Larisa Selifankina
Abstract of the lesson for children of senior preschool age "Spring customs of the Chuvash people"
Subject: « Spring customs of the Chuvash people» .
Goals: 1. Expand knowledge children about the Chuvash Republic, O Chuvash,
inhabiting the Volga region;
2. Consolidate knowledge about life, clothes Chuvash;
3. Nurture with children respect for another's culture people,
cognitive interest in the native land.
materials: coat of arms and flag of the Czech Republic, Chuvash national children's costume, photographs of women's jewelry, fragments of national life Chuvash.
vocabulary work: coat of arms, monkun (Easter, hospitality.
preliminary work: reading Russian, Chuvash, Tatar, Mordovian fairy tales, legends, examining embroideries, memorizing poems about the Volga, ditties, Tatar and Chuvash words, conversations about the life of people of different nationalities, an excursion to the mini-museum of the kindergarten.
GCD progress:
1. Organizational moment.
Hello dear guests! Salam! Come on, have a seat! Hello in the old days salam used only when entering the house. (Guest children are seated) We are pleased to welcome you to our Chuvash village. By ancient custom every wanderer is a guest in the house Chuvash. « respect old people Love the young, give every traveler shelter and food in your home. And in antiquity, with his family serving in the field, Chuvash the peasant put bread and salt on the table and left the house open: come in, traveler, have a rest, be a guest.
2. familiarity with the coat of arms Chuvashia.
The host shows the flag and coat of arms Chuvashia(slide on board). The children are looking at it.
Yellow (gold) and red are the traditional colors Chuvash people. Yellow (saro) color in Chuvash folklore is endowed with the concept of the most beautiful color, personifying all the most beautiful and bright. Gold is wealth, justice, mercy, generosity, constancy, strength, fidelity. Red is one of the most common Chuvash flowers, which carried out the main elements popular ornament - dignity, power, courage, strength. National emblem Chuvash The Republic is a bordered carved heraldic shield, divided into yellow (above) and red (at the bottom) fields. There is only one coat of arms in the armorial field - "tree of life", which is one of the elements Chuvash ornament.
The shield is surmounted by another element Chuvash ornament - gold, bordered by a red emblem "three suns", consisting of three eight-pointed stars. The bottom of the shield is framed with a red ribbon with an inscription in gold letters. "Chovash Republic - Chuvash Republic» , ending with a stylized image of golden leaves and hop cones, symbolizing the traditional Chuvash ritual and festive drink - kvass, which Chuvash have been cooked at home since ancient times.
3. How spring is met.
IN Chuvashia, as in the entire multinational Volga region, children are waiting for spring and calling her. children read incantations:
1st child
The larks come
Carry away the cold winter
Bring the warmth of spring:
We are sick of winter
We ate all the bread
And picked up the straw
And raised the chaff.
Oh, you little larks,
Fly, call!
2nd child
The lark, the lark!
Take your winter
And give us spring.
Get yourself a sled
Give us the cart.
3rd child
Larks, larks,
Fly to us
Bring us Spring-red,
red sun,
Warm nest!
presenter: A favorite spring Chuvash holiday-Easter(monkun).
Monkun - meeting holiday spring new year according to the ancient Chuvash calendar. Monkun's name translates as "great day". On the day of Easter, early in the morning, the children ran out to meet the sunrise. According to the ideas Chuvash, on this day he rises dancing, that is, especially solemnly and joyfully. At the moment of sunrise old people showered children with grain, hop. Children, fighting with each other, rolled on the ground in order to be healthy all year. Boys and girls sledding in the ravine, dancing right on the street without music. Adults in this festive week went to relatives and invited them to visit. We visited with a large number of guests. There were always colored eggs on the table. Guests and hosts picked up one egg each and knocked them in turn. The last unbroken egg was placed next to the icons, believing that it would bring good luck to the house. A large number of gifts were supposed to contribute to the wealth and well-being of the owners. In turn, the owners tried give rich gifts to guests. It was believed that children bring happiness, health and prosperity to the house. Therefore, if a boy came to the house on the first day of Easter, it was believed that cows would bring bulls to the house, sheep - rams. The first person to come in was carried in their arms to a corner and seated with a pillow on a chair in front of the table, treated as best as possible. At the same time, the children had to sit still, otherwise, allegedly, the birds would not incubate the chicks. Some of them customs have survived to this day since: dyeing eggs, going to relatives with gifts, the first person to come is put on a pillow, treated heartily.
By the great day in the central square or on a sunny hillock, adults arranged for children swing. Children played around them all day. played different games: in siskins, bast shoes, alchiks, in goats ... They certainly played eggs.
Now we are going to play a game "Egg rolling". We go out three by one and roll an egg down the hill, whose egg rolls further, he won.
In the evenings the children went home, and at the swing had fun young boys and girls. Out comes the girl in the national Chuvash costume. Performs Chuvash dance.
IN Chuvashia each girl was taught to embroider, and the boy to carve wood. Of all surviving specimens Chuvash no two stitches are the same. And there are no copies of all carved ladles. Each Chuvash the woman was a true artist. Every man- Chuvash mastered the arts. Chuvashia has long been called the edge "a hundred thousand patterns". Embroidered on shirts, scarves, aprons, jewelry, towels. They embroidered mainly with dyed woolen threads, however, in the manufacture of khushpu and tukhyai headdresses, beads, coins and shells were also used. (showing pictures and illustrations on the board). Folk Chuvash embroidery is known all over the world. Still vintage embroidered patterns delight with their beauty and subtlety.
Outcome:
Guys, what new did you learn today about Chuvash people?
What is the name of Chuvash spring holiday?
What is famous for Chuvash people?
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To kindness and humanity by introducing children of senior preschool age to the folk culture of the Chuvash people“… the basis for happiness and harmony is spirituality. Only the strength of our spirituality will preserve our ethnic group, our people, Protect its natural cradle.
The traditions and customs of the Chuvash are associated with the worship of the spirits of nature, agriculture, seasons, family and the continuity of generations. Today, the population of the Chuvash Republic is modern democratic people who dress fashionably, actively use the achievements and benefits of technological progress. At the same time, they sacredly honor their culture and historical memory, pass it on from generation to generation.
