In this material, we focused the reader's attention on the main issues raised in the texts for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. Arguments illustrating these problems are found under the appropriate headings. You can also download the table with all these examples at the end of the article.
- IN stories by V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matyora" the author touches on the problem of preserving the natural heritage, which is very important for the whole society. The writer notes that without knowledge of the past it is impossible to build a worthy future. Nature is also a memory, our history. So, the death of the island of Matera and the small village of the same name caused the loss of memory of the wonderful days of life in this area, its former inhabitants ... Unfortunately, only the older generation, for example, the main character Daria Pinigina, understood that Matera is not just an island, it is a connection with past, the memory of ancestors. When Matera disappeared under the waters of the raging Angara, and the last inhabitant left this place, the memory died.
- History of heroes science fiction story American writer Ray Bradbury's "Thunder Came" is also a confirmation that nature is part of our common history. Nature, time and memory - all these concepts are intertwined, and this is emphasized by the science fiction writer. The death of a small creature, a butterfly, caused the death of the future of the whole world. Intervention in the life of the wildlife of the prehistoric past was very expensive for the inhabitants of planet Earth. Thus, the problem of preserving the natural heritage in Ray Bradbury's story "Thunder Came" is raised so that people think about the value of the environment, because it is inextricably linked with the history of mankind.
Preservation of cultural heritage
- In the book of the Soviet and Russian philologist and culturologist D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful" the problem of preserving cultural heritage is revealed. The author makes his readers think about what cultural monuments mean for a person. The Doctor of Philology reminds us that, unlike natural objects, architectural structures are not capable of self-healing. He encourages everyone to take an active part in preserving the memory, frozen in clay and plaster. In his opinion, no one should reject the culture of the past, since it is the foundation of our future. This statement should convince every caring person to try to solve the problem of preserving the cultural heritage posed by D.S. Likhachev.
- IN novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" one of the main characters, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, is sure that culture is irreplaceable in people's lives. The author tries to convey through this hero the idea of the importance of cultural heritage not only to the nihilist Yevgeny Bazarov, but to all readers. Without the healing influence of art, Eugene, for example, could not understand himself and realize in time that he is a romantic, and also needs warmth and affection. It is the spiritual realm that helps us to know ourselves, so we cannot deny it. Music, fine arts, literature make a person noble, morally beautiful, so it is necessary to take care of the preservation of cultural monuments.
The problem of memory in family relationships
- In the story of K.N. Paustovsky "Telegram" Nastya for many years forgot about her mother, did not come, did not visit. She was justified by everyday employment, but no business can be compared in importance with her own mother. The story of the main character is given by the author as a warning to the reader: the care and love of parents should not be forgotten by children, because one day it will be too late to repay them the same. So it happened with Nastya. Only after the death of her mother did the girl realize that she had given very little time to the one who protected her sleep by the crib.
- The words of parents, their instructions are sometimes remembered by children for many years and even for life. Yes, main character stories by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", Petr Grinev, very clearly understood for himself the simple truth of his father "take care of honor from an early age." Thanks to his parents and their instructions, the hero never gave up, did not blame anyone for his problems, accepted defeats with honor and dignity, if life required it. The memory of the parents was something sacred for Peter Grinev. He respected their opinion, tried to justify the trust in himself, which later helped him to become happy and free.
- In the novel by B. L. Vasiliev “I was not on the lists” the protagonist had not yet managed to check in at a combat post, as the bloody World War II began. He put all his young strength into the defense of the Brest Fortress, during which everyone died. Even left alone, he did not cease to terrify the invaders with his nightly sorties. When Pluzhnikov was caught, the enemies saluted him, as the Soviet soldier impressed them with his courage. But the title of the novel tells us that many such nameless heroes are lost in the hustle and bustle of days when they simply did not have time to be included in the next list. But how much have they, unrecognized and forgotten, done for us? In order for us to at least keep this in our memory, the author dedicated a whole work to the feat of Nikolai Pluzhnikov, which thus became a monument of military glory on a mass grave.
- In Aldous Huxley's dystopia "Brave New World" describes a society that denies its history. As we can see, their ideal life, not clouded by memories, has become only a cloying and meaningless semblance of real life. They do not have feelings and emotions, family and marriage, friendship and other values that define personality. All new people are empty shells, existing according to the laws of reflexes and instincts, primitive creatures. Against their background, the Savage stands out favorably, whose upbringing was built in connection with the achievements and defeats of past eras. That is why his individuality is undeniable. Only historical memory, expressed in the continuity of generations, allows us to develop harmoniously. Interesting? Save it on your wall!
The problem of historical memory
1) The problem of historical memory (responsibility for the bitter and terrible consequences of the past).
