Among all musical instruments, the percussion group is the most numerous. And this is not surprising, because percussion musical instruments are the most ancient on earth. Their history dates back almost to the very beginning of mankind. The most primitive of them are either very simple to manufacture, or do not require any processing at all. In fact, every object of the surrounding world can serve as such a tool.

So the first percussion instruments in the world were animal bones, tree branches, and later, for music-making, a person began to use kitchen utensils that had appeared by that time - boilers, pots, and so on.

Percussion musical instruments of different nations

Due to the circumstances listed above: ease of manufacture and a history dating back to ancient times, percussion instruments have become so widespread that they have penetrated literally into every corner of our planet. Each nation has its own instruments, the sound of which is extracted with the help of blows of one kind or another.

Of course, the number of percussion instruments for each individual nation depends on the nature of its musical culture. For example, in the countries of Latin America, where ethnic music is distinguished by a variety of rhythms, the complexity of rhythmic patterns, there are an order of magnitude more percussion instruments than, for example, in Russia, where folk song art often does not involve any instrumental accompaniment. But still, even in countries where the melodic principle prevails over the rhythmic one in folk music, there are still their own unique percussion instruments.

percussion instrument

Some drums eventually formed a single whole, which now bears the name of a drum kit. Drum kits are usually used in various varieties of pop music: in rock, jazz, pop music and so on. Instruments that are not included in the classical composition of the drum kit are called percussions, and the musicians who play them are called percussionists.

Such instruments, as a rule, have a pronounced national character. The most widespread today are percussion musical instruments of the peoples of Latin America and Africa.

Name history

The very name of the musical instrument "percussion" has Latin roots. It comes from a root meaning "to hit, hit". Interestingly, this word is familiar not only to musicians and music lovers, but also to doctors. Percussion in the medical literature is called a method of diagnosing diseases by tapping on the tissues of the body and analyzing the sound emitted by them. It is known that the sound of a blow to a healthy organ differs from the sound of a blow to an organ that is in a diseased state.

Musical percussion is also associated with beats that resonate with a person, albeit not through direct impact, as in medicine.

Classification of musical instrument percussion

A great variety of percussion instruments that do not belong to the set of a classical drum kit, over time, began to need to be systematized. Instruments of this kind are usually divided into tuned to certain musical notes and noise instruments - that is, those whose sound does not have a certain height. The former include the xylophone, metallophone, timpani and others. All kinds of drums are percussions of the second variety.

According to the sound source, percussion musical instruments are divided into:

1. Membranophones - that is, those in which the sound comes from the vibrations of a membrane stretched over some kind of base, such as in a tambourine.
2. Idiophones - where the sound source is the entire body of the instrument, or its integral parts, such as a triangle, glockenspiel and the like.

In turn, idiophones are divided into those made of wood and wood.

An interesting fact is that the piano also belongs to the musical instruments of the percussion type, since in this instrument the sound is obtained by striking the strings with hammers. The string percussion also includes such an ancient musical instrument as cymbals.

exotic instruments

Percussion in modern music

Despite their national roots, percussion instruments are used not only in ethnic music. In many modern jazz orchestras and rock bands, in addition to the traditional drummer, there is also a percussionist.

Thus, the rhythmic section of the ensemble is noticeably enriched due to the saturation of the percussion parts. Samples of percussion musical instruments are also used in various areas of electronic music. The drum set in a symphony orchestra is called orchestral percussion.

Percussion kits

For those who want to try playing percussion as an amateur musician for the sake of interest, or for those who are professionals in this field, both individual percussion instruments and ready-made sets are available for sale.

For the youngest musicians, you can find sets of children's percussion in music stores, and they are often sold in ordinary toy stores. Sometimes these instruments are completely identical to real percussions, except for their reduced size.

Famous percussionists

• Airto Moreira - Famous for his collaboration with Jazz classic Miles Davis. His solo projects are also known. Contributed to the spread of small noise percussion instruments in European jazz.
• Karl Perazzo is the percussionist of the famous band Santana.
• Arto Tunçboyaciyan - vocalist, composer and percussionist. Known for his ability to get first-class sound from any item at hand.

Agogo is a Brazilian folk percussion instrument, which consists of two sheep bells of different colors without tongues, connected by a metal curved handle. There are various variations of agogo. For example, with three bells; or agogo, made entirely of wood (also with two or three bells). The rhythmic pattern performed by agogo players is the basis of the polyrhythmic structure of the Brazilian carnival samba.

Basic information Asatayak is an ancient Kazakh and ancient Turkic percussion musical instrument. The shape resembles a wand or cane with a flat head, decorated with ornaments and metal rings, pendants. Asatayak had an open and sharp sound. To enhance the sound of the instrument, the bucks used konyrau - bells that were attached to the head of the asatayak. When shaking the instrument, konyrau complemented the sound with a metallic ringing. And asatayak,

Basic information Ashiko is a West African percussion instrument, a truncated cone drum. Ashiko is played with the hands. Origin Ashiko is considered to be the homeland of West Africa, presumably Nigeria, the Yoruba people. The name is most often translated as "freedom". Ashiko was used for healing, in initiation rituals, military rituals, communication with ancestors, for transmitting signals over distances, etc. Drums

Bania (Bahia) is a Bengali percussion instrument, distributed in Northern India. It is a single-sided small-sized drum with a leather membrane and a bowl-shaped ceramic body. The sound is produced by the blows of the fingers and the hand. Used with tabla. Video: Bania on video + sound Video with this instrument will appear in the encyclopedia very soon! Sale: where to buy/order?

Basic information Banggu (danpigu) is a Chinese percussion musical instrument, a small one-sided drum. From the Chinese baths - a wooden plank, gu - a drum. There is a female bangu and a masculine bangu. It has a wooden case in the form of a bowl with massive walls, facing the convex side up. There is a small hole in the middle of the case. The leather membrane is stretched over the convex part of the body

Basic Information The bar chimes are a self-sounding percussion musical instrument related to traditional Asian wind chimes. The instrument was introduced into the everyday life of percussionists by the American percussionist Mark Stevens, after whom he received the original name Mark Tree, widely used in the West. In Russia, the name Bar Chimes is more common. Metal tubes of different lengths that make up the instrument sound when they touch each other.

Basic information, device Drum - percussion musical instrument, membranophone. Common in most peoples. It consists of a hollow cylindrical wooden (or metal) resonator body or frame, on which leather membranes are stretched on one or both sides (plastic membranes are now used). The relative pitch can be adjusted by tensioning the membranes. The sound is produced by striking the membrane with a wooden mallet with a soft tip, a stick,

The Boyran is an Irish percussion instrument resembling a tambourine about half a meter (usually 18 inches) in diameter. The Irish word bodhran (in Irish it is pronounced boron or boirOn, in English - bouran, in Russian it is customary to pronounce boiran or boran) is translated as “thundering”, “stunning” (and also “annoying”, but this is only in some cases ). They hold the boyran vertically, playing it in a specific way with a wooden

Basic information The big drum (bass drum), also sometimes called the Turkish drum or "bass barrel" is a percussion musical instrument with an indefinite pitch, low register. It is a drum - a wide metal or wooden cylinder, covered with skins on both sides (sometimes only on one side). The sound is extracted by hitting a mallet with a massive head wrapped in dense material. If it is necessary to perform complex

Basic information Bonang is an Indonesian percussion instrument. It is a set of bronze gongs, with the help of cords, fixed in a horizontal position on a wooden stand. Each gong has a bulge (pencha) in the center. The sound is produced by hitting this bulge with a wooden stick wrapped at the end with cotton cloth or rope. Sometimes spherical resonators made of burnt clay are suspended under the gongs. Sound

Bongo (Spanish: bongo) is a Cuban percussion instrument. It is a small doubled drum of African origin, usually played while sitting, holding the bongo between the calves of the legs. In Cuba, the bongo first appeared in the province of Oriente around 1900. The drums that make up the bongos vary in size; the smaller of them is considered "male" (macho - Spanish macho, literally

Basic information A tambourine is a percussion musical instrument consisting of a leather membrane stretched over a wooden rim. Some varieties of tambourines have metal bells suspended from them, which begin to ring when the performer strikes the membrane of the tambourine, rubs it, or shakes the entire instrument. A tambourine is widespread among many peoples: Uzbek doira; Armenian, Azerbaijani, Tajik def; shaman tambourines with a long handle among the peoples

Basic information Bell (bell) - a percussion musical instrument, a small metal rattle (bell); is a hollow ball with a small solid ball (several balls) inside. It can be attached to a horse harness (“Three with bells”), clothes, shoes, headgear (jester's cap), a tambourine. Video: Bell on video + sound Video with this instrument will appear in the encyclopedia very soon! Sale: where

Bugai (berbenitsa) is an accompanying frictional percussion musical instrument that sounds like the roar of a bull. The bull is a wooden cylinder, the upper opening of which is covered with skin. A tuft of horse hair is attached to the skin in the center. Used as a bass instrument. The musician, with his hands moistened in kvass, pulls his hair. The pitch of the sound changes depending on the place of contact. Bugai is widespread

Basic information Vibraphone (English and French vibraphone, Italian vibrafono, German vibraphon) is a percussion musical instrument related to metal idiophones with a certain pitch. Invented in the USA in the late 1910s. The instrument has wide virtuoso capabilities and is used in jazz, on the stage and in percussion ensembles, less often in a symphony orchestra and as a solo instrument.

