Examples of lexical errors culture of speech. Speech and its specificity

49. Types of speech errors: a methodology for their prevention and correction.

Types and examples of speech errors

Speech errors – These are errors associated with violation of the requirements of correct speech.

The use of words in their meanings. Example: We were shocked by the excellent performance of the players.

Repetition of single-root words in one sentence (tautology): The writer vividly describes the events of that day.

Speech deficiency (occurs when the right word is missing). The car dropped both.

A mixture of vocabulary from different historical eras. Anna Sergeyevna and the prince went to the registry office to get married.

Pleonasm (hidden tautology). Example: colleagues.

The use of extra words. A young girl, very beautiful.

Poor use of pronouns. This text was written by K. Ivanov. It belongs to the artistic style.

Unjustified repetition of words. Maria loves flowers. Mary knows all about them.

Causes of speech errors

“The complexity of the mechanism for generating speech acts as a factor contributing to the occurrence of speech errors” Nikolai Ivanovich Zhinkin.

The main causes of speech errors are:

Misunderstanding of the meaning of the word (when the word is used in an unusual sense). The fire got hotter and hotter and hotter.

The use of synonyms (each such word can have its own functional and stylistic coloring, this leads to speech errors). For example: "blooper"- professional jargon, but "hole"- a common word.

The use of ambiguous words (using them, be sure to make sure that they are understandable to the interlocutor).

Lexical incompleteness of the statement (missing an important word).

Use of obsolete words. (Example: Everything in the store is now discounted.

Words of foreign origin (having a passion for borrowed words, be sure to find out their exact meaning).

Errors in the formation of words (for example: they want; dog kennel; on the forehead, etc.)

Incorrect use of paronyms (words similar in sound, as a rule, of one part of speech, but different in meaning and structure). For example: addressee - addressee.

Lack of lexical compatibility in the sentence. A good leader must set an example for his subordinates in everything.(The word "sample" is used inappropriately, it should be replaced by the word "example").

Inappropriate use of dialectisms (expressions or ways of speech used by people of a particular locality). For example: A scraper came to me, and sat until the morning. ( Shaberka is a neighbor).

When choosing words, it is necessary to pay attention to their meaning, usage, stylistic coloring, compatibility with other words. Since the violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.

Ways to correct and prevent speech errors

Often in the speech of people (especially very young people) there are lexical and stylistic errors, i.e. the use of words in an inaccurate or unusual meaning (and the reason for this is ignorance of the meaning of the word). IN the book "Speech Secrets" edited by T. A. Ladyzhenskaya options for working on the prevention and elimination of these errors are presented.

In the meantime, we offer you our selection, designed to prevent speech errors:

Associate with knowledgeable and educated people.

Visit theaters, museums, trainings.

Constantly monitor your speech (pronounce words correctly).

Good speech exercises are recognized - essays and presentations.

The word is the most important unit of language, the most diverse and voluminous. It is the word that reflects all the changes taking place in the life of society. The word not only names an object or phenomenon, but also performs an emotionally expressive function.

And when choosing words, we must pay attention to their meaning, stylistic coloring, usage, compatibility with other words. Since the violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.

The main causes of speech errors:

1. Misunderstanding the meaning of the word
2. Lexical compatibility
3. Use of synonyms
4. Use of homonyms
5. The use of ambiguous words
6. Verbosity
7. Lexical incompleteness of the statement
8. New words
9. obsolete words
10. Words of foreign origin
11. Dialectisms
12. Colloquial and colloquial words
13. Professional jargon
14. Phraseologisms
15. Cliches and stamps

1. Misunderstanding the meaning of the word.

1.1. The use of a word in an unusual sense.

Example: The fire got hotter and hotter and hotter. The error lies in the wrong choice of the word:

Get inflamed - 1. Heat up to a very high temperature, get hot. 2. (transl.) To become very excited, to become overcome by some strong feeling.

To flare up - to start strongly or well, to burn evenly.

1.2. The use of significant and functional words without regard to their semantics.

Example: Thanks to the fire that broke out from the fire, a large area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe forest burned down.

