nature management- this is the activity of human society, aimed at using.

Allocate rational and irrational nature management.

Irrational nature management

Irrational nature management - it is a system of nature management in which readily available natural resources are used in large quantities and not completely, which leads to the rapid depletion of resources. In this case, a large amount of waste is produced and the environment is heavily polluted.

Irrational environmental management is typical for an economy that develops through new construction, the development of new lands, the use of natural resources, and an increase in the number of employees. Such an economy at first brings good results with a relatively low scientific and technical level of production, but quickly leads to a decrease in natural and labor resources.

Rational nature management

- this is a system of nature management, in which extracted natural resources are used to a full extent, restoration of renewable natural resources is ensured, production wastes are fully and repeatedly used (i.e. waste-free production is organized), which can significantly reduce environmental pollution.

Rational nature management is characteristic of an intensive economy, which develops on the basis of scientific and technological progress and good organization of labor with high labor productivity. An example of rational nature management there can be waste-free production, in which waste is fully used, as a result of which the consumption of raw materials is reduced and environmental pollution is minimized.

One of the types of non-waste production is the multiple use of water taken from rivers, lakes, boreholes, etc. in the technological process. The used water is purified and re-used in the production process.

The system of measures aimed at maintaining the interaction between human activity and the natural environment is called nature conservation. Environmental protection is a complex of various measures aimed at ensuring the functioning of natural systems. Rational nature management implies ensuring the economical exploitation of natural resources and the conditions for the existence of mankind.

The system of specially protected natural areas includes nature reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments. The tool for monitoring the state of the biosphere is environmental monitoring, a system of continuous observations of the state of the natural environment in connection with human economic activity.

Nature protection and rational use of natural resources

In the process of the formation of the science of ecology, there was a confusion of concepts about what determines the essence of this science in general and the structure of the ecological cycle of sciences in particular. Ecology began to be interpreted as the science of the protection and rational use of nature. Automatically, everything related to the natural environment began to be called ecology, including the protection of nature and the protection of the human environment.

At the same time, the last two concepts were artificially mixed and are currently considered in combination. Based on the ultimate goals, nature conservation and environmental protection are close to each other, but still not identical.

Protection of Nature is aimed primarily at maintaining a rational interaction between human activities and the environment in order to preserve and restore natural resources and prevent the harmful effects of the results of economic activities on nature and human health.

environmental protection focuses primarily on the needs of the individual. This is a complex of various measures (administrative, economic, technological, legal, public, etc.) aimed at ensuring the functioning of natural systems necessary to preserve human health and well-being.

Nature management is aimed at meeting human needs through the rational use of natural resources and natural conditions.

nature management is the totality of human impacts on the geographic envelope of the Earth, considered in a complex, the totality of all forms of exploitation of natural resources. The tasks of nature management are reduced to the development of general principles for the implementation of any human activity associated either with the direct use of nature and its resources, or with impacts on it.

Principles of rational nature management

The practical application of environmental knowledge can be seen primarily in the solution of environmental issues. Only ecology as a science is able to create a scientific basis for the exploitation of natural resources. The attention of ecology is directed primarily to the laws underlying natural processes.

Rational nature management involves ensuring the economical exploitation of natural resources and conditions, taking into account the interests of future generations of people. It is aimed at ensuring the conditions for the existence of mankind and obtaining material benefits, at the maximum use of each natural territorial complex, at preventing or significantly reducing the possible harmful consequences of production processes or other types of human activity, at maintaining and increasing the productivity of nature, maintaining its aesthetic function, ensuring and regulation of the economical development of its resources, taking into account the preservation of people's health.

As opposed to rational irrational nature management affects the quality reduction, waste and exhaustion of natural resources, undermining the restorative forces of nature, environmental pollution, reducing its health and aesthetic merits. It leads to the deterioration of the natural environment and does not ensure the conservation of the natural resource potential.

Nature management includes:

• extraction and processing of natural resources, their protection, renewal or reproduction;
• use and protection of the natural conditions of the human environment;
• preservation, restoration and rational change of the ecological balance of natural systems;
• regulation of human reproduction and the number of people.

The protection of nature, the rational use and reproduction of natural resources is a universal task, in the solution of which everyone living on the planet should participate.

Conservation activities are focused mainly on the preservation of the diversity of life forms on Earth. The totality of species of living organisms on our planet creates a special fund of life, which is called gene pool. This concept is wider than just the totality of living beings. It includes not only manifested, but also potential hereditary inclinations of each species. We still do not know everything about the prospects for using one or another type. The existence of some organism, which now seems unnecessary, in the future may turn out to be not only useful, but, perhaps, saving for humanity.

The main task of nature conservation is not to protect a certain number of plant or animal species from the threat of extinction, but to combine a high level of productivity with the preservation of a wide network of centers of genetic diversity in the biosphere. The biological diversity of fauna and flora ensures the normal circulation of substances, the sustainable functioning of ecosystems. If humanity can solve this important environmental problem, in the future we can count on the production of new food products, medicines, and raw materials for industry.