Basic information Gaval (daf) is an Azerbaijani folk percussion musical instrument. Very similar to tambourine and tambourine. One of those rare musical instruments that has retained its original form to this day. The Gaval device is a wooden rim with sturgeon skin stretched over it. In modern conditions, the gaval membrane is also made of plastic to prevent moisture. TO

Basic information, device, system Gambang is an Indonesian percussion musical instrument. It consists of wooden (gambang kayu) or metal (gambang gangza) plates, fixed in a horizontal position on a wooden stand, often richly decorated with paintings and carvings. The sound is extracted by blows of two wooden sticks with a flat puck-shaped winding at the ends. They are held loosely between the thumb and forefinger, the other fingers

Basic information Gender (gender) is an Indonesian percussion musical instrument. In gamelan, gender carries out a variational development of the main theme given by the gambang. The Gender device consists of 10-12 slightly convex metal plates, fixed in a horizontal position on a wooden stand with cords. Bamboo resonator tubes are suspended from the plates. Gender plates are selected in accordance with the 5-step slendro scale

Basic information Gong is an ancient percussion musical instrument of a symphony orchestra, which is a relatively large concave metal disk freely suspended on a support. Sometimes gong is mistakenly confused with tam-tam. Varieties of gongs There are a huge number of varieties of gongs. They differ in size, shape, character of sound and origin. The most famous in modern orchestral music are the Chinese and Javanese gongs. Chinese

Guiro is a Latin American percussion instrument, originally made from the fruit of the gourd tree, known in Cuba and Puerto Rico under the name "iguero", with serifs applied to the surface. The word "guiro" comes from the language of the Taino Indians who inhabited the Antilles before the Spanish invasion. Traditionally, merengue often uses metallic guiro, which has a sharper sound, and in salsa

Basic information Gusachok (goose) is an unusual old Russian folk noise percussion musical instrument. The origin of the gander is vague and ambiguous. It is possible that buffoons also played on it, however, in modern specimens, the clay jar (or “glechik”) is replaced by a papier-mâché model of the same shape. The gander has close relatives in different countries of the world. Let's face it, all relatives are very

Basic information Dangyr is an ancient Kazakh and ancient Turkic percussion musical instrument. It was a tambourine: a rim covered with leather on one side, inside of which metal chains, rings and plates were hung. Both dangyra and asatayak were attributes of shamanic rituals, which is why they were not widely used in the musical life of the people. Since the beginning of the 19th century, both

Basic information Darbuka (tarbuka, darabuka, dumbek) is an ancient percussion musical instrument of indefinite pitch, a small drum, widespread in the Middle East, Egypt, the Maghreb countries, the Transcaucasus and the Balkans. Traditionally made of clay and goatskin, metal darbuks are also common now. It has two holes, one of which (wide) is covered with a membrane. According to the type of sound production refers to

Basic information A wooden box or wood block is a percussion musical instrument. One of the most common percussion musical instruments with an indefinite pitch. The sound of the instrument is a characteristic clattering sound. It is a rectangular bar of sonorous, well-dried wood. On one side, closer to the top of the bar, a deep slit about 1 cm wide is hollowed out. The instrument is played with wooden or

Djembe is a West African percussion musical instrument in the form of a goblet with an open narrow bottom and a wide top, on which a skin membrane is stretched - most often goat. Previously unknown to the West, since its "discovery" it has gained immense popularity. In terms of shape, the djembe belongs to the so-called goblet drums, in terms of sound production - to membranophones. Origin, history of Djembe

Basic information Dholak is a percussion musical instrument, a barrel-shaped wooden drum with two membranes of different diameters. They play the dholak with their hands or with a special stick; you can play sitting Turkish, putting it on your knees, or standing, using a belt. The tension force of the membranes is regulated by a system of rings and rope constrictions. Dholak is common in Northern India, Pakistan and Nepal; very popular

Basic information Carillon is a percussion musical instrument that, by means of a clockwork, makes a series of bells play a melody, just as a rotating shaft sets an organ in motion. Often used in churches, especially in the Netherlands, in China it was already known in ancient times. The carillon is played "manually" using a special keyboard. In total, there are 600-700 carillons in the world. Notable musicians

Basic information Castanets are a percussion musical instrument, which consists of two concave shell plates, connected by a cord in the upper parts. Plates have traditionally been made from hardwood, although more recently fiberglass has been used for this. Castanets are most widely used in Spain, southern Italy and Latin America. Similar simple musical instruments suitable for the rhythmic accompaniment of dance

Basic information Kimval is an ancient oriental percussion musical instrument, consisting of a metal plate (bowl), in the middle of which a belt or rope was attached, to be worn on the right hand. The cymbal was struck against another cymbal worn on the left hand, which is why the name of this instrument is used in the plural: cymbals. When they hit each other, the cymbals make a sharp ringing sound. Jews

Basic information Clave (Spanish clave, literally - “key”) is the simplest Cuban folk percussion musical instrument. Idiophone of African origin. It consists of two sticks made of hard wood, with the help of which the main rhythm of the ensemble is set. The musician playing the clave (usually a singer) holds one of the sticks in his hand in such a way that the palm forms a kind of resonator, and the other

Basic information A bell is a metal percussion musical instrument (usually cast from the so-called bell bronze), a dome-shaped sound source and, usually, a tongue striking the walls from the inside. There are also known bells without a tongue, which are beaten with a hammer or a log from the outside. The bells are used for religious purposes (calling the faithful to prayer, expressing the solemn moments of Divine service) and in

Basic information Orchestral bells are a percussion musical instrument of a symphony orchestra (idiophone). It is a set of 12-18 cylindrical metal tubes with a diameter of 25-38 mm, suspended in a rack frame (about 2 m high). They are struck with a mallet, the head of which is covered with leather. The sound range is chromatic. Range 1-1.5 octaves (usually from F; notated an octave higher than it sounds). Modern bells are equipped with a damper. in the orchestra

Basic information Bells (Italian campanelli, French jeu de timbres, German Glockenspiel) are a percussion musical instrument with a certain pitch. The instrument has a light-ringing timbre in the piano, brilliant and bright - in the forte. Bells exist in two varieties: simple and keyboard. Simple bells are a set of metal plates tuned to chromatism, placed in two rows on a wooden

Basic information Congo is a Latin American percussion musical instrument of indefinite pitch from the genus of membranophones. It is a barrel elongated in height, with a leather membrane stretched from one end. It is used in pairs - two drums of different diameters (one is tuned lower, the other is higher), often the congo is played simultaneously with the bongo (collected on the same percussion set). Congo height 70-80

Basic information Xylophone (from the Greek xylo - tree + background - sound) is a percussion musical instrument with a certain pitch. It is a series of wooden blocks of different sizes, tuned to certain notes. The bars are struck with sticks with spherical tips or special hammers that look like small spoons (in the jargon of musicians, these hammers are called "goat legs"). Xylophone tone

Basic information Kuika is a Brazilian percussion instrument from the group of friction drums, most commonly used in samba. It has a creaky, sharp timbre of a high register. Kuika is a cylindrical metal (originally wooden) body, with a diameter of 6-10 centimeters. The skin is stretched on one side of the case, the other side remains open. From the inside, to the center and perpendicular to the leather membrane is attached