In modern Russian, the preposition thanks retains a certain semantic connection with the verb thank and is usually used only in those cases when it refers to the reasons that cause the desired result: thanks to someone's help, support. The error occurs in connection with the semantic distraction of the preposition from the original verb thank. In this sentence, the preposition thanks should be replaced with one of the following: because of, as a result, as a result.

1.3. The choice of words-concepts with different bases of division (concrete and abstract vocabulary).

Example: We offer a complete cure for alcoholics and other diseases.

If we are talking about diseases, then the word alcoholics should be replaced by alcoholism. An alcoholic is someone who suffers from alcoholism. Alcoholism is a painful addiction to the use of alcoholic beverages.

1.4. Incorrect use of paronyms.

Example: The man leads a festive life. I'm in an idle mood today.

Idle and festive are very similar words, the same root. But they have different meanings: festive - an adjective for a holiday (festive dinner, festive mood); idle - not filled, not busy with work, work (idle life). To restore the meaning of the statements in the example, you need to swap the words.

2. Lexical compatibility.

When choosing a word, one should take into account not only the meaning that it has in the literary language, but also lexical compatibility. Not all words can be combined with each other. The boundaries of lexical compatibility are determined by the semantics of words, their stylistic affiliation, emotional coloring, grammatical properties, etc.

Example: A good leader should show an example to his subordinates in everything. You can show an example, but not a sample. And a model can be, for example, to follow.

Example: Their strong friendship, hardened in life's trials, was noticed by many. The word friendship is combined with the adjective strong - strong friendship.

To distinguish from a speech error should be a deliberate combination of seemingly incompatible words: a living corpse, an ordinary miracle ... In this case, we have one of the types of tropes - an oxymoron.

In difficult cases, when it is difficult to determine whether certain words can be used together, it is necessary to use a compatibility dictionary

3. The use of synonyms.

Synonyms enrich the language, make our speech figurative. Synonyms may have different functional and stylistic coloring. So, the words mistake, miscalculation, oversight, error are stylistically neutral, commonly used; a hole, an overlay - colloquial; slip - colloquial; blooper - professional slang. The use of one of the synonyms without taking into account its stylistic coloring can lead to a speech error.

Example: Having made a mistake, the director of the plant immediately began to correct it.

When using synonyms, the ability of each of them to be more or less selectively combined with other words is often not taken into account.

Differing in shades of lexical meaning, synonyms can express a different degree of manifestation of a sign, action. But, even denoting the same thing, interchangeable in some cases, in others, synonyms cannot be replaced - this leads to a speech error.

Example: Yesterday I was sad. A synonym for sad is quite suitable here: Yesterday I was sad. But in two-part sentences, these synonyms are interchanged. Sadly, I look at our generation ...

4. The use of homonyms.

Due to the context, homonyms are usually understood correctly. But still, in certain speech situations, homonyms cannot be understood unambiguously.

Example: The crew is in excellent condition. Is the crew a wagon or a team? The word crew itself is used correctly. But to reveal the meaning of this word, it is necessary to expand the context.

Very often, ambiguity leads to the use in speech (especially oral) of homophones (sounding the same, but spelled differently) and homoforms (words that match in sound and spelling in separate forms). So, when choosing words for a phrase, we must also pay attention to the context, which in some speech situations is designed to reveal the meaning of the words.

5. The use of polysemantic words.

When including polysemantic words in our speech, we must be very careful, we must monitor whether it is clear exactly the meaning that we wanted to reveal in this speech situation. When using polysemantic words (as well as when using homonyms), context is very important. It is thanks to the context that one or another meaning of the word is clear. And if the context meets its requirements (a segment of speech that is semantically complete, allowing you to establish the meanings of the words or phrases included in it), then each word in the sentence is understandable. But it happens otherwise.

Example: He's already cracked up. It is not clear: or he began to sing, got carried away; or, after singing for a while, he began to sing freely, easily.

6. Verbosity.

There are the following types of verbosity:

6.1. Pleonasm (from the Greek pleonasmos - excess, excess) - the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore logically redundant.

Example: All guests received souvenirs. A souvenir is a keepsake, so memorable in this sentence is an extra word. A variety of pleonasms are expressions such as very huge, very tiny, very beautiful, etc. Adjectives denoting a feature in its extremely strong or extremely weak manifestation do not need to specify the degree of the feature.

