The problem of understanding the value of life arguments. Literary arguments

additional information

Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin (1873-1954) - Russian writer, author of works about nature, hunting stories, works for children. Of particular value are his diaries, which he kept throughout his life.

Artworks:

talking rook

blue dragonfly

green noise

golden meadow

pantry of the sun

forest drops

Chanterelle bread

To my young friends

Journey to the land of fearless birds and animals

blue bast shoes

mystery box

Forest floors

Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky (1892-1968) - Russian writer.

He wrote works of various subjects, including works about people of art: about artists - Isaac Levitan, Orest Kiprensky, about a poet and artist - Taras Shevchenko. The Meshchersky region occupies a special place in his work. He wrote about this region: “I found the greatest, simplest and most unsophisticated happiness in the forested Meshchersky region. The happiness of being close to your land, concentration and inner freedom, favorite thoughts and hard work. To Central Russia - and only to her - I owe most of the things I wrote.

The story "Golden Rose" is dedicated to the essence of writing.

Artworks:

disheveled sparrow

thief cat

Basket with fir cones.

Squeaky floorboards

Warm bread

Lump sugar

Telegram

Golden Rose

Meshcherskaya side

diamond tongue

Language and nature

Additional information:

Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (1900-1944) was a French writer, poet and professional aviator.

Main works:

Night flight

planet of people

Military pilot

A little prince

additional information

Soloveichik Simon Lvovich (1930-1996) - Russian publicist, teacher and philosopher.

In the mid-1980s, while working at Uchitelskaya Gazeta, Soloveichik initiated a new scientific and practical pedagogical movement - the pedagogy of cooperation, in which education was seen not as an impact on the child, but as a dialogue between the teacher and the student. In 1992, Soloveichik founded and headed the newspaper Pervoye September.

additional information

Ivan Afanasyevich Vasiliev (1924-1994) - Russian writer. Born into a peasant family. Author of journalistic essays and stories, including those devoted to the problems of village life. Lenin Prize (1986) - for the book "Admission to the Initiative", the essays "Praise to Your Home", "Return to the Land", "Letters from the Village". State Prize named after M. Gorky (1980) - for the book of essays "I love this land", "I take it upon myself."

Artworks:

"In the edge of origins" (1981)

"Admission to the initiative" (1983)

"Return to Earth" (1984)

"Countrymen" (1985)

"Intangible Need" (1985)

"Purification" (1988)

Additional information:

Sergei Alekseevich Baruzdin (1926-1991) - Russian writer.

Repetition of the past

A Tale of Women

I love our street

B. Pasternak's poem "Being famous is ugly ..."

What is the meaning of life? Can a person accomplish anything important in his life? How to find a goal, get satisfaction from life and achieve everything you want? These and many other questions arise before each individual when, growing up, he passes from the reflex stage of development to the human stage, where his intellect begins to dominate in determining general behavior and lifestyle.

The theme of the meaning of life, being, was of interest to many Russian writers. They sought to answer the most difficult questions of life: about the Motherland, about love, about happiness, about the laws of the eternal Universe and God.

For example, A. Blok believed that one who understands what the meaning of life is, will comprehend a lot. If a person reveals that the meaning of life is in anxiety, also in anxiety, then he will no longer be a simple layman.

A. S. Griboyedov also reflects the eternal problem of finding the meaning of life, the problem of children and fathers in many of his works, the most striking of which is “Woe from Wit”. Its main character A. Chatsky protests against all the old orders that have long been rooted in society. He fights actively for freedom, new life, patriotism and culture.

Another no less famous writer of the last century, I.S. Turgenev, also touches on the eternal question of finding the meaning of life. His famous novel "Fathers and Sons" solves the age-old problem of relationships between different generations in a slightly different way. Using the example of his protagonist, Turgenev shows that if, without the desire to build something new, to do it under oppression, nothing will work. We must strive for the continuity of generations, the value of the culture of our ancestors. Turgenev once again proves in his works that one must live in complete harmony, responsibility and gradualness.

And what about A.S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin?" It also touches on timeless themes. These are themes of love, the meaning of life, relationships, freedom of choice, the role of morality in our lives.

The desire for complete harmony with the world and with oneself distinguishes another famous hero of the literature of the 19th century - Raskolnikov. This person, in search of such harmony, conducts an experiment on himself. He breaks the law and kills the old woman. What was Raskolnikov looking for? Harmony, freedom, happiness and independence? Aren't these values ​​the meaning of life for many of us? However, it should be remembered that if you go the wrong way to achieve your goals, then the retribution will be too severe.

The heroes of Tolstoy's epic "War and Peace" are also in constant search for themselves, harmony, their way. For example, Pierre Bezukhov, after overcoming numerous painful mistakes and disappointments, finally finds the meaning of his life. He strives for truth, dignity and light. Isn't that the meaning of our existence?