The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central ones in literature in the middle of the 20th century. For example, A.T. Tvardovsky in the poem "By the Right of Memory" calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in the poem by A.A. Akhmatova "Requiem". The verdict on the state system based on injustice and lies is passed by A.I. Solzhenitsyn in the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"
2) The problem of preservation of ancient monuments and respect for them.
The problem of careful attitude to cultural heritage has always remained in the center of general attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when the change of the political system was accompanied by the overthrow of the old values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, Academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospekt from being built up with typical high-rise buildings. The estates of Kuskovo and Abramtsevo were restored at the expense of Russian cinematographers. Caring for ancient monuments distinguishes Tula residents: the appearance of the historical center of the city, the church, the Kremlin is preserved.
The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.
3) The problem of attitude to the past, loss of memory, roots.
“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (A.S. Pushkin). Chingiz Aitmatov called a man who does not remember his kinship, who has lost his memory, a mankurt ( "Stormy Station"). Mankurt is a man forcibly deprived of memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he comes from, does not know his name, does not remember childhood, father and mother - in a word, he does not realize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous to society, the writer warns.
Quite recently, on the eve of the great Victory Day, young people were asked on the streets of our city if they knew about the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, about who we fought, who G. Zhukov was ... The answers were depressing: the younger generation does not know the dates of the start of the war, the names of the commanders, many have not heard about the Battle of Stalingrad, about the Kursk Bulge ...
The problem of forgetting the past is very serious. A person who does not respect history, who does not honor his ancestors, is the same mankurt. One would like to remind these young people the piercing cry from the legend of Ch. Aitmatov: “Remember, whose are you? What is your name?"
4) The problem of a false goal in life.
“A person needs not three arshins of land, not a farmstead, but the entire globe. All nature, where in the open space he could show all the properties of a free spirit, ”wrote A.P. Chekhov. Life without purpose is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story "Gooseberry". His hero, Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Gimalaysky, dreams of acquiring his estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. As a result, he reaches it, but at the same time he almost loses his human appearance (“he has become fat, flabby ... - just look, he will grunt in a blanket”). A false goal, fixation on the material, narrow, limited disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life ...
I. Bunin in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and that god he worshipped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.
5) The meaning of human life. Search for a life path.
The image of Oblomov (I.A. Goncharov) --- is the image of a man who wanted to achieve a lot in life ---. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.
M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom" showed the drama of "former people" who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the rooming house and ends there.
N. Gogol, the denouncer of human vices, is persistently looking for a living human soul. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become "a hole in the body of mankind", he passionately urges the reader, who enters adulthood, to take with him all the "human movements", not to lose them on the road of life.
Life is a journey along an endless road. Some travel along it “with official necessity”, asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others are frightened of this road, run to their wide sofa, because “life touches everywhere, gets it” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual “I”. One of them - Pierre Bezukhov - the hero of the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of the “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, too easily succumbs to rough flattery, the cause of which is his huge fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helen, a duel with Dolokhov ... And as a result - a complete loss of the meaning of life. “What's wrong? What well?
What should you love and what should you hate? Why live and what am I? - these questions are scrolled countless times in my head until a sober understanding of life comes. On the way to it, and the experience of Freemasonry, and observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the folk philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and a person lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual “I”.
6) Self-sacrifice. Love for your neighbor. Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity.
In one of the books devoted to the Great Patriotic War, a former blockade survivor recalls that during a terrible famine, his life was saved by an elderly neighbor who brought a can of stew sent by his son from the front to him, a dying teenager. “I am already old, and you are young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved kept a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.
The tragedy occurred in the Krasnodar Territory. A fire started in a nursing home where sick old people lived. Among the 62 who were burned alive was 53-year-old nurse Lidia Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When a fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them escape. But she didn’t save herself - she didn’t have time.
U. M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man”. It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. Once he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This deed shows that love and the desire to do good give a person the strength to live, the strength to resist fate. Sonya Marmeladova.
7) The problem of indifference. Callous and callous attitude towards a person.
“Satisfied people”, accustomed to comfort, people with small property interests are the same heroes Chekhov, “people in cases”. This is Dr. Startsev in "Ionyche", and Belikov's teacher "The Man in the Case". Let us remember how Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides “on a troika with bells, plump, red”, and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red”, shouts: “Hold on!” "Hold on right" - this is, after all, detachment from human troubles and problems. On their prosperous path of life there should be no obstacles. And in Belikovsky's "no matter how it happens" we see only an indifferent attitude to the problems of other people. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals at all, but simply - philistines, townsfolk who imagine themselves to be "masters of life."
8) The problem of friendship, comradely duty.
Front-line service is an almost legendary expression; there is no doubt that there is no stronger and more devoted friendship between people. There are many literary examples of this. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" one of the characters exclaims: "There are no bonds brighter than comrades!" But most often this topic was revealed in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. In B. Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet…”, both the anti-aircraft gunners and Captain Vaskov live according to the laws of mutual assistance, responsibility for each other. In K. Simonov's novel The Living and the Dead, Captain Sintsov carries a wounded comrade out of the battlefield.