6.2. Use of extra words. Superfluous, not because the lexical meaning inherent in them is expressed in other words, but because they are simply not needed in this text.

Example: Then the Druzhba bookstore will take care of that on April 11 so that you can smile.

6.3. Tautology (from the Greek. tauto - the same logos - word) - the repetition of single-root words or identical morphemes. Not only students' writings, but also newspapers and magazines are full of tautological errors.

Example: Business leaders are in a businesslike mood.

6.4. Splitting the predicate. This is a replacement of the verbal predicate with a synonymous verb-nominal combination: fight - fight, clean up - clean up.

Example: The students decided to clean up the school yard. Perhaps, in an official business style, such expressions are appropriate, but in a speech situation it is better: The students decided to clean up the school yard.

Example: In small cheap cafes, you know, where people from their neighborhood go, there are usually no empty seats.

7. Lexical incompleteness of the statement.

This error is the opposite of verbosity. The incompleteness of the statement consists in the omission of the necessary word in the sentence.

Example: The advantage of Kuprin is that there is nothing superfluous. Kuprin may not have anything superfluous, but this sentence lacks (and not even one) word. Or: "... do not allow on the pages of the press and television statements that can incite ethnic hatred." So it turns out - "page of television".

When choosing a word, it is necessary to take into account not only its semantics, lexical, stylistic and logical compatibility, but also the scope of distribution. The use of words that have a limited scope (lexical neoplasms, obsolete words, words of foreign origin, professionalism, jargon, dialectisms) should always be motivated by the conditions of the context.

8. New words.

Unsuccessfully formed neologisms are speech errors. Example: And last year, 23 thousand rubles were spent on patching after the spring thaw. And only the context helps to understand: “patching” is the repair of pits.

9. Obsolete words.

Archaisms - words that name existing realities, but for some reason forced out of active use by synonymous lexical units - must correspond to the style of the text, otherwise they are completely inappropriate.

Example: Now the university had an open day. Here the obsolete word now (today, now, at the present time) is completely inappropriate.

Among the words that have fallen out of active use, historicisms also stand out. Historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the concepts they denoted: armyak, camisole, bursa, oprichnik, etc. Errors in the use of historicisms are often associated with ignorance of their lexical meaning.

Example: The peasants can not stand their hard life and go to the chief governor of the city. The governor is the head of some area (for example, a province in tsarist Russia, a state in the USA). Therefore, the chief governor is an absurdity, besides, there could be only one governor in the province, and his assistant was called the vice-governor.

10. Words of foreign origin.

Now many people are addicted to foreign words, sometimes not even knowing their exact meaning. Sometimes the context does not accept a foreign word.

Example: The work of the conference is limited due to the lack of leading experts. Limit - to set a limit on something, to limit. The foreign word limit in this sentence should be replaced by the words: goes slower, paused, etc.

11. Dialectisms.

Dialectisms are words or set combinations that are not included in the lexical system of the literary language and belong to one or more dialects of the Russian national language. Dialectisms are justified in artistic or journalistic speech to create the speech characteristics of the characters. The unmotivated use of dialectisms indicates a lack of knowledge of the norms of the literary language.

Example: A shaberka came to me and sat the whole evening. Shaberka is a neighbor. The use of dialectism in this sentence is not justified either by the style of the text or by the purpose of the utterance.

12. Colloquial and colloquial words.

Spoken words are included in the lexical system of the literary language, but are used mainly in oral speech, mainly in the sphere of everyday communication. Vernacular is a word, grammatical form or turn of predominantly oral speech, used in the literary language, usually for the purpose of a reduced, rough characterization of the subject of speech, as well as simple, relaxed speech containing such words, forms and turns. Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary, in contrast to dialect (regional), is used in the speech of the whole people.

Example: I have a very thin coat. Thin (colloquial) - full of holes, spoiled (thin boot). Errors occur when the use of colloquial and colloquial words is not motivated by the context.

13. Professional jargon.

Professionalisms act as colloquial equivalents of terms accepted in a certain professional group: a typo - a blunder in the speech of journalists; steering wheel - in the speech of drivers, the steering wheel.

But the unmotivated transfer of professionalism into general literary speech is undesirable. Such professionalisms as sewing, tailoring, hearing and others spoil literary speech.