Timpani (Italian timpani, French timbales, German Pauken, English kettle drums) is a percussion musical instrument with a certain pitch. They are a system of two or more (up to five) metal boilers, the open side of which is covered with leather or plastic. At the bottom of each boiler is a resonator hole. Origin The timpani is an instrument of very ancient origin. In Europe, timpani, close

Basic information Spoons are the oldest Slavic percussion musical instrument. Musical spoons in appearance are not much different from ordinary table wooden spoons, only they are made from harder woods. In addition, musical spoons have elongated handles and a polished impact surface. Sometimes bells are hung along the handle. The game set of spoons can include 2, 3 or

Basic information, device The snare drum (also sometimes called a military drum or “working drum”) is a percussion musical instrument belonging to membranophones with an indefinite pitch. One of the main percussion instruments of a symphony orchestra, as well as jazz and other genres, where it is part of a drum kit (often in several copies of different sizes). The snare drum is metal, plastic or

Basic information Maraca (maracas) is the oldest shock-noise musical instrument of the native inhabitants of the Antilles - the Taino Indians, a kind of rattle that makes a characteristic rustling sound when shaken. Currently, maracas are popular throughout Latin America and are one of the symbols of Latin American music. As a rule, a maraca player uses a pair of rattles - one in each

Basic information Marimba is a keyboard percussion musical instrument, consisting of wooden bars mounted on a frame, which are struck with beaters, a relative of the xylophone. The marimba differs from the xylophone in that the sound produced by each bar is amplified by a wooden or metal resonator, or a gourd suspended underneath. Marimba has a rich, soft and deep timbre that allows you to achieve expressive sound. The marimba originated in

Basic information Musical pendant (breeze) is a percussion musical instrument. It is a bunch of small objects that emit a pleasant chime when the wind blows, widely used in landscape design, especially when decorating porches, verandas, terraces, awnings, etc., adjacent to the house. It is also used as a musical instrument. Musical pendants are most widely used in the southern regions as an anti-stress agent and

Basic information Pkhachich is an Adyghe and Kabardian folk percussion instrument, a relative of the rattle. Represents 3, 5 or 7 plates of dried hardwood (boxwood, ash, chestnut, hornbeam, plane trees), loosely tied at one end to the same plate with a handle. The usual dimensions of the tool: length 150-165 mm, width 45-50 mm. Phachich is held by the handle, pulling the noose,

Basic information Sencerro (Campana) is a Latin American percussion musical instrument of indefinite pitch from the ideophone family: a metal bell without a tongue, which is played with a wooden stick. Its other name is Campana. Modern senserro have the form of a bell, somewhat flattened on both sides. The appearance of the senserro in Latin American music is associated with the ritual bells of the econ of the Congolese religious cults. It is believed that in

Basic Information Tabla is an Indian percussion instrument. The big drum is called bayna, the small one is called daina. One of the most famous musicians who glorified this instrument all over the world was the legendary tablist - Ravi Shankar. Origin The exact origin of tabla is unclear. But according to the existing tradition, the creation of this instrument (as well as many others whose origin is unknown) is attributed to Amir

Basic information Tala (or talan; Skt. Tala - clapping, rhythm, beat, dance) is a South Indian paired percussion musical instrument from the percussion category, a kind of metal cymbals or cymbal. Behind each of them there is a silk or wooden handle. The sound of the tala is quite soft and pleasant. Video: Tala on video + sounding Video with this instrument very soon

Percussion instruments, the names and descriptions of which are presented in this article, arose earlier than other musical instruments. They were used in ancient times by the peoples of the Middle East and the African continent to accompany warlike and religious dances and dances. Percussion instruments, whose names are numerous, as well as their types, are very common today, not a single ensemble can do without them. These include those in which the sound is extracted with the help of a blow.

Classification

According to their musical qualities, that is, according to the possibility of extracting sounds of one or another pitch, all types of percussion instruments can be divided into 2 groups, the names of which are presented in this article: with an indefinite pitch (cymbals, drums, etc.) and with a certain pitch ( xylophone, timpani). They are also divided depending on the type of vibrator (sounding body) into self-sounding (castanets, triangles, cymbals, etc.), lamellar (bells, vibraphones, xylophones, etc.) and webbed (tambourine, drums, timpani, etc.).

Now you know what types of percussion instruments exist. Let's say a few words about what determines the timbre and loudness of their sound.

What determines the volume and timbre of the sound

The loudness of their sound is determined by the amplitude of the vibrations of the sounding body, that is, the force of impact, as well as the size of the sounding body. Amplifying the sound in some instruments is achieved by adding resonators. The timbre that certain types of percussion instruments have depends on many factors. The main ones are the method of impact, the material from which the instrument is made, and the shape of the sounding body.

Webbed percussion instruments

The sounding body in them is a membrane or stretched membrane. These include percussion instruments, whose names are: tambourine, drums, timpani, etc.

timpani

The timpani is an instrument with a certain pitch, which has a metal body in the shape of a cauldron. A membrane made of tanned leather is stretched across the top of this cauldron. A special membrane made of polymeric materials is currently used as a membrane. It is fixed on the body with tension screws and a hoop. Screws located around the circumference release or tighten it. The percussion instrument of the timpani is tuned as follows: if the membrane is pulled, the system becomes higher, and if it is lowered, it will be lower. In order not to interfere with the membrane to vibrate freely, there is a hole at the bottom for air movement. The body of this tool is made of brass, copper or aluminum. Timpani are mounted on a tripod - a special stand.

This instrument is used in an orchestra in a set of 2, 3, 4 or more cauldrons of different sizes. From 550 to 700 mm is the diameter of modern timpani. There are the following types of them: pedal, mechanical and screw. Pedal ones are the most common, since you can rebuild the instrument to the desired key without interrupting the game by pressing the pedal. In timpani, the sound volume is approximately equal to a fifth. Below all the others, a large timpani is tuned.

Tulumbas

Tulumbas is an ancient percussion instrument (a genus of timpani). He served in the XVII-XVIII century in the army, where he was used to give alarms. In shape, this is a pot-shaped resonator. This ancient percussion instrument (kind of timpani) can be made of metal, clay or wood. The top is lined with leather. This design is beaten with wooden bats. A dull sound is produced, somewhat reminiscent of a shot of cannons.

drums

We continue to describe percussion instruments, the names of which were listed at the beginning of the article. Drums have an indefinite pitch. These include various percussion instruments. The names listed below all refer to drums (various varieties). There are large and small orchestral drums, large and small pop drums, as well as bongos, tom-bass and tom-tenor.

A large orchestral drum has a cylindrical body, covered with plastic or leather on both sides. It is characterized by a deaf, low, powerful sound, extracted by a wooden mallet with a tip in the form of a ball of felt or felt. For drum membranes, today they began to use a polymer film instead of parchment skin. It has the best musical and acoustic properties and higher durability. At the drums, the membranes are fixed with tension screws and two rims. The body of this instrument is made of plywood or sheet steel and lined with artistic celluloid. It has dimensions of 680x365 mm. The large pop drum has a design and shape similar to that of an orchestral drum. Its dimensions are 580x350 mm.

The small orchestral drum is a low cylinder covered with plastic or leather on both sides. The membranes (membranes) are attached to the body with the help of coupling screws and two rims. To give the instrument a specific sound, special strings or stringers (spirals) are stretched over the lower membrane. They are driven by a reset mechanism. The use of synthetic membranes in drums made it possible to significantly improve the reliability of operation, musical and acoustic characteristics, presentation and service life. The small orchestral drum has dimensions of 340x170 mm. He is included in the symphony and military brass bands. The small pop drum has a device similar to an orchestral one. Its dimensions are 356x118 mm.

Tom-tom-bass drums and tom-tom-tenor drums do not differ in their device. They are used in drum sets. The tenor tom is attached to the bass drum with a bracket. Tom-tom-bass is installed on a special stand on the floor.

Bongs are drums that are small in size, with plastic or leather stretched on one side. They are included in the drum set. Bongs are interconnected with adapters.

As you can see, many percussion instruments are related to drums. The names listed above can be supplemented by including some less popular varieties.