The problem of preserving the biological diversity of living organisms on the planet is currently the most acute and significant for mankind. How this problem will be solved depends on the possibility of preserving life on Earth and humanity itself as part of the biosphere.

The Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" states that "... reproduction and rational use of natural resources... necessary conditions for ensuring a favorable environment and environmental safety..."

Nature management (use of natural resources) is the totality of all forms of human impact on nature and its resources. The main forms of influence are: exploration and withdrawal (development) of natural resources, their involvement in economic circulation (transportation, sale, processing, etc.), as well as the protection of natural resources. In possible cases - renewal (reproduction).

According to environmental consequences, nature management is divided into rational and irrational. Rational nature management is a consciously regulated, purposeful activity carried out taking into account the laws of nature and providing:

The need of society for natural resources while maintaining a balance between economic development and the sustainability of the natural environment;

Environmentally friendly natural environment for human health and life;

Preservation of natural resources in the interests of present and future generations of people.

With rational environmental management, a mode of economical and efficient exploitation of natural resources is ensured with the maximum extraction of useful products from them. Rational nature management does not lead to drastic changes in the natural resource potential and does not cause profound changes in the natural environment. At the same time, the norms of admissibility of impact on nature are observed, based on the requirements of its protection and causing the least harm to it.

A prerequisite is the legislative provision of nature management at the state level, regulation, implementation of measures aimed at solving environmental problems and monitoring the state of the natural environment.

Irrational nature management is an activity associated with a high intensity of the use of natural resources, which does not ensure the preservation of the natural resource complex, which violates the laws of nature. As a result of such activities, the quality of the natural environment deteriorates, it is degraded, natural resources are depleted, the natural basis of human life is undermined, and their health is harmed. Such nature management violates environmental safety, can lead to environmental crises and even disasters.

An ecological crisis is a critical state of the environment that threatens human existence.

Ecological catastrophe - changes in the natural environment, often caused by the impact of human economic activity, a man-made accident or a natural disaster, which led to adverse changes in the natural environment and are accompanied by mass death of people or damage to the health of the population of the region, the death of living organisms, vegetation, large losses of material values ​​and natural resources.

Reasons for irrational use of natural resources include:

An unbalanced and unsafe system of nature management that spontaneously developed in the last century;

The idea among the population that many natural resources are given to a person for nothing (he cut down a tree to build a house, took water from a well, picked berries in the forest); the entrenched concept of a “free” resource that does not stimulate thrift, encourages wastefulness;

Social conditions that caused a sharp increase in population, the growth of productive forces on the planet and, accordingly, the impact of human society on nature and its resources (life expectancy has increased, mortality has decreased, the production of food, consumer goods, housing, and other benefits has increased).

Changed social conditions have caused a high rate of depletion of natural resources. In industrialized countries, the capacity of modern industry is now doubling about every 15 years, constantly causing degradation of the natural environment.

After humanity realized what was happening and began to compare economic benefits with the opportunities and environmental losses of nature, the quality of the environment began to be considered as an economic category (goods). The consumer of this product is primarily the population living in a certain territory, and then industry, construction, transport and other sectors of the economy.

Many advanced countries, starting with Japan, embarked on the path of resource conservation in the middle of the 20th century, while the economy of our country continued its extensive (costly) development, in which the growth in production volumes increased mainly due to the involvement of new natural resources in the economic circulation. And at present, an unreasonably large amount of use of natural resources remains.

The extraction of natural resources is constantly growing. For example, water consumption in Russia (for the needs of the population, industry, agriculture) has increased 7 times over 100 years. The consumption of energy resources has increased many times over.

Another problem is the fact that only about 2% of the extracted minerals go into finished products. The rest of the amount is stored in dumps, dispersed during transportation and reloading, lost during inefficient technological processes, replenishes waste. At the same time, pollutants enter the natural environment (soil and vegetation cover, water sources, atmosphere). Large losses of raw materials are also due to the lack of economic interest in the rational and complete extraction of all useful components from it.

Economic activity has destroyed entire populations of animals and plants, many species of insects, has led to a progressive decrease in water resources, to the filling of underground workings with fresh water, due to which aquifers of groundwater that feed rivers and are sources of drinking water supply are dehydrated.

The result of irrational nature management was an intensive decrease in soil fertility. Acid rain - the culprits of soil acidification - are formed when industrial emissions, flue gases and vehicle exhausts are dissolved in atmospheric moisture. From this, the reserves of nutrients in the soil are reduced, which leads to the defeat of soil organisms, a decrease in soil fertility. The main sources and causes of soil pollution with heavy metals (especially dangerous soil pollution with lead and cadmium) are car exhaust gases, emissions from large enterprises.