In terms of the limited use and the nature of expression (joking, reduced, etc.), professionalisms are similar to jargons and are an integral part of jargons - peculiar social dialects characteristic of professional or age groups of people (slangs of athletes, sailors, hunters, students, schoolchildren). Jargon is everyday vocabulary and phraseology, endowed with reduced expression and characterized by socially limited use.

Example: I wanted to invite guests to the holiday, but the hut does not allow it. Hibara - home.

14. Phraseologisms.

It must be remembered that phraseological units always have a figurative meaning. Decorating our speech, making it more lively, figurative, bright, beautiful, phraseological units give us a lot of trouble - if they are used incorrectly, speech errors appear.

14.1. Mistakes in mastering the meaning of phraseological units.

1. There is a danger of a literal understanding of phraseological units, which can be perceived as free combinations of words.
2. Errors may be associated with a change in the meaning of a phraseological unit.

Example: Khlestakov throws pearls all the time in front of pigs, and everyone believes him. Here, the phraseological unit throwing pearls in front of pigs, which means “it’s in vain to talk about something or prove something to someone who is not able to understand it,” is used incorrectly - in the meaning of “invent, weave fables.”

14.2. Mistakes in mastering the form of phraseological unit.

• Grammatical modification of a phraseological unit.

Example: I'm used to giving myself full reports. Here the form of the number has been changed. There is a phraseological unit to give an account.

Example: He always sits with his arms folded. Phraseologisms such as folded arms, headlong, headlong retain in their composition the old form of the perfect participle with the suffix -а (-я).

In some phraseological units, short forms of adjectives are used, replacing them with full forms is erroneous.

• Lexical modification of a phraseological unit.

Example: It's time for you to take control of your mind. Most phraseological units are impenetrable: it is impossible to introduce an additional unit into the phraseological unit.

Example: Well, at least hit the wall! The omission of a phraseological unit component is also a speech error.

Example: Everything returns to its own spiral! .. There is a phraseological unit in full circle. Word substitution is not allowed.

14.3. Changing the lexical compatibility of a phraseological unit.

Example: These and other questions play an important role in the development of this still young science. There was a mixture of two stable revolutions: plays a role and matters. You could say that questions matter a lot... or questions matter a lot.

15. Cliches and stamps.

Chancery - words and expressions, the use of which is assigned to the official business style, but in other styles of speech they are inappropriate, they are clichés.

Example: There is a lack of spare parts.

Stamps are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. Stamps are words, phrases and even whole sentences that appear as new, stylistically expressive speech means, but as a result of too frequent use they lose their original imagery.

A variety of stamps are universal words. These are words that are used in the most general and vague meanings: question, task, raise, provide, etc. Usually, universal words are accompanied by stencil appendages: work is everyday, level is high, support is hot. There are numerous journalistic cliches (field workers, a city on the Volga), literary criticism (an exciting image, angry protest).

Cliches - speech stereotypes, ready-made turns used as a standard that is easily reproduced in certain conditions and contexts - are constructive units of speech and, despite frequent use, retain their semantics. Cliches are used in official business documents (summit); in the scientific literature (to be proved); in journalism (our own correspondent reports from); in different situations of colloquial everyday speech (Hello! Goodbye! Who is the last one?).

Grammar Nazi is your middle name? On the one hand, it is very unethical to play a know-it-all both in person and in online correspondence on social networks. But on the other hand, this is ignorance - to be illiterate and not know your native Russian language. Everyone has a girlfriend or boyfriend who regularly says “call”. How it cuts the ear, and with undisguised irritation you slap her for it. But what if you try in a joking manner to say “call” in response? It will be much more effective, and at one point you will hear the long-awaited correct accent!

Examples of speech errors in Russian

People communicate through speech, it is a kind of communication channel. And, as you know, if the signal is broken, the connection can break. Therefore, in order for human bonds to remain inseparable, speech must be correct. Which typical mistakes are made in the pronunciation of a proper name?

Ukraine or Ukraine?

All derived country names must be pronounced with an accent on the consonant: Ukraine, resident - Ukrainian, language - Ukrainian. It is a mistake to emphasize the letter A.