9) The problem of scientific progress.
In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.
The press reported that very soon there will be an elixir of immortality. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. How will this immortality turn out for a person?
10) The problem of the patriarchal village way of life. The problem of charm, the beauty of a morally healthy village life.
In Russian literature, the theme of the village and the theme of the motherland were often combined. Rural life has always been perceived as the most serene, natural. One of the first to express this idea was Pushkin, who called the village his office. ON THE. Nekrasov in a poem and poems drew the reader's attention not only to the poverty of peasant huts, but also to how friendly peasant families are, how hospitable Russian women are. A lot is said about the originality of the farmstead way of life in Sholokhov's epic novel "Quiet Flows the Don". In Rasputin's story "Farewell to Matyora", the ancient village is endowed with historical memory, the loss of which is tantamount to death for the inhabitants.
11) The problem of labor. The pleasure of meaningful activity.
The theme of labor has been repeatedly developed in Russian classical and modern literature. As an example, it is enough to recall the novel by I.A. Goncharov “Oblomov”. The hero of this work, Andrei Stoltz, sees the meaning of life not as a result of labor, but in the process itself. We see a similar example in Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin's Dvor". His heroine does not perceive forced labor as a punishment, punishment - she treats work as an integral part of existence.
12) The problem of the influence of laziness on a person.
Chekhov's essay "My" she "lists all the terrible consequences of the influence of laziness on people. Goncharov "Oblomov" (the image of Oblomov). The image of Manilov (Gogol "Dead Souls")
13) The problem of the future of Russia.
The topic of the future of Russia was touched upon by many poets and writers. For example, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol in a lyrical digression of the poem "Dead Souls" compares Russia with "a lively, irrepressible troika". “Rus, where are you going?” he asks. But the author has no answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in the poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn rises, bright and hot. And it will be so forever indestructible. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible! He is sure that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop it.
14) The problem of the influence of art on a person.
Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have a different effect on the nervous system, on the tone of a person. It is generally accepted that the works of Bach increase and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music awakens compassion, cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.
Dmitri Shostakovich's Seventh Symphony has the subtitle "Leningradskaya". But the name "Legendary" suits her better. The fact is that when the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the inhabitants of the city had a huge impact on the 7th symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich, which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy. (compare with Bazarov's attitude to art - "Fathers and Sons").
Nekrasov "To whom in Rus' ..." (ch. Rural Fair)
15) The problem of anticulture.
This problem is relevant even today. Now there is a dominance of “soap operas” on television, which significantly reduce the level of our culture. Literature is another example. Well the theme of "deculturation" is revealed in the novel "The Master and Margarita". MASSOLIT employees write bad works and at the same time dine in restaurants and have dachas. They are admired and their literature revered.
16) The problem of modern television.
For a long time, a gang operated in Moscow, which was distinguished by particular cruelty. When the criminals were caught, they admitted that their behavior, their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film Natural Born Killers, which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the heroes of this picture in real life.
Many modern athletes watched TV when they were children and wanted to be like the athletes of their time. Through television broadcasts, they got acquainted with the sport and its heroes. Of course, there are also reverse cases, when a person became addicted to the TV, and he had to be treated in special clinics.
17) The problem of clogging the Russian language.
I believe that the use of foreign words in the native language is justified only if there is no equivalent. Many of our writers struggled with the clogging of the Russian language with borrowings. M. Gorky pointed out: “It makes it difficult for our reader to stick foreign words into a Russian phrase. It makes no sense to write concentration when we have our own good word - condensation.
Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who for some time held the post of Minister of Education, proposed replacing the word fountain with a clumsy synonym he invented - a water cannon. Practicing in word creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested speaking instead of an alley - prosad, billiards - a spherical ball, he replaced the cue with a spherical ball, and called the library a bookkeeper. To replace the word he did not like galoshes, he came up with another - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of the language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation of contemporaries.
18) The problem of the destruction of natural resources.
If they began to write about the misfortune threatening mankind in the press only in the last ten or fifteen years, then Ch. Aitmatov spoke about this problem back in the 70s in his story "After the Fairy Tale" ("The White Steamboat"). He showed the destructiveness, the hopelessness of the path, if a person destroys nature. It takes revenge by degeneration, lack of spirituality. The same theme is continued by the writer in his subsequent works: "And the day lasts longer than a century" ("Stormy Stop"), "Blach", "Cassandra's Brand".
A particularly strong feeling is produced by the novel "The Scaffolding Block". On the example of a wolf family, the author showed the death of wildlife from human economic activity. And how scary it becomes when you see that, when compared with a person, predators look more humane and "humane" than the "crown of creation." So for the sake of what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?
19) Imposing your opinion on others.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. “A lake, a cloud, a tower…” The protagonist, Vasily Ivanovich, is a modest office worker who won a pleasure trip to nature.