Tambourine

A tambourine is a shell (hoop), on one side of which plastic or leather is stretched. Special slots are made in the body of the hoop. Brass plates are reinforced in them, they look like small orchestral cymbals. Inside the hoop, sometimes small rings, bells are strung on spirals or on stretched strings. All this tinkles at the slightest touch to the tambourine, creating a special sound. The membrane is struck with the palm of the right hand (its base) or with the fingertips.

Tambourines are used to accompany songs and dances. In the East, the art of playing this instrument has reached virtuosity. Solo playing on the tambourine is also common here. Dyaf, def or gaval is an Azerbaijani tambourine, haval or daf is Armenian, daira is Georgian, doira is Tajik and Uzbek.

Plate percussion instruments

We continue to describe percussion musical instruments. Photos and names of plate drums are presented below. Such instruments, which have a certain pitch, include xylophone, marimba (marimbafon), metallophone, bells, bells, vibraphone.

Xylophone

A xylophone is a set of wooden blocks of various sizes that correspond to sounds of different pitches. The bars are made from rosewood, spruce, walnut, maple. They are placed in parallel in 4 rows, following the order of the chromatic scale. These bars are attached to strong laces, and are also separated by springs. A cord passes through the holes made in the bars. A xylophone for playing is laid out on a table on rubber share pads, which are located along the cords of this instrument. It is played with two wooden sticks with a thickening at the end. This instrument is used for playing in an orchestra or for solo playing.

Metallophone and marimba

The metallophone and marimba are also percussion instruments. Do the photos and their names mean anything to you? We invite you to get to know them better.

The metallophone is a musical instrument similar to the xylophone, but its sound plates are made of metal (bronze or brass). His photo is presented below.

Marimba (marimbafon) is an instrument whose sounding elements are wooden plates. It also has metal tubular resonators to enhance the sound.

Marimba has a juicy, soft timbre. Its sound range is 4 octaves. The playing plates of this instrument are made of rosewood. This ensures good musical and acoustic characteristics of this instrument. Plates are arranged in 2 rows on the frame. In the first row - plates of basic tones, and in the second - semitones. Resonators installed in 2 rows on the frame are tuned to the sound frequency of their respective plates. A photo of this tool is presented below.

The main knots of the marimba are fixed on the support trolley. The frame of this cart is made of aluminium. This provides sufficient strength and minimum weight. Marimba is used both for educational purposes and for professional play.

vibraphone

This instrument is a set of aluminum plates, chromatically tuned, which are arranged in 2 rows, similar to a piano keyboard. Plates are installed on a high table (bed) and fastened with laces. In the center under each of them are cylindrical resonators of a certain size. Through them pass in the upper part of the axis, on which fan fans (impellers) are fixed. This is how vibration is achieved. Damper device has this tool. It is connected under the bed to the pedal so that you can muffle the sound with your foot. The vibraphone is played with 2, 3, 4, and sometimes a large number of long sticks with rubber balls at the ends. This instrument is used in a symphony orchestra, but more often - in a pop or as a solo instrument. His photo is presented below.

bells

What percussion instruments can be used to play bell ringing in an orchestra? The correct answer is bells. This is a set of percussion instruments used in symphony and opera orchestras for this purpose. Bells consist of a set (from 12 to 18 pieces) of cylindrical pipes, which are tuned chromatically. Usually pipes are chrome-plated steel or nickel-plated brass. Their diameter is from 25 to 38 mm. They are hung on a special frame-rack, the height of which is about 2 m. Sound is extracted by striking the pipes with a wooden hammer. The bells are equipped with a special device (pedal-damper) for muffling the sound.

bells

This is a percussion instrument consisting of 23-25 ​​metal plates tuned chromatically. They are placed in steps in 2 rows on a flat box. The black keys of the piano correspond to the top row, and the white keys to the bottom row.

Self-sounding percussion instruments

Talking about what kind of percussion instruments are (names and types), one cannot fail to mention self-sounding percussion instruments. This type includes the following instruments: cymbals, tom-toms, triangles, rattles, maracas, castanets, etc.

Dishes

Cymbals are metal discs made of nickel silver or brass. A somewhat spherical shape is given to the disks of the cymbals. Leather straps are attached to the center. A long ringing sound is emitted when they hit each other. Sometimes one plate is used. Then the sound is extracted by blowing a metal brush or stick. Orchestral cymbals, gong cymbals and Charleston cymbals are produced. They sound loud and harsh.

Let's talk about what other percussion instruments are. Photos with names and descriptions will help you get to know them better.

Triangle orchestral

The orchestral triangle (its photo is presented below) is a steel bar of an open triangular shape. This instrument is suspended freely when played and then struck with a metal stick, while performing various rhythmic patterns. A ringing, bright sound has a triangle. It is used in various ensembles and orchestras. Triangles are produced with two sticks made of steel.

The gong or tam-tam is a bronze disc with curved edges. A beater with a felt tip is struck in its center. It turns out a gloomy, thick and deep sound, reaching full strength gradually, not immediately after the impact.

Castanets and maracas

Castanets (a photo of them is presented below) is a folk instrument of Spain. This ancient percussion instrument is shaped like shells tied with a cord. One of them faces the spherical (concave) side to the other. They are made from plastic or hard wood. Castanets are available as single or double castanets.

Maracas are plastic or wood balls filled with shot (small pieces of metal) and decorated colorfully on the outside. They are equipped with a handle to make them comfortable to hold during the game. Various rhythmic patterns can be played by shaking the maracas. They are used mainly in pop ensembles, but sometimes in orchestras.

Rattles are sets of small plates mounted on a wooden plate.

These are the main names of percussion musical instruments. Of course, there are many more of them. We talked about the most famous and popular.

Drum kit, which has a variety ensemble

In order to have a complete picture of this group of instruments, it is also necessary to know the composition of percussion kits (installations). The most common is the following composition: bass and snare drum, large and small single cymbal, paired cymbal hei-hat (“Charleston”), bongos, tom-tom alto, tom-tom tenor and tom-tom-bass.

A large drum is installed on the floor in front of the performer, for stability it has resistant legs. The tom-tom alto and tom-tom tenor drums can be fixed on the top of the drum with the help of brackets. It also provides an additional stand, on which an orchestral cymbal is fixed. Mounting on the bass drum tom-tom alto and tom-tom tenor brackets adjust their height.

The mechanical pedal is an integral part of the bass drum. The performer uses it to extract sound from this musical instrument. Be sure to include a small pop drum in the drum set. It is fastened with three clamps on a special stand: one retractable and two folding. The stand is installed on the floor. This is a stand, which is equipped for fixing in a certain position, as well as changing the inclination of the snare drum with a locking device.

The snare drum has a muffler and a reset device that are used to adjust the tone. Also, a drum kit sometimes includes several tom-tom tenors, tom-tom altos and tom-tom drums, of different sizes.

Also, the drum kit (its photo is presented below) includes orchestral cymbals with a stand, a chair and a mechanical stand for the Charleston. Maracas, triangles, castanets and other noise instruments are companion instruments of this setup.

Spare parts and accessories

Spare accessories and parts of percussion instruments include: stands for orchestral cymbals, for a snare drum, for Charleston cymbals, timpani sticks, a mechanical mallet for a drum (large), sticks for a snare drum, pop drumsticks, orchestral brushes, beaters and leather for bass drum, straps, cases.

Percussion instruments

It is necessary to distinguish between percussion and percussion instruments. Percussion instruments include piano and grand piano. The strings of a piano are arranged horizontally and are struck by a hammer from the bottom up. The piano differs in that the hammer strikes in the direction away from the player on the strings forward. The strings are stretched in a vertical plane. Due to the richness of sounds in terms of strength and height, as well as the great possibilities of these instruments, the grand piano and piano have received a common name. Both instruments can be called in one word - "piano". The piano is a stringed percussion instrument by the method of producing sound.

The keyboard mechanism used in it is a system of levers interconnected, which serves to transfer the energy of the pianist's fingers to the strings. It consists of mechanics and keyboard. The keyboard is a set of keys, the number of which may vary depending on the sound range of an instrument. The keys are usually lined with plastic overlays. Then they are mounted on the keyboard frame with the help of pins. Each of the keys has lead seals, a pilot, a primer and an overlay. It transmits, as a lever of the first kind, the pianist's effort on the mechanical figure. Mechanics are hammer mechanisms that convert the musician's effort when pressing a key into a blow to the hammer strings. Hammers are made of hornbeam or maple, their head is covered with felt.