Marilyn Monroe reading

Decline Maria Tsigal by cases

Who what?
- Maria Tsigal.
- Who, what?
- Maria Tsigal.
- To whom; to what?
- Maria Tsigal, etc.
Women's surnames that end in a soft sign do not decline.

In Ivanovo or in Ivanovo?

How often do we hear: “We live in Ivanovo” or “We live in Ivanovo”. Right - live in Ivanovo, live in Ivanovo.
Below are examples of typical speech errors in Russian and the peculiarities of the use of these words.

Inside? INSIDE!

When dressing, we tuck the blouse INSIDE the skirt. Opening the envelope, we look INSIDE. No prefixes "in" must not be.

Dress up? WEAR!

This case is perhaps the most common misuse of the word in speech. There is a simple rule by which it is easy to remember the correct use of these words depending on the context. WEAR a hat - WEAR a daughter. When it comes to yourself, in this case, put on, someone else - put on.

Marilyn Monroe carefully reads a book

Finish school, university? FINISH!

The school asked me to do my own project. And here's the thing BEHIND over. You tidied up the house - Finished. As you understand, they finish the job, and the educational institution (university, school, auto courses) ABOUT finish.

Boiling white? BLUE WHITE!

You cook pasta or meat, and snow-white foam always forms on the surface - boil, as our ancestors called it once in ancient times.

Therefore, white wardrobe items are boiling white - and no others!

Colleagues? Just COLLEAGUES!

The word “colleague” already by default has the following meaning: “a person who works with me, or who has a similar profession”, so explain that “Vasya is my work colleague” is a redundant expression.

Creams, sweaters, jumpers? CREAMS, SWEATERS, JUMPERS!

We hear the ending “a” in these words regularly, it brings a certain “simplicity” into colloquial speech. It is much more “poetic” and more correct to use the “s” at the end: today we went shopping and bought warm jumpers, and then went to the cosmetics department and bought nourishing creams.

Eat? EAT!

When pronouncing the phrase “I ate”, remember that it sounds like it comes from the mouth of a mannered coquette. The word "is" is universal. It is worth distinguishing the boundaries of the possible-impossible. Asking a child if he ate is quite ethical.. However, an adult man who answered about himself: “I ate” is bad manners.

Lie down? LAY!

This is one of the most common mistakes in speech. Remember the rule: the word "lie" does not exist, it is used only with prefixes: Put on the table, Put in a pile, etc. The famous phrase from the movies: “put the phone down” is also not the norm. Just "put it down."

Surely, in half? HARDLY, IN HALF!

Remember the popular in the 90s group "Na-na"? So: in the case of these words, no “na-na” is needed: IT IS UNLIKELY today we will go somewhere, we will divide the fruit in HALF.

Marilyn Monroe reading a book in bed

Upon arrival, upon arrival, upon completion? ON ARRIVAL, ON ARRIVAL, ON END!

The correct use of these words primarily rests on your visual memory, frequent reading and interest in dictionaries, since there are no test rules for them. It remains only to remember well, to memorize.

sheet? SHEET!

How easy it is to make a mistake with the end of the words "nya, nya." get out colloquial "sheet" from our vocabulary! To do this, you have to remember your childhood and Chukovsky's famous poem "Moydodyr":

“The blanket ran away, the sheet flew away, and the pillow, like a frog, jumped away from me ...”

Vacuuming? Vacuuming? I CLEAN WITH A VACUUM CLEANER!

The struggle for cleanliness in the house often ends in a struggle for correct speech! You are putting things in order, but suddenly a friend called and asks what you do. You answer: "I vacuum ... I vacuum ... I suck dust" ... That's right - "I clean with a vacuum cleaner"!

According to the order, orders? According to the ORDER, ORDER!

The preposition "according to" is always followed by a noun in the genitive case, that is, answering the question “what”: “according to what? Order." The bonus for the month was issued according to the order of the director of the enterprise.

Wash? WASH!

Using the words to wash, rinse, remove the additional ending “sya”, you seem to attribute the action to yourself, that is, you are going to rinse, wash and scrub yourself from dirt.

Shoes? SHOE!