From the burning of coal, fuel oil, oil shale, soils are polluted with benz (a) pyrene, dioxins, and heavy metals. The sources of soil pollution are urban sewage, industrial and domestic waste dumps, from which rain and melt water carry unpredictable sets of components, including dangerous ones, into soils and groundwater. Harmful substances, getting into the soil, plants, living organisms, can accumulate there to high, life-threatening concentrations. Radioactive contamination of soils is caused by nuclear power plants, uranium and enrichment mines, radioactive waste storage facilities.

When agricultural cultivation of the land is carried out in violation of the scientific foundations of agriculture, soil erosion inevitably occurs - the process of destruction of the upper, most fertile soil layers under the influence of wind or water. Water erosion is the washing away of soil by melt or storm water.

Atmospheric pollution as a result of irrational nature management is a change in its composition when impurities of technogenic (from industrial sources) or natural (from forest fires, volcanic eruptions, etc.) origin enter. Emissions from enterprises (chemicals, dust, gases) spread through the air over considerable distances.

As a result of their deposition, the vegetation cover is damaged, the productivity of agricultural land, livestock and fisheries is reduced, and the chemical composition of surface and ground waters changes. All this has an impact not only on natural systems, but also on the social environment.

Motor transport is the largest air pollutant of all other vehicles. It is the share of road transport that accounts for more than half of all harmful emissions into the atmosphere. It has been established that road transport is also the leader in terms of a set of harmful components in exhaust gases, which contain about 200 different hydrocarbons, as well as other harmful substances, many of which are carcinogens, i.e., substances that promote the development of cancer cells in living organisms.

A pronounced human impact of vehicle emissions is recorded in large cities. In houses located near highways (closer than 10 m from them), residents get cancer 3 ... 4 times more often than in houses located at a distance of 50 m or more from the road.

Water pollution as a result of irrational nature management occurs mainly due to oil spills in tanker accidents, nuclear waste disposal, domestic and industrial sewage discharges. This is a big threat to the natural processes of the water cycle in nature in its most critical link - evaporation from the surface of the ocean.

When oil products enter water bodies with wastewater, they cause profound changes in the composition of aquatic vegetation and wildlife, as their habitat conditions are violated. The surface oil film prevents the penetration of sunlight, which is necessary for the vital activity of vegetation and animal organisms.

A serious problem for humanity is the pollution of fresh water. The water quality of most water bodies does not meet regulatory requirements. About half of the population of Russia is already forced to use water for drinking purposes that does not meet hygienic regulatory requirements.

One of the main properties of fresh water as a component of the environment is its indispensability. The environmental load on the rivers has increased especially sharply due to insufficient quality of wastewater treatment. Oil products remain the most common pollutants for surface waters. The number of rivers with a high level of pollution is constantly growing. The current level of wastewater treatment is such that even in waters that have undergone biological treatment, the content of nitrates and phosphates is sufficient for intensive blooming of reservoirs.

The state of groundwater is assessed as pre-critical and tending to further deterioration. Pollution enters them with runoff from industrial and urban areas, from landfills, from fields treated with chemicals. Of the substances polluting surface and groundwater, in addition to petroleum products, the most common are phenols, heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, mercury), sulfates, chlorides, nitrogen compounds, and lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury are highly toxic metals.

An example of an irrational attitude to the most valuable natural resource - clean drinking water - is the depletion of the natural resources of Lake Baikal. Depletion is associated with the intensity of the development of the lake's wealth, the use of environmentally dirty technologies and outdated equipment at enterprises that dump their sewage (with insufficient cleaning) into the waters of Lake Baikal and the rivers flowing into it.

Further deterioration of the state of the environment poses a serious threat to the population and future generations of Russia. It is possible to restore practically any destruction, but it is impossible to revive the disturbed nature in the foreseeable future even for big money. It will take centuries to stop its further destruction and postpone the approach of an ecological catastrophe in the world.

Residents of industrialized cities have an increased level of morbidity, as they are forced to constantly be in a polluted environment (the concentration of harmful substances in which can exceed the MPC by 10 or more times). To the greatest extent, air pollution is manifested in an increase in respiratory diseases and a decrease in immunity, especially in children, in the growth of oncological diseases in the population. Control samples of food products of agricultural production unacceptably often show non-compliance with state standards.

The deterioration of the quality of the environment in Russia can cost the cause of the violation of the human gene pool. This is manifested in an increase in the number of diseases, including congenital ones, and a decrease in average life expectancy. The negative genetic consequences of environmental pollution on the state of nature can be expressed in the appearance of mutants, previously unknown diseases of animals and plants, a reduction in populations, and the depletion of traditional biological resources.

1. Nature management. Examples of rational and irrational nature management.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the countries of Western Europe.

3. Determining and comparing the average population density of the two countries (at the choice of the teacher) and explaining the reasons for the differences.

1. Nature management. Examples of rational and irrational nature management.

The whole history of human society is the history of its interaction with nature. Man has long been using it for his economic purposes: hunting, gathering, fishing, as a natural resource.

Over the course of several millennia, the nature of human relations with the environment has undergone great changes.