20 Nov 2015

Percussion folk instruments. Video lesson

Russian folk percussion instruments are the first of three groups of folk instruments.A characteristic feature of Russian folk percussion instruments is that some of them were household items.Perhaps one of the most common Russian folk instruments are spoons. Spoons used to be wooden, and people began to use these wooden spoons as a percussion instrument. They usually played on three spoons, of which two were held in one hand, and the third in the other. Children often play with two spoons, fastened together Spoon performers are called spoons . There are very skillful spoon players who play with more spoons, which are stuck both in boots and in the belt.

The next percussion instrument, which was also a household item, is ruble . It is a wooden block with notches on one side. It was used to wash and iron clothes. If we run a wooden stick over it, then we will hear a whole cascade of loud, crackling sounds.

Our next tool that we will get acquainted with will be ratchet . There are two varieties of this tool. Ratchet, which is a set of wooden plates tied together with a rope and a circular ratchet, inside which is a toothed drum, during the rotation of which a wooden plate hits it.

No less popular percussion folk instrument is tambourine , which is a wooden hoop with metal small plates, on one side of which the skin is stretched.

The next Russian folk percussion instrument is box . It is a piece of wood, usually made of hardwood, with a small cavity under the top of the body that amplifies the sound produced by drumsticks or xylophone sticks. The sound of this instrument conveys well the clatter of hooves or the sound of heels in a dance.

Russia with its vast expanses cannot be imagined without triplets horses, without coachmen. In the evening, in the snowy perga, when visibility was very poor, it was necessary for people to hear the approaching three. For this purpose, bells and bells were hung under the arc of the horse. Bell It is a metal cup open to the bottom with a drummer (tongue) suspended inside. It sounds only in limbo. Bell it is a hollow ball in which a metal ball (or several balls) rolls freely, hitting the walls when shaken, as a result of which a sound is extracted, but duller than a bell.

So many songs and instrumental compositions are devoted to the Russian troika and coachmen that it became necessary to introduce a special musical instrument into the orchestra of folk instruments that imitates the sound of coachman's bells and bells. This tool is called bells . A strap is sewn onto a small piece of leather the size of a palm to help hold the instrument in the palm of your hand. On the other hand, as many bells as possible are sewn on. By shaking the bells or hitting them on the knee, the player extracts sounds reminiscent of the ringing of the bells of the Russian troika.

And now we will talk about a tool called kokoshnik .

In the old days, village watchmen were armed with so-called mallets. The watchman walked

at night in the village and knocked on it, letting fellow villagers understand that he was not sleeping, but working, and at the same time scaring away thieves.

According to the principle of this watch mallet, the percussion folk instrument kokoshnik is arranged. It is based on a small wooden frame, covered with leather or plastic, which is hit by a ball suspended from the top. The player makes frequent oscillatory movements with his hand, forcing the tied ball to dangle from side to side and alternately hit the walls of the kokoshnik.

The following musical instrument is called firewood . It consists of logs tied with a rope of different lengths. Not all woods will sound good. It is better to take hardwood firewood. Logs are taken in different lengths, but approximately the same thickness. After the instrument is made, it is tuned.

We got acquainted with the main Russian folk instruments, and in conclusion I would like to introduce you to some of the most famous percussion instruments of other peoples.

A very common Latin American instrument is maracas.

Maracas or maraca is the oldest shock-noise instrument of the native inhabitants of the Antilles - the Taino Indians, a kind of rattle that makes a characteristic rustling sound when shaken. Currently, maracas are popular throughout Latin America and are one of the symbols of Latin American music. Typically, a maraca player uses a pair of rattles, one in each hand.

In Russian, the name of the instrument is often used in the not quite correct form "maracas". A more correct form of the name is "maraka".

Initially, the dried fruits of the gourd tree, known in Cuba as "guira" and in Puerto Rico as "iguero", were used to make maracas. The gourd tree is a small evergreen plant that is widely distributed in the West Indies (Antilles), Mexico and Panama. Large iguero fruits, covered with a very hard green shell and reaching 35 cm in diameter, were used by the Indians to make both musical instruments and utensils.

For the manufacture of maracas, fruits of a small size with a regular rounded shape were used. After removing the pulp through two holes drilled in the body and drying the fruit, small pebbles or plant seeds were poured inside, the number of which in any pair of maraks is different, which provides each instrument with a unique individual sound. At the last stage, a handle was attached to the resulting spherical rattle, after which the instrument was ready.

And now let's get acquainted with a very famous Spanish percussion instrument - castanets.

Castanets are a percussion musical instrument, which consists of two concave shell plates, connected by a cord in the upper parts. Castanets are most widely used in Spain, southern Italy and Latin America.

Such simple musical instruments, suitable for rhythmic accompaniment of dance and singing, were used in ancient Egypt and ancient Greece.

The name castanets in Russian is borrowed from Spanish, where they are called castañuelas ("chestnuts") because of their resemblance to chestnut fruits. In Andalusia, they are more commonly referred to as palillos ("sticks").

Plates have traditionally been made of hardwood, although more recently metal or fiberglass has been used for this. In a symphony orchestra, for the convenience of performers, castanets are most often used, fixed on a special stand (the so-called "castanets-machine").

The castanets used by Spanish dancers and dancers were traditionally made in two sizes. Large castanets were held with the left hand and beat off the main movement of the dance. Small castanets were in the right hand and beat off various musical patterns that accompanied the performance of dances and songs. Accompanied by songs, the castanets performed only as a role-play - during a break in the voice part.

In world culture, castanets are most strongly associated with the image of Spanish music, especially with the music of the Spanish gypsies. Therefore, this instrument is often used in classical music to create a "Spanish flavor"; for example, in such works as G. Bizet's opera Carmen, in Glinka's Spanish overtures Jota of Aragon and Night in Madrid, in Rimsky-Korsakov's Spanish Capriccio, in Spanish dances from Tchaikovsky's ballets.

Although percussion instruments are not given the main role in music, but not infrequently, percussion instruments give the music a unique flavor.

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State autonomous vocational educational institution of the city of Moscow

"College of Entrepreneurship No. 11"

COURSE WORK

On the topic of: Percussion instruments

Specialty: "Musical Literature"

Performed:

Student Safronova Kristina Kirillovna

Supervisor:

Department Lecturer

Audiovisual technologies

Bocharova Tatyana Alexandrovna

Moscow 2015

1. PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS

Udamry musical instruments are a group of musical instruments, the sound of which is extracted by hitting or shaking (swinging) [hammers, beaters, sticks, etc.] over the sounding body (membrane, metal, wood, etc.). The largest family of all musical instruments.

Percussion musical instruments appeared before all other musical instruments. In ancient times, percussion instruments were used by the peoples of the African continent and the Middle East to accompany religious and martial dances and dances.

These days, percussion instruments are very common, as no ensemble can do without them.

Percussion instruments are instruments whose sound is produced by striking. According to their musical qualities, i.e., the possibility of obtaining sounds of a certain pitch, all percussion instruments are divided into two types: with a certain pitch (timpani, xylophone) and with an indefinite pitch (drums, cymbals, etc.).

Depending on the type of sounding body (vibrator), percussion instruments are divided into webbed (timpani, drums, tambourine, etc.), lamellar (xylophones, vibraphones, bells, etc.), self-sounding (cymbals, triangles, castanets, etc.).

The loudness of the sound of a percussion instrument is determined by the size of the sounding body and the amplitude of its vibrations, i.e., the force of impact. In some instruments, amplification of the sound is achieved by adding resonators. The timbre of the sound of percussion instruments depends on many factors, the main of which are the shape of the sounding body, the material from which the instrument is made, and the method of impact.

1.1 Webbed percussion instruments

In webbed percussion instruments, the sounding body is a stretched membrane or membrane. These include timpani, drums, tambourine, etc. percussion bell sound drum

The timpani is an instrument with a certain pitch, having a metal body in the form of a cauldron, in the upper part of which a membrane of well-dressed leather is stretched. Currently, a special membrane made of high-strength polymeric materials is used as a membrane.

