Maintaining the vital activity of human society at the present level would be impossible without the achievements of the industrial economy. This is the most important segment of the production of labor tools, raw materials and materials on which the world market is based. However, there are many aspects that must be taken into account when defining the term "industry". from the point of view of an ordinary person? At least a means of production, without which he cannot imagine his life today. But there are also many areas of production that do not affect the lives of certain groups of people at all. Therefore, this concept requires a more detailed interpretation.
Industry Definition
In a broad sense, industry should be understood as one of the branches of the national economy. If we talk about its tasks, then the provision of industrial sectors with technical means and materials that will make it possible to maintain the efficiency of enterprises will come to the fore. The manufacture of goods for personal use is also an important part of the production activity that modern industry covers. What is from a technological point of view? This is a set of enterprises provided with technical means and materials for the production of a particular product. At the same time, it is necessary to separate the manufacturing and this economy. In the first case, enterprises engaged in the processing of already received raw materials or blanks can be considered. In the second - directly mining activities are carried out. Moreover, it is far from always that processing facilities at the output provide a product that is more ready for final use than mining ones.
Types of industries
The industry covers many industries from traditional extractive industries to high-tech areas. The more familiar and classic include the woodworking, mining and food industries. In the 20th century, against the background of intensive technological development, such areas as metallurgy, mechanical engineering, energy, production of building materials, etc. experienced a rise. Against this background, the link was strengthened, in which industry and production played a complementary role. The modern stage is characterized by the development of specialized industries. These include the electric power industry, the chemical and microbiological industry, instrument making, etc.
Many areas can be divided on the basis of light and heavy industry. The first group will include areas in which small-format products or products are produced - mainly for personal consumption. Enterprises from the second category produce machine tools, units, turbines, structures and raw materials in large volumes. These include the branch of heavy engineering, which is closely related to metallurgy and metalworking. In fact, this is a small conglomerate of industries, the resources and capacities of which make it possible to produce not only machine tools with rolled metal, but also high-tech equipment, materials for a research complex, etc.
end products
Most often, the industrial sector provides as its product only a blank for further processing at highly specialized enterprises. It can be the same lumber, ore, coke, plastic, etc. That is, by the time of release, they are not ready-made goods from a consumer point of view. Nevertheless, in the same industrial sector there is a considerable percentage of enterprises that complete the production cycle, releasing the final product. These can be cars, machine tools, building materials, glass and porcelain products, appliances, etc. A separate segment is the fuel and energy products of the industry, which refers to coal, oil, gas, and some biomaterials. Energy generation in various forms is also a kind of product that ensures the performance of the same industrial enterprises as the most demanding consumer. In this area, thermal, nuclear and hydrological stations stand out.
Industrial objects
The concept of an object is also quite broad. In this capacity, one can consider both the enterprises themselves (plants, combines, factories, processing complexes, workshops, etc.), and the components that form the industrial infrastructure within one organization. From a technical point of view, the objects can be aggregates, conveyor lines, equipment and structures, due to which the release or processing of the product is carried out. But most often, machine tools, presses and conveyors determine only the power potential on which an industrial enterprise is based. What is an industrial facility in terms of construction? It can be a whole complex of structures, premises, workshops and hangars in which diverse processes are implemented. Again, power generation stations can be attributed to a separate category of objects of this kind. A hydroelectric power plant, for example, is a capital structure, the result of which is transported through power lines.
Impact on the economy
The development of the economy of a modern state directly reflects the state of the industrial sector. Moreover, the most influential industries include the electric power industry, mechanical engineering and the chemical sector. Both quantitative and output of such enterprises characterize, in turn, their competitiveness in market conditions - accordingly, this affects productivity and the economy. Of course, the importance of industry for a particular economy can also have a negative connotation. This mainly applies to industries with a focus on the commodity sector. As a rule, they are also characterized by a low level of technical base and modest production assets.
The Future of Industry
Like construction, the industry vividly reflects the benefits that modern technology brings. The introduction of new ideas and solutions helps to increase productivity, optimize logistics processes and reduce costs. Already in the near future, technologists predict a full-scale transition of most enterprises to computer-automated operations management. Thus, heavy engineering can completely switch to robotic maintenance of conveyor lines, and power stations will receive intelligent control systems for the transportation, distribution and conversion of energy.
