The list of 456 professions prohibited for female labor may be revised. This was previously reported to journalists by the Minister of Labor and Social Protection Maxim Topilin.
Chairman of the Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia (FNPR) Mikhail Shmakov explained to the Moscow 24 portal that it makes sense to revise the banned list, since modern working conditions have changed significantly: in many ways they have become more forgiving.
According to the chairman of the Women's Union of Russia, member of the Federation Council Ekaterina Lakhova, this topic will be submitted to the coordinating council for the implementation of the National Action Strategy for Women, which is headed by Deputy Prime Minister Olga Golodets. "The topic is relevant, because times are changing, production technologies are higher, working conditions are improving, so the list, of course, needs to be revised," she said.
Now in the list of professions prohibited for women, 456 specialties. It was approved by the Russian government on February 25, 2000.
At the same time, the head of the Federation of Independent Trade Unions is convinced that it is unacceptable to cancel the list and allow all professions. “There are a number of professions that, for purely physiological reasons, women do not need to do, because the value of a woman is not only in her work - she is also the successor of the human race, a future or existing mother, so we must take care of all women,” said Mikhail Shmakov.
In his opinion, the issue of the influence of a particular profession on health needs serious research. "No matter how much we want absolute equality of the sexes, but the body of men and women is different. Men exist for one thing, and women for another. Women can do what no man can do - give birth to a child. Therefore, to conclude about what kind of work for women is acceptable and what is not, should be sanitary doctors who deal with the impact of harmful factors on human health," the source said.
It is high time?
In turn, Ekaterina Lakhova believes that the list should have been revised a long time ago. “In our flight school, girls are recruited and trained as pilots. Why can’t a woman be a machinist or an assistant machinist? After all, it’s a woman’s right to choose who to be,” she emphasized in an interview with the Moscow 24 portal.
At the same time, the senator says that when reviewing the list of professions, of course, it is necessary to take into account the impact of hard physical labor on a woman's reproductive function and on women's health in adulthood. “When today gerontologists begin to study the health of women of the older generation, they discover that those women who were engaged in hard physical labor get health problems with age. They are associated with organ prolapse and other diseases. It must be admitted that the existing restrictions on hard physical labor, first of all, in the interests of women's health," added the chairman of the Women's Union of Russia.
Ekaterina Lakhova is convinced that in Russia there is not only professional discrimination against women, but also a difference in income: in the same position, women earn less than men. "A man manages to improve his qualifications, get a category faster, and women move up the career ladder more slowly. As a result, they lag behind in wages. We traditionally have a 25-30 percent difference in wages," the senator emphasized.
In turn, Alexander Shcherbakov, professor at the Department of Labor and Social Policy at the RANEPA, believes that the removal of the "taboo" on certain professions is unlikely to have a significant impact on the labor market in Russia. “We are unlikely to feel tangible changes, since a limited number of professions are now prohibited for women. Even if some men are replaced by women, this will not significantly affect the labor market. If the profession is allowed, then women will not oust men, these will be isolated cases. Process will go gradually, evolutionarily,” he said.
In his opinion, in different sectors of the economy it was previously necessary to apply hard physical labor in production, and this was unacceptable for women. "Now the working conditions have changed, new machines have appeared that have changed the technology of production, and women are able to work. Of course, the number of those areas where women's work is prohibited in the interests of health will be reduced," Shcherbakov said.
He believes that the ban on certain professions is subjective and not always clear. “You need to look at the features of a particular profession, because there may be moments that a person from the outside may not notice, not take into account. At first glance, the ban on women to drive large buses for long distances is not legitimate. On the other hand, the work is associated with a high load "" Shcherbakov noted.
Everything is possible!
But the first woman, the captain of the ship, Valentina Bunina, is convinced that any profession is within the power of a woman. "The opinion that there is a purely female and purely male profession is a myth. When I started my professional career in the Navy, the most difficult thing was to convince men that a woman cannot be a captain. I had to, gritting my teeth, prove it with my work" , - she admitted to the Moscow 24 portal.
According to her, many women give up when trying to prove their worth to men. “Girls came to our fleet, started to work, and the men began to “go over their ears” that this was not a women’s job, that they could not work, and, in the end, they left,” the captain recalls.
At the same time, according to her observation, women are far from the worst workers in navigation. “There are positions that a woman performs better. For example, a woman understands people better. This has been laid down for centuries. And if you sort it out, it’s nonsense that a woman can’t do something,” added Valentina Bunina.
The first female captain worked in the Navy for more than 30 years, and since 2003 she has been teaching at the Academy of Water Transport. In addition, Valentina Ivanovna raised four sons.
The Russian Railways company also advocates for permission for a woman to work as a machinist and assistant machinist on the railway. “The ban on the work of women in our country was justified by harmful factors associated with vibration, because freight and passenger locomotives were not very comfortable,” Irina Kostenets, adviser to the general director of Russian Railways, told reporters. “But now more modern rolling stock has appeared, including high-speed trains "Sapsan".
Photo: portal of the mayor and government of Moscow
Railway workers, according to Kostenets, intend to propose to the government to cancel the general list of professions for which it is forbidden to hire women.
However, if women are allowed to be machinists, society will not immediately accept it, Senator Ekaterina Lakhova believes. “Now there is distrust for women, for example, pilots, in society, even fear. One or two generations must change before we all correctly perceive female pilots, female machinists,” she said.
The Ministry of Labor will review and reduce the list of specialties to which women citizens of the Russian Federation are not allowed. What professions can be found on this list?
Masha from childhood dreamed of becoming the captain of a sea liner. The plastic steering wheel in the hands of the baby turned into the steering wheel of the ship, and through the old binoculars, inquisitive children's eyes saw the shores of distant unexplored lands. Adults told Masha that her dream was impossible: “a girl on a ship means trouble,” and it’s not a woman’s business at all, only a man can cope with such hard and responsible work. But Masha did not give up. She lives in Russia, where people are equal and can hold any position, regardless of gender. She entered the naval school (on the third attempt, because in the previous two “girls are not taken”), she studied brilliantly and did practice at sea. Teachers, who at first constantly sighed with sadness about her difficult lot and unborn children, have long ceased to perceive her only as a “girl”. The captain praised and called to work with him after graduation. Masha passed the final state exams, received a red diploma, came to her captain ... And ran into the familiar from childhood “we don’t take girls”. The law forbids. The captain would be happy to help, ask for Masha, but he's up to his neck, another flight is coming soon, and so they tortured him with checks, he won't survive one more - additional, for Masha's sake. So sorry, Masha, this is not a woman's business. Do something else.
Masha from our history, fortunately, does not exist, so you should not worry about her future fate. But the problem she faced is real. A woman in Russia really cannot be engaged in maritime professions, because they are included in a special List of professions, the path to which is closed to women.
This list was compiled back in 1974 by the Soviet government and adopted by the Russian Federation on February 25, 2000 (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 162). It contains 456 names of "heavy work and work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, in the performance of which the use of women's labor is prohibited." You didn't think so. The list is not “strongly discouraged”, leaving the worker and his employer the right and opportunity to decide for themselves whether they are willing to take the risk. He specifically "forbids" the use of female labor in the named specialties. With the help of such radical measures, the state takes care of preserving the reproductive functions of a woman's body, because hard work can adversely affect the ability to bear a healthy child. At the same time, there is no evidence of harm to the exclusively female body in any position of this list: most of the professions on the list are equally dangerous for both women and men. However, the work ban applies only to women.
And in the European Union next to us, for example, they don’t care about a woman like that. European women are successfully mastering professions that were previously considered purely masculine, and it seems that they are not going to degenerate. Some professions in Europe have become so gender-neutral that human rights activists have stopped collecting statistics on the employment of women in the industry. No one will be surprised by a woman driving an excavator, for example.