In conclusion, I would like to say that all the literature of the 19th century and not only can be called the literature of an active search for the meaning of life, the search for a Hero. Many writers aspired to see in the heroes people who are able to serve the Motherland, respect others, benefit the Fatherland with their actions and thoughts, and simply be happy, develop, be in harmony with themselves and move forward.

Each of the Russian writers solves the problem of the meaning of life in his own way, but the constant desire to move forward remains unchanged for Russian classics.

USE composition:

Meaning of life. Each of us at least once thought about why he was born. And if hoarding becomes the goal for someone, then others will devote themselves to serving the weaker, unfortunate, in need of help. In both cases, the well-being and fate of those around us may depend on our choice. The problem of finding the meaning of life, which is so important for modern society, is posed by the author of the text proposed to me, the famous religious philosopher A.I. Ilyin.

Analyzing this problem, the author tells a fairy tale-parable about an eccentric who was very rich and had everything "that a person can only wish for himself." We learn that, despite this, the hero felt that the most important thing was missing in his life. It is no coincidence that the writer focuses the reader's attention on the "woeful burden", the hero's misfortune: the author needs to show how similar the eccentric from the fairy tale and the person living in the modern world are. An important place in the text is occupied by a kind of forecast: from the point of view of the author, no matter what “new and new tools, means and opportunities” are provided to a person, without a definite goal of life, “the main thing will be missing” in it. The writer analyzes the natural scientific and technical inventions of the last century and says that it is "a dormant fiery mountain, unpredictable and capricious." The final part is an appeal to contemporaries with a warning about the troubles that will happen if a person "does not go in search of the meaning of life."

The position of the author is beyond doubt: A.I. Ilyin is convinced that each person needs to find his own meaning of life, because "life without meaning ... becomes more dangerous than ever." Only in this case, according to the author, "the possibilities of creation" will not become "the means of universal destruction."

Of course, I agree with the opinion of the philosopher: a person who has not found the meaning of life turns it into existence. In addition, I am sure that, defining priorities for ourselves, each of us must understand that the well-being and fate of the people around us may depend on the goals that we set.
To prove this, let us turn to the work of F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Before us is a hero whose meaning of life is to be the one who is "allowed to step over the blood." For this purpose, he kills an old pawnbroker and her sister Lizaveta, destroys a living soul for the sake of his idea, turns away from loved ones, causes serious concern to his mother, sister, Sonya Marmeladova, Razumikhin. The story of Raskolnikov helps to understand that the priorities set by the main character influenced both Raskolnikov himself and the fate of the people around him.

In order to understand how important it is to determine the meaning of life, let's turn to the work of B. Vasilyev "My horses are flying ...". The author tells about a hero who influenced the fate of not one person, but the whole city. Dr. Jansen - a doctor in the poorest district of Smolensk - was respected for a life filled with the meaning of serving people. His vocation, he considered dedication, the ability to sacrifice time for the sake of patients. The story of Dr. Jansen is a confirmation that each of us, determining the main values ​​​​of our life, must think not only about ourselves.

Parable text by I.A. Ilyin, works by F.M. Dostoevsky and B. Vasiliev allowed me to rethink my attitude to the problem of the meaning of life. I thought that even in the twenty-first century, a person should feel “where” he is going, “why” he is given great opportunities, “how” he must use, apply all this so that his life path does not turn into a “path of ruins”.

Text by I.A. Ilyina:

(1) One eccentric lived in a certain city ... (2) He was very rich and had all of the things that a person could only wish for himself. (3) His house was decorated with marble stairs, Persian carpets and gilded furniture. (4) In the garden that surrounded this magnificent palace, flowers were fragrant, cool fountains beat, overseas birds delighted the ear with their bizarre singing.
(5) However, despite outward well-being, our eccentric felt that he lacked something of the most important thing, which he could not even name. (6) A determined and courageous man, he could do so much, he dared almost everything, but he did not know what to strive for, and life seemed to him meaningless and dead. (7) Nothing pleased him, and wealth, increasing more and more, gradually became a sad burden for him.
(8) Then he went to an old woman who was nurturing her ancient wisdom in a cave of a dormant fiery mountain. (9) The eccentric told her about his misfortune, and the old woman answered him: (10) “Go to the big world to find what was lost. (11) Your misfortune is great: you lack the main thing, and until you find it, life will be misfortune and torture for you.
(12) This fairy tale always comes to my mind when I think about the modern world and its spiritual crisis. (13) How rich humanity is in the goods of a lower order! (14) And everything will become richer. (15) Space will be conquered, the mysterious forms of matter will be discovered and mastered. (16) More and more new tools, means and opportunities will be made available to a person, but the main thing is missing.
(17) The “how” of earthly life develops unceasingly, but the “why” is imperceptibly lost. (18) It is as if a person who suffers from absent-mindedness played chess and developed for himself a far-sighted, complex plan, the implementation of which is already half completed, and suddenly he forgets his plan. (19) "Great! (20) But why did I do all this? (21) What did I actually want with this ?! (22) Let's remember the natural scientific and technical inventions of the last century. (23) Electricity, dynamite, bacteria cultures, reinforced concrete, aircraft, radio, atom splitting. (24) This is enough and super-sufficient to create something great. (25) Entering such a transcendental level, on such paths, presupposes the presence of a comprehensive, winged, far-sighted, purposeful consciousness, the development of art, which carries tremendous spiritual and educational power. (26) Life without meaning under such conditions becomes more dangerous than ever. (27) The possibilities of creation can become the means of universal destruction. (28) After all, in themselves they are neither good nor bad, they are just a powerful, indefinite "opportunity", a dormant fiery mountain, unpredictable and capricious in everything.
(29) Modern humanity should at least intuitively feel “where” it is going, “why” these opportunities are given to it, “how” it is necessary to use, apply all this so that the creative path of knowledge does not turn into a path of ruins. (30) What happens if a handful of spiritually rooted and morally unbridled "conquerors of the world" start fiddling with the tools of modern chemistry, technology and science? (31) The misfortune of modern man is great, because he lacks the main thing - the meaning of life. (32) He must go in search. (33) And until he finds the main thing, troubles and dangers will lie in wait more and more often. (34) Despite all the power of his mind and the breadth of his capabilities.

(According to I.A. Ilyin *)

Where does the search for the meaning of life begin? What is the purpose of man on earth? Exactly these

questions arise when reading the text of K. G. Paustovsky.

Revealing the problem of finding the meaning of life, the author introduces us to a small episode from life. The narration is in the first person. The narrator graduates from high school, is going to enter the university, dreams of becoming a writer. Learning about this, the village pharmacist Lazar Borisovich advises the young man to think about himself, about life, about his place in life, about what he would like to do for people.

The author's position is expressed in the words of an old pharmacist: the search for the meaning of life begins, first of all, with a person's desire to do something important and useful for people, from thinking about himself, about life, about his place in life.

Let us confirm the correctness of our judgments by referring to literary examples. The heroes of Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Pierre Bezukhov and Andrei Bolkonsky are in constant search for the meaning of life.

Their moral quest is connected with the desire to be quite good, to engage in useful activities. In the war of 1805, Prince Andrei showed himself to be an honest officer who sees the meaning of his service in the success of the common cause. Pierre Bezukhov, after meeting with the freemason Bazdeev, is engaged in philanthropy, trying to improve the situation of his peasants.

In A.P. Chekhov's short story "Student", the main character, a student of the theological academy, returning from a hunt, experiences a gloomy mood. It seems to him that life is meaningless, all around is poverty, hunger, cold, ignorance, darkness, just like a thousand years ago. But when Ivan Velikopolsky tells two widows, Lukerya and Vasilisa, by the fire in a potato field, the gospel story about Peter's three-fold denial of Jesus and sees how this eternal story of women touches, he comes to an important discovery. He understands that truth and beauty have always been the meaning of human existence, and joy suddenly stirred in his soul. He is young, healthy, full of energy and he has a lot to do.

Let's summarize. We are convinced that people are constantly in search of the meaning of life, striving for good and good, trying to comprehend their destiny. (325 words)

Effective preparation for the exam (all subjects) -

Literary arguments for writing - reasoning. USE, Russian.

1) What is the meaning of life?

1. The author writes about the meaning of life, and Eugene Onegin comes to mind in the novel of the same name by A.S. Pushkin. Bitter is the fate of the one who has not found his place in life! Onegin - a gifted man, one of the best people of that time, but he did nothing but evil - he killed a friend, brought misfortune to Tatyana who loved him:

Having lived without a goal, without labor

Until the age of twenty-six

Languishing in the idleness of leisure,

No service, no wife, no business

Couldn't do anything.

2. People who have not found the purpose of life are unhappy. Pechorin in "A Hero of Our Time" by M.Yu. Lermontov is active, smart, resourceful, observant, but all his actions are random, activity is fruitless, and he is unhappy, none of the manifestations of his will has a deep purpose. The hero bitterly asks himself: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?

3. Throughout his life, Pierre Bezukhov tirelessly searched for himself and the true meaning of life. After painful trials, he became able not only to reflect on the meaning of life, but also to perform specific actions that require will and determination. In the epilogue of Leo Tolstoy's novel, we meet Pierre, who is carried away by the ideas of Decembrism, protests against the existing social system and fights for the just life of the very people, of which he feels himself a part. According to Tolstoy, in this organic combination of the personal and the national, there is both the meaning of life and happiness.