It is impossible not to recall the famous phrase from the film "Prisoner of the Caucasus", which has become almost winged: "Whose shoe." The word "shoes" is unchanged. Correct usage: tried on a pair of shoes today which I really liked.

Tea, sugar or TEA, SUGAR?

Experts of the reference service of the Russian language "Gramoty.ru" answer: both options are acceptable. And they add: if earlier forms on -u, -u (drink tea, eat soup, add sugar) were preferable, now they have acquired a colloquial connotation and are gradually losing their popularity to forms on -a, -i (pour tea, put sugar) .

Marilyn Monroe reading a book while lying on the couch

Expresso? ESPRESSO!

How about going for a cup of your favorite espresso? If you're hearing this, you're practically offended to the core! This is the most common misuse of the word in speech. The reason for the confusion is the mixing of two words from Italian and English, which have a similar sound and the same meaning: espresso - fast in Italian, express - "quick, urgent, emergency" in English. We will travel by express train from Moscow to St. Petersburg, enjoying a cup of our favorite espresso while sitting in the dining car.

What are found:

1. Pronunciators: carves (wrong) - pays (true), of course (wrong) - of course (true).
2. Lexical: Indian - turkey.
3. Phraseological: the combination of two stable phrases ("slips and folded") - "You can't do it with folded sleeves."
4. Morphological: towels, pianos, cheaper, etc.
5. Syntactic: there are many books on the table (incorrect agreement).
6. Spelling: tubaret, vogzal, here, etc. (found in written speech).

Funny misspelled words

Often we make funny mistakes in words and do not even notice it. Sometimes this happens by accident (proverb), but more often than not, the person doesn't really know how to pronounce the word correctly. Evoshny, evonny, theirs - it's so rustic. These are incorrect derivatives of the words "his" and "them". "It would be funny if it wasn't so sad." The most common mistakes in Russian are often made automatically. We heard this word somewhere, remembering it on a subconscious level. Therefore, if you do not want to accidentally embarrass yourself at some kind of performance at work, in public, carefully “filter the market”.

"Etovat" - what kind of animal is this?

Few people know such a word as this. And it turns out it exists. Its meaning can be compared with the English Do, denoting an action, but indefinite. This is a universal verb that can be replaced by another depending on the context.
- "What did you do today?"
“Yes, it’s been all day!”
or
“Stop it here for me!”
Here it is, a diverse Russian language, different in it and the features of the use of words in speech. Some words that are not currently used are often mistaken for speech errors by those who do not know their meaning. For example: lamb - lamb, hail - city, blueberry - nun and etc.

Crib! You can check the word you are interested in - its pronunciation, stress, spelling, features of meaning and use - using the Gramota.ru, Gramma.ru, Yandex dictionaries portals. The Orfogrammka.ru website allows you to get rid of errors in whole sentences and paragraphs - to put things in order, for example, in the text of a comment, a letter. It is interesting to train literacy by doing online dictations (everyone heard about the Total Dictation project?) and interactive exercises, which are many on Gramota.ru

Examples of sentences with frequent speech errors constantly heard:

1. I don't have bills paid.
2. You have to put things like this.
3. Will you call me?

Even in the media, this is often allowed: “Thanks to the earthquake, thousands of residents died.”

Conclusion

Speaking your native language correctly is not only the duty of a citizen of the country, but also his respectful attitude towards other members of society. That is why it is so important to instill in a child a love of learning a language from childhood. Incorrect tongue-tied speech leads to misunderstanding in communication between people.

The word is an important element of our daily life and, in particular, speech. This unit can rightfully be called extremely diverse and voluminous. With its help, we not only give names to phenomena and objects, but also convey our thoughts and feelings. By remembering the main ones, you can avoid them in the future and make your communication style cleaner.

When we decide what word to say, there are several aspects to consider. These, first of all, include stylistic coloring, appropriateness of use and the level of compatibility with other components of the sentence. If you break even one of these rules, the likelihood of saying something wrong will increase significantly.

Watching the value

Examples of speech errors are often associated with the fact that the speaker does not understand the meaning of the word and uses it in a situation that is not suitable for this. So, in the phrase "the fire grew stronger and stronger," the verb was used incorrectly. It has two meanings.