But Russia and Europe began to fight against discrimination against women at the same time, when they ratified the so-called. UN “Women's Convention” (“Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women”). The document entered into force in 1981 and calls for achieving not just a gender-neutral attitude towards men and women, but, if necessary, to take measures to change existing laws, customs and traditions that hinder the elimination of any form of discrimination. The convention pays considerable attention to the problem of gender equality in the field of employment, and any non-compliance with the provisions of the convention calls discrimination on the basis of sex.
At the moment, the Convention has been ratified by 189 countries, including the Russian Federation. Its provisions are supported by other state documents, for example, the Constitution and the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. And yet, under equal conditions for the implementation of the provisions of the Convention for all countries that have signed it, in Russia there is still a List of Prohibited Professions, to the abolition of which the Ministry of Labor is not yet ready.
Here are just some of the professions available, for example, to EU citizens, but closed to women in the Russian Federation:
- A carpenter. In Russia, women are prohibited from working as a carpenter in construction, assembly and repair work, while in Europe there is not even data on how many women are employed in this area.
- Cattle slaughterer. What many women in the villages do cannot be their official place of work. According to the Ministry of Labor, a woman cannot lift more than 10 kg per hour. It is worth noting that 10 kg is the weight of a two-year-old child, the number of which the mother lifts at home at the state level is not regulated in any way.
- Shuttle bus driver. In Russia, a woman has the right to work only on a bus that runs within the city and has a capacity of no more than 14 people. Regular intercity buses for women are still closed.
- Truck driver and construction equipment driver. Even the presence of the rights of the corresponding category will not save. In Russia, a woman can become a truck driver only if she has extensive experience (often semi-legal).
- It is not easy for women in Russia to break into military professions. Formally, there are no gender restrictions in the army: Russian women can serve under the same conditions as men. True, the first tankers of the Russian Federation, for example, began to be trained in the Amur region only in 2013, before that women were allowed to occupy only non-combat specialties: signalmen, medical staff, junior management. It's amazing to see this in a country that has given birth to the world-famous Night Witches. However, the law of modern Russia initially does not imply a gender division of military personnel, therefore, it does not take into account the special conditions (sanitary, for example) necessary for women. In addition, the army has a priority offer of vacancies to male applicants. The vacancy will be offered to a female candidate only after the male candidate refuses it. In Europe, women started talking about serving on an equal footing with men during the First World War, but, unlike the Soviet Union, they left the girls the right to serve on a voluntary basis, learn the specialties they wanted and take part in hostilities. Girls in Europe can be, for example, tankers, sappers or snipers.
- Things are even more complicated for the already mentioned women sailors. Maritime schools and river technical schools accept all suitable applicants, regardless of their gender, but they do not warn that after graduation it will be more difficult (if not almost impossible) for girls to take a position in accordance with their qualifications. It was the trade union of seafarers who began to seek a revision of the List of Prohibited Occupations. Russian woman Svetlana Medvedeva, when she was denied the position of a minder-helmsman, referring to the state list, turned to the UN for help. The commission considered Svetlana's case discrimination, but the courts of the Russian Federation ignored this decision, stating that it "is not binding on Russia."
However, there are still female captains in the Russian fleet, but the attitude towards them leaves much to be desired. This is how sea captain Tatyana Sukhanova told the Meduza portal about her situation: “... it is strange that in any port of the world I, a woman captain, was met much more friendly than in my native country. Even my friend from Arkhangelsk, sea captain Ekaterina Nemirova, as well as the famous captain Lyudmila Tibryaeva and female chief officers, note that in the Far East, male colleagues treat them incomparably tougher. Some are just trying to set up.<…>If the foreign companies that represent these crewing companies found out that the captain is not hired just because she is a woman, they would lose their licenses.”
- But with the profession of a firefighter, difficulties arise even among Europeans. There are no official restrictions on working in this profession for women in the EU, but in practice, women firefighters are still very rare. In Sweden, for example, there are only 0.6% of all firefighters in the country. At the same time, many male firefighters in surveys noted that they would not like women to work with them, as this “will violate the atmosphere of brotherhood that helps them work together.” Perhaps one can rejoice for Australia, where girls are actively recruited as volunteers to extinguish forest fires. The ceiling of a career in the Ministry of Emergency Situations for a citizen of the Russian Federation will be the position of a dispatcher. She will not be allowed to save people and extinguish the fire.
- The regression of women's rights in Russia is best illustrated by the ban on working as a subway and electric train driver. Women were allowed to drive metro rolling stock during the Great Patriotic War due to the lack of male drivers in the city, and they successfully coped with their profession right up to Perestroika itself. There were even special women's brigades in the subway. But in the eighties, the Soviet government decided that only a man could drive an electric train, and women began to slowly survive from the subway. Now women are forbidden not only to drive the train, they cannot even hold the position of an assistant driver. The last female machinist in Russia was Natalya Vladimirovna Kornienko, an employee of the Moscow metro, who retired just a couple of years ago. There are no female typists in the subway today.
But European statistics show that the number of women running trains has only increased over the years. The slow growth is explained not by discrimination, but by the peculiarities of the profession: many machinists chose their specialty, following in the footsteps of their fathers, and are very reluctant to leave their jobs. According to forecasts, with the development of the transport system, the number of women in the industry will only increase.
A complete list of professions can be found in Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 162. The list includes specialties that require brute force (a girl, according to the Ministry of Labor, does not have sufficient physical abilities to work at a logging site), and in which there is a need to constantly keep in mind a large amount of instructional provisions while constantly monitoring the current situation (precisely according to For this reason, a woman cannot be an electric train driver).
But working conditions have long since changed. Special equipment allows you to apply a minimum of physical effort in construction work, security measures have long stopped all kinds of leaks of such chemicals dangerous for the “female reproductive function”, and numerous studies have proven that the memory and analytical abilities of the brain do not depend on the gender of its owner. However, the Ministry of Labor agreed only to review and, possibly, reduce the list of prohibited professions. To abandon it completely, despite the successful foreign experience, the authorities are not ready "at the conceptual level." So the Russian woman Masha, unlike her French friend Marie, will have to fight for the opportunity to navigate her ship to distant shores for a long time.
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 25, 2000 N 162
"On approval of the list of heavy work and work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, in the performance of which the use of women's labor is prohibited"
In accordance with Article 10 of the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Labor Protection in the Russian Federation" (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 1999, N 29, Art. 3702), the Government of the Russian Federation decides:
Approve the attached list of heavy work and work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, in the performance of which the use of women's labor is prohibited.
