sun has already set in the west (M. Gorky). Even though it's cold , but not hungry(Proverb). Wherever you throw , wedge everywhere(Proverb). Adnexal consequences denote a consequence (conclusion, result) arising from the content of the main sentence; answer questions: what follows from this?; apply to the entire main clause; join unions: consequence so that, therefore. For example: The wind howls with all its mightso I couldn't sleep (I. Goncharov). The whole next day, Gerasim did not show up, so instead of him the coachman Potap had to go for water.(I. Turgenev). It is necessary to distinguish between the subordinate consequence and the subordinate mode of action and degree. Compare: The road washed out by the rainso wide ruts formed in the mountains (I. Goncharov) (subordinate corollary); The road was washed away by the rainthat wide ruts formed in the mountains (subordinate clause of mode of action and degree).

№2. Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses

Theoretical information Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are of two main types: 1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main clause; 2) the first clause is attached to the main clause, the second - to the first clause, etc. I. Clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can behomogeneousAndheterogeneous. 1. Homogeneous clauses, like homogeneous members, have the same meaning, answer the same question and depend on one word in the main sentence. Between themselves, homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected by coordinating unions or union-free (only with the help of intonation). The connections of homogeneous clauses with the main clause and between themselves resemble the connections of homogeneous members of the sentence. For example: [ I came to you with greetings, to tell], (What Sun is up), (What it trembled with hot light on the sheets). (A. Fet.) If homogeneous clauses are connected by non-repeating unions and, or, a comma is not placed in front of them, as with homogeneous members of a sentence. For example: [ I answered], (What nature is good) And ( What sunsets are especially good in our places). (V. Soloukhin.) The connection of homogeneous clauses with the main clause is called homogeneous subordination. 2. Heterogeneous clauses have different meanings, answer different questions, or depend on different words in the sentence. For example: ( When I have a new book in my hands), [I feel], (What something living, speaking, wonderful entered my life). (M. Gorky.) With heterogeneous subordination, clauses can refer to the same words of the main sentence, but they are not homogeneous, as they answer different questions. The connection of heterogeneous clauses with the main clause is called parallel subordination. II. The second type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses includes those in which the clauses form a chain: the first clause refers to the main clause (subordinate clause of the 1st degree), the second clause refers to the clause of the 1st degree (subordinate clause of the 2nd degree) etc. For example: [ Young Cossacks rode vaguely and held back tears], (because were afraid of their father), (which I was also a little embarrassed), (Although tried not to show it). (N. Gogol) Such a connection is called consistent submission. With sequential subordination, one subordinate clause can be inside another; in this case, there may be two subordinating unions nearby: what and if, what and when, what and since, etc. For example: [ The water crashed so scary], (What , (When the soldiers ran below), raging streams were already flying after them) (M. Bulgakov).

№3.Complex sentences with subordinate explanatory clauses

To express our opinion, our attitude to a fact, a phenomenon, we often use complex sentences with subordinate clauses.

Clauses of explanatory refer to members of a sentence that have the meaning of speech, thoughts, feelings, messages, etc. Verbs in which the subordinate explanatory part is used usually denote: speech ( said, shouted), perception ( saw, heard, felt), mental activity ( thought, decided), the internal state of a person ( afraid, surprised).

For example, I.S. Turgenev in his letter to P. Viardot wrote about his feelings: I I can't see without worry , like a branch covered with young green leaves, clearly looms in the blue sky.

In a sentence: Sophia, characterizing Chatsky, speaks that "he is especially happy in friends", - the verb of speaking is used.

Very often we use subordinate explanatory clauses when expressing our opinion:

I am convinced ... I believe ... I agree ... I can say with confidence ... It seems to me .... I am attracted (interesting) by the thought, (statement) about ... .

Besides, complex sentences with subordinate explanatory clauses convey indirect speech: I explained to them that I am an officer, I am going to the active detachment for official purposes. (M. Lermontov) Vera said that does not want tea and went to her room.(N. Chernyshevsky)