20) The theme of war in literature.
Very often, congratulating our friends or relatives, we wish them a peaceful sky over their heads. We do not want their families to be subjected to the hardships of the war. War! These five letters carry a sea of blood, tears, suffering, and most importantly, the death of people dear to our hearts. There have always been wars on our planet. The pain of loss has always filled the hearts of people. From everywhere where there is a war, you can hear the groans of mothers, the crying of children and deafening explosions that tear our souls and hearts. To our great happiness, we know about the war only from feature films and literary works.
A lot of trials of the war fell on the lot of our country. At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia was shaken by the Patriotic War of 1812. The patriotic spirit of the Russian people was shown by L. N. Tolstoy in his epic novel War and Peace. The guerrilla war, the Battle of Borodino - all this and much more appears before our eyes. We are witnessing the terrible everyday life of the war. Tolstoy tells that for many the war has become the most common thing. They (for example, Tushin) perform heroic deeds on the battlefields, but they themselves do not notice this. For them, war is a job that they must do conscientiously. But war can become commonplace not only on the battlefield.
An entire city can get used to the idea of war and go on living resigned to it. Such a city in 1855 was Sevastopol. L. N. Tolstoy narrates about the difficult months of the defense of Sevastopol in his “Sevastopol stories”. Here, the events taking place are described especially reliably, since Tolstoy is their eyewitness. And after what he saw and heard in a city full of blood and pain, he set himself a definite goal - to tell his reader only the truth - and nothing but the truth. The bombardment of the city did not stop. New and new fortifications were required. Sailors, soldiers worked in the snow, rain, half-starved, half-dressed, but they still worked.
And here everyone is simply amazed by the courage of their spirit, willpower, great patriotism. Together with them, their wives, mothers, and children lived in this city. They got so used to the situation in the city that they no longer paid attention to either the shots or the explosions. Very often they brought meals to their husbands right in the bastions, and one shell could often destroy the whole family. Tolstoy shows us that the worst thing in the war takes place in the hospital: “You will see doctors there with their hands bloodied to the elbows ... busy near the bed, on which, with open eyes and speaking, as if in delirium, meaningless, sometimes simple and touching words lies wounded under the influence of chloroform.”
War for Tolstoy is dirt, pain, violence, whatever goals it pursues: its real expression - in blood, in suffering, in death ... ”The heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 once again shows everyone how much the Russian people love their Motherland and how boldly they defend it. Sparing no effort, using any means, he (the Russian people) does not allow the enemy to seize their native land.
In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But it will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941-1945. In this war against fascism, the Soviet people will accomplish an extraordinary feat, which we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers devoted their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. This difficult time is also characterized by the fact that women fought on an equal footing with men in the ranks of the Red Army. And even the fact that they are representatives of the weaker sex did not stop them. They struggled with fear within themselves and performed such heroic deeds, which, it seemed, were completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasilyev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet...”.
Five girls and their combat commander F. Baskov find themselves on the Sinyukhina Ridge with sixteen fascists who are heading for the railroad, absolutely sure that no one knows about the course of their operation. Our fighters found themselves in a difficult situation: it is impossible to retreat, but to stay, because the Germans serve them like seeds. But there is no way out! Behind the Motherland! And now these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. And how carefree was the life of these girls before the war?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Planes, tanks, cannons, shots, screams, groans... But they did not break down and gave the most precious thing they had - their lives - for the victory. They gave their lives for their country.
But there is a civil war on earth, in which a person can give his life without knowing why. 1918 Russia. Brother kills brother, father kills son, son kills father. Everything is mixed up in the fire of malice, everything is depreciated: love, kinship, human life. M. Tsvetaeva writes: Brothers, here is the extreme rate! For the third year now, Abel has been fighting with Cain ...
People become weapons in the hands of the authorities. Breaking into two camps, friends become enemies, relatives become forever strangers. I. Babel, A. Fadeev and many others tell about this difficult time.
I. Babel served in the ranks of the First Cavalry Army of Budyonny. There he kept his diary, which later turned into the now famous work “Cavalry”. The stories of Cavalry tell about a man who found himself in the fire of the Civil War. The protagonist Lyutov tells us about individual episodes of the campaign of the First Cavalry Army of Budyonny, which was famous for its victories. But on the pages of stories we do not feel the victorious spirit.
We see the cruelty of the Red Army, their cold-bloodedness and indifference. They can kill an old Jew without the slightest hesitation, but, what is more terrible, they can finish off their wounded comrade without a second's hesitation. But what is all this for? I. Babel did not give an answer to this question. He leaves his reader the right to speculate.
The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.
From the pages of their works, we learn that war is not only the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeat, but war is a harsh everyday life filled with blood, pain, and violence. The memory of these days will live in our memory forever. Perhaps the day will come when the groans and cries of mothers, volleys and shots will subside on earth, when our earth will meet the day without war!