Scroll
hard work and work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, in the performance of which the use of women's labor is prohibited
(approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 25, 2000 N 162)
I. Works related to lifting and moving weights manually
1. Works related to lifting and moving weights manually, in case of exceeding the established norms
II. Underground works
2. Underground work in the mining industry and in the construction of underground structures, with the exception of work performed by women in leadership positions and not performing physical work; women engaged in sanitary and domestic services; women undergoing training and admitted to internships in the underground parts of the organization; women who must descend from time to time to the underground parts of the organization to perform work of a non-physical nature (the list of positions of managers, specialists and other workers associated with underground work, where, as an exception, the use of female labor is allowed, is given in paragraph 2 of the notes to this list)
III. metalworking
Foundry work
3. Cupola worker
4. Casting beater engaged in manual knockout
5. Charge loader in cupolas and furnaces, busy loading the charge manually
6. Casting welder
7. Metal pourer
8. Cutter engaged in work with pneumatic tools
9. Melter of metal and alloys
10. Workers involved in the suspension of hot casting on the conveyor and maintenance and repair of equipment in the tunnels of foundries
Welding
11. Gas welder and electric welder of manual welding, working in closed containers (tanks, boilers, etc.), as well as on high-rise communication structures (towers, masts) over 10 meters and climbing works
Boiler, cold forging, drawing and spinning works
Work performed by profession:
12. Boilermaker
13. Turner on turning and spinning machines, engaged in manual work
14. Chaser employed at work with a hand pneumatic tool
Forging and pressing and thermal works
Work performed by profession:
15. Bandezhnik engaged in hot work
16. Springer engaged in hot work when winding springs from wire with a diameter of more than 10 mm
17. Roller, busy rolling rings in a hot state
18. Hot metal springer
Metal plating and painting
19. Sealing inside the caisson tanks
20. Continuous hot lead plating (not galvanized)
Locksmith and locksmith and assembly work
Work performed by profession:
21. A pneumatic driller who performs work with a pneumatic tool that transmits vibration to the hands of the worker
22. A repairman engaged in: setting up equipment in workshops and departments: hot-rolling, pickling, enamelling, insulating with the use of organosilicon varnishes, lead coating in cable production; on hot repair of selenium and shoping devices (equipment);
adjustment of equipment in workshops and departments for the preparation and use of organosilicon varnishes and varnishes containing 40 percent or more of toluene, xylene;
repair of equipment in closed fuel depots and oil facilities at thermal power plants, as well as repair of equipment in tunnels and heating chambers in heating networks;
maintenance of water jacket furnaces in the production of non-ferrous metals and alloys;
adjustment and repair of hot molds;
directly in the workshops: milling, spreading, forming, foundry, pipe-filling, litho-mixing and assembly in the production of lead batteries;
repair of technological equipment at engine test stations, running on leaded gasoline and located in boxes
Works with lead
23. Smelting, casting, rolling, broaching and stamping of lead products, as well as lead-plating of cables and soldering of lead batteries
IV. Construction, installation and repair and construction works
24. Hot repair of furnaces and boiler furnaces
25. Uprooting stumps
26. Fastening of structures and parts using a construction and assembly gun
27. Paving, demolition of buildings and structures
28. Punching holes (furrows, niches, etc.) in concrete, reinforced concrete and stone (brick) structures manually and using pneumatic tools
Work performed by profession:
29. Reinforcement worker engaged in manual installation of frames, manual, bending machines and scissors
30. Asphalt concrete worker, asphalt concrete worker-welder, engaged in manual work
31. Hydromonitor
32. A digger engaged in sinking wells
33. Bricklayer employed in the laying of modular solid silicate bricks
34. Roofer on steel roofs
35. Caisson operator, caisson miner, caisson fitter, caisson electrician
36. Motor grader driver
37. Asphalt distributor driver, truck driver
38. Concrete pumping plant operator, mobile bitumen melting plant operator
39. Bulldozer driver
40. Grader elevator operator
41. Mobile asphalt mixer driver
42. Asphalt paver driver
43. Single-bucket excavator driver, rotary excavator driver (ditcher and trencher)
44. The driver of an electric welding mobile unit with an internal combustion engine
45. Mobile power station driver working at a power station with an internal combustion engine with a capacity of 150 hp. and more
46. Communications installer-antenna operator, busy working at height
47. Fitter for the installation of steel and reinforced concrete structures when working at height and steeplejack work
48. Solderer for lead (lead solderer)
49. Carpenter
50. Plumber, employed in the repair of the sewer network
51. Pipe laying of industrial reinforced concrete pipes
52. Piping of industrial brick pipes
V. Mining
Open pit mining and the surface of existing and under construction mines and mines, enrichment, agglomeration, briquetting
Works performed by general professions of mining and mining capital works:
53. Hole driller
54. Exploder, master explosives
55. Miner for the prevention and extinguishing of fires
56. Delivery of fixing materials to the mine
57. Fastener
58. Blacksmith Driller
59. Drilling rig operator
60. Loader driver
61. Machine operator for drilling mine shafts with a full section
62. Excavator driver
63. Tipper engaged in manual rolling and rolling of trolleys
64. Drifter
65. Stem, busy feeding the trolleys into the stands manually
66. Cleaner busy cleaning bunkers
67. Electrician (mechanic) on duty and equipment repair, engaged in maintenance and repair of equipment, mechanisms, water and air lines in mining
Works performed by general professions of enrichment, agglomeration, briquetting and certain categories of workers:
68. Crusher employed in the crushing of hot pitch in the production of alumina
69. Calciner engaged in the process of burning raw materials and materials in the production of mercury
70. Workers and foremen of concentrating and crushing and screening factories, mines, mines and metallurgical enterprises engaged in crushing, grinding, grinding and blending ores of ferrous, non-ferrous and rare metals, fluorspar and coal, which form dust containing 10 percent and more free silicon dioxide, when performing work manually
71. Workers employed in lead enrichment shops
72. Workers and craftsmen engaged in the enrichment of niobium (loparite) ores
Construction of subways, tunnels and underground structures
special purpose
Work performed by profession:
73. Mining Equipment Installer
74. Drifter on surface work
Ore mining
Work performed by profession:
75. Placer Miner
76. Chisel Loader
77. Drager
78. Dredge sailor
79. Dredge driver
80. Rocket driver
Extraction and processing of peat
Work performed by profession:
81. Ditcher
82. Grubber
83. Machine operator for the extraction and processing of sod peat
84. Driver of machines for the preparation of peat deposits for operation
85. Peat excavator driver
86. Peat worker, engaged in felling trees, on the lining of peat bricks
Processing of brown coal and ozocerite ores
Work performed by profession:
87. Mountain wax production operator
88. Operator for the production of ozokerite and ozokerite products
89. Crusher
90. Briquette press operator
91. Filling machine operator
VI. Exploration and topographic and geodetic works
Work performed by profession:
92. Explosive, master explosives
93. Installer of geodetic signs
94. Electrician (mechanic) on duty and equipment repair, employed in the field
VII. Drilling of the wells
Work performed by profession:
95. Driller of operational and exploratory drilling of wells for oil and gas
96. Tower assembler, rig welder, rig electrician
97. Drilling rig operator
98. Well Cementing Engineer
99. Cementing unit motorist, cement-sand mixing unit motorist
100. Pipe presser
101. Assistant driller for operational and exploratory drilling of oil and gas wells (first)
102. Assistant driller of operational and exploratory drilling of wells for oil and gas (second)
103. Drilling mud preparer busy preparing mud manually
104. Drilling rig maintenance fitter directly employed on drilling rigs
105. Repairman engaged in the repair of drilling equipment
106. Toollock installer
107. Electrician for maintenance of drilling rigs
VIII. Mining of oil and gas
108. Workover driller
109. Driller of a floating drilling unit at sea
110. Steam mobile dewaxing machine operator
111. Mobile compressor driver
112. Lift driver
113. Flushing machine driver
114. Hydraulic fracturing operator
115. Well preparation operator for workover and underground workover
116. Underground well workover operator
117. Operator for chemical treatment of wells
118. Well Workover Driller Assistant
119. Assistant driller of a floating drilling unit at sea
120. Workers, managers and specialists permanently employed in underground oil production
121. Locksmith for the installation and repair of offshore drilling bases and racks
122. A mechanic-repairer engaged in the installation and maintenance of process equipment and the repair of oilfield equipment