Several generations in one house
Family is the main value for every Chuvash, therefore family values are revered sacredly. In Chuvash families, spouses have equal rights. Several generations are encouraged to live in the same house, so families where grandparents, their grandchildren and great-grandchildren live under the same roof and lead a joint life are not uncommon.
The older generation is especially revered. A child and an adult will never use the word "mother" in a sarcastic, humorous, and even more offensive context. Parents are sacred.
Help with grandchildren
The birth of a child is a great joy, the gender of the newborn does not matter. Grandparents help parents with raising children - grandchildren are in their care until they are 3 years old. When the child grows up, the elders involve him in housework.
There are practically no orphans in the villages, because the village families will gladly adopt a child who refuses or has lost his parents.
Minorate
A minority is a system of inheritance whereby property passes to younger children. Among the Chuvash, this tradition extends to younger sons.
When they reach adulthood, they stay with their parents, help with housework, with livestock, participate in planting gardens and harvesting, and other daily activities.
wedding dresses
The family begins with a wedding, which are fun, on a grand scale. Residents from different regions of Russia come to see this action. According to national custom, the groom on a solemn day should be in an embroidered shirt and a caftan, belted with a blue sash. Sometimes the sash is green.
On his head is a fur hat with a coin, a young man is shod in boots. National costume for all seasons. It is forbidden for the groom to take off his hat and caftan - you need to walk in them until the end of the wedding.
The ceremonial attire of the bride consisted of a shirt, an apron, and an embroidered robe. The head was decorated with a cap, hand-embroidered with beads and silver coins. On the shoulder there is a special cape decorated with silver coins, on the arms and neck there are multiple decorations.
There are so many decorations that they often weighed more than 2-3 kg. And the whole outfit was tightened by 15 kg or more. Coins were sewn on for a reason - when moving, they made a melodic ringing, announcing the approach of the newlywed.
wedding customs
Many ancient traditions are found at Chuvash weddings today. Among them is the meeting of the groom.
- Guests and relatives of the newlywed gather in her house and wait for the groom at the gate. They meet him, as expected, with bread and salt, and also with beer.
- In the yard, a table is set in advance for guests - all those who arrive in the wedding cortege should sit down at it, drink to the health of the newlyweds.
- Weddings are celebrated for two days. The first day of fun takes place in the bride's house, on the second day the invitees move to the groom's parental home.
- In the morning after the celebration, the bride is put on a hush-pu - a headdress worn by married ladies.
Lamentations and lamentations
Lamentation is another original rite. In some ethnic groups, it is still relevant today. The girl, leaving her parental home, already dressed in a wedding dress, should sing a sad song with lamentations. Crying symbolizes the departure from the parental home, the beginning of adulthood.
Tribute to lament
This ritual is a continuation of the previous one. While crying, the newlywed hugged relatives and friends, as if saying goodbye. To each person who approached her, she held out a ladle of beer. The guest threw coins into it.
The tribute of crying lasted for several hours, after which the girl took out the coins, put them in her bosom. All this time, the guests danced, amusing the hero of the occasion. Then the bride was taken to the house of the chosen one.
Without songs and dances
At Chuvash weddings, the newlyweds did not sing or dance. It was believed that a dancing and singing newlywed would become a frivolous spouse. Wife with him will not be easy.
The newlyweds could sing and have fun when they first came to the father-in-law's house after the wedding, but now as guests.
Today, the heroes of the occasion are breaking the strange tradition everywhere. Immediately after the ceremony, they perform a mating dance, and then have fun with the guests.
Strengthening marriage
Three days after the wedding and the solemn banquet, the newly-made wife should not clean the house - relatives do the dirty work these days. The young wife thanks her with gifts. After the marriage, the daughter-in-law must present seven gifts to the mother-in-law.
In the first year, intermarried families often visit each other. This is done with the sole purpose of establishing contact, strengthening kinship.
A week after the wedding, the newlyweds come to visit their father-in-law. Three weeks later - a second visit to him, and after 6 months already 12 people are coming to visit: young spouses, husband's relatives.
The duration of the last visit is 3 days. With treats, conversations, songs, dances. The young family received the remainder of the dowry on this visit - livestock.
Kinship is one of the best and sacred traditions of the Chuvash. Perhaps that is why the families of the representatives of the people are strong, divorces occur much less frequently than among other nationalities living in the Russian Federation, and mutual understanding and communication between generations is not an empty phrase.
According to the ideas of the ancient Chuvash, each person had to do two important things in his life: to take care of old parents and worthily lead them to the “other world”, raise children as worthy people and leave them behind. The whole life of a person passed in the family, and for any person one of the main goals in life was the well-being of his family, his parents, his children.
Parents in a Chuvash family. The old Chuvash family kil-yysh usually consisted of three generations: grandfather-grandmother, father-mother, children.
In Chuvash families, old parents and father-mother were treated with love and respect. This is very well seen in Chuvash folk songs, which most often tell not about the love of a man and a woman (as in so many modern songs), but about love to their parents, relatives, to their homeland. Some of the songs talk about the feelings of an adult going through the loss of their parents.
In the middle of the field - a sprawling oak:
Father, probably. I went to him.
"Come to me, son," he did not say;
In the middle of the field - a beautiful linden,
Mom, probably. I went to her.
"Come to me, son," she did not say;
My soul was saddened - I cried ...
They treated their mother with special love and honor. The word "amash" is translated as "mother", but for their own mother, the Chuvash have special words "anne, api", pronouncing these words, the Chuvash speaks only about his mother. Anne, api, atash - for the Chuvash, the concept is sacred. These words were never used in swear words or in ridicule.
The Chuvash said about their sense of duty to their mother: “Treat your mother with pancakes baked in your palm every day, and you won’t repay her with kindness for kindness, work for work.” The ancient Chuvashs believed that the worst curse was the mother's, and it would certainly come true.
Wife and husband in a Chuvash family. In old Chuvash families, the wife had equal rights with her husband, and there were no customs that humiliated a woman. Husband and wife respected each other, divorces were very rare.