Stages of society's influence on the natural environment:

1) about 30 thousand years ago - gathering, hunting and fishing. Man adapted to nature, and did not change it.

2) 6-8 thousand years ago - the agricultural revolution: the transition of the main part of mankind from hunting and fishing to cultivating the land; there was a slight transformation of natural landscapes.

3) the Middle Ages - an increase in the load on the land, the development of crafts; it took a wider involvement in the economic cycle of natural resources.

4) 300 years ago - the industrial revolution: the rapid transformation of natural landscapes; increasing human impact on the environment.

5) from the middle of the 20th century - the current stage of the scientific and technological revolution: fundamental changes in the technical base of production; there are sharp shifts in the "society - natural environment" system.

At present, the active role of man in the use of nature is reflected in nature management as a special area of ​​economic activity.

Nature management - a set of measures taken by society to study, protect, develop and transform the environment.

Types of nature management:

1) rational;

2) irrational.

Rational environmental management is an attitude towards nature, which means, first of all, concern for maintaining the ecological balance in the environment and completely excludes the perception of nature as an inexhaustible pantry.

This concept implies intensive development of the economy - "in depth", due to more complete processing of raw materials, reuse of production and consumption waste, the use of low-waste technologies, the creation of cultural landscapes, the protection of animal and plant species, the creation of nature reserves, etc.

For your information:

· There are more than 2.5 thousand large nature reserves, reserves, natural and national parks in the world, which together occupy an area of ​​2.7% of the earth's land. The largest national parks in terms of area are located in Greenland, Botswana, Canada, and Alaska.

· In the most developed countries, the use of secondary raw materials in the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, glass, paper, and plastics already reaches 70% or more.

Irrational environmental management is an attitude towards nature, which does not take into account the requirements of environmental protection, its improvement (consumer attitude towards nature).

This approach assumes an extensive way of economic development, i.e. "in breadth", due to the involvement in the economic turnover of more and more geographical areas and natural resources.

Examples of such a relationship:

Deforestation;

The process of desertification due to excessive grazing;

Extermination of some species of plants and animals;

Pollution of water, soil, atmosphere, etc.

For your information:

· It is estimated that one person “has away” about 200 trees in his life: for housing, furniture, toys, notebooks, matches, etc. Only in the form of matches, the inhabitants of our planet annually burn 1.5 million cubic meters of wood.

· For each inhabitant of Moscow, on average, 300-320 kg of garbage per year, in Western Europe - 150-300 kg, in the USA - 500-600 kg. Each city dweller in the USA throws away 80 kg of paper, 250 metal cans, 390 bottles per year.

Currently, most countries are pursuing a policy of rational environmental management; special bodies for environmental protection have been created; environmental programs and laws, various international projects are being developed.

And the most important thing that a person must learn in his interaction with the natural environment is that all the continents of the planet are interconnected, disturbing the balance on one of them, the other also changes. The slogan “Nature is a workshop, and man is a worker in it” has lost its meaning today.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the countries of Western Europe.

Western Europe is more than 20 states distinguished by historical, ethnic, natural, economic, social and cultural originality.

The largest countries in the region: Germany, Italy, France, Spain, Great Britain, Sweden, etc.

Characteristics of the Western Europe region:

1) Economic and geographical position:

a) the region is located on the continent of Eurasia, in the west of Europe;

b) most of the countries have access to the seas, which are the main areas of world shipping (the Atlantic Ocean connects Europe with America, the Mediterranean Sea - Africa and Asia, the Baltic Sea - with the countries of Europe);

c) the region under consideration borders on other economically developed regions, which positively affects the development of its economy;

d) the region is in relative proximity to many developing countries, which means proximity to sources of raw materials and cheap labor.

2) Natural conditions and resources:

Relief: a combination of flat and mountainous terrain;

· Mineral resources: distributed unevenly, some of the deposits are depleted.

Industrial stocks: oil and gas (France, the Netherlands); coal (the Ruhr basin in Germany, the Welsh and Newcastle in Great Britain, etc.); iron ore (Great Britain, Sweden); non-ferrous metal ores (Germany, Spain, Italy); potassium salts (Germany, France). In general, the provision of this region is worse than that of North America and other regions.

soils: very fertile (brown forest, brown, gray-brown);

· land resources: most of the land is occupied by arable land and pastures.

climate: the predominance of a temperate climatic zone, in the south - subtropical, in the north - subarctic; summer temperatures (8-24 degrees above zero) and winter (from minus 8 to plus 8 degrees); rainfall varies from 250 to 2000 mm per year;

agro-climatic resources: favorable for growing crops such as rye, wheat, flax, potatoes, corn, sunflower, sugar beets, grapes, citrus fruits (in the south), etc. As a result, we can say that the region is well provided with heat and moisture, except for the southern part.

water: rivers (Rhine, Danube, Seine, Loire, etc.); lakes (Geneva and others); glaciers (in the mountains);

· water resources: the provision of resources for the total river flow per capita is 2.5-50 thousand cubic meters per year, which indicates a good, but uneven supply.