123. Electrician for the repair and maintenance of electrical equipment, engaged in the maintenance and repair of technological equipment
IX. Ferrous metallurgy
124. Ladle, employed in work with molten metal
125. Metal heater employed at work in methodical, chamber furnaces and wells of rolling and pipe industries
126. Processor of surface defects of metal, employed at work with a pneumatic tool
Domain production
Work performed by profession:
127. Horse blast furnace
128. Blast furnace plumber
129. Hearth blast furnace
130. Scale wagon driver
131. Skipova
Steelmaking
Work performed by profession:
132. Filling machine driver
133. Mixer
134. Blocker
135. Furnace reduction of iron and annealing of iron powders
136. Melter of deoxidizers
137. Converter's assistant steelworker
138. Handy steelworker open-hearth furnace
139. Assistant steelmaker of the electroslag remelting unit
140. Electric furnace steelworker's assistant
141. Caster of steel
142. Converter steelmaker
143. Open-hearth furnace steelmaker
144. Steelmaker of electroslag remelting plant
145. Electric furnace steelmaker
rolling production
Work performed by profession:
146. Roller of hot rolling mill
147. Pitch cooker
148. Hot rolling mill assistant
149. Rail fastener presser
150. Fitter-conductor employed in section rolling production
Pipe production
Work performed by profession:
151. Sizing mill roller
152. Roller of hot-rolled pipe mill
153. Roller of furnace pipe welding mill
154. Roller of cold-rolled pipe mill
155. Pipe mill roller
156. Pipe drawer employed on non-mechanized mills
157. Pipe calibrator on the press
158. Blacksmith on hammers and presses
159. Handy roller mill of hot-rolled pipes
160. Handy rolling mill for cold-rolled pipes
Ferroalloy production
Works performed by professions and certain categories of workers:
161. Hearth ferroalloy furnaces
162. Smelter engaged in melting and granulating molten vanadium pentoxide
163. Ferroalloy smelter
164. Workers involved in the smelting of silicon alloys in open arc furnaces
165. Workers engaged in obtaining metallic chromium and chromium-containing alloys by aluminothermic method
Coke production
166. Work associated with direct employment in the production of benzene, its hydrotreatment and rectification
Work performed by profession:
167. Barillet
168. Door
169. Crusher
170. Lukovoi
171. Scrubber-pump, engaged in the maintenance of the phenol plant in the workshop for capturing coking products
172. Repairman engaged in the maintenance of coke oven batteries
X. Non-ferrous metallurgy
Works performed by general professions:
173. Anode pourer engaged in pouring bottom sections of anodes in the production of aluminum, silumin and silicon
174. Fitter at the repair of bathtubs, engaged in drilling a recess for the cathode rod in the production of aluminum, silumin and silicon
175. Melter
176. Calciner
177. Repairman, electrician for the repair and maintenance of electrical equipment, employed in the main metallurgical shops
178. Sinterer
179. A shifter working at furnaces in the production of tin
Production of non-ferrous and rare metals, production of powders
from non-ferrous metals
180. Works performed by workers and craftsmen employed in workshops (departments and sections) for the production of titanium tetrachloride (tetrachloride)
181. Works performed by workers and craftsmen employed in the shops for chlorination of loparite concentrate
182. Works performed by workers and foremen employed in workshops (departments and sections) for the reduction of tetrachloride and metal separation in the production of metallic titanium
183. Works performed by workers and foremen employed in departments (at sites) of chlorination and rectification of titanium raw materials (slags)
184. Works performed by workers employed in the department for processing slags by the sublimation method at a fuming plant in the production of tin
185. Work performed by workers employed in smelting shops, as well as processing cinders in the production of mercury
Work performed by profession:
186. Anode in aluminum production
187. Titanium sponge beater
188. Metal pourer
189. Cathodic
190. Converter
191. Capacitor
192. Installer of reaction apparatus, engaged in the installation and dismantling of baths and furnaces, in the repair and restoration of reaction apparatus
193. Mercury beater
194. Furnace in the production of zinc dust
195. Furnace on Waelz furnaces
196. Furnace on reduction and distillation of titanium and rare metals
197. Furnace for recovery of nickel powder
198. Furnace for processing titanium-containing and rare-earth materials
199. Sludger of electrolyte baths, busy cleaning baths by hand
200. Molten salt cell
Forming non-ferrous metals
201. Work performed by a hot metal roller engaged in the rolling of non-ferrous metals and their alloys
Production of aluminum by electrolytic method
202. Work performed by workers and foremen
Alumina production
203. The work performed by the operator of the loaders engaged in repair work in hard-to-reach places of pneumatic and hydraulic loaders
XI. Repair of equipment of power plants and networks
Work performed by profession:
204. An electrician for the repair of overhead power lines, engaged in climbing work repairing high-voltage power lines
205. An electrician for the repair and installation of cable lines, engaged in the repair of cable glands with lead litharge and in the soldering of lead cable sleeves and sheaths
XII. Production of abrasives
Work performed by profession:
206. Balancer-filler of abrasive wheels, busy pouring lead into abrasive products
207. Bulldozer driver employed in the hot dismantling of resistance furnaces in the production of abrasives
208. Melter of abrasive materials
209. A miner employed in a corundum shop
210. Disassembler of resistance furnaces, employed in the shop for the production of silicon carbide
XIII. Electrical production
Works performed by general professions:
211. Mercury Distiller
212. Mercury rectifier molder working with open mercury
Electric coal production
213. Work performed by workers in the smelting of pitch
cable production
Work performed by profession:
214. Presser of cables with lead or aluminum, engaged in hot pressing with lead
215. Stripper of sheaths from cable products, engaged in stripping only lead sheaths
Production of chemical current sources
Work performed by profession:
216. Caster of products from lead alloys
217. Dry mass mixer (for lead batteries)
218. Smelter of lead alloys
219. Battery plate cutter, engaged in stamping-separation of molded lead plates
XIV. Radio engineering and electronic production
Work performed by profession:
220. Tester of parts and devices, employed in testing devices in thermal vacuum chambers at a temperature of +28 ° C and above and -60 ° C and below, subject to direct presence in them
221. Caster of magnets on furnaces-crystallizers
222. Smelter of shoopsalloy and bismuth
XV. Production and repair of aircraft
Work performed by profession:
223. Aircraft engine repairman and aggregate repairman engaged in the repair of engines and aggregates running on leaded gasoline
XVI. Shipbuilding and ship repair
Work performed by profession:
224. Armor of reinforced concrete ships, busy working on vibrating tables, vibrating platforms, cassette installations and with manual vibrators
225. Ship bender employed in hot bending
226. Ship's boilermaker
227. Painter, ship insulator engaged in painting work in tanks, the area of the second bottom, warm boxes and other hard-to-reach areas of ships, as well as in cleaning old paint in these areas of ships
228. Coppersmith for the manufacture of ship products, engaged in hot work
229. Ship carpenter working in closed compartments of ships
230. Employees of the commissioning team at mooring, factory and state tests
231. Ship's chopper, employed at work with a hand pneumatic tool
232. Assembler of hulls of metal ships, engaged in sectional, block and slipway assembly of surface ships with a constant combination of his work with electric tack, gas cutting and metal processing with hand pneumatic tools, as well as in the repair of ships
233. Mechanic for testing installations and equipment, engaged in the adjustment and testing of marine diesel engines in enclosed spaces and inside ships
234. Ship fitter, engaged in installation inside ships during repairs
235. Ship-repairer engaged in work inside ships
236. Ship hull repairman
237. Ship rigger
238. Pipeline ship
XVII. Chemical production
Works performed in chemical industries by professions and certain categories of workers:
239. Melting operator engaged in melting and refining pitch
240. A steamer employed in the tearing-stripping of rubber
Production of non-organic products
Calcium carbide production
241. Workers, shift managers and specialists employed in furnaces and manual crushing of carbide
Phosgene production
242. Workers, shift managers and specialists employed at technological stages
Production of mercury and its compounds
243. Workers, shift managers and specialists employed at technological stages, except for remote-controlled production
Production of yellow phosphorus
244. Workers, shift managers and specialists directly involved in maintenance of shaft slotted furnaces, roasting and sintering furnaces, fine granulation plants, in phosphorus electric sublimation departments, in filling phosphorus tanks, in maintenance of storage tanks for phosphorus, phosphorus sludge, sludge distillation and in the processing of fire-liquid slag
Production of phosphorus trichloride and phosphorus pentasulphide
245. Workers, shift managers and specialists employed at technological stages
Production of chlorine by the mercury method
246. Workers employed at technological stages
Production of liquid chlorine and chlorine dioxide