The old people said about the position of a wife and husband in a Chuvash family: “Khĕrarăm is a kil turri, arçyn is a kil of a pasha. A woman is a deity in the house, a man is a king in the house.
If there were no sons in the Chuvash family, then the eldest daughter helped the father, if there were no daughters in the family, then the younger son helped the mother. Every work was revered: even female, even male. And if necessary, a woman could take on male labor and a man could perform household duties. And no work was considered more important than the other.
Children in a Chuvash family. The main purpose of the family was to raise children. They were happy with any child: both a boy and a girl. In all Chuvash prayers, when they ask the deity to give many children, they mention yvăl-khĕr - sons-daughters. The desire to have more boys rather than girls came later, when land was distributed according to the number of men in the family (in the 18th century). It was prestigious to raise a daughter or several daughters, real brides. Indeed, according to tradition, a woman's costume included a lot of expensive silver jewelry. And only in a hardworking and wealthy family could it be possible to provide the bride with a worthy dowry.
The special attitude towards children is also evidenced by the fact that after the birth of the first child, the husband and wife began to address each other not upăshka and arăm (husband and wife), but ashshĕ and amăshĕ (father and mother). And the neighbors began to call the parents by the name of their first child, for example, "Talivan amăshĕ - mother of Talivan", "Atnepi ashshĕ - father of Atnepi".
There have never been abandoned children in the Chuvash villages. Orphans were taken in by relatives or neighbors and raised as their own children. I. Ya. Yakovlev recalls in his notes: “I consider the Pakhomov family to be my own. To this family, I still keep the warmest kindred feelings. In this family, they did not offend me, they treated me like their own child. For a long time I did not know that the Pakhomov family was alien to me ... Only when I was 17 years old ... I found out that this was not my family. In the same notes, Ivan Yakovlevich mentions that he was very loved.
Grandparents in the Chuvash family. Grandparents were some of the most important educators of children. Like many peoples, a girl, when she got married, moved into the house with her husband. Therefore, usually children lived in a family with their mother, father and his parents - with asatte and asanna. These words themselves show how important grandparents were for children. Asanne (aslă anne) in literal translation is the elder mother, asatte (aslă atta) is the elder father.
Mother and father were busy at work, older children helped them, and younger children, starting from 2-3 years old, spent more time with asatte and asanna.
But the parents of the mother did not forget their grandchildren, the children often visited the kukamai and kukaçi.
All important problems in the family were solved by consulting with each other, they always listened to the opinion of the elderly. All affairs in the house could be managed by an older woman, and issues outside the home were usually decided by an older man.
One day in the life of a family. The usual day of the family began early, in winter at 4-5 o'clock, and in summer at dawn. Adults were the first to get up and, having washed, set to work. Women stoked the stove and put bread, milked cows, cooked food, carried water. Men went out into the yard: they asked for food for cattle, poultry, cleaned the yard, worked in the garden, chopped firewood ...
The younger children were awakened by the smell of freshly baked bread. Their older sisters and brothers were already up and helping their parents.
By dinnertime, the whole family gathered at the table. After lunch, the working day continued, only the oldest could lie down to rest.
In the evening they again gathered at the table - they had dinner. After, in inclement times, they sat at home, minding their own business: men weaved bast shoes, twisted ropes, women spun, sewed, and fiddled with the smallest. The rest of the children, sitting comfortably near their grandmother, listened with bated breath to old fairy tales and various stories.
Girlfriends came to the older sister, started jokes, sang songs. The most nimble of the youngest began to dance, and everyone clapped their hands, laughed at the funny kid.
Older sisters, brothers went to get-togethers with their friends.
The smallest was laid in a cradle, the rest lay on the bunk, on the stove, next to the grandmother, grandfather. The mother spun yarn and rocked the cradle with her foot, a gentle lullaby sounded, the eyes of the children stuck together ...
Parenting, in the Chuvash culture
The oldest science on Earth is the science of raising children. Ethnopedagogy is a folk science about raising children. It existed among all the peoples of our planet, without it not a single people could survive and survive. The first researcher who developed and singled out ethnopedagogy as a science was the Chuvash scientist Volkov Gennady Nikandrovich.
Zichĕ drank. In the Chuvash culture, there is the concept of çichĕ pil - seven blessings. It was believed that if a person corresponds to these seven blessings, then this is a perfect, well-mannered person. In different legends and records there are different references to çichĕ pil. So, for example, in the Chuvash legends about Ulăp, seven reasons for a person’s happiness are spoken of: health, love, good family, children, education, ability to work, homeland.
I. Ya. Yakovlev in his "Spiritual testament to the Chuvash people" mentions friendship and harmony, love for the motherland, a good family and a sober life, compliance, diligence, honesty, modesty.
The Chuvash folk wishes for young children say: “Sakhal puple, numai itle, yulhav an pul, çynran an kul, shÿt sămakhne çĕkle, puçna pipg an çĕkle.” (Speak little, listen more, don’t be lazy, don’t mock people, take a joking word, don’t lift your head.)
Such wishes are found in many nations. Christians have ten commandments that mention the requirements: do not kill, honor your father and mother, do not covet the wealth of your neighbor, respect your wife, husband, do not lie. According to the rules of Muslims, everyone is obliged to help the poor and should not drink alcohol. In Buddhism, there are prohibitions on murder, theft, lying, debauchery, drunkenness.
Types of education. In Chuvash ethnopedagogy, seven types of upbringing can be distinguished, as seven good wishes, in order to raise a child as a worthy and happy person.
1. Labor. This upbringing gave the child the ability and habit of work, knowledge of many crafts, and an aversion to laziness and idleness.
2. Moral. It developed in children the desire to be fair and kind, to respect old age, to take care of the family, to be able to make friends; brought up patriotism - love for the Motherland and people, respect for one's own and other people's traditions, languages.
3. Mental. This upbringing developed in children the mind, memory, taught them to think, gave different knowledge, taught them to read and write.