· forests: mixed, broad-leaved and coniferous;

· forest resources: forests occupy 30% of the territory, most of them are cut down; the largest reserves are in Sweden and Finland.

· resources of the World Ocean: oil and gas are produced in the area of ​​the North Sea and the shelf zone of the Bay of Biscay; most of the seas have significant fish resources.

· non-traditional energy resources: geothermal sources in Iceland and Italy; promising use of wind energy in France and Denmark.

Recreational resources:

· Western Europe is the center of world tourism, 65% of the world's tourists are in France, Spain, Italy, etc.

3) Population:

a) number - over 300 million people;

b) population density - from 10 to 200 people/square km;

c) II type of reproduction; fertility, mortality and natural increase are low;

d) the predominance of the female population;

e) population aging;

f) Indo-European language family:

Language groups and peoples: Germanic (Germans, English), Romance (French, Italians);

· interethnic problems in the countries: Spain (Basques), France (Corsicans), Great Britain (northern part of Ireland);

Religions: Protestantism, Catholicism;

g) the level of urbanization is about 80%; largest cities: Rotterdam, Paris, Rome, Madrid, etc.

h) the region of Western Europe is a global hotbed of labor migration (labor entry);

i) labor resources: (highly qualified)

40-60% are employed in services and trade;

30-35% - in industry and construction;

5-10% - in agriculture.

4) Economy:

Western Europe is one of the economic and financial centers of the world; in terms of economic development, the region has recently begun to lag behind the United States and Japan.

Conditions affecting development:

High technological level;

Highly qualified personnel;

Availability of unique natural resources;

Greater flexibility and adaptability of the production structure of small and medium-sized firms to the needs of the world market.

Industries:

a) energy is based on own and imported resources. In the countries of the north and south of Europe, water resources are of great importance. Iceland uses geothermal energy. The region leads the world in the development of nuclear energy.

b) ferrous metallurgy:

Areas of old developments: Ruhr in Germany, Lorraine in France;

Orientation towards the import of yellow ore led to a shift of enterprises to the sea: Taranto in Italy, Bremen in Germany.

c) non-ferrous metallurgy: uses ore concentrates from Africa and Asia (Germany, Belgium).

d) mechanical engineering determines the industrial face of Western Europe. The region produces everything from simple hardware to aircraft. The automotive industry is especially well developed: Volkswagen (Germany), Renault (France), Fiat (Italy), Volvo (Sweden).

e) chemical industry: Germany - production of dyes and plastics, France - synthetic rubber, Belgium - chemical fertilizers and soda, Sweden and Norway - wood chemistry, Switzerland - pharmaceuticals.

Agriculture is characterized by high productivity and diversity. Only tropical agricultural products and feed grains are imported. Animal husbandry predominates (cattle, sheep breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming). Crops used in crop production: wheat, barley, corn, potatoes, sugar beets (France, Germany), grapes, olives, olives (Italy, Spain).

Transport is highly developed. The role of road and sea transport is great (ports: Rotterdam, Marseille, Le Havre, etc.). The share of pipeline and air transport is increasing. A dense transport network has been developed.

5) Internal differences of the region:

Highly developed: Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy;

Medium developed: Sweden, Spain, etc.;

Less developed: Portugal, Greece.

6) External economic relations: the countries are united in the European Union; there is a high level of regional integration within the Common European Economic Space.

3. Determining and comparing the average population density of the two countries (at the choice of the teacher) and explaining the reasons.

Take for example - Algeria and France, and compare their performance.

uneven population density

From 200 to 600 people / square meter (on the coast);

From 1 person/sq.m. and less (the rest);

Factors that influenced this distribution of people across the territory:

1) natural: dry, hot climate, a small amount of water, infertile soils in the predominant territory of Algeria do not contribute to high density in the given continental conditions of the northern part of the African continent; a significant increase in density on the Mediterranean coast (north of the country), is a consequence of a milder climate, large reserves of drinking water, etc.;

2) historical: for a long time most of Algeria has been a nomadic area.

population density is high, its distribution is more uniform than in Algeria:

From 50 to 200 people per square meter (average for the country);

Up to 600 people per square meter or more (in the Paris area);

Factors that influenced this distribution:

1) natural: favorable climate, sufficient rainfall, no sudden temperature changes, as in the deserts of Algeria; fertile soils; abundance of rivers, lakes; access to the seas;

2) historical: the prescription of the development of this territory;

3) economic: industrialized region.

The 3rd question in the ticket is most clearly considered using examples of countries that are quite contrasting in all respects (natural, economic, historical, social, etc.) - such as the countries of Africa, Asia in comparison with the states of Western Europe.