The membrane is attached to the body with a hoop and tension screws. These screws, located around the circumference, tighten or release the membrane. Thus, the timpani is tuned: if the membrane is pulled, the system will be higher, and, conversely, if the membrane is released, the system will be lower. In order not to interfere with the free vibration of the membrane in the center of the boiler, there is a hole at the bottom for air movement.

The case of the timpani is made of copper, brass or aluminum, they are mounted on a stand - a tripod.

In an orchestra, timpani are used in a set of two, three, four or more cauldrons of various sizes. The diameter of modern timpani is from 550 to 700 mm.

There are screw, mechanical and pedal timpani. Pedal ones are the most common, since with one click on the pedal, you can rebuild the instrument to the desired key without interrupting the game.

The sound volume of the timpani is about a fifth. The big timpani is tuned lower than all the others. The sound range of the instrument is from the F of a large octave to a small octave. The middle timpani has a range of sound from B of a large octave to F of a small octave. Small timpani - from D small octave to la small octave.

Drums are instruments with an indefinite pitch. There are small and large orchestral drums, small and large pop drums, tom-tenor, tom-bass, bongos.

A large orchestral drum is a cylindrical body covered on both sides with leather or plastic. The big drum has a powerful, low and hollow sound, which is played with a wooden mallet with a ball-shaped tip made of felt or felt. At present, instead of expensive parchment skin, a polymer film has been used for drum membranes, which has higher strength indicators and better musical and acoustic properties.

The membranes at the drums are fixed with two rims and tension screws located around the circumference of the tool body. The body of the drum is made of sheet steel or plywood, lined with artistic celluloid. Dimensions 680x365 mm.

The large pop drum has a shape and design similar to the orchestra drum. Its dimensions are 580x350 mm.

The small orchestral drum has the appearance of a low cylinder covered on both sides with leather or plastic. The membranes (webs) are attached to the body with two rims and pinch screws.

To give the drum a specific sound, special strings or spirals (stringer) are pulled over the lower membrane, which are driven by a reset mechanism.

The use of synthetic membranes in drums has significantly improved their musical and acoustic capabilities, operational reliability, service life and presentation. The dimensions of the small orchestral drum are 340x170 mm.

Small orchestral drums are included in military brass bands, they are also used in symphony orchestras.

The small variety drum has the same device as the orchestral one. Its dimensions are 356x118 mm.

The tom-tom-tenor drum and the tom-tom-bass drum do not differ in design and are used in pop drum kits. The tom-tenor drum is attached with a bracket to the bass drum, the tom-tom-bass drum is installed on the floor on a special stand.

Bongs are small drums with leather or plastic stretched on one side. They are part of the pop drum set. Between themselves, the bongs are connected by adapters.

A tambourine is a hoop (shell), in which leather or plastic is stretched on one side. Special slots are made in the body of the hoop, in which brass plates are fixed, looking like small orchestral cymbals. Sometimes, even inside the hoop, small bells and rings are strung on stretched strings or spirals. All this from the slightest touch to the instrument tinkles, creating a peculiar sound. Impacts on the membrane are made with the ends of the fingers or the base of the palm of the right hand.

Tambourines are used for rhythmic accompaniment of dances and songs. In the East, where the art of playing the tambourine has reached virtuosity, solo playing on this instrument is common. The Azerbaijani tambourine is called def, dyaf or gaval, Armenian - daf or haval, Georgian - daira, Uzbek and Tajik - doira.

1.2 Plate percussion instruments

Plate percussion instruments with a certain pitch include xylophone, metallophone, marim-bafon (marimba), vibraphone, bells, bells.

Xylophone - is a set of wooden blocks of different sizes, corresponding to different sounds in height. Bars are made of rosewood, maple, walnut, spruce. They are arranged in parallel in four rows in the order of the chromatic scale. The bars are fastened on strong laces and separated by springs. The cord passes through the holes in the bars. To play, the xylophone is laid out on a small table on the share rubber pads located along the cords of the instrument.

The xylophone is played with two wooden sticks with a thickened end. The xylophone is used both for solo playing and in the orchestra.

The range of the xylophone is from the small octave to the fourth octave.

Metallophones are similar to xylophones, only the sound plates are made of metal (brass or bronze).

Marimbafons (marimba) is a percussion musical instrument, the sounding elements of which are wooden plates, and to enhance the sound, tubular metal resonators are installed on it.

Marimba has a soft, juicy timbre, has a sound range of four octaves: from a note to a small octave to a note to the fourth octave.

Playing plates are made of rosewood wood, which provides high musical and acoustic properties of the instrument. The plates are arranged on the frame in two rows. The first row contains the main tone plates, the second row contains the semitone plates. Resonators mounted on a frame in two rows (metal tubes with plugs) are tuned to the sound frequency of the corresponding plates.

The main components of the marimba are fixed on a support trolley with wheels, the frame of which is made of aluminum, which ensures minimum weight and sufficient strength.

Marimba can be used both by professional musicians and for educational purposes.

The vibraphone is a set of chromatically tuned aluminum plates arranged in two rows similar to a piano keyboard. The plates are mounted on a high frame (table) and fastened with laces. Under each plate in the center are cylindrical resonators of the appropriate size. Axes pass through all the resonators in the upper part, on which fan impellers are mounted - fans.

A portable silent electric motor is mounted on the side of the bed, which rotates the impellers evenly throughout the entire playing of the instrument. Thus, vibration is achieved. The instrument has a damper device connected to the pedal under the bed to dampen the sound with the foot. The vibraphone is played with two, three, four sometimes longer sticks with rubber balls at the ends.

The range of the vibraphone is from F of a small octave to F of the third octave, or from to the first octave to the third octave.

The vibraphone is used in a symphony orchestra, but more often in a variety orchestra or as a solo instrument.

Bells are a set of percussion instruments that are used in opera and symphony orchestras to imitate bell ringing. The bell consists of a set of 12 to 18 cylindrical pipes tuned chromatically.

Pipes are usually nickel-plated brass or chrome-plated steel with a diameter of 25--38 mm. They are hung in a rack frame about 2 m high. The sound is extracted by hitting the pipes with a wooden hammer. The bells are equipped with a pedal-damper device for muffling the sound. The range of bells is 1-11/2 octaves, usually from F to a large octave.

Bells are a percussion musical instrument, which consists of 23-25 ​​chromatically tuned metal plates placed in a flat box in two rows in steps. The top row corresponds to black and the bottom row to white piano keys.

The sound range of the bells is equal to two octaves: from a note to the first octave to a note to the third octave, and depends on the number of plates.

1.3 Self-sounding percussion instruments

Self-sounding percussion instruments include: cymbals, triangles, tam-tam, castanets, maracas, rattles, etc.

Cymbals are metal discs made of brass or nickel silver. The discs of the cymbals are given a somewhat spherical shape, leather straps are attached to the center.

When the cymbals hit each other, a long ringing sound is made. Sometimes one cymbal is used and the sound is extracted by hitting a stick or a metal brush. Orchestral cymbals, Charleston cymbals, gong cymbals are produced. Cymbals sound sharply, ringing.

The orchestral triangle is a steel bar, which is given an open triangular shape. When playing, the triangle is freely suspended and hit with a metal stick, performing various rhythmic patterns.

The sound of the triangle is bright, ringing. The triangle is used in various orchestras and ensembles. Orchestral triangles with two steel sticks are produced.

The tam-tam or gong is a bronze disc with curved edges, the center of which is struck with a felt-tipped mallet, the sound of the gong is deep, thick and gloomy, reaching its full strength not immediately after the blow, but gradually.

Castanets are a popular instrument in Spain. Castanets have the form of shells facing one another with a concave (spherical) side and connected with a cord. They are made from hardwood and plastic. Double and single castanets are produced.

Maracas are balls made of wood or plastic, filled with a small amount of small pieces of metal (shot), maracas are colorfully decorated on the outside. For ease of holding during the game, they are equipped with a handle.

By shaking the maracas, various rhythmic patterns are reproduced.

Maracas are used in orchestras, but more often in pop ensembles.

Rattles are sets of small plates mounted on a wooden plate.