Conclusion
Despite the intensive development in various industries and areas, there are many factors that hinder this growth. These include problems of environmental safety and lack of finance. After all, what is industry in the modern sense? This is necessarily a competitive, safe and viable enterprise in the market that is able to provide the consumer with a quality product. Accordingly, it should not harm the environment, look for alternative technological solutions and, of course, cope with the excess costs caused also by the transition to new technical means.
Industry- the leading branch of material production.
Despite a slight decrease in recent decades due to the rapid development of the service sector, the share of industry in the structure of GDP (up to 35%) and in the total (500 million people), industry still continues to have a very serious impact not only on, but on all other aspects of social development. Over the past century, industrial production has grown more than 50 times, and what? This increase occurs in the second half of the 20th century.
Most of the research and development work (R&D) is focused on this particular branch of the world economy. The dominant importance of industrial goods is noted in the structure of the world.
Modern industry is distinguished by the complexity of the composition of industries, industries and relationships between them.
Each of the branches and industries is characterized by a different degree of capital intensity, labor intensity, material intensity, energy intensity, water intensity, science intensity, etc. There are various approaches to the classification of industries.
Depending on the time of occurrence, industries are divided into three groups:
- Old (coal, iron ore, metallurgical, shipbuilding, textile industry, etc.). These industries emerged during the industrial revolutions. Today, their development is slow, but they still continue to have a significant impact on the geography of world industry.
- New ones (automotive industry, aluminum smelting, plastics, chemical fibers, etc.), which determined scientific and technological progress in the first half of the 20th century. Previously, they were concentrated mainly in developed countries and grew very rapidly. Today, their growth rates have slowed down somewhat, but remain quite high due to their spread to developing countries.
- The latest (microelectronics, computer technology, robotics, nuclear production, aerospace production, chemistry of organic synthesis, microbiological industry and other science-intensive industries.), which arose in the era of scientific and technological revolution. Currently, they are growing at the fastest and most sustainable rates and their impact on the geography of industry is increasing. They are typical mainly for economically developed and newly industrialized countries.
Sometimes industries are distinguished according to a different principle: heavy and light industry. The heavy industry includes the mining industry, part, energy, metallurgy, etc. The "" includes all types of light and.
Very often, industries are divided into two large groups: mining and processing industries.
Extractive industry- a set of industries engaged in the extraction of various raw materials and fuels from, waters and forests. The significance of these industries lies in the fact that they, along with creating a raw material base for the manufacturing industries.
The extractive industry has a different share in the industry of different countries. Thus, in developed countries, the extractive industries account for about 8% and the processing industries for 92%. In developing countries, the weight of extractive industries is much higher. In the modern world, a huge amount of raw materials, mainly mineral, is mined. It is known that about 98% of the extracted raw materials go to waste in the form of waste rock, soil, non-standard wood, etc. Only 2% of the raw materials reach the level of processing.
The main sectors of the extractive industry:
- mining industry;
- hunting;
- fishing;
- wood harvesting.
The mining industry is understood as a group of industries associated with mining and primary processing (enrichment).
Although the share of the mining industry in the GMP is gradually decreasing, it continues to have a significant impact on the MGR and .
Naturally, mining enterprises gravitate towards areas where natural resources are extracted. The general current trend for her is to move north and into the shelf zone, i.e. to new mining areas.
Until the 1970s, developing countries were the main suppliers of raw materials for developed countries. Since the mid-70s, there has been a raw material crisis, which significantly affected the entire concept of the mineral resource economy. Developed countries began to focus on saving raw materials and greater use of their own resources. Some countries even began to reserve their raw materials () in cases where the cost of raw materials purchased in other countries turned out to be lower than their own.
Under these conditions, the role of developed countries has significantly increased:, Australia and. Today, developed countries meet their needs by 1/3 with supplies from developing countries, the rest is provided by their own production and supplies from Canada, Australia and South Africa.