Ticket number 5

nature management

nature management - a set of human impacts on the geographic shell of the Earth, considered in a complex

There are rational and irrational nature management. Rational nature management is aimed at ensuring the conditions for the existence of mankind and obtaining material benefits, at the maximum use of each natural territorial complex, at preventing or minimizing the possible harmful effects of production processes or other types of human activity, at maintaining and increasing the productivity and attractiveness of nature, ensuring and regulating an economical development of its resources. Irrational nature management affects the quality, waste and exhaustion of natural resources, undermining the restorative forces of nature, polluting the environment, reducing its health and aesthetic merits.

The impact of mankind on nature has changed significantly in the process of the historical development of society. In the early stages, society was a passive consumer of natural resources. With the growth of productive forces and the change of socio-economic formations, the influence of society on nature increased. Already under the conditions of the slave-owning system and feudalism, large irrigation systems were built. The capitalist system with its spontaneous economy, the pursuit of profits and private ownership of many sources of natural resources, as a rule, severely limits the possibilities of rational environmental management. The best conditions for rational use of natural resources exist under the socialist system, with its planned economy and concentration of natural resources in the hands of the state. There are numerous examples of the improvement of the natural environment as a result of a comprehensive consideration of the possible consequences of certain transformations of nature (success in irrigation, enrichment of the fauna, the creation of protective forest plantations, etc.).

Nature management, along with physical and economic geography, is closely connected with ecology, sociology, economics, and especially with the technology of various industries.

Rational nature management

Rational nature management is a system of nature management in which:

Extracted natural resources are used quite fully and, accordingly, the amount of consumed resources decreases;

The restoration of renewable natural resources is ensured;

Production waste is fully and repeatedly used.

The system of rational nature management can significantly reduce environmental pollution. Rational nature management is characteristic of an intensive economy, that is, an economy that develops on the basis of scientific and technological progress and better organization of labor with high labor productivity. An example of sustainable environmental management would be waste-free production or a zero-waste production cycle in which waste is fully utilized, resulting in reduced consumption of raw materials and minimizing environmental pollution. Production can use waste from both its own production process and waste from other industries; Thus, several enterprises of the same or different industries can be included in the non-waste cycle. One of the types of non-waste production (the so-called recycling water supply) is the multiple use in the technological process of water taken from rivers, lakes, boreholes, etc.; the used water is purified and re-used in the production process.

The components of rational nature management - protection, development and transformation of nature - are manifested in various forms in relation to various types of natural resources. When using practically inexhaustible resources (energy of solar and underground heat, ebbs and flows, etc.), the rationality of nature management is measured primarily by the lowest operating costs, the highest efficiency of mining industries and installations. For resources that are drawn and at the same time non-renewable (for example, mineral), the complexity and cost-effectiveness of extraction, the reduction of waste, etc. are important. The protection of resources that are renewable in the course of use is aimed at maintaining their productivity and resource turnover, and exploitation should ensure their economical, integrated and waste-free extraction and be accompanied by measures to prevent damage to related types of resources.

Irrational nature management

Irrational nature management is a system of nature management in which the most easily available natural resources are used in large quantities and usually not completely, which leads to rapid depletion of resources. In this case, a large amount of waste is produced and the environment is heavily polluted. Irrational nature management is typical for an extensive economy, that is, for an economy that develops through new construction, the development of new lands, the use of natural resources, and an increase in the number of employees. An extensive economy at first brings good results with a relatively low scientific and technical level of production, but quickly leads to the exhaustion of natural and labor resources. One of the many examples of irrational nature management is slash-and-burn agriculture, which is also widespread in Southeast Asia today. Land burning leads to the destruction of wood, air pollution, poorly controlled fires, etc. Often, irrational nature management is the result of narrow departmental interests and the interests of transnational corporations that have their harmful production facilities in developing countries.

Natural resources

The geographic envelope of the earth has huge and diverse reserves of natural resources. However, the resources are unevenly distributed. As a result, individual countries and regions have different resource availability.

Resource availability is the ratio between the amount of natural resources and the amount of their use. The resource availability is expressed either by the number of years for which these resources should be enough, or by the reserves of resources per capita. The indicator of resource availability is influenced by the wealth or poverty of the territory in natural resources, the scale of extraction and the class of natural resources (exhaustible or inexhaustible resources).

In socio-economic geography, several groups of resources are distinguished: mineral, land, water, forest, resources of the World Ocean, space, climatic and recreational resources.

Almost all mineral resources are classified as non-renewable. Mineral resources include fuel minerals, ore minerals and non-metallic minerals.

Fuel Minerals are of sedimentary origin and usually accompany the cover of ancient platforms and their internal and marginal bends. More than 3.6 thousand coal basins and deposits are known on the globe, which occupy 15% of the earth's land area. Coal basins of the same geological age often form coal accumulation belts stretching for thousands of kilometers.

The bulk of the world's coal resources are in the northern hemisphere - Asia, North America and Europe. The main part lies in the 10 largest basins. These basins are located in the territories of Russia, the USA and Germany.

More than 600 oil and gas basins have been explored, another 450 are being developed, and the total number of oil fields reaches 50 thousand. The main oil and gas basins are concentrated in the northern hemisphere - in Asia, North America and Africa. The richest are the basins of the Persian and Gulf of Mexico and the West Siberian basin.