1.4 Drum set of pop ensemble

For a complete study of a group of percussion musical instruments, a specialist involved in their implementation needs to know the composition of drum kits (sets). The following composition of drum kits is most common: bass drum, snare drum, double cymbal "Charleston" (hey-hat), single large cymbal, single small cymbal, bongos, tom-tom bass, tom-tom tenor, tom-tom alto.

Directly in front of the performer, a large drum is installed on the floor, it has resistant legs for stability. On top of the drum, with the help of brackets, tom-tom tenor and tom-tom alto drums can be fixed; additionally, a stand for an orchestral plate is provided on the bass drum. The brackets that secure the tenor tom-tom and alto tom-tom to the bass drum adjust their height.

An integral part of the bass drum is a mechanical pedal, with which the performer extracts sound from the drum.

The composition of the drum set necessarily includes a small pop drum, which is mounted on a special stand with three clamps: two folding and one retractable. The stand is installed on the floor; it is a stand equipped with a locking device for fixing in a given position and adjusting the inclination of the snare drum.

The snare drum has a reset device, as well as a silencer, which are used to adjust the timbre of the sound.

A drum kit may include several tom-tom drums of different sizes, tom-tom altos and tom-tom tenors at the same time. The tom-tom bass is mounted on the right side of the performer and has feet with which you can adjust the height of the instrument.

The bong drums included in the drum kit are placed on a separate stand.

The drum kit also includes orchestral cymbals with a stand, a mechanical Charleston cymbal stand, and a chair.

Accompanying drum kit instruments are maracas, castanets, triangles, and other noise instruments.

Spare parts and accessories for percussion instruments

Spare parts and accessories for percussion instruments include: stands for snare drums, stands for orchestral cymbals, mechanical pedal stand for orchestral cymbals "Charleston", mechanical beater for bass drum, timpani sticks, snare drum sticks, variety drum sticks, orchestral brushes, bass drum beaters, bass drum leather, straps, cases.

In percussion musical instruments, sound is produced by striking a device or individual parts of the instrument against each other.

Percussion instruments are divided into membrane, lamellar, self-sounding.

Membrane instruments include instruments in which the sound source is a stretched membrane (timpani, drums), the sound is extracted by hitting the membrane with some device (for example, a mallet). In lamellar instruments (xylophones, etc.), wooden or metal plates, bars are used as a sounding body.

In self-sounding instruments (cymbals, castanets, etc.), the sound source is the instrument itself or its body.

Percussion musical instruments are instruments whose sounding bodies are excited by blows or shaking.

According to the sound source, percussion instruments are divided into:

* lamellar - in them, the sound source is wooden and metal plates, bars or tubes, on which the musician strikes with sticks (xylophone, metallophone, bells);

* membranous - a stretched membrane sounds in them - a membrane (timpani, drum, tambourine, etc.). The timpani is a set of several metal cauldrons of various sizes, covered with a skin membrane on top. The tension of the membrane can be changed by a special device, while the height of the sounds extracted by the mallet changes;

* self-sounding - in these instruments, the sound source is the body itself (cymbals, triangles, castanets, maracas)

2. THE ROLE OF PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS IN THE MODERN ORCHESTRA

The fourth association of the modern symphony orchestra is percussion instruments. They bear no resemblance to the human voice and do not speak to his inner sense in a language he understands. Their measured and more or less defined sounds, their tinkling and crackling, have rather a "rhythmic" meaning.

Their melodic duties are extremely limited, and their whole being is deeply rooted in the nature of dance in the broadest sense of this concept. It is as such that some of the percussion instruments were used in ancient times and were widely used not only by the peoples of the Mediterranean and Asian East, but also acted, apparently, among all the so-called "primitive peoples" in general.

Some tinkling and ringing percussion instruments were used in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome as instruments accompanying dances and dances, but not a single percussion instrument from the drum family was allowed by them into the field of military music. These tools had a particularly wide application in the life of the ancient Jews and Arabs, where they performed not only civil duties, but also military ones.

On the contrary, among the peoples of modern Europe, various types of percussion instruments have been adopted in military music, where they are of great importance. However, the melodic poverty of percussion instruments did not prevent them, however, from penetrating into the opera, ballet and symphony orchestras, where they occupy far from the last place.

However, there was a time in the art music of European peoples when access to these instruments was almost closed to the orchestra and, with the exception of the timpani, they made their way into symphonic music through the orchestra of opera and ballet, or, as they would say now, through the orchestra of "dramatic music ".

In the history of the "cultural life" of mankind, percussion instruments arose before all other musical instruments in general. Nevertheless, this did not prevent percussion instruments from being pushed into the background of the orchestra at the time of its inception and the first steps of its development. And this is all the more surprising since it is still impossible to deny the enormous “aesthetic” significance of percussion instruments in art music.

The history of percussion instruments is not very exciting. All those "tools for the production of measured noise", which were used by all primitive peoples to accompany their warlike and religious dances, at the beginning did not go beyond simple planks and wretched drums. And only much later, many tribes of Central Africa and some peoples of the Far East acquired such instruments that served as worthy models for creating more modern European percussion instruments that are already accepted everywhere.

With regard to musical qualities, all percussion instruments are very simply and naturally divided into two kinds or kinds. Some emit a sound of a certain pitch and therefore quite naturally enter into the harmonic and melodic basis of the work, while others, capable of producing a more or less pleasant or characteristic noise, perform purely rhythmic and embellishing duties in the broadest sense of the word. In addition, various materials are involved in the device of percussion instruments and, in accordance with this feature, they can be divided into instruments “with skin” or “webbed”, and “self-sounding”, in the device of which various types and grades of metal, wood are involved. and lately - glass. Kurt Sachs, assigning them a definition that is not very successful and extremely ugly to the ear - idiophones, obviously loses sight of what it is. the concept in the meaning of "peculiar-sounding" can be, in essence, on equal grounds: applied to any musical instrument or their kind.

In an orchestral score, the commonwealth of percussion instruments is usually placed in the very middle of it, between brass and bowed ones. With the participation of the harp, piano, celesta and all other stringed-plucked or keyboard instruments, the percussion always retain their place and are then located immediately after the brass ones, giving way after themselves to all the "decorating" or "accidental" voices of the orchestra.

The absurd way of writing percussion instruments below the bowed quintet must be strongly condemned as very inconvenient, unjustified and extremely ugly. It originally arose in ancient scores, then acquired a more isolated position in the bowels of the brass band and, having an insignificant justification, now, however, violated and completely overcome, was perceived by some composers who wished to attract attention to themselves with at least something and in whatever way. no matter what.

But the worst thing is that this strange innovation turned out to be all the more durable and dangerous because some publishing houses went towards such composers and printed their scores according to the “new model”. Fortunately, there were not so many such "publishing pearls" and they, like works that were predominantly weak in their artistic merits, were drowned in an abundance of truly excellent examples of the diverse creative heritage of all peoples.

The only place where the indicated method of presenting percussion instruments now reigns - at the very bottom of the score - is a variety ensemble. But there, in general, it is customary to arrange all the instruments differently, guided only by the altitude sign of the participating instruments. In those distant times, when only one timpani still acted in the orchestra, it was customary to place them above all other instruments, obviously believing such a presentation to be more convenient. But in those years, the score was generally composed somewhat unusually, which now there is no need to recall. We must agree that the modern method of presentation-score is sufficiently simple and convenient, and therefore there is no point in engaging in all sorts of fabrications, which have just been mentioned in detail.

As already mentioned, all percussion instruments are divided into instruments with a certain pitch and instruments without a certain pitch. At present, such a distinction is sometimes disputed, although all the proposals made in this direction come down rather to confusing and deliberately emphasizing the essence of this extremely clear and simple proposition, in which there is not even a direct need to remember the self-evident concept of pitch every time.

In the orchestra, instruments “with a certain sound” mean, first of all, a five-line stave or staff, and instruments “with an indefinite sound” - a conditional method of musical notation - “hook” or “thread”, that is, one single line on which note heads represent only the required rhythmic pattern. Such a transformation, done very opportunely, was intended to gain a place, and, with a significant number of percussion instruments, to simplify their presentation.