As a result of the MGRT, three groups of major mining powers have formed in the world economy:
Eight great mining powers: developed - USA, Canada, Australia, South Africa; countries with economies in transition - China; developing - , India.
The second group is formed by countries with a highly developed mining industry, for which many mining industries have become industries of international specialization. , Kazakhstan, Mexico, etc.
The third echelon is formed by countries distinguished by any one branch of international specialization. First of all, these are the countries of the Persian Gulf - the oil industry; Chile, Peru - mining of copper ore; – mining of tin ores; , – bauxites; - phosphorites, etc.
Many developed countries, despite the fact that they have large reserves of mineral resources, are not their suppliers to the world market. This is due to the fact that they themselves are large consumers of this raw material and are trying to supply the market not with raw materials, but with final products.
The geography of the main areas was considered when studying the topic "World Natural Resources".
Manufacturing industry- a set of industries involved in the processing and processing of industrial and agricultural raw materials. It includes: production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals; chemical and petrochemical products; machines and equipment; woodworking and pulp and paper industry products; cement and building materials; light and food industry products, etc.
Manufacturing industry - a set of industries for the processing of industrial and agricultural raw materials obtained by the extractive industry in nature (mining, agriculture). This industry includes enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, woodworking enterprises, processing of oil, gas and chemical products, metalworking and mechanical engineering, food, textile and pulp and paper production, clothing and footwear industry, production of building materials.
Geography of the manufacturing industry
The leaders of the manufacturing industry in the world are economically developed countries, which focus on the science-intensive production of more expensive and innovative products. Superiority, despite the weakening of the share in world production in recent years, is held by the US manufacturing industry, followed by Japan and the EU countries, led by Germany. Ultra-fast growth rates are demonstrated by the industrial countries of Asia, in particular the industry of China and South Korea. Manufacturing in Russia, after a significant decline in the 90s of the 20th century, is now showing stable growth in many industries.
Types of manufacturing industries
This type of production involves the physical and/or chemical processing of substances and materials in order to transform them into new products. The exception is waste recycling. Products of manufacturing industries can be ready-to-use or semi-finished products for further processing. Thus, the non-ferrous metal cleaning product is further used for the production of primary products (for example, aluminum or copper wire), which, in turn, will be used for the production of equipment or machine components.
The structure of manufacturing industries in Russia and the main types of manufactured products in terms of volume:
- Food products, including the production of tobacco and beverages (meat, vegetable and animal oils, bread and bakery products, confectionery, granulated sugar).
- Production of petroleum products (gasoline, motor gasoline, diesel fuel, fuel oil).
- Metallurgy, including finished products (steel, finished rolled ferrous metals).
- Chemical production (mineral fertilizers, synthetic resins and plastics, paints and varnishes).
- Manufacture of rubber and plastic products (tires for various vehicles, pipes and pipeline fittings made of thermoplastics).
- Processing and production of finished wood products (sawn timber, plywood, chipboard, fiberboard).
- Mechanical engineering (production of machine tools for various purposes, industrial equipment).
- Pulp and paper production (paper, cardboard).
- Textile and clothing production (fabrics, shoes).
Importance of the manufacturing industry
The manufacturing industry accounts for the vast majority of the product produced in the world. About 40% of the value of all industrial products in the world falls on mechanical engineering. Significantly inferior chemical and food processing industries. The share of these sectors in the total industrial output is approximately 15%. The woodworking and pulp and paper industries produce about 9-10% of all world production, and 5-7% is accounted for by metallurgy and the electric power industry.
In Russia, the shares of output between manufacturing industries are distributed approximately as follows:
- Mechanical engineering - 22%.
- Oil refining industry - 21%.
- Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy - 16%.
- Food industry - 16%.
- Chemical - 10%.
- Production of building materials - 5%.
Metallurgy in the Russian manufacturing industry
The manufacturing industries of the metallurgical complex cover almost all stages of the technological process (except for the extraction of raw materials) for obtaining the final product in the form of metals and alloys. This is a mutually influencing combination of processes:
- Preparation of raw materials (agglomeration, enrichment, obtaining concentrates).
- Metallurgical processing - obtaining steel, cast iron, various rolled products.
- Alloy production.