Ore minerals accompany the foundations of ancient platforms. In such areas, large metallogenic belts (Alpine-Himalayan, Pacific) are formed, which serve as raw material bases for the mining and metallurgical industries and determine the economic specialization of individual regions and even entire countries. The countries located in these belts have favorable prerequisites for the development of the mining industry.

Are widespread non-metallic minerals , whose deposits are found both in platform and folded areas.

For economic development, territorial combinations of minerals are most beneficial, which facilitate the complex processing of raw materials and the formation of large territorial production complexes.

The earth is one of the main resources of nature, the source of life. The world land fund is about 13.5 billion hectares. In its structure, cultivated lands, meadows and pastures, forests and shrubs, unproductive and unproductive lands are distinguished. Of great value are cultivated lands, which provide 88% of the food necessary for mankind. Cultivated lands are mainly concentrated in the forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones of the planet. Of considerable importance are meadows and pastures, which provide 10% of the food consumed by humans.

The structure of the land fund is constantly changing. It is influenced by two opposite processes: the artificial expansion of land by man and the degradation of land due to natural process.

Every year, 6-7 million hectares of land fall out of agricultural circulation due to soil erosion and desertification. As a result of these processes, the load on the land is constantly increasing, and the availability of land resources is constantly falling. The least secured land resources include Egypt, Japan, South Africa, etc.

Water resources are the main source of meeting human needs for water. Until recently, water was considered one of the free gifts of nature, only in areas of artificial irrigation, it has always had a high price. The water reserves of the planet are 47 thousand m3. Moreover, only half of the water reserves can actually be used. Fresh water resources make up only 2.5% of the total volume of the hydrosphere. In absolute terms, this is 30-35 million m3, which is 10 thousand times more than the needs of mankind. But the vast majority of fresh water is conserved in the glaciers of Antarctica, Greenland, in the ice of the Arctic, in mountain glaciers and forms an "emergency reserve" that is not yet suitable for use. River waters (“water rations”) remain the main source of meeting the needs of mankind in fresh water. It is not so significant and you can actually use about half of this amount. The main consumer of fresh water is agriculture. Almost 2/3 of water is used in agriculture for land irrigation. The constant increase in water consumption creates a threat of fresh water scarcity. Such a shortage is experienced by the countries of Asia, Africa, Western Europe.

To solve the problems of water supply, a person uses several ways: for example, he builds reservoirs; saves water through the introduction of technologies that reduce its losses; carries out desalination of sea water, redistribution of river runoff in moisture-rich areas, etc.

River flow is also used to obtain hydraulic potential. There are three types of hydraulic potential: gross (30-35 trillion kW/h), technical (20 trillion kW/h), economic (10 trillion kW/h). The economic potential is a part of the gross and technical hydraulic potential, the use of which is justified. The countries of foreign Asia, Latin America, North America, Europe and Australia have the greatest economic hydraulic potential. However, in Europe this potential has already been used by 70%, in Asia - by 14%, in Africa - by 3%.

The biomass of the Earth is created by plant and animal organisms. Plant resources are represented by both cultivated and wild plants. Among the wild vegetation, forest vegetation predominates, which forms forest resources.

Forest resources are characterized by two indicators :

1) the size of the forest area (4.1 billion hectares);

2) standing wood reserves (330 billion hectares).

This reserve increases annually by 5.5 billion m3. At the end of the XX century. forests began to be cut down for arable land, plantations and construction. As a result, the area of ​​forests is reduced annually by 15 million hectares. This leads to a reduction in the woodworking industry.

The forests of the world form two huge belts. The northern forest belt is located in the temperate and subtropical zones. The most densely forested countries of this belt are Russia, USA, Canada, Finland, Sweden. The southern forest belt is located in the zone of the tropical and equatorial belts. The forests of this belt are concentrated in three areas: in the Amazon, in the Congo basins and in Southeast Asia.

Animal resources are also classified as renewable. Together, plants and animals form the genetic fund (gene pool) of the planet. One of the most important tasks of our time is the preservation of biological diversity, the prevention of "erosion" of the gene pool.

The oceans contain a large group of natural resources. First, it is sea water, which contains 75 chemical elements. Secondly, these are mineral resources, such as oil, natural gas, solid minerals. Thirdly, energy resources (tidal energy). Fourth, biological resources (animals and plants). Fourthly, these are the biological resources of the World Ocean. The biomass of the ocean has 140 thousand species, and the mass is estimated at 35 billion tons. The most productive resources of the Norwegian, Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas.

Climate resources - this is the solar system, heat, moisture, light. The geographical distribution of these resources is reflected in the agro-climatic map. Space resources include wind and wind energy, which is essentially inexhaustible, relatively cheap and does not pollute the environment.