2) Fathers and children. Upbringing.

1. It seems that Bazarov is a positive character in I.S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”. Clever, bold, independent in judgment, an advanced person of his time, but readers are confused by his attitude towards his parents, who love their son madly, but he is deliberately rude to them. Yes, Eugene practically does not communicate with the elderly. How sad they are! And only to Odintsova did he say beautiful words about his parents, but the old people did not hear them themselves.

2. In general, the problem of "fathers" and "children" is typical for Russian literature. In the drama of A.N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”, it acquires a tragic sound, as young people who want to live with their own minds emerge from blind obedience to the house-building.

And in the novel by I.S. Turgenev, the generation of children in the person of Yevgeny Bazarov is already resolutely going his own way, sweeping away established authorities. And the contradictions between the two generations are often painful.

3) Insolence. Rudeness. behavior in society.

1. Human incontinence, disrespectful attitude towards others, rudeness and rudeness are directly related to improper upbringing in the family. Therefore, Mitrofanushka in D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “Undergrowth” speaks unforgivable, rude words. In the house of Mrs. Prostakova, rude abuse, beatings are a common occurrence. Here mother says to Pravdin: “... now I scold, now I fight; That's how the house holds up."

2. Famusov appears before us as a rude, ignorant person in the comedy "Woe from Wit" by A. Griboyedov. He is rude to dependent people, speaks grouchily, rudely, calls servants in every possible way, regardless of their age.

3. You can bring the image of the mayor from the comedy "The Government Inspector". A positive example: A. Bolkonsky.

4) The problem of poverty, social inequality.

1. With stunning realism, F.M. Dostoevsky depicts the world of Russian reality in the novel "Crime and Punishment". It shows the social injustice, hopelessness, spiritual impasse that gave rise to the absurd theory of Raskolnikov. The heroes of the novel are poor people, humiliated by society, the poor are everywhere, suffering is everywhere. Together with the author, we feel pain for the fate of children. To stand up for the disadvantaged - that's what ripens in the minds of readers when they get acquainted with this work.

5) The problem of mercy.

1. It seems that from all the pages of F.M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" destitute people ask us for help: Katerina Ivanovna, her children, Sonya ... The sad picture of the image of a humiliated person appeals to our mercy and compassion: "Love your neighbor …” The author believes that a person must find his way “to the realm of light and thought”. He believes that the time will come when people will love each other. He claims that beauty will save the world.

2. In the preservation of compassion for people, a merciful and patient soul, the moral height of a woman is revealed in A. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin Dvor". In all degrading ordeals, Matryona remains sincere, sympathetic, ready to help, able to rejoice in someone else's happiness. This is the image of the righteous, the keeper of spiritual values. This is without it, according to the proverb, "there is no village, city, all our land"

6) The problem of honor, duty, feat.

1. When you read about how Andrei Bolkonsky was mortally wounded, you experience horror. He did not rush forward with the banner, he simply did not lie down on the ground like the others, but continued to stand, knowing that the core would explode. Bolkonsky could not help it. He, with his sense of honor and duty, noble valor, did not want to do otherwise. There are always people who cannot run, be silent, hide from dangers. They die before others, because they are better. And their death is not meaningless: it gives birth to something in the souls of people, something very important.

7) The problem of happiness.

1. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" brings us, readers, to the idea that happiness is not expressed in wealth, not in nobility, not in glory, but in love, all-consuming and all-encompassing. Such happiness cannot be taught. Prince Andrei before his death defines his state as “happiness”, which is in the intangible and external influences of the soul, - “the happiness of love” ... The hero seems to return to the time of pure youth, to the ever-living springs of natural being.

2. To be happy, you need to remember five simple rules. 1. Free your heart from hatred - forgive. 2. Free your heart from worries - most of them do not come true. 3. Lead a simple life and appreciate what you have. 4. Give back more. 5. Expect less.

8) My favorite work.

They say that every person in his life should raise a son, build a house, plant a tree. It seems to me that in the spiritual life no one can do without Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. I think this book creates in the soul of a person that necessary moral foundation on which one can already build a temple of spirituality. The novel is an encyclopedia of life; the fates and experiences of the heroes are relevant to this day. The author encourages us to learn from the mistakes of the characters in the work and live a “real life”.

9) Friendship.

Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" are people of "crystal honest, crystal soul." They constitute the spiritual elite, the moral core to the "marrow of the bones" of a rotten society. These are friends, they are connected by liveliness of character and soul. Both hate the "carnival masks" of high society, complement each other and become necessary to each other, despite the fact that they are so different. Heroes seek and learn the truth - such a goal justifies the value of their lives and friendship.

10) Faith in God. Christian motives.