4. Aesthetic. To be able to see and create beauty is the goal of this education.
5. Physical. Raised the child healthy and taught to take care of their health, developed strength and courage.
6. Economic. This upbringing gave children the ability to protect things, people's work and nature; taught to be unpretentious.
7. Ethical. Raised in children the ability to behave in society, to communicate with people; made it possible to have a correct and beautiful speech, to be modest, and also instilled an aversion to drunkenness.
Labor education. The Chuvash considered labor education to be the most important. Only on its basis could all other types of education be given. A lazy person will not work to help someone. Only hard work can solve a difficult problem. To make something beautiful - you have to work hard. The best way to develop muscles is physical labor.
A Chuvash child began to work from the age of 5-6 - to help his family.
According to the notes of G. N. Volkov, in the 50s of the last century, Chuvash scientists interviewed old people of 80-90 years old and found out what kind of work they could do at 10-12 years old.
Elderly men named 100-110 types of labor (for example, chopping firewood, twisting ropes, weaving bast shoes, baskets, repairing leather shoes, caring for livestock, mowing, reaping, stacking stacks, harnessing a horse, plowing, harrowing, etc.), elderly women - 120-130 types (light the stove, cook food, wash dishes, clean the house, take care of small children, spin, weave, sew, wash, milk cows, mow, reap, weed, etc.).
Our ancestors believed that a person needs not just to love work, but to have a habit, the need to work, not to waste time. Even the concept of “free time” in the Chuvash language is translated not as “irĕklĕ văkhăt” (irĕk - freedom), but as “push văkhăt” - empty time.
The little Chuvash started his labor school next to his father-mother, grandparents. At first, he simply gave the tools and watched the work, then he was trusted to “finish” the work, for example, cut the thread for sewing, hammer the nail to the end. Growing up, the child was drawn to more complex work and so gradually learned all the crafts that his parents knew.
From an early age, each child was given his own special beds, which he himself watered, weeded, competing with brothers and sisters. In autumn, the harvest was compared. The children also had “their own” animal-calves, which they themselves looked after.
So gradually, with feasible work, the children entered the working life of the family. Although the words "work" and "difficult" are very similar, but work for the benefit of the family brought a lot of joy.
Little Chuvashs showed love for work from an early age, and sometimes, imitating adults, they could overdo it in their zeal and “work hard” in the wrong way. For example, take and dig up a late variety of potatoes ahead of time, unripe, and manage to lower it into the underground. Here the adults did not know what to do, whether to praise or scold such "workers". But, of course, the children were serious and important helpers in all family affairs. The old traditions of labor education are still preserved in many Chuvash families.
Moral education. How to teach a child to always act in a way that does not harm either people or himself? A small child, having been born, does not know how to live, does not know what is good and what is bad. In ancient times, people did not have televisions, the Internet, various magazines and videos. And the little man grew up, watching the people around him and nature. He imitated and learned everything from his parents, grandparents, relatives, neighbors. He also looked at the sun, the stars, domestic and forest animals, watched the grass grow and the birds build nests ... And gradually he understood that everything on earth lives and works, that people strive to help each other, that a person yearns for a homeland and that everything in the world has its own native language, and that not a single living creature can do without a family and cubs. So the little Chuvash received moral education.
Mental education. In ancient times, Chuvash children did not have school buildings, special textbooks, or teachers. But village life, all the surrounding nature, the adults themselves gave children different knowledge, developed their mind, memory.
Children especially knew a lot about nature - plants, insects, birds, animals, stones, rivers, clouds, soil, etc. After all, they studied them not from "dead pictures" in books, but live.
As a child began to help adults in their work, “lessons” of mathematics began for him. To correctly and beautifully embroider a pattern, you need to be able to count the threads and perform geometric constructions. In order for grandfather to weave new bast shoes, three-year-old Arsai must bring exactly seven bast. And for eight-year-old Ilner, who himself began to weave bast shoes, grandfather makes a riddle: “Pĕr puç - viç kĕtes, tepĕr puç - tăvat kĕtes, pĕlmesen, ham kalăp (one end is three corners, the other end is four corners, if you don’t know, you yourself I will say). After breaking his head, Ilner surrenders: "Kala (say)". And grandfather: "Kalap". Ilner again: "Kala!" And again in response: "Kalăp." This is the answer, it is in the hands of Ilner: kalăp is a block on which bast shoes are woven, and at the same time this word is translated as “I will say”.
In general, riddles played a special role in the mental education of children. They taught to see objects and phenomena from an unusual side and developed abstract thinking.
A modern child usually plays with toys that someone has already made for him, or makes toys from ready-made parts, such as a designer. In ancient times, children not only made themselves, but also found and chose material for toys themselves. Such actions greatly develop thinking, because in the "natural designer" there are much more different details than in the plastic one.
If the villages of different ethnic groups were nearby, then usually 5-6-year-old children were already fluent in 2-3 languages, for example, Chuvash, Mari, Tatar, Russian. It is known that the full knowledge of several languages greatly affects the development of thinking.
Older children were given special mathematical problems, and they were solved in the mind or with a stick drawing a diagram in the sand. Many of these tasks had to be solved during the construction or repair of buildings, fences, etc.
aesthetic education. Many researchers noted the high artistic taste of Chuvash products.
In addition to all the skills, each girl was taught embroidery, and the boy - wood carving. Of all the surviving samples of Chuvash embroidery (and there are several hundred of them), no two are the same. And among all the carved ladles there are no copies.
Every Chuvash woman was a real artist. Every Chuvash man owned an artistic craft.
The musical education of children was one of the first educations and began from early childhood. Music and songs surrounded the child from all sides both in games and in work. At first he sang and danced, imitating adults, and then he composed poetry and composed music himself. Every Chuvash child knew how to sing, dance and play musical instruments. Every adult Chuvash was a songwriter and knew how to dance. Compared to modern children, Chuvash children received a full-fledged aesthetic education.
Physical education. Many children in the past were physically much stronger than their contemporary peers.
Children often engaged in physical labor, played in the fresh air, did not eat sugar and sweets, they always drank milk, and, most importantly, they did not have a TV, which makes a modern person sit still for a long time.