The specificity of metallurgical production is the scale and complexity of the technological cycle. The production of many types of products involves 15-18 redistributions.
Ferrous metallurgy as part of the manufacturing industry
In terms of the volume of ferrous metals produced annually, Russia is significantly ahead of many countries in the world. Each of the eight largest enterprises in the country produces over 3 million tons of products every year. Ferrous metallurgy serves as the foundation for the development of the largest manufacturing industry - mechanical engineering. The technological process for the production of ferrous metals as a type of manufacturing industry covers all stages, from the preparation of raw materials and auxiliary materials to the production of rolled products and further processing. The metallurgical manufacturing industry, which is characterized by production combination, in Russia covers a large number of enterprises, eight of which are especially large:
- Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Orsk-Khalilovsky metallurgical plants (Urals).
- Cherepovets plant.
- Novolipetsk (Central Chernozem region).
- Kuznetsk and West Siberian plants.
These enterprises process more than 90% of iron ore and 40% of secondary raw materials.
mechanical engineering
Machine-building processing industries are the largest consumers of products produced by ferrous metallurgy. The territorial proximity of these industries gives metallurgical enterprises the opportunity to specialize in accordance with the needs of mechanical engineering and use their waste as a secondary raw material.
Machine-building enterprises producing difficult-to-transport products are located in areas of consumption. The industry's products include: agricultural machinery, mining equipment, turbines, machines and mechanisms for other industries. Features of the location of heavy engineering enterprises play an important role in the supply of finished products.
Oil refining industry
Part of the country's oil industry. Since oil, unlike other types of fuel, requires mandatory primary processing for its further use, the oil refining industry is quite large. The main products obtained after oil processing are: kerosene, gasoline, diesel fuel and fuel oil. Processing takes place at refineries (petroleum refineries), the totality of which makes up the oil refining industry. There are 32 large and 80 small refineries in Russia with a total production capacity of about 300 million tons. In terms of the scale of processing, Russia ranks third in the world. Transportation of 95% of all crude oil from production sites to refineries in Russia is provided by trunk oil pipelines.
Outcome
The manufacturing industry reflects the degree of industrial development of the country. It is the leading sector of the global industry and accounts for most of the value of all products. The manufacturing industry is closely interconnected with other industries. In many parts of the world, this industry is always experiencing advanced growth rates, and the share in total production often reaches 90%.
Analyzing the fuel and energy balance for a certain historical period, it should be noted that the world's fuel industry has gone through several stages in its development:
- coal stage (first half of the 20th century);
- oil and gas stage (since the second half of the 20th century).
Oil production in the world in 1950 - 2000 increased almost 7 times (from 0.5 to 3.5 billion tons). The oil industry is one of the most monopolized extractive industries. Apart from a few countries where oil production is run by state-owned companies, the industry is fully controlled by the largest TNCs and Western European countries. To counterbalance them, the oil exporters created an organization that fights for the right to dispose of oil on its territory and controls over half of its production.
Before the 2nd World War, 80% of the oil was produced by Severnaya. and , where the USA stood out (over half of the world's production) and . But after the war, with the discovery of large oil fields in the Near and Middle East, as well as in the USSR, America's share began to decline rapidly (21% in 2000). The main part of the oil now gives (up to 38%). The shares of individual leading countries in production in 2000 (USA or ) do not exceed 12 - 13%. USSR in the late 80s. reached the maximum level of oil production among all oil-producing countries - 624 million tons (20% of world production), which no country has surpassed.
Oil is one of the most important export commodities of world trade. Half of all oil produced (over 1.5 billion tons) is exported. Its most important suppliers are the countries of the Near and Middle East. The vast majority of exported oil is transported in tankers by sea. The largest flow through pipelines goes from Russia to many countries of Western and Eastern Europe. And although the share of oil has decreased slightly, it remains in first place in terms of global energy consumption.
Natural gas industry
Natural gas production in the second half of the 20th century. increased 11 times (from 0.2 to 2.3 trillion m3). This allowed him to approach in the structure of consumption of primary energy sources to (about 24%). At the same time, in terms of explored resources (almost 150 billion tons or 145 trillion m3), natural gas is comparable to oil. To this should be added the resources of associated petroleum gas associated with oil fields.