247. Workers employed at technological stages
Carbon disulfide production
248. Workers, shift managers and specialists employed in the departments: retort and condensation
Works with fluorine, hydrogen fluoride and fluorides
249. Workers, managers and specialists (except for work performed in laboratories using hydrofluoric acid and fluorides)
Production of arsenic and arsenic compounds
250. Workers, shift managers and specialists employed at technological stages
Silicon tetrachloride production
251. Workers, shift managers and specialists employed at technological stages
Industrial iodine production
252. Workers engaged in the extraction of iodine
Production of organic products
Production of benzatron and its chlorine and bromo derivatives, vilontron
253. Workers, shift managers and specialists employed at technological stages
Production of aniline, paranitroaniline, aniline salts and fluxes
254. Workers, shift managers and specialists employed at technological stages
Production of benzidine and its analogues
255. Workers, managers, specialists and other employees directly involved in the production and at the dissolution station of these products
Production of carbon tetrachloride, golovaks, rematol, sovol
256. Workers, shift managers and specialists employed at technological stages
Chloropicrin production
257. Workers, shift managers and specialists employed at technological stages
Production of catalysts containing arsenic
258. Workers, shift managers and specialists employed at technological stages
Production of cyram, mercury- and arsenic-containing pesticides
259. Workers, shift managers and specialists employed at technological stages
Chloroprene production
260. Workers, shift managers and specialists employed at technological stages
Production of chloroprene rubber and latex
261. Workers involved in the technological stages of polymerization and product isolation
Production of ethyl liquid
262. Workers, managers and specialists employed at technological stages
Production of benzene, toluene, xylene
263. Workers, shift managers and specialists employed at technological stages
Paint and varnish production
Production of lead litharge and red lead, lead crowns,
white, lead green and yarmedyanka
264. Workers, shift managers and specialists employed at technological stages
Manufacture of chemical fibers and threads
265. Regeneration operator engaged in the regeneration of carbon disulfide
Manufacture of fiberglass products based on
synthetic resins (phenol-formaldehyde, epoxy,
unsaturated polyester resins)
266. Operators employed in the contact molding of large-sized products with an area of 1.5 sq.m or more
Production of medicines, medical, biological
preparations and materials
Production of antibiotics
267. Filtration operator engaged in manual disassembly and assembly of filter presses with a frame size of more than 500 mm
Obtaining morphine from raw opium
268. Filtration operator engaged in manual disassembly and assembly of filter presses with a frame size of more than 500 mm
Androgen production
269. Operator for the production of synthetic hormones, engaged in the production of testosterone preparations and its derivatives
XVIII. Production and processing of rubber compounds
Work performed by profession:
270. A vulcanizer engaged in loading and unloading products in boilers over 6 meters long, vulcanizing propeller shafts
271. Rubber mixer driver
272. Workers employed in the departments: cold vulcanization, production of radol and factis
273. Repairer of rubber products, engaged in the manufacture and repair of large-sized rubber parts and products, in the vulcanization of reinforced parts (large tires, rubber fuel tanks, tanks, conveyor belts, etc.)
Production, retreading and repair of tires
274. Works performed by a vulcanizer, tire assembler (heavy duty)
XIX. Oil, gas, shale and coal processing, generation
synthetic petroleum products, petroleum oils and lubricants
Works performed by professions and certain categories of workers:
275. Coke cleaner
276. Coke unloader
277. Workers, shift managers and specialists employed at technological units for leaded gasoline
278. Workers employed in extraction shops and departments of production of aromatic hydrocarbons
279. Workers involved in the preparation of arsenic solutions in the purification of sulfur-containing petroleum gas
XX. Logging and timber rafting
logging work
280. Loading and unloading of round timber (except for balance sheets, mine stand and firewood up to 2 meters long)
281. Stacking of round timber (except for balance sheets, pit stand and firewood up to 2 meters long)
Work performed by profession:
282. Logger
283. Lumberjack engaged in felling, cross-cutting and hilling up longitude, chopping firewood, harvesting and cutting stump resin, as well as harvesting wood using hand tools
284. Timber piler-dumper engaged in the creation of inter-operational and seasonal stocks of tree trunks and trees, loading trees, tree trunks and round timber (with the exception of balance sheets, a mine rack and firewood up to 2 meters long) onto a timber rolling stock and unloading them, performing work manually
285. Choker
Timber rafting
Work performed by profession:
286. Alloyer
287. Rigger engaged in loading and unloading rigging
288. Raft shaper
XXI. Manufacture of pulp, paper, cardboard and products from them
Work performed by profession:
289. Operator for the preparation of chemical solutions, engaged in the dissolution of chlorine
290. Impregnation operator engaged in the production of anti-corrosion and inhibition paper
291. Fibrous cooker
292. Pulp cook
293. Treesteam
294. Pyrite crusher
295. Loader of balances in defibrers
296. Loader of pyrites, sulfur furnaces and turms
297. Sulphate loader
298. Acid
299. Mixer
300. Acid tank builder
301. Fiber sawmill
302. Impregnation of paper and paper products, engaged in the impregnation of fiber
303. Sulfuric acid regenerator
304. Repairman, oiler, cleaner of production and service premises, electrician for the repair and maintenance of electrical equipment, engaged in the production of sulfite cellulose and sulfurous acid
305. Cooper
306. Dryer of a paper (cardboard) machine, employed on high-speed paper and cardboard machines operating at a speed of 400 or more meters per minute
307. Chlorist
XXII. Cement production
308. Work performed by workers in the cleaning of sludge pools and talkers
XXIII. Stone processing and production of stone products
Work performed by profession:
309. Stone pourer
310. Stonesmith
311. Stonecutter
312. Mill driver, busy breaking diabase crushed stone into powder
313. Stone processing equipment adjuster
314. Stone sawer
315. Stone cutter
XXIV. Manufacture of reinforced concrete and concrete products and structures
316. Work as a cutter of concrete and reinforced concrete products
XXV. Production of thermal insulation materials
Work performed by profession:
317. Bitumen worker
318. Cupola worker
XXVI. Production of soft roofing and waterproofing materials
319. Works performed by the loader of digesters
XXVII. Manufacture of glass and glass products
Work performed by profession:
320. Kvartseduv (except engaged in the manufacture of products with a diameter of up to 100 mm and a wall thickness of up to 3 mm)
321. Quartz Smelter
322. Mirror dyer working with mercury
323. Composer of the charge, engaged in manual work using minium lead
324. Halmovator
XXVIII. Textile and light industry
Works performed by the general professions of textile production:
325. Sizing equipment operator engaged in non-mechanized lifting and removal of rollers
326. Plumber, busy cleaning sewer trenches and wells
Cotton primary processing
327. Work as a presser
Hemp-jute production
328. Work as a fiber preparer, engaged in breaking bales of jute
wool production
Work performed by profession:
329. Industrial cloth washer
330. Assistant master, employed in the weaving shop in the production of cloth
Felting and felt production
Work performed by profession:
331. Fuller engaged in the manufacture of dense felts
332. Shoe fitter engaged in manual work
333. Shoe remover from the lasts, engaged in the removal of felted shoes by hand
Leather and leather production
335. Transportation, unloading and loading of large leather raw materials and semi-finished products manually in the ash-cleaning shops of tanneries
Work performed by profession:
336. Skinning worker engaged in manual turning of large leathers on logs, in skinning and breaking down large leather raw materials
337. Roller of skins, employed in the rolling of large and hard skins on skating rinks
338. Raw hide cutter
339. Sorter of products, semi-finished products and materials, engaged in sorting large leather raw materials
340. Cleaner of products, semi-finished products and materials, engaged in manual cleaning of large leathers and large raw hides on logs
Manufacture of leather shoes
341. Work as a molder of parts and products employed on Anklepf-type machines
XXIX. food industry
342. Baling of corrugated production waste
Works performed in the general professions of food production:
343. Diffusion operator servicing intermittent diffusers when loading manually
344. Ice harvester, engaged in harvesting ice in reservoirs and laying it in riots
345. Bone Charcoal Maker
346. The operator of cleaning machines, busy dismantling the separators by hand
Production of meat products
Work performed by profession:
347. Cattle fighter engaged in operations of stunning, picking up, bleeding of cattle and small cattle and pigs; gutting, shooting cattle skins by hand; sawing carcasses; scalds and singes of pig carcasses and heads; processing of carcasses of cattle in a horizontal way
348. Skinner
349. Hide processor
Extraction and processing of fish