However, not so long ago, for all percussion instruments “without a definite sound”, ordinary staves with the keys of Sol and Fa were adopted, and with a conditional placement of note heads between spaces. The inconvenience of such a notation was not long in affecting as soon as the number of percussive-noise instruments increased to "astronomical limits", and the composers themselves, who used this method of presentation, got lost in the insufficiently developed order of their outline.

But what brought to life the combination of keys and threads is very difficult to say. Most likely, the matter began with a misprint, which then attracted some composers who began to set the treble clef on a string, Intended for relatively high percussion instruments, and the Fa key for relatively low ones.

Is it necessary to speak here of the absurdity and complete inconsistency of such a presentation? As far as we know, for the first time the keys on the thread were found in the scores of Anton Rubinstein, printed in Germany, and representing undoubted misprints, and much later revived in the scores of the Flemish composer Arthur Meulemans (1884-?), who made it a rule to supply the middle thread with the key Sol, and the most low - key Fa. Such a presentation looks especially wild in those cases when, between two threads not marked with keys, one appears with the key Fa. In this sense, the Belgian composer Francis de Bourguignon (1890-?) turned out to be more consistent, supplying the key to each thread participating in the score.

French publishing houses adopted a special “key” for percussion instruments in the form of two vertical bold bars resembling the Latin letter “H” and crossing out the thread at the chord itself. There is nothing to object to such an event, as long as it ultimately leads to some external completeness of the orchestral score in general.

However, it would be quite fair to recognize all these eccentricities as equal to zero in the face of the "unsettledness" that still exists - * to this day in the presentation of percussion instruments. Rimsky-Korsakov also suggested that all self-sounding instruments, or, as he calls them, “percussion and ringing without a definite sound,” can be considered as high ones - a triangle, castanets, bells, medium ones - a tambourine, rods, a snare drum, cymbals, and as low-bass drum and tam-tam, "meaning by this their ability to be combined with the corresponding areas of the orchestral scale in instruments with sounds of a certain pitch." Leaving aside some details, due to which “rods” should be excluded from the list of percussion instruments, as an “accessory of percussion instruments”, but not a percussion instrument in its own right, Rimsky-Korsakov’s observation remains to this day in full force.

Based on this assumption, and supplementing it with all the latest percussion instruments, it would be most reasonable to arrange all percussion instruments in the order of their pitch and write "high" above "medium" and "medium" above "low". However, there is no unanimity among composers and the presentation of percussion instruments is carried out more than arbitrarily.

This situation can be explained to a lesser extent only by the accidental participation of percussion instruments, and to a greater extent by a complete disregard for the composers themselves and their bad habits or erroneous assumptions. The only justification for such an “instrumental hodgepodge” can be the desire to present the entire composition of the percussion instruments operating in this case, in the order of parties, when strictly defined instruments are assigned to each performer. Finding fault with words, such an exposition makes more sense in the parts of the drummers themselves, and in the score it is useful only when it is sustained with "pedantic precision".

Returning to the issue of presentation of percussion instruments, the desire of many composers, including quite prominent ones, to place cymbals and a bass drum immediately after the timpani, and the triangle, bells and xylophone - below these latter, must be recognized as unconditionally unsuccessful. There are, of course, no sufficient grounds for such a solution to the problem, and all this can be attributed to an unjustified desire to be “original”. The most simple and natural, and in the light of the exorbitant number of percussion instruments operating in a modern orchestra, the most reasonable can be considered the placement of all percussion instruments using a staff, higher than those using a string.

In each individual association it would, of course, be desirable to adhere to the views of Rimsky-Korsakov and place the votes in accordance with their relative pitch. For these reasons, after the timpani, which retain their primacy according to the "original tradition", one could place bells, vibraphone and tubaphone above the xylophone and marimba. In instruments without a specific sound, such a distribution will be somewhat more difficult due to the large number of participants, but even in this case, nothing will prevent the composer from adhering to the well-known rules, which have already been said a lot about above.

One must think that the determination of the relative pitch of a self-sounding instrument, in the main, does not cause rumors, and if this is so, then it does not cause any; difficulties for its implementation. Only bells are usually placed below all percussion instruments, since their party is most often content with the conventional outline of notes and their rhythmic duration, and not with a full “ring”, as is usually done in the corresponding recordings. Part of the "Italian" or "Japanese" bells, which look like long metal pipes, requires the usual five-line staff, placed below all other instruments "with a certain sound." Consequently, the bells here also serve as a frame for the staves, united by one common feature of "definiteness" and "uncertainty", sound. Otherwise, there are no peculiarities in the recording of percussion instruments, and if for some reason they appear, they will be mentioned in the proper place.

In a modern symphony orchestra, percussion instruments serve only two purposes - rhythmic, to maintain clarity and sharpness of movement, and decorating in the broadest sense, when the author, through the use of percussion instruments, contributes to the creation of enchanting sound pictures or “moods”, full of excitement, ardor or impetuosity.

From what has been said, of course, it is clear that percussion instruments have to be used with great care, taste and moderation. The varied sonority of percussion instruments can quickly tire the attention of listeners, and therefore the author must always remember what his percussion instruments are doing. Only the timpani enjoy certain advantages, but even these can be nullified by excessive excesses.

The classics paid a lot of attention to percussion instruments, but they never raised them to the level of the only members of the orchestra. If something like this happened, then the performance of the drums was most often limited to only a few beats of a bar or was content with an extremely insignificant duration of the entire construction.

Of the Russian musicians, Rimsky-Korsakov used one of the percussion instruments as an introduction to very rich and expressive music in the Spanish Capriccio, but most often solo percussion instruments are found in “dramatic music” or in ballet, when the author wants to create a particularly sharp, extraordinary or “ an incredible feeling."

This is exactly what Sergei Prokofiev did in the musical performance Egyptian Nights. Here, the sonority of percussion instruments accompanies the scene of commotion in the house of Cleopatra's father, to which the author prefixes the title "Alarm". Did not refuse the services of percussion instruments and Victor Oransky (1899-1953). He had the opportunity to use this amazing sonority in the ballet Three Fat Men, where he entrusted one percussion accompaniment to the sharp rhythmic canvas of the "eccentric dance".

Finally, quite recently, the services of some percussion instruments used in an intricate sequence of "dynamic<оттенков», воспользовался также и Глиер в одном небольшом отрывке новой постановки балета Красный мак. Но как уже ясно из всего сказанного такое толкование ударных явилось уже в полном смысле слова достоянием современности, когда композиторы, руководимые какими-нибудь «особыми» соображениями, заставляли оркестр умолкнуть, чтобы дать полный простор «ударному царству».

The French, laughing at such an “artistic revelation”, rather venomously ask if the new French word bruisme originated from here, as a derivative of brui- “noise”. There is no equivalent concept in the Russian language, but the Orchestrators themselves have already taken care of a new name for such music, which they quite evilly dubbed the definition of “percussive thresher”. In one of his early symphonic works, Alexander Cherepnin devoted a whole part to such an "ensemble". There was already a chance to talk a little about this work about the connection with the use of the bow quintet as percussion instruments, and therefore there is no urgent need to return to it again. Shostakovich also paid tribute to the unfortunate "shock" delusion in those days when his creative worldview was not yet sufficiently stable and mature.

The “onomatopoeic” side of the matter stands completely aside, when the author, with the smallest number of percussion instruments actually used, has a desire or, more precisely, an artistic need to create only a “percussive feeling” of all music intended mainly for string and woodwind instruments.

One such example, extremely witty, amusing and excellent-sounding “in an orchestra,” if the composition of the instruments participating in it can be defined precisely by this concept, is found in Oransky’s ballet Three Fat Men and is called Patrol.

But the most outrageous example of musical formalism remains the work written by Edgard Varèse (1885-?). It is designed for thirteen performers, is intended for two combinations of percussion instruments and is called by the author lonisation, which means "Saturation". This "work" involves only sharp-sounding percussion instruments with piano.

However, this latter is also used as a “percussion instrument” and the performer acts on it according to the latest “American method” of Henry Cauel (1897-?), who, as you know, suggested playing with only one elbow, outstretched across the entire width of the keyboard.

According to the reviews of the then press - and this happened in the thirties of the current century - the Parisian listeners, brought by this work to a state of wild frenzy, urgently demanded its repetition, which was immediately carried out. Without saying a bad word, the history of the modern orchestra does not yet know the second such out of the line "case".

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