A lot of children's games were real sports - racing (especially over rough terrain), throwing, long and high jumps, ball games, skiing, wooden skates (tărkăch).
For their children, the Chuvash made special small musical instruments: violins, psaltery, pipes, etc.
Small children from birth until the child began to walk were bathed every day. Older children spent the whole summer in nature, swimming in a river or a pond, but only in certain non-hazardous places. Boys and girls - separately, because they swam naked, and it was much more useful than running around in wet clothes later. In the warm season, the children went barefoot. All this was a real hardening.
The best way of physical education was work. Chuvash children dug garden beds, swept the yard, carried water (in small buckets), chopped branches, climbed into the hayloft for hay, watered vegetables, etc.
Economic education. The Chuvash child began to participate in work from an early age. And he saw with what difficulty things and food appear, so he treated all this with care. The children usually wore out the old clothes of their brothers and sisters. Torn and broken things were necessarily repaired.
The Chuvash always tried to have a good supply of food, while eating without frills. We can say that children received economic education, taking an example from adults.
Those children whose parents were engaged in trade or made something for sale helped them and from an early age began to engage in entrepreneurship. It is known that the first Chuvash merchant and businessman P.E. Efremov from childhood helped his father to trade in grain and signed the necessary documents for him.
Ethical education. During the ritual of acha chÿk, in the wishes to the baby they said: “Let the child have a“ soft ”speech, let him be friendly, let him call the elder brother, the younger brother; meeting old people, let him be able to meet with dignity and pass with dignity. "Soft speech" means the ability to speak correctly and politely. In general, the Chuvash language is indeed considered very soft, it does not contain rude curses and obscene words.
The ability to behave in society was considered very important. And children were taught to do this in advance. Older people were required to be treated with respect, and younger ones - affectionately, but in any case politely.
Many researchers spoke of Chuvash children as calm, reserved, modest and polite.
Kămăl. Human beauty. In the Chuvash language there is a mysterious word that is not translated into Russian by one term, and it is impossible to say exactly and briefly what it means. This word is kămăl. The complexity and versatility of this word is evidenced by the fact that Ashmarin's dictionary mentions 72 phrases with kămăl, which have different meanings. For example: uçă kămăllă - generous (open kămăl), kămăl huçălni - grief (broken kămăl), hytă kămăllă - cruel (hard kămăl), ăshă kămăllă - affectionate (warm kămă l), kămăl çĕklenni - inspiration (raising kămăl), etc.
In its meaning, this word is very reminiscent of the concept of the soul, but for this the Chuvash language has its own word - chun. We can say that, according to the Chuvash ideas, a person consists of a body (ÿt-pÿ), mind (ăs-tan), soul (chun) and kămăl.
According to Chuvash ideas, a real, good person is, first of all, a person with a good kămăl (kămăllă çyn), even if he has physical disabilities or is sick or not very smart since childhood.
Probably, kămăl means the inner spiritual essence of a person, including character traits. And if the soul - chun is given to both man and animals, then kămăl is a purely human property, and it can be influenced by education.
The Chuvash language has many words denoting beauty, including the beauty of a person - ilem, cunning, chiper, mattur, nĕr, Chechen, hÿhĕm, selĕm, sĕrep, hăt, kĕrnek, ĕlkken, kapăr, shăma, shep, etc. Although each of these terms is translated as "beautiful", but each of them has its own semantic connotation. For example: chiper means the beauty of a decent and happy person, mattur is already the beauty of health, strength, selĕm is elegant and elegant beauty, ĕlkken is luxurious, magnificent beauty, sĕrep is the beauty of decent, worthy behavior, etc. According to the Chuvash, everyone a person could be beautiful in his own way.
The Chuvash people are quite numerous, more than 1.4 million people live in Russia alone. Most occupy the territory of the Republic of Chuvashia, the capital of which is the city of Cheboksary. There are representatives of the nationality in other regions of Russia, as well as abroad. A hundred thousand people each live in Bashkiria, Tatarstan and the Ulyanovsk Region, a little less in the Siberian Territories. The appearance of the Chuvash causes a lot of controversy among scientists and geneticists about the origin of this people.
Story
It is believed that the ancestors of the Chuvash were the Bulgars - the tribes of the Turks, who lived from the 4th century BC. on the territory of the modern Urals and in the Black Sea region. The appearance of the Chuvash speaks of their relationship with the ethnic groups of Altai, Central Asia and China. In the XIV century, the Volga Bulgaria ceased to exist, the people moved to the Volga, to the forests near the rivers Sura, Kama, Sviyaga. At first, there was a clear division into several ethnic subgroups, over time it smoothed out. The name "Chuvash" in Russian-language texts has been found since the beginning of the 16th century, it was then that the places where this people lived became part of Russia. Its origin is also associated with the existing Bulgaria. Perhaps it came from the nomadic Suvar tribes, who later merged with the Bulgars. The opinions of scientists were divided in explaining what the word meant: the name of a person, a geographical name, or something else.
ethnic groups
The Chuvash people settled along the banks of the Volga. The ethnic groups living in the upper reaches were called viryal or turi. Now the descendants of these people live in the western part of Chuvashia. Those who settled in the center (anat enchi) are located in the middle of the region, and those who settled in the lower reaches (anatari) occupied the south of the territory. Over time, the differences between sub-ethnic groups became not so noticeable, now they are the people of one republic, people often move, communicate with each other. In the past, the way of life of the lower and upper Chuvashs was very different: they built dwellings in different ways, dressed, and organized life. According to some archaeological finds, it is possible to determine which ethnic group the thing belonged to.
To date, there are 21 districts in the Chuvash Republic, 9 cities. In addition to the capital, Alatyr, Novocheboksarsk, Kanash are among the largest.
External features
Surprisingly, only 10 percent of all representatives of the people are dominated in appearance by the Mongoloid component. Geneticists claim that the race is mixed. It belongs mainly to the Caucasoid type, which can be said from the characteristic features of the appearance of the Chuvash. Among the representatives you can meet people with light brown hair and eyes of light shades. There are also individuals with more pronounced Mongoloid features. Geneticists have calculated that the majority of the Chuvashs have a group of haplotypes similar to that characteristic of the inhabitants of countries in northern Europe.