The first of them is “get hot, warm up to a high temperature”, and the second is “excited”. In this situation, it would be much more logical to use the word "flare up." It just conveys the meaning that the author was trying to put into the phrase.

irrelevance

Often, speakers use significant and functional words without taking into account their semantics. Often there are such in the media. Examples of them can be from the category "thanks to the tornado, several thousand people died." The preposition with which this phrase begins should be used only in those situations when we want to say what caused the desired, and not destructive, result.

The nature of this error is hidden in the semantic abstraction of the word from the verb, which gave impetus to its appearance. In the above case, instead of "thanks to" you need to say "due to", "because of" or "as a result".

In any field of activity, speech errors are inevitable. Examples from life are often associated with the choice of words-concepts that have different bases for division. That is, we are talking about a combination of concrete and abstract vocabulary in one context. So, often there are phrases in the style of "we will provide a complete cure for drug addicts and other diseases." If we are talking about an illness, we need to use its name, and not talk about the people who suffer from it. In this situation, it would be correct to use the word "addiction".

Speech lies in wait for us at every step, and their examples can become so rooted in our lives that we may not even notice that we are speaking incorrectly. Such cases include the incorrect use of paronyms. Many people are confused about the concepts of "addressee" (the one to whom we write a letter) and "addresser" (sender, author). To avoid embarrassment, you just need to remember the meaning of such problematic words.

incongruous

Another eternal problem of many people is that they do not follow the phrases they pronounce. After all, when we choose a suitable word, it is necessary to monitor not only its literary meaning. Not all designs can be harmoniously combined with each other. To maintain speech balance, it is necessary to take into account semantics, style, grammatical features of words, and more.

You can find a variety of sentences with speech errors. Examples might be something like, "A good father should set an example for his children." In this case, the word "example" should be used.

Synonyms, homonyms, paronyms

Speech errors on television are often associated with the misuse of synonyms. Examples are often associated with the wrong choice of the emotional coloring of the word and the scope of its use: "The CEO made a mistake and immediately set about correcting it." The neutral word "mistake" would be much better for this situation, instead of the chosen jargon.

Homonyms are also often the cause of incorrect statements. If you do not take them out of context, the meaning of such words will be quite clear. But there are cases when they are used in a situation that is absolutely not suitable for this. Having heard the sentence “Now the crew is in excellent condition”, we will not be able to understand who or what it is about: the team or the wagon. In this situation, additional context is indispensable.

Types of speech errors (we will deal with examples a little later) are often associated with the fact that speakers incorrectly use ambiguous words. To avoid such oversights, it is necessary to monitor how appropriate a certain word is for a particular situation.

Context plays a big role in this. It is with its help that you can understand the meaning of many words. An example is "she was so sung." Without additional explanation, it is difficult to understand whether the heroine was carried away by the action performed or simply gained momentum.

Too much or too little

Examples of speech errors are also often associated with lexical incompleteness of the statement. This is a gap in the sentence of a word that logically should be there. Such a blunder is present in the proposal "not to publish on the pages of newspapers and television statements that may cause an aggressive reaction." One gets the impression that the author says "on the pages of television."

New and old

Many types of speech errors with examples are associated with the use of inappropriate new ones and often the authors unsuccessfully fit them into the context or come up with their own, inappropriate forms. Thus, in the sentence “More than twenty thousand rubles have been allocated this year”, the author’s neologism “patching” means “pit repair”, which cannot be understood without additional context.

Archaisms are words that have gone out of use. You also need to be careful with their use. Some insert them into texts that require the use of neutral vocabulary, not obsolete ones. “Now there is a subbotnik at school” - this is the case when it would be better to say “now” in order to make the text more logical in style.

foreign words

Examples of speech errors also often appear due to the incorrect use of words that came to our country from abroad. Many people manage to throw beautiful phrases of this origin without even fully understanding their meaning and sematic nuances.

"My buying plan is limited because I don't make enough money." This is the case when it was necessary to use a simpler wording like the phrase "runs slower."

Problems with vocabulary

Speech errors in literature, examples of which can be found in many books, are often associated with the wrong choice of vocabulary. These may be dialectisms, vernacular, jargon and phraseological units that are not quite suitable for a particular text. When choosing words from these groups, it is necessary to monitor how harmoniously they fit into the general context. You also need to adhere to one specific style of presentation in the narrative. If we want to say “I met a neighbor at the entrance”, you don’t need to call her “scrapper” (dialectical).