350. All types of work on fishing, search and receiving and transport ships, with the exception of sea floating crab-fish canning plants, fish processing bases, large freezing fishing trawlers and refrigerated ships, where the work of women is allowed in all jobs, excluding jobs (professions, positions) specified in sections XXXII "Sea transport" and XXXIII "River transport" of this list
351. Turning fish barrels by hand
Work performed by profession:
352. Loader-unloader of food products, engaged in loading grates with canned food into autoclaves manually
353. Processor of a sea animal engaged in the skinning of skins of a sea animal
354. A fish processor engaged in manual pouring and unloading of fish from vats, chests, ships, slots and other waterways; mixing fish in salted vats by hand
355. Presser-squeezer of food products, engaged in the pressing (squeezing) of fish in barrels by hand
356. Receiver of watercraft
357. Coastal fisherman engaged in manual hauling of cast nets, ice fishing with cast nets, fixed nets and venters
Bakery production
358. Work performed by a tester employed on dough mixers with rolling bowls with a capacity of more than 330 liters when moving them manually
Tobacco-makhorka and fermentation production
359. Work performed by an auxiliary worker engaged in transporting bales of tobacco
Perfumery and cosmetics production
360. Work performed by a worker engaged in the grinding of amidochloric mercury
Extraction and production of table salt
Work performed by profession:
361. Salt loader in pools
362. Pool preparer
363. Track worker on the lake
XXX. Rail transport and metro
Works performed by professions and certain categories of workers:
364. Accumulator repairer of lead batteries
365. A trolley driver and his assistant working on broad gauge railway lines
366. Freight train conductor
367. Stoker locomotives in the depot
368. Diesel train driver and his assistant
369. Engine driver and his assistant working on broad gauge railway lines
370. Locomotive driver and his assistant
371. Locomotive driver and his assistant
372. The driver of the traction unit and his assistant
373. Electric locomotive driver and his assistant
374. Electric train driver and his assistant
375. Track fitter
376. Porter engaged in the movement of luggage and hand luggage
377. Inspector-repairer of wagons
378. Punch-blow pipe
379. Conductor for escorting cargo and special wagons, engaged in escorting cargo on open rolling stock
380. Washer of steam locomotive boilers
381. Impregnation of lumber and wood products, engaged in impregnation with the use of oil antiseptics
382. Speed controller of carriages
383. A mechanic for the repair of rolling stock, performing the work:
for the repair of headsets on steam locomotives during their warm washing; in fire and smoke boxes;
for blowing the bottom and gutters of electric rolling stock and diesel locomotives with electric transmission;
for disassembly, repair and assembly of drain devices and safety valves, for inspection and filling of valves of drain devices in tanks from oil products and chemical products
384. Train Builder, Assistant Train Builder
385. An electrician of a contact network employed on electrified railways by working at height
386. Asbestos waste loading workers permanently working in the asbestos waste ballast quarry
XXXI. Automobile transport
Work performed by profession:
387. A driver of a car working on a bus with more than 14 seats (except for those employed in intra-factory, intra-city, suburban and rural transportation within one day shift, provided that they are not involved in the maintenance and repair of the bus)
388. A driver of a car working on a car with a carrying capacity of more than 2.5 tons (except for those employed in intra-factory, intra-city, suburban transportation and transportation in rural areas within one day shift, provided that they are not involved in the maintenance and repair of a truck)
389. Automotive mechanic hand washing engine parts of a car running on leaded gasoline
390. A car mechanic working on an engine break-in using leaded gasoline
391. Mechanic for fuel equipment, employed in car fleets to repair fuel equipment for carburetor engines running on leaded gasoline
XXXII. Sea transport
392. Coastal boatswain, coastal sailor, senior coastal sailor (with the exception of local and suburban lines working at passenger berths)
393. Ship's stoker and boiler operator engaged in maintenance of boilers on ships and cranes, regardless of the type of fuel burned in boilers
394. Cranemaster and his assistant
395. Crane operator (crane operator), employed on a floating crane, and his assistant
396. Machine officers (mechanics, electromechanics and others) and machine crew (machinists, mechanics, electricians, turners and fitters of all kinds and others) of ships of all types of fleet
397. Deck crew (boatswain, skipper, assistant skipper and sailors of all types) of ships of all types of fleet, as well as floating cleaning stations, docks, floating loaders of grain, cement, coal and other dusty cargo
398. Workers of integrated teams and loaders engaged in loading and unloading operations in ports and marinas
399. Crew members of all types of the fleet, combining work in two positions of deck and engine personnel
XXXIII. River transport
Work performed by profession and position:
400. Loaders, docker-machine operators (except for docker-machine operators permanently working as crane operators, drivers of intraport transport and workers servicing machines and mechanisms of continuous action in the processing of goods, with the exception of substances belonging to hazard classes 1 and 2)
401. Ship's stoker employed on solid fuel ships
402. Sailors of all types of passenger and cargo-passenger ships (with the exception of hydrofoil and gliding ships, as well as ships operating on intra-city and suburban lines), dredgers, dredgers and ships of mixed "river-sea" navigation
403. Crane operator (crane operator) employed on a floating crane
404. Engine crew of ships of all types of fleet, as well as crew members of ships of all types of fleet, combining work in two positions of deck and engine personnel
XXXIV. civil Aviation
Works performed by professions and certain categories of workers:
405. Aviation mechanic (technician) for airframe and engines, aviation mechanic (technician) for instruments and electrical equipment, aviation mechanic (technician) for radio equipment, aviation technician (mechanic) for parachutes and rescue equipment, aviation technician for fuels and lubricants , engineer directly involved in the maintenance of aircraft (helicopters)
406. Porter engaged in the movement of luggage and hand luggage at airports
407. Operator of gas stations, engaged in refueling aircraft with leaded gasoline, as well as refueling special vehicles with leaded gasoline
408. Workers involved in cleaning and repairing the inside of the fuel tanks of gas turbine aircraft
409. Workers involved in the preparation of bitumen and the repair of runways and taxiways (grouting) at airfields
XXXV. Connection
410. Operational maintenance of radio equipment and communication equipment on high-rise structures (towers, masts) over 10 m high, not equipped with elevators
XXXVI. Printing production
Works related to the use of lead alloys
411. Works on casting operations and stereotype finishing
Work performed by profession:
412. Adjuster of printing equipment, employed in the areas of casting stereotypes, type, typesetting and blank materials
413. Caster
414. Stereotyper
Gravure printing workshops
415. Work in the printing department of intaglio printing (except for the acceptance and packaging of finished products)
416. Work done by a gravure plate etcher
XXXVII. Production of musical instruments
417. Peeling and cleaning of cast-iron frames of pianos and grand pianos on abrasive wheels
418. Work performed by a manufacturer of parts for wind instruments, engaged in the manufacture of parts for brass instruments
XXXVIII. Agriculture
419. Operations in crop production, animal husbandry, poultry farming and fur farming with the use of pesticides, pesticides and disinfectants (under the age of 35)
420. Servicing sires, sires, boars
421. Loading and unloading animal corpses, confiscated goods and pathological material
422. Work in wells, slurry tanks and cisterns, silos and haylage towers
423. Work as tractor drivers in agricultural production
424. Working as truck drivers
425. Skinning from the corpses of cattle, horses and cutting carcasses
426. Transportation, loading and unloading of pesticides
427. Laying drainage tubes by hand
XXXIX. Works performed in various sectors of the economy
428. Cleaning, sanding and painting works in ship and railway tanks, ship liquid fuel tanks and oil tankers, cofferdams, fore and after peaks, chain boxes, double-bottom and double-board spaces and other hard-to-reach places
429. Painting work using white lead, lead sulphate or other compounds containing these dyes
430. Installation, repair and maintenance of contact networks, as well as overhead power lines when working at a height of more than 10 m
431. Direct extinguishing of fires
432. Maintenance of floating facilities, dredgers with ship rigging
433. Cleaning of tanks (reservoirs, measuring tanks, tanks, barges, etc.) from sour oil, products of its processing and sulfur-containing petroleum gas
434. Work with metallic mercury in open form (except for workers employed in installations and semi-automatic devices, where effective air exchange is ensured at the workplace)
435. Composition of a mixture of gasoline with ethyl liquid
436. Cleaning mercury rectifiers
Work performed by profession:
437. Antenna mast
438. Bitumen cooker