Among other features of the appearance of the Chuvash, it is worth noting short or medium height, stiff hair, darker eye color than Europeans. Naturally curly curls are rare. Representatives of the people often have epicanthus, a special fold at the corners of the eyes, characteristic of Mongoloid faces. The nose is usually short in shape.
Chuvash language
The language remained from the Bulgars, but differs significantly from other Turkic languages. It is still used on the territory of the republic and in nearby areas.
There are several dialects in the Chuvash language. The Turi living in the upper reaches of the Sura, according to the researchers, “okay”. The ethnic subspecies of Anatari placed more emphasis on the letter "y". However, there are currently no clear distinguishing features. The modern language in Chuvashia is rather close to that used by the Turi ethnic group. It has cases, but lacks the category of animation, as well as the gender of nouns.
Until the 10th century, the alphabet was runic. After the reforms, it was replaced by Arabic characters. And since the XVIII century - Cyrillic. Today, the language continues to "live" on the Internet, even a separate section of Wikipedia has appeared, translated into the Chuvash language.
Traditional activities
The people were engaged in agriculture, grew rye, barley and spelt (a kind of wheat). Sometimes peas were sown in the fields. Since ancient times, the Chuvash have bred bees and eat honey. Chuvash women were engaged in weaving and weaving. Especially popular were patterns with a combination of red and white colors on the fabric.
But other bright colors were also common. Men were engaged in carving, carved dishes, furniture from wood, decorated dwellings with platbands and cornices. Mat production was developed. And since the beginning of the last century, Chuvashia has been seriously engaged in the construction of ships, several specialized enterprises have been created. The appearance of the indigenous Chuvash is somewhat different from the appearance of modern representatives of the nationality. Many live in mixed families, create marriages with Russians, Tatars, some even move abroad or to Siberia.
Suits
The appearance of the Chuvash is associated with their traditional types of clothing. Women wore embroidered tunics. From the beginning of the 20th century, grassroots Chuvash women dressed in colorful shirts with assemblies from different fabrics. There was an embroidered apron on the front. Of the ornaments, the Anatari girls wore tevet - a strip of fabric trimmed with coins. They wore special caps on their heads, shaped like a helmet.
Men's pants were called yem. In the cold season, the Chuvash wore footcloths. From footwear, leather boots were considered traditional. There were special outfits worn for the holidays.
Women decorated their clothes with beads and wore rings. From shoes, bast bast shoes were also often used.
original culture
Many songs and fairy tales, elements of folklore remained from the Chuvash culture. It was customary for the people to play instruments on holidays: bubble, harp, drums. Subsequently, a violin and an accordion appeared, and they began to compose new drinking songs. For a long time there have been various legends, which were partly connected with the beliefs of the people. Before joining the territories of Chuvashia to Russia, the population was pagan. They believed in various deities, spiritualized natural phenomena and objects. At a certain time, sacrifices were made, as a token of gratitude or for the sake of a good harvest. The main among other deities was considered the god of Heaven - Tura (otherwise - Thor). The Chuvash deeply honored the memory of their ancestors. The rites of remembrance were strictly observed. On the graves, usually, pillars made of trees of a certain species were installed. Limes were placed for dead women, and oaks for men. Subsequently, most of the population adopted the Orthodox faith. Many customs have changed, some have been lost or forgotten over time.
Holidays
Like other peoples of Russia, Chuvashia had its own holidays. Among them is Akatuy, celebrated in late spring - early summer. It is dedicated to agriculture, the beginning of preparatory work for sowing. The duration of the celebration is a week, during this time special ceremonies are performed. Relatives go to visit each other, treat themselves to cheese and a variety of other dishes, beer is pre-brewed from drinks. All together they sing a song about sowing - a kind of hymn, then they pray to the god of Tur for a long time, asking him for a good harvest, the health of family members and profit. Divination is common on the holiday. Children threw an egg into the field and watched whether it broke or remained intact.
Another holiday among the Chuvash was associated with the veneration of the sun. Separately, there were days of commemoration of the dead. Agricultural rituals were also common, when people caused rain or, on the contrary, wished it to stop. Large feasts with games and amusements were held at the wedding.
Dwellings
The Chuvash settled near rivers in small settlements called yals. The layout of the settlement depended on the specific place of residence. On the south side, the houses lined up along the line. And in the center and in the north, a nested type of layout was used. Each family settled in a certain part of the village. Relatives lived nearby, in neighboring houses. Already in the 19th century, wooden buildings began to appear in the style of Russian rural houses. The Chuvashs decorated them with patterns, carvings, and sometimes painting. As a summer kitchen, a special building (las) was used, made of a log house, without a roof and windows. Inside there was an open hearth, on which they were engaged in cooking. Bathhouses were often built near the houses, they were called munches.
Other features of life
Until Christianity became the dominant religion in Chuvashia, polygamy existed on the territory. The custom of levirate also disappeared: the widow was no longer obliged to marry the relatives of her deceased husband. The number of family members was significantly reduced: now it included only spouses and their children. Wives were engaged in all economic affairs, counting and sorting products. The duty of weaving was also assigned to their shoulders.
According to the existing custom, the sons were married early. Daughters, on the contrary, tried to marry later, because often in marriage wives were older than their husbands. The youngest son in the family was appointed heir to the house and property. But the girls also had the right to receive an inheritance.
In the settlements there could be a mixed type of community: for example, Russian-Chuvash or Tatar-Chuvash. In appearance, the Chuvash did not differ strikingly from representatives of other nationalities, therefore they all coexisted quite peacefully.
Food
Due to the fact that animal husbandry in the region was developed to a small extent, plants were mainly used for food. The main dishes of the Chuvash were porridge (spelt or lentil), potatoes (in later centuries), vegetable and green soups. The traditional baked bread was called hura sakar, it was baked on the basis of rye flour. It was considered a woman's duty. Sweets were also widespread: cheesecakes with cottage cheese, sweet cakes, berry pies.