By 1990, Vostochnaya became the leader in production, with the leading role of the USSR. There was a significant gas production in Western Europe and Asia. The result was a change in the geography of the world. The USA lost its monopoly position, and their share decreased to 1/4, and the USSR became the leader (now it has retained its leadership). Russia and the US concentrate half of the natural gas produced in the world. Russia remains stable, the world's largest gas exporter.
coal industry
Oil industry
Gas industry
Gas is produced by 60 countries, Russia, the USA are in the lead,.
The main problems of the fuel industry are:
- depletion of fuel reserves (according to experts, explored reserves of coal will last for about 240 years, oil - for 50 years, gas - 65);
- violation of the environment during the extraction and transportation of fuel;
- territorial gap between the main areas of production and areas of consumption.
To solve these problems, new resource-saving technologies are being developed, and new deposits are being searched for.
Electric power industry of the world
The share of different types of stations in energy production in different countries is not the same, so thermal power plants prevail in the Netherlands, Poland, South Africa, China, Mexico, and Italy. A significant proportion of hydroelectric power plants in Norway, Brazil, Canada,. In the late 80s, nuclear power plants were actively built and operated. During this period they were built in 30 countries of the world. A significant share of energy at nuclear power plants is generated in France, the Republic of Korea, Sweden,.
The main problems of the electric power industry are:
- depletion of primary energy resources and their rise in price;
- environmental pollution.
The solution to the problem is in the use of energy, such as:
- geothermal (already used in Iceland, Italy, France, Japan, USA);
- solar (, Spain, Japan, USA);
- (France, Russia, China, jointly Canada and the USA);
- ( , Sweden, Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands).
Metallurgical industry of the world: composition, location, problems.
Metallurgy- one of the main basic industries, providing other industries with structural materials (ferrous and non-ferrous metals).
For quite a long time, the size of metal smelting almost in the first place determined the economic power of any country. And all over the world they are growing rapidly. But in the 70s of the XX century, the growth rate of metallurgy slowed down. But steel remains the main structural material in.
Metallurgy includes all processes from ore mining to the production of finished products. The metallurgical industry includes two branches: ferrous and non-ferrous.
of the world: meaning, composition, placement features, environmental problems.
Chemical industry is one of the avant-garde industries that ensure the development of the economy in the era of scientific and technological revolution. The development of the entire economy depends on its development, since it provides other industries with new materials - mineral fertilizers and plant protection products, and the population - with a variety of household chemicals.
The chemical industry has a complex sectoral composition. It includes:
- mining (extraction of raw materials: sulfur, apatite, phosphorites, salts);
- basic chemistry (production of salts, acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers);
- chemistry of organic synthesis (production of polymers - plastics, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers);
- other industries (household chemicals, perfumery, microbiological, etc.).
- Accommodation features are determined by a combination of various factors.
For mining and chemical - a natural resource factor determining, for basic and organic synthesis chemistry - consumer, water and energy.
There are 4 major regions:
- Foreign Europe (Germany is in the lead);
- North America (USA);
- East and Southeast Asia (Japan, China, Newly Industrialized Countries);
- CIS (Russia, Ukraine, ).
The following countries are leading in the production of certain types of chemical products:
- in the production of sulfuric acid - USA, Russia, China;
- in the production of mineral fertilizers - USA, China, Russia;
- in the production of plastics - USA, Japan, Germany;
- in the production of chemical fibers - USA, Japan, ;
- in the production of synthetic rubber - USA, Japan, France.
The chemical industry has a significant impact on nature. On the one hand, the chemical industry has a wide raw material base, which makes it possible to dispose of waste and actively use secondary raw materials, which contributes to a more economical use of natural resources. In addition, it creates substances that are used for chemical purification of water, air, plant protection, restoration.
On the other hand, it itself is one of the most "dirty" industries that affect all components of the natural environment, which requires regular environmental protection measures.
The economy of a modern state is divided into sectors. It includes manufacturing industries and types of non-manufacturing activities. The concepts of "production" and "non-production" spheres are the largest structural characteristics of the economy.