1. In the image of Sonya, F.M. Dostoevsky personifies the “Man of God”, who in the cruel world has not lost his connection with God, the passionate desire for “Life in Christ”. In the terrifying world of Crime and Punishment, this girl is a moral light beam that warms the criminal's heart. Rodion heals his soul and returns to life with Sonya. It turns out that without God there is no life. So thought Dostoevsky, so Gumilyov later wrote:

2. The heroes of F.M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" read the parable of the resurrection of Lazarus. Through Sonya, the prodigal son - Rodion returns to real life and God. Only at the end of the novel does he see "morning", and under his pillow lies the Gospel. Biblical stories became the basis of the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol. The poet Nikolai Gumilyov has wonderful words:

There is God, there is the world, they live forever;

And the life of people is instantaneous and miserable,

But everything is contained by a person,

Who loves the world and believes in God.

11) Patriotism.

1. True patriots in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" do not think about themselves, they feel the need for their own contribution and even sacrifice, but do not expect a reward for this, because they carry in their souls a genuine holy feeling of the Motherland.

Pierre Bezukhov gives his money, sells the estate in order to equip the regiment. True patriots were also those who left Moscow, not wanting to submit to Napoleon. Petya Rostov rushes to the front, because "the Fatherland is in danger." Russian peasants, dressed in soldier's overcoats, fiercely resist the enemy, because the feeling of patriotism is sacred and inalienable for them.

2. In Pushkin's poetry we find sources of the purest patriotism. His "Poltava", "Boris Godunov", all appeals to Peter the Great, "slanderers of Russia", his poem dedicated to the Borodino anniversary, testify to the depth of popular feeling and the strength of patriotism, enlightened and sublime.

12) Family.

We, readers, are especially sympathetic to the Rostov family in L.N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", whose behavior shows high nobility of feelings, kindness, even rare generosity, naturalness, closeness to the people, moral purity and integrity. The feeling of the family, which the Rostovs sacredly take in peaceful life, will turn out to be historically significant during the Patriotic War of 1812.

13) Conscience.

1. Probably, we, readers, least of all expected from Dolokhov in L.N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" an apology to Pierre on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. In moments of danger, during a period of general tragedy, conscience awakens in this tough man. This surprised Bezukhov. We, as it were, see Dolokhov from the other side, and once again we will be surprised when he, with other Cossacks and hussars, releases a party of prisoners, where Pierre will be, when he will hardly speak when he sees Petya lying motionless. Conscience is a moral category, without it it is impossible to imagine a real person.

2. Conscientious means a decent, honest person, endowed with a sense of dignity, justice, kindness. The one who lives in harmony with his conscience is calm and happy. Unenviable is the fate of the one who missed it for the sake of momentary gain or renounced it out of personal egoism.

3. It seems to me that the issues of conscience and honor for Nikolai Rostov in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" are the moral essence of a decent person. Having lost a lot of money to Dolokhov, he promises himself to return it to his father, who saved him from dishonor. And once Rostov surprised me when he entered into an inheritance and accepted all the debts of his father. This is usually done by people of honor and duty, people with a developed sense of conscience.

4. The best features of Grinev from A.S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter", due to upbringing, appear in moments of severe trials and help him get out of difficult situations with honor. In the conditions of rebellion, the hero retains humanity, honor and loyalty to himself, he risks his life, but does not deviate from the dictates of duty, refusing to swear allegiance to Pugachev and make compromises.

14) Education. Its role in human life.

1. A.S. Griboyedov, under the guidance of experienced teachers, received a good initial education, which he continued at Moscow University. The writer's contemporaries were struck by the level of his education. He graduated from three faculties (the verbal department of the philosophical faculty, natural-mathematical and law faculties) and received the academic title of candidate of these sciences. Griboyedov studied Greek, Latin, English, French and German, and was fluent in Arabic, Persian and Italian. Alexander Sergeevich was fond of the theater. He was one of the finest writers and diplomats.

2.M.Yu. Lermontov, we refer to the number of great writers of Russia and the progressive noble intelligentsia. He was called a revolutionary romantic. Although Lermontov left the university because the leadership found his stay there undesirable, the poet was distinguished by a high level of self-education. He began to write poetry early, drew beautifully, played music. Lermontov constantly developed his talent and left a rich creative heritage to his descendants.

15) Officials. Power.

1.I.Krylov, N.V.Gogol, M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin in their works ridiculed those officials who humiliate their subordinates and please their superiors. Writers condemn them for rudeness, indifference to the people, embezzlement and bribery. No wonder Shchedrin is called the prosecutor of public life. His satire was full of sharp journalistic content.

2. In the comedy The Inspector General, Gogol showed the officials inhabiting the city - the embodiment of the passions rampant in it. He denounced the entire bureaucratic system, depicted a vulgar society plunged into general deception. Officials are far from the people, they are busy only with material well-being. The writer not only exposes their abuses, but also shows that they have acquired the character of a "disease". Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Bobchinsky, Strawberry and other characters are ready to humiliate themselves in front of the authorities, but they do not consider ordinary petitioners to be people.