Another traditional dish is khulla. This was the name of the pie in the shape of a circle; fish or meat was used as a filling. The Chuvash people were engaged in cooking various types of sausages for the winter: with blood, stuffed with cereals. Shartan was the name of a type of sausage made from a sheep's stomach. Basically, meat was consumed only on holidays. As for drinks, the Chuvash brewed a special beer. Braga was made from the obtained honey. And later they began to use kvass or tea, which were borrowed from the Russians. Chuvash from the lower reaches often drank koumiss.
For sacrifices, they used a bird that was bred at home, as well as horse meat. On some special holidays, a rooster was slaughtered: for example, when a new family member was born. Even then they made scrambled eggs and omelettes from chicken eggs. These dishes are eaten to this day, and not only by the Chuvash.
Famous representatives of the people
Among the Chuvash with a characteristic appearance, there were also famous personalities.
Near Cheboksary was born Vasily Chapaev, a famous commander in the future. He spent his childhood in a poor peasant family in the village of Budaika. Another famous Chuvash is the poet and writer Mikhail Sespel. He wrote books in his native language, at the same time he was a public figure of the republic. His name is translated into Russian as "Mikhail", but Mishshi sounded in Chuvash. Several monuments and museums were created in memory of the poet.
V.L. is also a native of the republic. Smirnov, a unique personality, an athlete who became the absolute world champion in helicopter sports. The training took place in Novosibirsk and repeatedly confirmed his title. There are also famous artists among the Chuvash: A.A. Kokel received an academic education, wrote many amazing works in charcoal. He spent most of his life in Kharkov, where he taught and was engaged in the development of art education. A popular artist, actor and TV presenter was also born in Chuvashia
MKU "Education Department of the Alkeevsky Municipal District
Republic of Tatarstan"
MBOU "Chuvashsko-Burnaevskaya secondary school"
Republican Conference
research works of local lore students "To live, remembering your roots ..."
Nomination "School Museum"
Theme of work: "Historical and local history museum of culture and life of the Chuvash people"
Prepared by:
Smirnov Kirill Seergeevich
8th grade student
MBOU "Chuvashsko-Burnaevskaya secondary school
422879 RT Alkeyevsky district
Chuvashskoye Burnaevo village
Tsentralnaya street, 34a
422873 RT Alkevsky district
Nizhnee Kolchurino
Polevaya street, 16, apt. 2
e-mail: [email protected]
Head: Smirnova Margarita Anatolyevna
teacher MBOU "Chuvash-Burnaevskaya secondary school"
422879 RT Alkevsky district
Chuvashskoye Burnaevo village
Tsentralnaya street, 34a
e-mail: [email protected]
Chuvashskoe Burnaevo-2016
Introduction-2-3 pp.
Research methodology - 3 pages.
Research results - 4-6 pages.
Conclusions-6 p.
Conclusion-7 p.
List of sources and used literature - 8 pages.
1. Introduction
In our village for 12 years there has been a local history museum of culture and life of the Chuvash people. This is a real island of aesthetics and history of culture and life of the Chuvash people. Some museum exhibits are of particular value - a woman's headdress decorated with moments, dating back to the time of Ivan the Terrible. For several years now, we have been conducting research, identifying museum exhibits as part of the project “History and Culture of the Chuvash People”. We understand that without the past there is no present, and without the present there will be no future. Therefore, we take our mission very seriously and responsibly: on the basis of museum exhibits, to study the history and culture of the Chuvash people, to comprehend the features and uniqueness of the peasant house; to convey the acquired knowledge to their peers, school students, guests, sightseers of the museum in order to convince them of the need to know their history, culture, way of life; during excursions, meetings that we hold, to create an atmosphere permeated with pride for our people, respect for their centuries-old experience and traditions.
We can safely say that research activity enriches us personally, makes us wiser, teaches us a philosophical understanding of life, understanding the essence of the historical development of the Chuvash people, fills us with love for our land, Fatherland. Work on the research work "Culture and life of the Chuvash people" will allow us to further expand the horizon of our research, to generalize and systematize the already available historical information. For us, research work on the history of life is creativity, unexpected discoveries, awareness of one's involvement in the study and understanding of the life of one's ancestors - close and very distant.
So my goal is: Explore different types of Chuvash national art. To explore the material of the school museum "Historical Museum of Culture and Life of the Chuvash people."
Tasks:
1. Use the information obtained in history lessons and in life.
2. To study archival materials of the school museum "Chuvash hut".
3. To study the literature on the history of the Chuvash people.
Relevance of the topic :
Our village is multinational. Russians, Tatars and Chuvashs live here. The source for writing the work was the material of the school museum, which was collected by the guys of our circle for studying the traditions of the Chuvash people in the past, literature about the Chuvashs, as well as conversations with the villagers. Many young people today do not know the tradition and history of the family, the people. In my work, I would like to describe the features of the Chuvash folk art, so that in the future people would not forget about the traditions of their ancestors, and I could proudly tell my children: “This is the culture of my people and I want you to know about it”
Hypothesis : By joining the origins of the culture of our people, we begin to feel like participants in the development of mankind, to discover in ourselves the path to further knowledge of the richness of human culture, the idea of the Chuvash people about art, work, the beauty of human relations.
object my research was the traditional "Historical Museum of Culture and Life of the Chuvash people"
Subject the same research, I chose the "Chuvash hut"
2. Research methodology.
To solve the tasks, the following methods were used:
Analysis of household items of the Chuvash family;
Comparison;
Measurement;
Observation;
2. Research results.
My efforts are aimed at showing children the beauty of the Chuvash culture. The interior of the Chuvash hut is ethnographic, showing the culture and life of the peoples of our village. Members of the circle recreated the interior of the Chuvash hut of the late XIX - early XX centuries, copies of the costumes of the Chuvash people. When you look at these exhibits, it's as if the wheel of history has turned and you are in another time. Here are household items: ceramic jugs, irons, wooden utensils, combs for chesk wool and much more. Each exhibit has its own story.