1. The non-production sphere (or the service sector) includes activities that do not create a material (material) product. As a rule, the following branches of the non-manufacturing sphere are distinguished:
- Department of Housing and Utilities;
- non-productive types of consumer services for the population;
- health care, physical culture and social security;
- public education;
- finance, credit, insurance, pension provision;
- Culture and art;
- science and scientific service;
- control;
- public associations.
2. The production sphere ("real sector" - in modern terminology) is a set of industries and activities, the result of which is a material product (goods). The composition of the branches of material production usually includes industry, agriculture, transport, communications.
The division into branches is due to the social division of labor.
There are three forms of social division of labor: general, particular, individual.
1. The general division of labor is expressed in the division of social production into large spheres of material production (industry, agriculture, transport, communications ...).
2. A private division of labor is manifested in the formation of various independent branches within industry, agriculture and other branches of material production. For example, in industry there are:
- electric power industry;
- fuel industry;
- ferrous metallurgy;
- non-ferrous metallurgy;
- chemical and petrochemical industry;
- mechanical engineering and metalworking;
- timber, woodworking and pulp and paper industries;
- building materials industry;
- light industry;
- food industry...
In turn, each of them consists of highly specialized industries, for example, non-ferrous metallurgy includes copper, lead-zinc, tin and other industries.
3. A single division of labor takes place in an enterprise, institution, organization between people of different professions and specialties.
The most important branch of material production is industry, which consists of many branches and industries that are interconnected.
By the nature of the impact on the object, industries are divided into two groups:
- Extractive industries provide natural resources of mineral and vegetable origin, and manufacturing industries provide processing of raw materials obtained in the mining industry, as well as in agriculture. Thus, the mining industry includes mining enterprises - for the extraction of non-ferrous and ferrous metal ores and non-metallic raw materials for metallurgy, mining and chemical raw materials, oil, gas, coal, peat, shale, salt, non-metallic building materials, as well as hydroelectric power plants, forest exploitation enterprises, for catching fish and seafood.
- The manufacturing industry includes enterprises for the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rolled products, chemical and petrochemical products, machinery and equipment, woodworking products and the pulp and paper industry, cement and other building materials, light and food industry products, as well as thermal power plants and repair enterprises. industrial products.
When analyzing the sectoral structure of an industry, it is expedient to consider not only its individual branches, but also groups of branches, which are intersectoral complexes. The industrial complex is understood as a set of certain groups of industries, which are characterized by the release of similar (related) products or the performance of works (services).
Currently, industries are combined into the following complexes: fuel and energy, metallurgical, machine-building, chemical-forestry, agro-industrial, social, construction complex and military-industrial.
- The fuel and energy complex (FEC) includes coal, gas, oil, peat and shale industries, energy, industries for the production of energy and other types of equipment. All these sectors are united by a common goal - to meet the needs of the national economy in fuel, heat, and electricity.
- The metallurgical complex (MK) is an integrated system of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, metallurgical, mining engineering and repair facilities.
- The machine-building complex is a combination of machine-building, metalworking and repair industries. The leading branches of the complex are general mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and radio electronics, transport engineering, as well as the production of computers.
- The chemical-forestry complex is an integrated system of the chemical, petrochemical, forestry, woodworking, pulp and paper and wood chemical industries, mechanical engineering and other industries.
- The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is characterized by the fact that it includes sectors of the economy that are heterogeneous in their technology and production orientation: the agricultural system, processing industries, feed and microbiological industries, agricultural engineering, engineering for light and food industries. About 80 industries are directly or indirectly involved in the activities of the agro-industrial complex. The agro-industrial complex can be considered as a set of technologically and economically connected links of the national economy, the end result of which is the most complete satisfaction of the population's needs for food and non-food products produced from agricultural raw materials.
- The construction complex includes a system of construction industries, the building materials industry, mechanical engineering, and a repair base.
- The social complex unites more than 20 sub-sectors of light industry, which can be combined into three main groups: textile; sewing; leather, fur, shoe - producing consumer goods.
- The military-industrial complex (MIC) is represented by sectors and activities oriented towards meeting the needs of the Armed Forces.