The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “a Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone from a skeleton and go against a fascist with it” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people in the “time of grief”, their steadfastness, courage, daily heroism - this is the true reason for victory. In the novel Y. Bondareva "Hot Snow" the most tragic moments of the war are reflected, when Manstein's brutalized tanks rush to the group surrounded in Stalingrad. Young gunners, yesterday's boys, are holding back the onslaught of the Nazis with superhuman efforts.
The sky was blood-smoked, the snow melted from bullets, the ground burned underfoot, but the Russian soldier held out and did not let the tanks break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, defying all conventions, without award papers, presents orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What can I do, what can I do…” he says bitterly, approaching another soldier. The general could, but the authorities? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments of history?
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THE PROBLEM OF RESISTANCE AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS
1. In the novel by L.N. Tostoy's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army that wants to defeat the enemy at all costs, and does not have a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that behind him was the ancient capital, the heart of Russia, Moscow.
2. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet..." Five young girls who opposed German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. Anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and endurance, showed themselves to be true patriots.
THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS
1. an example of sacrificial love is Jane Eyre, the heroine of the novel of the same name by Charlotte Brontë. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person she loved most when he went blind.
2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures the severity of her father. She treats the old prince with love, despite his difficult character. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often unnecessarily demanding of her. Mary's love is sincere, pure, bright.
THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING HONOR
1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" for Pyotr Grinev, honor was the most important life principle. Even before the threat of the death penalty, Peter, who swore allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize the sovereign in Pugachev. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Aleksey Shvabrin, on the contrary, committed a betrayal and lost his own dignity when he went over to the camp of an impostor.
2. The problem of preserving honor is raised in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the protagonist are completely different. Ostap is an honest and courageous person. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic nature. For the love of a Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. His personal interests come first. Andriy dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, one should always remain honest, first of all, with oneself.
THE PROBLEM OF LOYAL LOVE
1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinev from exile when she "asks for mercy" from the Empress. Thus, at the heart of the relationship between Masha and Peter is mutual assistance.
2. Selfless love is one of the themes of M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own, helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites white-washed chapters, trying to keep the master calm and happy. In this, a woman sees her destiny.
THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE
1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" shows a long way to repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of "permission of blood in conscience", the protagonist despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity of the crime committed. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.
THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD
1. In the story of I.A. Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco", the American millionaire served the "golden calf". The main character believed that the meaning of life lies in the accumulation of wealth. When the Master died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of life in the family, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character abandons social life, devotes herself entirely to the family. Natasha Rostova found her destiny in this world and became truly happy.
THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY IllITERACY AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUTH
1. In "Letters about the good and the beautiful" D.S. Likhachev claims that a book educates a person better than any work. A well-known scientist admires the ability of a book to educate a person, to form her inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach to think, make a person intelligent.
2. Ray Bradbury in Fahrenheit 451 shows what happened to mankind after all books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there are no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply soulless, since there is no literature that can make people analyze, think, make decisions.
CHILD EDUCATION PROBLEM
1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from parents and educators. As a child, the main character was an inquisitive and active child, but excessive care led to Oblomov's apathy and lack of will in adulthood.
2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" in the Rostov family reigns the spirit of mutual understanding, fidelity, love. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness, nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.
THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM
1. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ..." Smolensk doctor Janson is working tirelessly. The protagonist in any weather hurries to help the sick. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to win the love and respect of all the inhabitants of the city.
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THE PROBLEM OF SOLDIER'S FATE IN WAR
1. The fate of the main characters of the story by B.L. Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet ...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls died. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls became an example of perseverance and courage.
2. V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. The further fate of the soldiers was different. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to give up and chose death.
THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A MAN IN LOVE
1. In the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for a Pole, went over to the camp of the enemy, betrayed his brother, father, homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to go out with weapons against his yesterday's comrades. For Andrii, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his youngest son.
2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, like the main character P. Zyuskind's "Perfumer. The Story of a Murderer". Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is not capable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, the creation of a fragrance that inspires people to love. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who commits the most serious crimes to carry out his meta.
THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL
1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka eavesdropped and informed the head of everything that was said about him. Later, Romashov went so far as to collect information proving Nikolai Antonovich's guilt in the death of Captain Tatarinov's expedition. All the actions of Chamomile are low, destroying not only his life but also the fate of other people.
2. Even deeper consequences are entailed by the act of the hero of the story V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember". Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but also causes the suicide of his wife Nastya.
THE PROBLEM OF DECEPTIONAL APPEARANCE
1. In Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Helen Kuragina, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, does not have a rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual decline.
2. In Victor Hugo's Notre Dame Cathedral, Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The appearance of the protagonist is completely unsightly, but behind it lies a noble and beautiful soul, capable of sincere love.
THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL IN WAR
1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrey Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went to reconnaissance, never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after a while, Guskov thought about why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness took over, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and caused the suicide of his wife Nastya. Pangs of conscience tormented the hero, but he was no longer able to change anything.
2. In V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve "great Germany". His comrade Sotnikov, on the other hand, is an example of resilience. Despite the unbearable pain he experiences during the torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his act, wants to run away, but understands that there is no turning back.
THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE HOMELAND ON CREATIVITY
1. Yu.Ya. Yakovlev in the story "Awakened by Nightingales" writes about the difficult boy Selyuzhenka, whom those around him did not like. One night, the protagonist heard the trill of a nightingale. Beautiful sounds struck the child, aroused interest in creativity. Selyuzhenok enrolled in an art school, and since then the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens the best qualities in the human soul, helps to reveal the creative potential.
2. Love for the native land is the main motive of the painter A.G. Venetsianov. His brush belongs to a number of paintings dedicated to the life of ordinary peasants. "Reapers", "Zakharka", "Sleeping Shepherd" - these are my favorite canvases of the artist. The life of ordinary people, the beauty of Russia's nature prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have attracted the attention of viewers for more than two centuries with their freshness and sincerity.
THE PROBLEM OF INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE
1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood the happiest time. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from his parents and educators. Excessive care caused Oblomov's apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to wake up Ilya Ilyich. However, his way of life remained unchanged, because the way of his native Oblomovka forever left a mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced the life of Ilya Ilyich.
2. In the poem "My Way" S.A. Yesenin admitted that childhood played an important role in his work. Once at the age of nine, inspired by the nature of his native village, the boy wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined the life path of S.A. Yesenin.
THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A LIFE PATH
1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. The lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize their potential.
2.
From M. Mirsky's book "Healing with a scalpel. Academician N.N. Burdenko" I learned that the outstanding doctor first studied at the seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Entering the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev, in "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful," argues that "one must live life with dignity, so as not to be ashamed to remember." With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a generous, honest and not indifferent person.
THE PROBLEM OF DOG DEFOY
1. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky "White Bim Black Ear" tells the tragic fate of the Scottish Setter. Beam the dog is desperately trying to find his owner, who is having a heart attack. Along the way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog was killed. Bim can certainly be called a true friend, devoted to the owner until the end of his days.
2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family has to give up their collie to other people due to financial hardship. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when the new owner takes her away from her home. Collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog is reunited with the former owners.
THE PROBLEM OF SKILLS IN ART
1. In the story of V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Pyotr Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties in order to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, with his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.
2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that the young pianist is surprisingly talented and hardworking. The boy's talent does not go unnoticed. His playing amazed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.
THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE FOR WRITERS
1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the protagonist is fond of poetry. Yuri Zhivago is a witness of the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. So life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.
2. The theme of the writer's vocation is raised in Jack London's novel "Martin Eden". The protagonist is a sailor who has been doing hard physical labor for many years. Martin Eden visited different countries, saw the life of ordinary people. All this became the main theme of his work. So life experience allowed a simple sailor to become a famous writer.
THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MENTAL STATE OF A HUMAN
1. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet" Vera Sheina experiences spiritual purification to the sounds of Beethoven's sonata. Listening to classical music, the heroine calms down after her trials. The magical sounds of the sonata helped Vera find inner balance, find the meaning of her future life.
2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" evoke feelings in his soul that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel "such vivacity, such strength, which seemed to rise from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat."
THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE
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In the story of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Pyotr Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilyevna was depressed when she learned that her son had to leave for a long time to work. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because for her nothing could be harder than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna's love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WAR ART WORKS ON HUMANS
1. In Lev Kassil's story "The Great Confrontation", Sima Krupitsyna listened every morning to news reports from the front on the radio. Once the girl heard the song "Holy War". Sima was so excited by the words of this anthem for the defense of the Fatherland that she decided to go to the front. So the work of art inspired the main character to a feat.
THE PROBLEM OF PSEUSIC SCIENCE
1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "White Clothes", Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine approved by the party. For the sake of personal gain, the academician launches a struggle against genetic scientists. A number of vehemently defends pseudoscientific views and goes to the most dishonest deeds in order to achieve fame. The fanaticism of an academician leads to the death of talented scientists, the cessation of important research.
2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story "Candidate of Sciences" opposes those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science, and consequently, of society as a whole. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky emphasizes the need to combat pseudoscientists.
THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE
1. In the story of A.S. Pushkin's "Station Master" Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter ran away with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. From anguish and hopelessness, the caretaker died. Only a few years later Dunya came to her father's grave. The girl felt guilty for the caretaker's death, but repentance came too late.
2. In the story of K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna foresaw her imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at the grave of Katerina Petrovna. So K.G. Paustovsky claims that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.
THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY
1. V.G. Rasputin in the essay "Eternal Field" writes about his impressions of the trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time much has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Rus'.
2. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev “The dawns here are quiet…” five girls fell fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their comrade-in-arms Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina's son Albert returned to the site of the death of anti-aircraft gunners to install a gravestone and perpetuate their feat.
THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE WAY OF A GIFTED PERSON
1. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying..." Smolensk doctor Janson is an example of disinterestedness combined with high professionalism. The most talented doctor hurried to help the sick every day in any weather, without demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor won the love and respect of all the inhabitants of the city.
2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin "Mozart and Salieri" tells the story of the life of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart selflessly serves art. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite the death of Mozart, his works live and excite the hearts of people.
THE PROBLEM OF THE DESTRUCTIVE CONSEQUENCES OF WAR
1. A. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matrenin Dvor" depicts the life of the Russian village after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to the loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy, became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.
2. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" shows the life path of a soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family died during the bombardment. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable thing they have.
THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTION OF THE INTERNAL WORLD OF HUMAN
1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" Yevgeny Bazarov is distinguished by his intelligence, diligence, determination, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who succumb to feelings, but is convinced of the wrongness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsova. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are inherently contradictory.
2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive character traits. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and dependent. Oblomov is not interested in real life, it makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by sincerity, sincerity, and the ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov's character.
THE PROBLEM OF FAIR ATTITUDE TO PEOPLE
1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich investigates the murder of an old pawnbroker. The investigator is a fine connoisseur of human psychology. He understands the motives for the crime of Rodion Raskolnikov and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives the young man a chance to turn himself in. This will later serve as a mitigating circumstance in the Raskolnikov case.
2. A.P. Chekhov in the story "Chameleon" introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out because of a dog bite. Police warden Ochumelov tries to decide if she deserves to be punished. Ochumelov's verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The overseer does not seek justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.
THE PROBLEM OF INTERRELATION OF MAN AND NATURE
1. In the story of V.P. Astafieva "Tsar-fish" Ignatich has been poaching for many years. Once a fisherman caught a giant sturgeon on a hook. Ignatich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself was overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: "The king of the rivers and the king of all nature are in the same trap." So the author emphasizes the inseparable connection between man and nature.
2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels herself an integral part of the world around her, knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.
THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE
1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. I.A Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel "such vivacity, such strength, which, it seemed, all rose from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat." Thus, music can awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.
2. In the novel by M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don" songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing in military campaigns, in the field, at weddings. The Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, love for the Don, the steppes.
THE PROBLEM OF BOOKS SUPPOSED BY TV
1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society based on mass culture. In this world, people who can think critically are outlawed, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was supplanted by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are unspiritual, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.
2. In the book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful”, D.S. Likhachev thinks about the question: why is television replacing literature. The academician believes that this happens because the TV distracts from worries, makes you slowly watch some program. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to humans, because television “dictates how to watch and what to watch”, makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.
THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE
1. The story of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor" depicts the life of the Russian village after the war. People not only became poorer, but also became callous, unspiritual. Only Matryona retained a sense of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. The tragic death of the main character is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian village.
2. In the story of V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which should be flooded. It is hard for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they have spent their entire lives, where their ancestors are buried. The end of the story is tragic. Along with the village, its customs and traditions disappear, which for centuries have been passed down from generation to generation and formed the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.
THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY
1. A.S. Pushkin in the poem "The Poet and the Crowd" calls that part of Russian society that did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity "dumb mob". According to the crowd, the poems are in the public interest. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that a poet will cease to be a creator if he submits to the will of the crowd. Thus, the main goal of the poet is not popular recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.
2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem "Out loud" sees the poet's mission in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon capable of inspiring people to great achievements. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that personal creative freedom should be abandoned for the sake of a common great goal.
THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF A TEACHER ON STUDENTS
1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" class teacher Lidia Mikhailovna - a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a rural boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lidia Mikhailovna had to go against the generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. In addition to studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and compassion.
2. In the fairy tale-parable of Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince", the old Fox became a teacher for the main character, telling about love, friendship, responsibility, fidelity. He revealed to the prince the main secret of the universe: “you can’t see the main thing with your eyes - only the heart is vigilant.” So Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.
THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO ORPHAN CHILDREN
1. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all the remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite life's difficulties, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with orphans.
2. In the story of G. Belykh and L. Panteleev "Republic of ShKID" the life of students of the school of social and labor education for homeless children and juvenile delinquents is depicted. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and went on the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should treat orphans with attention, create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.
THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF A WOMAN IN WWII
1. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev “The dawns here are quiet…” five young anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for their Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to oppose the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, along with men, are capable of military feats and heroic deeds.