Complex sentences with subordinate explanatory clauses

Theoretical information Clauses of explanatory answer case questions and join the main part with unions ( what, like, as if, as if, as if, in order to, whether etc.) and allied words (what, who, how, what, why, where, where, where, why, etc.). For example: I want,so that a feather was equated to a bayonet(V. Mayakovsky) - means of communication - union so that . I don't know if I wantwhether i go with them- means of communication - union whether , which, like coordinating conjunctions same, too, also, is not at the beginning of the part. They saidas if he became addicted to collecting pipes.(A. N. Tolstoy) - a means of communication - a compound union as if . God alone could sayWhich Manilov had a character(N.V. Gogol) - means of communication - allied word Which, which is part of the predicate. It's sad to see a young man lose his best hopes and dreams...(M. Yu. Lermontov) - means of communication - union When . Clauses of explanatory refer to one word in the main part - a verb, a short adjective, an adverb, a verbal noun with the meaning of speech, thought, feeling, perception. For example: Irejoiced / expressed surprise / was glad that he came. It's good that he came. The main part may contain an index word That in different case forms: I was happyto that that he came. In this sentence, the word tom can be omitted, so the subordinate clause refers to the adjective glad. However, in some complex sentences with subordinate explanatory clauses, the demonstrative word in the main part is an obligatory component of the sentence structure. For example: It all startedsince that the father has returned. Such subordinate clauses refer specifically to the demonstrative word, which can only be the word that. This feature brings such sentences closer to pronominal attributive ones, while the use of a union, and not a union word, makes it possible to classify them as explanatory. The explanatory clause is usually located after the word in the main part to which it refers, but occasionally, mainly in colloquial speech, it can also be located before the main part. For example: that he won't come , it was clear to me right away.

№4. Complex sentences with subordinate clauses

Theoretical information Determinative clauses explain (characterize) that member of the main part of the sentence, which is expressed by a noun or pronoun, and answer the definition questions: Which? whose? For example: (1) Blizzards ( which? ), (2) that they are bursting in the doors, (1) they will not knock me off the road. Definitive clauses are attached to the main part only with the help of allied words which, which, whose, what, where, where, from where, when: For example: And Tanya seeshouse empty(Which?), Where our hero lived recently. (A. Pushkin) [– = noun. ], (where = –). Clauses have a fixed place as part of a complex sentence: they stand always after the defined word. For example: Childhood isjourney (which?), which no one has been able to do twice . (V. Sanin) [ n. - noun. ], (which =). allied words which, what, whose with a defined word only agree in gender, number , and their case form depends on which member of the sentence these allied words in the subordinate clause are: For example: I likepeople who the life of the country is not indifferent.(The word which is used in the dative case.) Compare: I likepeople with whom easy to communicate.(Word which used in the instrumental case.) - I like people who are legendary.(Word which used in the prepositional case.) Word which can stand not only at the beginning, but also inside the subordinate part. For example: 1) A river flows near the villagewhich located in the forest foothills.(M. Lermontov) 2) As if in chains, the northern river fell silent, the noisewhich the grandfathers and great-grandfathers of Pomor fishermen listened.(I. Sokolov-Mikitov) Close in meaning to definitive adjectival pronouns , which refer to pronouns that, each, such, all, everyone etc., located in the main part. For example: (1) Everything will go far in the pastThat , (2) how i live . (N. Glazkov).[ = That ], (how – =).

№5.Types of subordinate clauses in a complex sentence

Subordinate clause- this is a syntactically dependent predicative part of a complex sentence containing a subordinating conjunction or allied word.

For example: Vladimir saw with horror that he drove into an unfamiliar forest(Pushkin). It is very difficult to describe the feeling I experienced at that time.(Korolenko).

The term “subordinate clause” used in educational practice is usually replaced in theoretical works by the term “subordinate clause” (respectively, instead of “main clause” - “main clause”); this avoids the use of the same term “sentence” in relation to the whole and to its individual constituent parts, and also emphasizes the interconnectedness of the structural parts of a complex sentence.

School textbooks present two types of classifications of subordinate clauses.

1. Clauses are divided into three groups: attributive, explanatory and adverbial; the latter are divided into subgroups.

2. Clauses are divided into subject, predicate, attributive, additional and circumstantial, depending on which member of the sentence is replaced by the subordinate clause (to determine the type of the clause, questions are asked to various members of the sentence).

Since the classification adopted in the first case is more common in the practice of school and pre-university teaching, we will stick to it.

Recall that knowledge about the types of subordinate clauses in a complex sentence is also checked in USE tests V part B(task B6) in 11th grade.

Types of subordinate clauses in a complex sentence

Theoretical information By meaning and structure, the subordinate parts of complex sentences are divided into three main groups, which correspond to three groups of secondary members of the sentence: definitions, additions, circumstances. Determinative clauses explain (characterize) that member of the main part of the sentence, which is expressed by a noun or pronoun, and answer the definition questions: which one? whose? For example: (1) Blizzards(what?), (2) that break in the door , (1) I won't be knocked off the road.(A. Fatyanov) [ - , (what =), =]. Explanatory clauses explain the member of the sentence (most often the predicate) of the main part and, like the additions, answer the questions of indirect cases. For example: (1) We had a lively conversation about(about what?), (2) how to resolve the situation . [ – = ], (as =). Adverbial clauses denote the place, time, purpose, reason, mode of action, condition, etc. of what is reported in the main part of the complex sentence. They answer questions about circumstances. For example: (1) To love music , (2) you have to listen to it first.(for what purpose?). (D. Shostakovich) (To =), [=].

№6. Complex sentence