439. Snowmobile driver
440. Diver
441. Gas rescuer
442. Mercury dispenser busy manually dosing exposed mercury
443. Wood splitter engaged in manual work
444. Boiler repairer of hot boilers
445. Cauldron cleaner
446. Painter engaged in the preparation of lead paints by hand
447. Painter employed inside containers painting using paints and varnishes containing lead, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, as well as painting large-sized products in closed chambers with a spray gun using the same paints and varnishes
448. Crane operator (crane operator) engaged in work at sea
449. The driver (fireman) of the boiler house, engaged in servicing steam and hot water boilers when loaded manually, with the expense per change of solid mineral and peat fuel per driver (fireman) exceeding the established norms of maximum permissible loads for women when lifting and moving heavy loads manually
450. Parachutist (paratrooper-firefighter)
451. Workers of the engine crew of floating cranes
452. Pitch grinder
453. Repairman of artificial structures
454. Locksmith of emergency and restoration work, employed in the work of cleaning the sewer network
455. Rigger engaged in the installation and dismantling of equipment
456. Cleaner engaged in cleaning pipes, furnaces and gas ducts
Notes:
1. An employer may decide on the use of women's labor in jobs (professions, positions) included in this list, provided that safe working conditions are created, confirmed by the results of attestation of workplaces, with a positive conclusion from the state examination of working conditions and the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision Service of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
2. The list of positions of managers, specialists and other workers associated with underground work, in which, as an exception, the use of female labor is allowed:
general director, director, head, technical manager, manager, chief engineer of mines and pits for the extraction of coal, ore and non-metallic minerals by the underground method, for the construction of the subway, tunnels, mine construction and mine sinking departments, construction and construction and installation departments and construction and other underground structures, their deputies and assistants; chief, chief engineer of mining shops and sections, their deputies and assistants; senior engineer, engineer, technician, other managers, specialists and employees who do not perform physical work; engineer, technician, laboratory assistant, other specialists and employees who do not perform physical work and with a non-permanent stay underground; chief surveyor, senior surveyor, mine surveyor, mine, mine surveyor; chief geologist, chief hydrogeologist, chief hydrologist, geologist of the mine, mines, geologist, hydrogeologist of the mine, mines, hydrogeologist, hydrologist;
workers servicing stationary mechanisms with automatic start and stop, and not performing other work related to physical activity; employees undergoing training and admitted to internships in the underground parts of organizations;
employees of scientific and educational institutions, design and design organizations;
a doctor, middle and junior medical personnel, a bartender and other workers involved in sanitary and domestic services.
Since 1974, Russia has officially had a list of 456 professions prohibited for women. The list includes such specialties that many men cannot do, but the representatives of the “weaker sex” are still unhappy. For almost half a century, they have been proving that they can do any job and are free to choose their own professional path. In recent years, the government has promised to revise the list and leave only types of work harmful to women's health, but so far the list remains unchanged. Let's talk about 7 forbidden professions and brave ladies who were able to get around this ban.
Sailor
"A woman on a ship is a bad omen." It is not known exactly when this old superstition appeared, but it is known that it still lives on. And in Russia, even at the legislative level. The harsh sea life is considered too hard for girls (“mothers-to-be”), and being on the same ship with men for several months is completely unbearable. But brave ladies do not pay attention to this touching concern for themselves and still rush into the sea. Women make up 1-2% of all sailors in the world, but this does not mean that they are not on ships at all. They become sailors, navigators, assistants, captains and even receive the rank of admiral. In the United States, Admiral Michelle Howard ran the entire fleet of the country, participated in the Gulf War and rescued her comrades from pirate captivity. But in Russia, girls are forbidden to serve on military courts.
The only captain (and also the only woman) in the Navy was Vera Kurochkina, who operated a large hydrographic boat. This ship provided combat activities for other ships and was used for scientific purposes. In 2013, Captain Kurochkina was fired with a vague wording "due to changes in the terms of the employment contract." And a little later, the leadership of the Russian Navy promised that by 2018 there would be ships ready to take women specialists on board, but so far this has not happened. The few girls who do make it on board work on merchant and passenger ships. The situation when the entire command staff of the ship is made up of women is not yet possible in Russia. But once upon a time, it was the Russian woman Anna Shchetinina who became the first woman - a sea captain.
trucker
It’s hard for many of us to imagine, but the profession of a trucker can really become a dream job. Especially if you are a lady who is protected by law from driving and maintaining buses and cars with a carrying capacity of more than 2.5 tons. We are still surprised to see a girl driving a taxi or minibus, what can we say about trucks. But it is necessary to speak, because there are not so few such brave women in Russia. They drive huge trucks, one wheel of which can weigh more than the driver himself, and change them manually on deserted, broken roads without anyone else's help.
It is very difficult for a girl to get a job as a truck driver: car owners usually do not trust trucks and cargo to such fragile creatures. And in vain: in practice, they cope no worse than their colleagues, and the men who meet along the way (including the police and even local bandits) are always happy to help the lady. But not without sexism - male truckers often try to send a female driver to the kitchen or propose a hand and heart. Work associated with constant traveling does not prevent truckers from starting families. Relatives are proud that they do such a difficult "male" work.
Electric train driver
It is also forbidden for women to drive an electric train (that is, a subway). Metro workers consider this rule quite reasonable. A long stay underground is fraught with health problems for any person, but for girls, among other things, reproductive functions may be impaired. However, the biggest fears are caused by emergency situations. Metro workers can hardly imagine what a fragile girl will do with a train stuck in a tunnel or a person who has fallen under the wheels. After the war, women were actively recruited as machinists, and a few years ago, the last specialist from that recruitment, Natalya Kornienko, quit the subway. Since then, there have been no typists in the metro, although one girl actively tried to get into the coveted chair through the court.
Petersburger Anna Klevets studied at the Faculty of Law and was looking for a part-time job. The position of an assistant driver suited her quite well, but the metro management did not change its rules. Then the girl went to court, saying that the law is discriminatory and violates the constitution. Judging by the fact that there are still no women running metro trains, Themis took the side of the government.
Welder
Truckers note: although it is difficult to get a job, there are no problems with wages - both men and women receive the same. But welders often complain that they are harassed at work: a man's salary can be almost a third higher. Some welders are not allowed to get new categories; sometimes they even make out as a student, and they give the same amount of work as a man with experience. But once the profession of a welder was considered almost feminine: during the war and for some time after, girls reigned in the shops, and then a list of hard work appeared and specialists began to be removed, despite the high skill they demonstrated. The work of a welder is really hard and dangerous, but not only for women, but for everyone in general. These specialists retire at age 45, by which time they already have many health problems, in particular, with vision and the thyroid gland. There are also deaths in production: you can suffocate with gas (welding with argon is especially dangerous here) or get under someone's tool.
Women are neat and responsible workers, which is why employers take them, despite the ban. They solder titanium and nuclear pipes, work with argon, and are not afraid of manual welding. If the employer comes across a decent one, then the welders receive compensation for their hard work: benefits, treatment, trips at the expense of the company, gifts for children. But salaries still remain small even for those who work in the most complex and dangerous industries in hard-to-reach places. But welders usually love their work and even call it creative, because metal cannot just be alloyed - you need to give it a certain shape, make everything beautiful and of high quality. The work of the welder is checked by X-ray, there can be no errors.