2. In the story of V.A. Zakrutkina "The Mother of Man" shows the fate of a woman during the war. The main character Maria lost her whole family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left completely alone, her heart did not harden. Maria left seven Leningrad orphans, replaced their mother. The story of V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and troubles during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.
THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
1. A. Knyshev in the article “O great and mighty new Russian language!” ironically writes about lovers of borrowing. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes ridiculous when it is overloaded with foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings clogs the Russian language.
2. V. Astafiev in the story "Lyudochka" connects changes in the language with a drop in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is littered with criminal jargon, which reflects the troubles of society, its degradation.
THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION
1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. The lyrical hero thinks about how to find the right life path and occupation. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and equally necessary for people.
2. In E. Grishkovets's story "Darwin", the protagonist, after graduating from school, chooses a business that he wants to do all his life. He realizes the "uselessness of what is happening" and refuses to study at the Institute of Culture when he watches a play played by students. A young man lives with a firm conviction that the profession should be useful, bring pleasure.
Good day, dear friends. In this article, we offer an essay on the topic "".
The following arguments will be used:
– B. L. Vasiliev, “Exhibit No.”
– V. S. Vysotsky, “Buried in our memory for centuries…”
Our life consists of present moments, plans for the future and memories of the past, of what we have already experienced. We are accustomed to saving pictures of the past, to feel those emotions and feelings, this is how our consciousness works. Usually we remember the brightest memories, those that caused us a storm of positive experiences, in addition, we remember the information we need. But there are also unpleasant moments when memory fails us, or in the most vivid images we remember what we would like to forget. One way or another, memory is our value, plunging into the past years, we relive the events dear to us, and also consider the mistakes made in order to prevent similar things in the future.
In B. L. Vasiliev’s story “Exhibit No.”, the thread connecting Anna Fedorovna with her son is the memory of him. The only native person of a woman goes to war, promising to return, which is not destined to come true. Having received the only letter from her son Igor, the next woman reads the news of his death. For three days, the inconsolable mother cannot calm down and stop sobbing. Mourns the young guy and the whole communal apartment in which he lived with his mother, everyone who saw him off on his last journey. A week later, the funeral came, after which Anna Feodorovna "stopped screaming and sobbing forever."
After changing jobs, a single woman shares ration cards and money with five apartment families orphaned by a terrible war. Every evening, Anna Feodorovna follows her well-established ritual: she rereads the letters she has received. Over time, the paper frays, and the woman makes copies, and carefully stores the originals in a box with her son's things. On the anniversary of the Victory, a military chronicle is shown, Anna Fedorovna never watched it, but this evening her eyes still fall on the screen. Deciding that the boyish back that flashed on the screen belongs to her Igor, she has not left the TV since then. The hope of seeing her son robs an aged woman of her eyesight. She begins to go blind and reading the cherished letters becomes impossible.
On the day of her eightieth birthday, Anna Fedorovna is happy surrounded by people who remember Igorka. Soon the next anniversary of the Victory will pass and pioneers come to the old woman, they ask to show her dear letters. One of the girls demands to give them to the school museum, which causes hostility from the orphaned mother. But after she drove away the assertive pioneers, the letters are not found on the spot: taking advantage of the old woman's advanced age and blindness, the children stole them. Taken from the box and from her soul. Tears continuously flowed down the cheeks of a desperate mother - this time her Igor died forever, she could no longer hear his voice. Anna Fedorovna could not survive this blow, tears still slowly flowed down her wrinkled cheeks, although her body became lifeless. And the place of the letters was a desk drawer in the storeroom of the school museum.
In Vladimir Vysotsky's poem "Buried in Our Memory for Ages..." the poet compares a person's memory with a fragile earthen vessel and calls for a cautious attitude towards the past. Events, dates, faces so important to us are buried in our memory for centuries, and attempts to remember are not always crowned with success.
Vladimir Semyonovich cites as an example the memories of the war, the fact that a sapper can make a mistake only once. After such a disastrous mistake, someone is reluctant to remember a person, while others do not even want to remember at all. The same thing happens in our life in general: someone constantly digs into the past, and another person prefers not to return to it. The lived years become an old warehouse of our experiences, thoughts, emotions and fragments of a past life that we do not want to dig up. In all this it is very easy to get lost, and even easier to make a mistake. Our old time is like a labyrinth: to understand it, we need pointers, because the "stream of years" mixes our memories, erases them.
As in war, there are "mines" in our memories - the most unpleasant memories and misdeeds, everything that we want to put aside in the "shadow", to forget. The solution to this is to prevent errors so they can't cause "harm" over time.
Summing up, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of memory in our life, its great importance. We must cherish what is stored in our memories: our experiences, happy moments and moments of despair, everything we have experienced. We should not forget the past, because losing it, a person loses a part of himself.
Today we talked about The Problem of Memory: Arguments from the Literature“. You can use this option to prepare for the unified state exam.