3.Our society has switched to a new round of management, so the order has changed in the country, the fight against corruption, checks are being carried out. It is sad to recognize in many modern officials and politicians an emptiness covered with indifference. Gogol's types have not disappeared. They exist in a new guise, but with the same emptiness and vulgarity.

16) Intelligence. Spirituality.

1. I evaluate an intelligent person by his ability to behave in society and spirituality. Andrei Bolkonsky in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" is my favorite character who can be imitated by young men of our generation. He is smart, educated, intelligent. He has such character traits that make up spirituality, such as a sense of duty, honor, patriotism, mercy. Andrey is disgusted by the world with its pettiness and falseness. It seems to me that the feat of the prince is not only that he rushed with a banner to the enemy, but also that he deliberately abandoned false values, choosing compassion, kindness and love.

2. In the comedy "The Cherry Orchard" A.P. Chekhov denies intelligence to people who do nothing, are not capable of work, do not read anything serious, they only talk about the sciences, but understand little in art. He believes that humanity should improve its strength, work hard, help the suffering, strive for moral purity.

3. Andrei Voznesensky has wonderful words: “There is a Russian intelligentsia. Do you think no? Eat!"

17) Mother. Motherhood.

1. With trepidation and excitement, A.I. Solzhenitsyn recalled his mother, who sacrificed a lot for the sake of her son. Persecuted by the authorities because of her husband's "White Guard", her father's "former wealth", she could not work in an institution where they paid well, although she knew foreign languages ​​very well, studied shorthand and typewriting. The great writer is grateful to his mother for the fact that she did everything to instill in him versatile interests, to give him a higher education. In his memory, his mother remained a model of universal moral values.

2. V.Ya. Bryusov connects the theme of motherhood with love and composes an enthusiastic glorification of a woman-mother. Such is the humanistic tradition of Russian literature: the poet believes that the movement of the world, of humanity comes from a woman - a symbol of love, self-sacrifice, patience and understanding.

18) Labor is laziness.

Valery Bryusov created a hymn to labor, which also contains such passionate lines:

And the right place in life

Only to those whose days are in labor:

Only to the workers - glory,

Only to them - a wreath for centuries!

19) The theme of love.

Every time Pushkin wrote about love, his soul was enlightened. In the poem: "I loved you ..." the poet's feeling is disturbing, love has not cooled down yet, it lives in him. Light sadness is caused by an unrequited strong feeling. He confesses to his beloved, and how strong and noble his impulses are:

I loved you silently, hopelessly,

Either shyness or jealousy torment ...

The nobility of the poet's feelings, colored with light and subtle sadness, is expressed simply and directly, warmly and, as always with Pushkin, charmingly musically. This is the true power of love, which opposes vanity, indifference, dullness!

20) Purity of language.

1. Over its history, Russia has experienced three eras of clogging the Russian language. The first happened under Peter 1, when there were more than three thousand marine terms of foreign words alone. The second era came with the 1917 revolution. But the darkest time for our language is the endXX- StartXXIcenturies, when we have witnessed the degradation of the language. What is worth only one phrase that sounds on television: “Do not slow down - snickers!” Americanisms have overwhelmed our speech. I am sure that the purity of speech must be strictly monitored, it is necessary to eradicate clericalism, jargon, an abundance of foreign words that crowd out beautiful, correct literary speech, which is the standard of Russian classics.

2. Pushkin did not have a chance to save the Fatherland from enemies, but it was given to decorate, elevate and glorify his language. The poet extracted unheard-of sounds from the Russian language and "hit the hearts" of readers with unknown force. Centuries will pass, but these poetic treasures will remain for posterity in all the charm of their beauty and will never lose their strength and freshness:

I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,

How God forbid you be loved to be different!

21) Nature. Ecology.

1. For the poetry of I. Bunin, a careful attitude to nature is characteristic, he worries about hercprotection, for purity, therefore, in his lyrics there are many bright, rich colors of love and hope. Nature feeds the poet with optimism, through her images he expresses his philosophy of life:

My spring will pass, and this day will pass,

But it's fun to wander around and know that everything passes

Meanwhile, as the happiness of living forever will not die ...

In the poem "Forest Road" nature is a source of happiness and beauty for a person.

2. The book by V. Astafiev "Tsar-fish" consists of many essays, stories and short stories. The chapters "Dream of the White Mountains" and "King-Fish" describe the interaction of man with nature. The writer bitterly names the reason for the destruction of nature - this is the spiritual impoverishment of man. His combat with the fish has a sad outcome. In general, in his reasoning about man and the world around him, Astafiev concludes that nature is a temple, and man is a part of nature, and therefore is obliged to protect this common home for all living things, to preserve its beauty.