Recreational resources are distinguished not by the peculiarities of origin, but by the nature of use. These include both natural and anthropogenic objects and phenomena that can be used for recreation, tourism and treatment. They are divided into four types: recreational and medical (for example, treatment with mineral waters), recreational and health-improving (for example, bathing and beach areas), recreational and sports (for example, ski resorts) and recreational and educational (for example, historical monuments).

The division of recreational resources into natural-recreational and cultural-historical sights is widely used. Natural and recreational resources include sea coasts, banks of rivers, lakes, mountains, forests, outcrops of mineral springs and therapeutic mud. Cultural and historical sights are monuments of history, archeology, architecture, art.

Rational and irrational nature management

Completed: student of group 212

Poverty Natalya Igorevna

Scientific adviser: Ph.D., Art. teacher

Pavlova Natalya Vladimirovna

Shadrinsk 2013

Introduction……………………………………………...................................3

Chapter 1. Rational and irrational nature management..5

1.1. Rational nature management…………………………6

1.2. Irrational use of natural resources……………………...8

Chapter 2. Recreational nature management……………………..9

Conclusion………………………………………………………...16

List of sources used…………………………….17

INTRODUCTION

Nature is the habitat of man and the source of all the benefits he needs for life and production activities. Man is a part of nature, its product, he can produce only using its resources and live only in those natural conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity, composition of the atmosphere, etc.) to which he is genetically adapted. For many years, trying to conquer nature and dominate it, a person unexpectedly found himself on the verge of an ecological disaster. "Greenhouse effect", "ozone hole", "acid rain", lack of clean water and food, raw materials and energy crises, pollution of the oceans - all these problems faced man, threatening death and requiring an immediate solution. It is hardly possible to name a more important global problem today than the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection. Her

the solution is possible only on the basis of ecological knowledge. The abstract is devoted to this problem, as it is relevant in our time. nature management is the use of natural resources, therefore, in order to understand the problem posed, we will first dwell on the natural resources themselves.

Many scientists (Yu.K. Efremov, V.A. Anuchin, I.Ya. Blekhmin, V.A. Minaev, N.F. Reimers, etc.) believe that the term "nature management" includes the development, use, transformation, reproduction and protection of natural conditions and resources by mankind. It should be noted that the concepts of "development", "use", "transformation", "reproduction" mean not just mechanical processes, but their complex unity and are the result of deep interpenetration and interaction. Thus, nature management provides not only economically and ecologically efficient involvement of natural-territorial complexes in the process of social production, but also their transformation, restoration and protection.

Mankind cannot exist without using natural resources, without affecting their quantity and quality, and, consequently, without making changes to its natural environment. These changes associated with human activities are called anthropogenic. The process of exploitation of natural resources in order to meet the material and cultural needs of society is called nature management. It can be rational (reasonable) and irrational. The very concept of rationality implies reliance on reason and knowledge. Therefore, under nature management they also accept science that develops general principles for the implementation of any activity related to the use of natural resources and the impact on them, which will help to avoid an environmental catastrophe.

Nature management should be based on ecology and the laws of interaction of various natural systems discovered by it. Rational nature management is understood as the study of natural resources, their careful exploitation, protection and reproduction, taking into account not only the present, but also the future interests of the development of the national economy and the preservation of people's health. Unfortunately, the current state of nature management in most cases can be characterized as irrational, leading to the depletion (up to the disappearance) of natural resources, even renewable ones; environmental pollution. There are many reasons. This is insufficient knowledge of the laws of ecology, and the weak material interest of producers, and the low ecological culture of the population, etc.

CHAPTER 1. RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

Human impact on the environment can be both conscious and spontaneous, accidental. Direct impact associated with the direct influence of man on nature and natural components in the process of nature management. It includes crafts (hunting, fishing, collecting wild berries, mushrooms), industrial and agricultural production (drainage, irrigation, creation of artificial reservoirs, etc.). The concept and types of nature management

Indirect Impact due to the interaction of components and elements of nature. For example, cutting down forests (direct impact), a person affects the change in the depth of groundwater, climate, worsens living conditions for many species of plants and animals, contributes to the development of soil erosion, etc. The most common is the combined impact of man on nature. Depending on the forms of impact, problems of protecting one or another resource of nature arise with varying degrees of complexity (with a direct impact, it is easier to protect a resource).
There are rational and irrational nature management. Rational nature management involves the reasonable development of natural resources, the prevention of potentially harmful effects of human activity, the maintenance and increase in labor productivity and the attractiveness of natural complexes and individual natural objects. Rational use of natural resources improves the living conditions of people. The Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Environmental Protection" states that "the rational use of natural resources, taking into account the possibilities of the environment, the need to renew natural resources and avoid irreversible results for the environment and health" is one of the basic principles of environmental protection. The most important principles of rational nature management include:

a) compliance of the nature and method of using natural resources with specific local conditions;

b) foreseeing and preventing negative consequences of nature management;

c) increasing the intensity and complexity of the use of natural resources;

d) preservation of the scientific and aesthetic value of nature;
e) reduction of losses of natural resources;

f) worldwide "greening" of social production.