Miner
The specialty of a miner is almost the first in the list of prohibited professions. And it seems that here it is - a job that is too tough for women who have escaped to freedom. But it was not always so. Before the revolution and during both world wars, girls were not only allowed to work in the mines, but they encouraged such desires in every possible way (however, in those difficult times, the government officially hired children under 15). Now, of course, no one allows the ladies to swing their picks underground for 14 hours a day, but this does not mean that they have completely returned to the surface. The most common underground profession for girls is a mine surveyor. These are mining engineers who plan and control all stages of construction underground. A surveyor's mistake can lead not only to the collapse of all work, but also to the death of miners - he must assess the condition of the soil, find gassed areas underground, make the right calculations so that nothing collapses. And all these super-responsible decisions are often made by fragile girls. For several years of work, they spend more than a thousand hours underground.
Firefighter
Women in Russia cannot take part in direct fire fighting. To be honest, very few people want to get around this ban: firefighters in Russia can be counted on the fingers. Perhaps, without the ban, there would have been much more of them: in the United States, for example, 6,200 women put out fires, and 150 of them lead the work of fire departments. The American government is required to hire a certain number of girls for this position, provided that they pass a rigorous selection process. In Russia, no skills will help firefighters. Neither excellent grades in specialized educational institutions, nor high results in the standards will force the heads of units to hire a girl. There are no conditions for them either: no separate rooms, no separate showers.
A firefighter is an incredibly dangerous and difficult profession in itself, and women in it have to deal with additional stress: bullying and distrust of male colleagues, harassment from superiors. Those few ladies who nevertheless convinced the authorities of their readiness to sacrifice their own lives to save strangers cannot, for example, participate in competitions - after all, they will compete with men who will be very upset if they lose to the fairer sex. Many girls dream of saving people, many are physically and mentally ready for such work, but only a few begin to fight prejudice and outdated legislation.
Chemical production worker
Girls are actively discouraged from working in the chemical industry. In a good way, no one should work at this production at all, but they decided to remove women by law. Working with materials that emit toxic fumes adversely affects the reproductive functions and health of the children being born. In addition, workers in hazardous industries are more likely to develop gynecological diseases and specific forms of cancer. But of course, unscrupulous employers allow women who are in dire need of money to use harmful substances. They can be incorrectly issued and paid a penny.
At the end of February 2018, the Ministry of Labor announced that it plans to update the list of professions prohibited for women. This is due to the fact that some types of work have disappeared from the old list, others have become available to the weaker sex due to technological improvements.
Equality with 456 exceptions
The Russian constitution makes male and female applicants equal in rights during employment, but government decree No. 162, signed on February 25, 2000, regulates 456 professions that the weaker sex is forbidden to receive.
Important! A taboo has been imposed on women's work in connection with the severity, harmfulness or danger in the performance of certain work.
The current list of professions prohibited for women as of January 2019 can be found in the ConsultantPlus system http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_26328/
The list of harmful professions includes those that:
- negatively affect women's health, primarily reproductive;
- unsafe;
- require quick reaction or great physical strength, endurance, concentration.
At the end of 2017, Tatyana Moskaleva, Commissioner for Human Rights in Russia, expressed her opinion to journalists. She agreed that all professions should be reviewed and adjusted once again, but one should not forget about the opinion of women themselves. Each has its own physical fitness and moral framework, so if a woman wants to drive a train, why not give her the opportunity?
In connection with this opinion, it is recalled the story of Evgenia Markova, who works as a truck driver. She had to go through a refusal to train and issue the rights of a military driver, get two university degrees that were not very useful - in information security and a manager, and work at Kaspersky Lab.
The dream became a reality only after employment in a forwarding company that recruited female drivers of heavy trucks. I feared for difficulties with repairing the car, but male colleagues are always ready to help on the road - not only to borrow a tool, but also to repair the breakdown.
Version-2000
The list of professions prohibited for women in Russia compiled in 2000, according to the head of the Ministry of Labor Maxim Topilin, is morally outdated and some positions should be excluded from it. The main reason for the adjustments being made is improvement of modern working conditions.
At the beginning of 2018, there was information in the news that the management of a large enterprise proposed to give companies the right to independently choose which jobs to hire women and which vacancies to refuse. True, it was specified that the decision would have to be approved by the trade union leaders.
The mentioned initiative belonged to the leadership of Russian Railways. In the current list 30, a section is devoted to the railway industry, and women are not allowed access to such specialties as:
- driver and his assistant;
- train compiler;
- accumulator.
Meanwhile, Russian Railways is confident that the fair sex is quite capable of managing modern Sapsan or Lastochka.
Topilin severely criticized the approach proposed by Russian Railways, saying that it is not the prerogative of a particular employer to prohibit or allow. The standards should be fixed by law so that they are common to all workers and their employers.
The 19-year-old list of prohibited professions for women in Russia includes many professions that have disappeared in two decades. Most of them are production related to electrical engineering, welding, production of abrasives, processing industry and logging.
At the moment, women are prohibited from offering, for example, the following vacancies:
- raft shaper;
- raft rafting;
- pyrite crusher;
- stonemaker;
- stonecutter;
- harvester of ice and bone charcoal;
- miner.
Important! All previous attempts to challenge the list by representatives of government or business were in vain.
New opportunities
Work on professions prohibited for women in the Russian Federation, which will be included in the new list, continues. The Ministry of Labor and Social Development collects proposals from interested parties - trade unions, employers, government agencies - to update the list. Physicians should also give expert opinions. It is on their conscience to identify factors that can negatively affect the reproductive function of the female body.
Doctors assure that the highest percentage of occupational diseases develops in those who work:
- in the manufacturing industry;
- in the metallurgical industry;
- in the production of products;
- with chemicals.
Important! Working with chemicals significantly increases the risk of carcinoma (breast cancer) in hairdressers, beauticians, laundries and dry cleaners.
It is possible that very soon Russian women will be able to get jobs in vacancies, access to which was closed to them until recently. Many have lost the criterion of harmfulness due to the technological modernization of production and adjustments to social and hygienic working conditions.
Moreover, as Valery Korzh, the head of the labor conditions and labor protection department of the Ministry of Labor, who participates in the All-Russian Occupational Safety and Health Week in Sochi, explained, most likely, the criteria for defining a “non-female profession” will have to be revised. Instead of a direct ban on specific specialties, it is better to rely on the conditions created by the employer, because it is one thing to manage a Sapsan, and another to run an old-style locomotive.
The Ministry of Labor proposes not to draw up a black list of prohibited professions, but to approve harmful production factors or types of hazardous work. A draft of a new approach to defining "non-women's positions" is posted on the Regulations Portal for public comment.
Life truth
Despite the existing list and the Labor Code, no one guarantees the absolute safety of women's work. Take even the statistics on female injuries in the Sverdlovsk region:
- a third of those injured at work over the past 5 years;
- every fifth case of severe injuries;
- one in ten workplace deaths.
Formally, hard physical labor and high harm to women are prohibited, but if the profession is not on the list, no one will forbid you to get a job, especially if there are a shortage of candidates for the position. In small towns, the choice of offers from employers is not at all large, and in order to feed their families, wives and mothers do not disdain any vacancy.
What makes the weaker sex "stop a galloping horse"? The main factors of employment in harmful or difficult positions are well known:
- earnings are higher by 20-30%;
- extended package of social benefits: additional vacation, shorter working hours, improved nutrition, vacation vouchers;
- earlier retirement.
On a note! According to statistics, 65% of women are unemployed and it is more difficult for them to find a job.
Many difficult and traumatic women's jobs are now performed by male migrants. For example, they are employed as plasterers-painters, although until recently only representatives of the weaker sex worked for them. But there are still problems with the replacement of female labor by robots in Russia. We have only three robots for every 10,000 workers, while in Japan it is 305, and in Korea it is 531.
So far, the government has updated the list of prohibited professions for women for the last time in 2000. How soon this will be done again, and by what criteria they will determine "non-women's work", we will find out in the future.