We are in a Chuvash hut. We see a wooden bed, which is decorated with valances and a hand-embroidered bedspread. This interior is perfectly complemented by samples of Chuvash clothing: a women's dress, which differs in red color from the clothing of riding Chuvashs. The men's shirt is colorfully embroidered, where the red color scheme predominates, with black contour lines. Chuvash women wore such clothes in the 19th century. What the already lost motifs of the traditional Chuvash ornament indicate. In modern times, such outfits are worn by folklore ensembles of riding Chuvash. (Annex 1)
People have been making pottery since ancient times. Its production in the Volga Bulgaria was at a high level. However, since the 16th century local traditions in the manufacture of highly artistic ceramics are gradually being forgotten.
Chuvash potters made a variety of dishes: pots, korchagi (chÿlmek, kurshak), jugs for milk (măylă chÿlmek), for beer (kăkshăm), bowls (çu dice), bowls (tăm cupăk), braziers, washstands (kămkan).
The pot is a household item, utilitarian, in the ritual life of the Chuvash people acquired additional ritual functions. In the beliefs of the people, the pot was interpreted as a living anthropomorphic creature that has a throat, a handle, a spout, and a shard. Pots are usually divided into "male" and "female". So, in the southern provinces of European Russia, the hostess, when buying a pot, tried to determine its gender and gender: is it a pot or pot. The pot was widely used by healers and healers. It is also interesting to note that in the popular mind a parallel is clearly drawn between the fate of the pot and the fate of man. (Annex 2)
Here we see bast shoes - this is Chuvash national shoes. Bast shoes (çăpata) were the main footwear for men and women. Chuvash men's bast shoes were woven from seven straps (pushăt) with a small head and low sides. Women's bast shoes were woven very carefully - from narrower strips of bast and a larger number (from 9, 12 basts). Bast shoes were worn with black thickly wound onuchs (tăla), so the upholstery (çăpata country) was made up to 2 m long. Bast shoes were worn with cloth stockings (chălha). Wrapping onuchs and braiding them with ruffs required time and skill! (3) Women of the southeastern regions also wore cloth leggings (kěske chălha). Valenki (kăçată) were worn by wealthy peasants in the past. Since the end of the last century, it has become a tradition to buy leather boots (săran ată) for a son for a wedding, and leather shoes (săran pushmak) for a daughter. Leather shoes were very well taken care of. (Annex 3)
There are icons in the red corner. Of particular value are the rare icons of the Mother of God of the Three Hands and Nicholas the Wonderworker, belonging toXVIII century. The icon of the Mother of God of the Three Hands is known for helping to search for drowned people. This is a place of honor in the Chuvash hut. A person entering the hut would definitely look into this corner, take off his hat, cross himself and bow low to the icons. (Appendix 4)
Chuvash addiction to tea appeared about a century ago. But this exhibit - a samovar - we also consider the property of the museum. It was made in Tula in 1896. What the inscription on the samovar testifies to. It is the progenitor of the modern electric kettle. Many exhibits of our museum can also be called the progenitors of modern things. (Annex 5)
For example, our ancestors would not have changed to a modern butter churn Uyran ҫӳpҫi , thanks to which tasty fresh oil and a fir turns out.
In such a trough, grandmothers still chop cabbage, and in the past, perhaps, they themselves were bathed as babies in the same troughs -takana. (Annex 6)
In our museum there are more than 70 exhibits related to the life and life of the Chuvash people, which help us somehow recreate the history of the past of our people. But this, of course, is not enough. Great helpers in the study of the history of the native land are additional information materials.
The asset of the museum closely cooperates with the old-timers of the village. With their help, thematic folders were collected: the history of the Chuvash people, the culture of the Chuvash region, prominent people of the village and the Alkeyevsky district.
I think you enjoyed the sightseeing tour of our museum.
3.Conclusion
Having studied the materials on this topic, I came to the conclusion that the culture of the Chuvash people expresses the totality of knowledge, ideals, spiritual experience of the people on the centuries-old path of the formation of society. Throughout the millennium-long history of the development of the people, on the basis of folk traditions, an understanding of spirituality, reverence for the memory of ancestors, a sense of collectivism, love for the world and nature developed. After analyzing the material, I concluded that the way of life of the Chuvash people stems from the historical traditions, cultural traditions and moral standards of the people.
By reviving the ancient traditions, culture and way of life of the Chuvash people, we will be able to fill in the gaps in the cultural heritage of the future generation. Having got acquainted with the materials on the history of the Chuvash people, I was convinced of the uniqueness of history, cultural and moral roots, which go far back into the depths of centuries.
And thanks to the local history museum of the village, its exposition "History and culture of the Chuvash people", I and my peers have the opportunity to daily come into contact with the history and culture of our beloved Motherland, beloved people. Studying more and more new exhibits of the museum - antiquities, we gradually comprehend the cultural and everyday identity of our people.
4. Conclusion.
The tradition, way of life and life of the Chuvash people, which help us to somehow recreate the history of the past of our people. For me, a great helper in studying the history of my native land is additional information material. This includes books on the history and culture of Chuvashia. At present, everything is being replaced by a pragmatic, utilitarian approach, but we still try to observe the rituals and traditions of the Chuvash people. Observance of customs, rituals, signs and traditions is the inner world of a person, his worldview for life, which is passed on to us from generation to generation.
Our ancestors left us a rich heritage. A new application is now being found by the creativity of folk craftsmen, who have changed their craftsmanship and taste honed over the centuries from grandparents. Having passed away as everyday clothes and household items, the artistic heritage returns to our homes as a decorative interior decoration, as stage costumes, as original souvenirs, which, flying around the country and the world, become hallmarks of the Chuvash culture.
5. List of used sources and literature.
Trofimov A.A. Chuvash folk art. Cheboksary. Chuvash book publishing house, 1989.
Medzhitova E.D. Folk art of the Chuvash people. Cheboksary. Chuvash book publishing house, 2004.
Salmin A.K. Chuvash folk rituals. Cheboksary. 1994.
Annex 1.
Local History Museum of Culture and Life of the Chuvash People
Appendix 2. Pottery.
Annex 3 Annex 4
Appendix 5 