In the sentence “I bought a thin TV”, it is better to use the neutral word “thin” or “bad” instead of colloquial speech, depending on what meaning you put into the text. Otherwise, the addressee of your speech may misunderstand what exactly you are saying.

The professional jargon “steering wheel” is appropriate in the dialogue of drivers, but not in any way in the description of the interior of a new car model by the seller: “The seats and steering wheel are upholstered in genuine leather.” Phraseologisms also cause a lot of difficulties in their correct use: "This person constantly casts pearls in front of pigs." This expression means "to invent, to lie", but without additional context it can be interpreted literally.

Instruction

Watch for the absence of pleonasms in speech - superfluous words. For example, you should not use expressions: the main essence, the price list, future prospects, time period, eventually getting to know each other for the first time, etc.

Please note that the replacement of one of the constituent words in stable ones also becomes one of the most common speech mistakes. Do not say "in the spotlight" instead of "in the spotlight" or "in the field of view", "play a value" instead of "play a role" or "make a difference", etc.

Make sure that the subject is not covered by a direct object, otherwise the meaning of the sentence may become ambiguous. For example, the phrase "Wide loggias frame tinted glass screens" will sound better if the subject is also interchanged: "Tinted glass screens frame wide loggias."

Sometimes the wrong word can completely change the meaning of a sentence, so if you are writing text, be sure to read it after a while, this will allow you to avoid phrases like: "The store received cribs for babies of various colors" and "We made an inspection of the scene where the accident was committed with the participation of witnesses.

Make sure that your sentences are always logically complete, they should be traced to the main idea. An example of an unsuccessful proposal is: "The production of metals requires a large increase in the supply of scrap metal, since about half of all steel is smelted from scrap metal." To emphasize the need to increase the collection of scrap metal, rewrite the phrase as follows: "Increasing the collection of scrap metal is very important for steel production, since half of all ferrous metals are smelted from scrap."

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Helpful advice

If you find it difficult to take care of yourself, and you can not always identify mistakes in your speech, ask someone you know to correct you.

“A forest of hands rose during the voting. After the announcement of the results, everyone applauded enthusiastically and selflessly. Their hearts beat in unison,” this short text is filled with speech stamps, and it is very unpleasant to read.

hackneyed words

Speech stamps are words and expressions that give off unpleasant pathos, loud phrases, behind which there is nothing. Over the years, a fairly large number of people have developed certain stereotypes of thinking. Often they slip into a person's speech. She becomes dull, dull and unemotional.

For a phrase to become a cliche, it must be used very often in the lexicon of every member of society. Sometimes even a characteristic that reflects the absolute uniqueness of something can eventually turn into a speech stamp. This happened with one of the names of oil (“black gold”). However, such constructions greatly simplify life, allowing you not to think for a long time when talking.

Speech stamps deprive the thought of concreteness (for example, the annual meeting was held at the highest level). It is easier to say this than to provide a long report, answering numerous questions. A person who often uses clichés in speech becomes unpleasant for others. It seems to them too superficial. In most cases, it is.

Chancellery

There are words that are appropriate only in a certain style of speech. These include stationery used in the official business style. It is characterized by the absence of emotions and a very clear presentation of thoughts. Everything should be as concise and to the point as possible. Is this approach suitable for artistic or conversational style?

Of course not. In this case, clericalism will turn into a speech stamp, which will make speech heavier and impoverish. For example, you will say: "There is a lack of spare parts for the car." If you use this in your speech when talking to someone, do not be surprised that they will look at you askance. Isn't it easier to say that there are no spare parts for the car?

Locales

Language standards are a kind of speech stamps of a journalistic style. However, in this case they are appropriate, since they most accurately describe the object and its properties. For example, "humanitarian aid", "power structures", etc. In society, such phrases are not perceived as ordinary speech stamps.

Cliche

Cliches are clichés, but like language standards, they are appropriate in certain situations. "Hello" and "Goodbye" refer to these constructions. Despite the frequent repetition, they do not lose their emotional coloring. Sometimes clichés are used in scientific literature or in official writing.