3. Accidents at nuclear power plants affect the inhabitants of entire continents, even the entire Earth. They have long-term consequences. Many years ago, the worst man-made disaster occurred - the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia suffered the most. The consequences of the disaster are global. For the first time in the history of mankind, an industrial accident has reached such a scale that its consequences can be found anywhere in the world. Many people received terrible doses of radiation and died a painful death. Chernobyl pollution continues to cause an increase in mortality among the population of all ages. Cancer is one of the typical manifestations of the consequences of radiation exposure. The accident at the nuclear power plant led to a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in mortality, genetic disorders ... People should remember Chernobyl for the sake of the future, be aware of the danger of radiation and do everything so that such disasters never happen again.

22) The role of art .

My contemporary, poet and prose writer Elena Takho-Godi, wrote about the influence of art on a person:

And you can live without Pushkin

And without the music of Mozart too -

Without everything that is spiritually dearer,

No doubt you can live.

Even better, calmer, easier

Without absurd passions and anxieties

And safer, of course,

But how to make this deadline? ..

23) About our smaller brothers .

1. I immediately remembered the amazing story “Tame Me”, where Yulia Drunina talks about the unfortunate, trembling from hunger, fear and cold, an unneeded animal in the market, which somehow immediately turned into a domestic idol. He was joyfully worshiped by the whole family of the poetess. In another story, the title of which is symbolic - "In response to all whom she has tamed", she will say that the attitude towards "our smaller brothers", towards creatures that are completely dependent on us, is a "touchstone" for each of us .

2. In many works of Jack London, man and animals (dogs) go through life side by side and help each other in all situations. When you are the only representative of the human race for hundreds of kilometers of snowy silence, there is no better and more devoted assistant than a dog, and besides, unlike a person, it is not capable of lies and betrayal.

24) Motherland. Small home.

Each of us has our own small homeland - the place from which our first perception of the world begins, the comprehension of love for the country. The poet Sergei Yesenin has the most precious memories associated with the Ryazan village: with the blue that fell into the river, the raspberry field, the birch grove, where he experienced “lake melancholy” and aching sadness, where he overheard the cry of the oriole, the conversation of sparrows, the rustle of grass. And I immediately imagined that beautiful dewy morning that the poet met in childhood and which gave him a holy “feeling of the homeland”:

Weaved over the lake

Scarlet light of dawn...

25) Historical memory.

1.A. Tvardovsky wrote:

The war has passed, the suffering has passed,

But pain calls out to people.

Come on people never

Let's not forget about it.

2. The works of many poets are dedicated to the people's feat in the Great Patriotic War. The memory of the experience does not die. A.T. Tvardovsky writes that the blood of the fallen was not shed in vain: the survivors must keep the peace so that the descendants live happily on earth:

I bequeath in that life

you happy to be

And motherland

Thanks to them, the heroes of the war, we live in peace. The Eternal Flame burns, reminding us of the lives given for the motherland.

26) Beauty.

Sergei Yesenin in his lyrics sings of everything beautiful. Beauty for him is peace and harmony, nature and love for the motherland, tenderness for his beloved: “How beautiful the Earth and the man on it!”

People will never be able to overcome the sense of beauty in themselves, because the world will not change endlessly, but there will always be something that pleases the eye and excites the soul. We freeze with delight, listening to eternal music born of inspiration, admiring nature, reading poetry... And we love, worship, dream of something mysterious and beautiful. Beauty is everything that gives happiness.

27) Philistinism.

1. In the satirical comedies "Klop" and "Bath" V. Mayakovsky ridicules such vices as philistinism and bureaucracy. In the future, there is no place for the protagonist of the play "The Bedbug". Mayakovsky's satire has a sharp focus, reveals the shortcomings that exist in any society.

2. In the story of the same name by A.P. Chekhov, Jonah is the personification of a passion for money. We see the impoverishment of his spirit, his physical and spiritual "detachment". The writer told us about the loss of personality, the irreparable waste of time - the most valuable asset of human life, about personal responsibility to oneself and society. Memories of credit papers hewith such pleasure he takes it out of his pockets in the evenings, extinguishing in him feelings of love and kindness.

28) Great people. Talent.

1. Omar Khayyam is a great, brilliantly educated person who lived an intellectually rich life. His rubaiyat is the story of the ascent of the poet's soul to the high truth of being. Khayyam is not only a poet, but also a master of prose, a philosopher, a truly great person. He died, and his star has been shining in the “firmament” of the human spirit for almost a thousand years, and its light, alluring and mysterious, does not grow dim, but, on the contrary, becomes brighter:

Be I the Creator, the Ruler of heights,

Would incinerate the old firmament.

And I would pull on a new one, under which

Envy does not sting, anger does not scurry.

2. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn is the honor and conscience of our era. He was a participant in the Great Patriotic War, was awarded for the heroism shown in battles. For disapproving remarks about Lenin and Stalin, he was arrested and sentenced to eight years in labor camps. In 1967, he sent an open letter to the Congress of Writers of the USSR calling for an end to censorship. He, a famous writer, was persecuted. In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The years of recognition were difficult, but he returned to Russia, wrote a lot, his journalism is considered to be a moral sermon. Solzhenitsyn is rightly considered a fighter for freedom and human rights, a politician, an ideologist, a public figure who served the country honestly, selflessly. His best works are The Gulag Archipelago, Matryonin Dvor, The Cancer Ward...

29) The problem of material support. Wealth.

The universal measure of all the values ​​of many people, unfortunately, has recently become money, a passion for hoarding. Of course, for many citizens this is the personification of well-being, stability, reliability, security, even a guarantor of love and respect - no matter how paradoxical it sounds.

For such as Chichikov in N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" and many Russian capitalists, it was not difficult at first to "curry favor", flatter, give bribes, be "pushed around", then to "push around" themselves and take bribes, live luxuriously .

30) Freedom-non-freedom.

I read E. Zamyatin's novel "We" in one breath. Here one can trace the idea of ​​what can happen to a person, society, when they, obeying an abstract idea, voluntarily renounce freedom. People turn into an appendage of the machine, into cogs. Zamyatin showed the tragedy of overcoming the human in a person, the loss of a name as the loss of one's own "I".

31) The problem of time .

During the long creative life of L.N. Tolstoy was constantly running out of time. His working day began at dawn. The writer absorbed the morning smells, saw the sunrise, awakening and .... created. He tried to be ahead of time, warning mankind against moral catastrophes. This wise classic either kept pace with the times, or was one step ahead of it. Tolstoy's work is still in demand all over the world: Anna Karenina, War and Peace, Kreutzer Sonata...

32) Morality.

It seems to me that my soul is a flower that leads me through life so that I live according to my conscience, and the spiritual power of a person is that luminous matter that is woven by the world of my sun. We must live according to the commandments of Christ in order for humanity to be humane. To be moral, you need to work hard on yourself:

And God is silent

For a grave sin

Because they doubted God

He punished everyone with love,

What would have learned to believe in agony.

33) Space.

Hypostasis of T.I. Tyutchev is the world of Copernicus, Columbus, a daring personality, going out to the abyss. This is what makes the poet close to me, a man of the age of unheard-of discoveries, scientific daring, and the conquest of the cosmos. He instills in us a sense of the infinity of the world, its greatness and mystery. The value of a person is determined by the ability to admire and be amazed. Tyutchev was endowed with this "cosmic feeling" like no other.

34 Favorite city.

In the poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva, Moscow is a majestic city. In the poem "Over the blue of the groves near Moscow ....." the ringing of Moscow bells pours like a balm on the soul of the blind. This city is sacred for Tsvetaeva. She confesses to him the love that she absorbed, it seems, with her mother's milk, and passed it on to her own children:

And you do not know that the dawn in the Kremlin

Breathe easier than anywhere else on earth!

35) Love for the Motherland.

In the poems of S. Yesenin, we feel the complete unity of the lyrical hero with Russia. The poet himself will say that the feeling of the Motherland is the main thing in his work. Yesenin does not doubt the need for changes in life. He believes in future events that will wake dormant Rus'. Therefore, he created such works as "Transfiguration", "O Rus', flap your wings":

Oh Rus', flap your wings,

Put another support!

With other names

Another steppe rises.

36) Historical memory.

1. “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, “Sotnikov” and “Obelisk” by V. Bykov - all these works are united by the theme of war, it bursts into an inevitable disaster, dragging into the bloody whirlpool of events. Its horror and senselessness, bitterness was clearly shown by Leo Tolstoy in his novel "War and Peace". The writer's favorite heroes are aware of the insignificance of Napoleon, whose invasion was only the entertainment of an ambitious man who found himself on the throne as a result of a palace coup. In contrast, he is shown the image of Kutuzov, who was guided in this war by other motives. He fought not for glory and wealth, but for the sake of loyalty to the Fatherland and duty.

2. 68 years of the Great Victory separate us from the Great Patriotic War. But time does not reduce interest in this topic, draws the attention of my generation to the distant front-line years, to the origins of the courage and feat of the Soviet soldier - a hero, a liberator, a humanist. When the cannons thundered, the muses were not silent. While instilling love for the Motherland, literature also instilled hatred for the enemy. And this contrast carried the highest justice, humanism. The golden fund of Soviet literature included such works created during the war years as “The Russian Character” by A. Tolstoy, “The Science of Hatred” by M. Sholokhov, “The Unsubdued” by B. Gorbaty ...