Marginal notes about the Bashkir hero
Today, June 12, a triple holiday is celebrated in Bashkiria - the Day of Russia, the Day of Ufa and the beginning of the Days of Salavat Yulaev. Ufa historian Salavat Khamidullin dedicated today's column of Realnoe Vremya to the Bashkir national hero, whose name continues to cause heated debate. The columnist reveals the personality of Yulaev not only as a glorious batyr, but also as a poet, spiritual mentor and Muslim martyr.
Salavat is the national hero of Bashkortostan. His name is the city, rural area, hockey club, streets and avenues. Dozens of books and scientific articles have been written about him. However, many of them sin with one-sidedness, attempts to fit historical material to their contemporary concepts. In tsarist times, he was portrayed as a "thief and villain", in Soviet times - almost a revolutionary, and in the liberal era of the 90s. they tried to fashion a banal out of it. But he was neither one nor the other, nor the third.
Russian rebellion - senseless and merciless?
Pugachevshchina was an anti-government movement. How should we, who are living today, feel about this? To condemn the rebels for daring to express their protest by non-parliamentary methods? But after all, the state left them no other means than to take up arms in order to convey their voice to those in power.
The Simbirsk merchant Ivan Gryaznov, who served as Pugachev’s chief colonel, wrote: “The whole world knows how much exhaustion Russia has been brought to, but you yourself don’t know from whom. The nobility has peasants, but, although it is written in the Law of God that they should support the peasants like children, they were not only for a worker, but they revered their dogs worse, with which they chased hares. The company workers started a great number of factories and so depressed the peasants with work that this never happened in exile, and no ... ".
In the enlightened XVIII century, Russia was the only country in which the vast majority of the indigenous population, and not brought from abroad, like American Negroes, was in slavery. This state of affairs could not but be a breeding ground for revolts. All that was needed was an appropriate ideological platform. And she was found.
The Don Cossack Emelyan Pugachev declared himself the "miraculously saved" Tsar Peter Fedorovich, and the people willingly believed in it. So Pugachevshchina, in the words of A.S. Pushkin, was a merciless rebellion, but far from senseless. Another thing is that the ruling elite of the state drew erroneous conclusions from the events that took place - they finally mothballed the serf system instead of carrying out reforms.
Interrogation of Salavat (1955). Hood. A.A. Kuznetsov
The idea of the Bashkir uprising
“Is it possible that the damned bastard won’t come to his senses? After all, Pugachev is not important, but general indignation is important, ”wrote General A. Bibikov to the writer D. Fonvizin. Indeed, general indignation seized all sections of the population: the serfs groaned under slavery, into which they were finally plunged by the liberties bestowed on the nobility by Catherine II; mining workers - under the heavy yoke of forced labor; Volga foreigners - Tatars, Chuvashs, Maris, Udmurts - suffered from national oppression. However, they were not the driving force of the movement.
During the interrogation, the secretary of the Pugachev Military Collegium, Alexei Dubrovsky, testified: “The reason for all the indignation and the beginning of the case is the Yaitsky Cossacks, who, having communicated in one thought with the Bashkirs, wanted to cancel the offense allegedly committed by them from the boyars ... ".
What were the Bashkirs unhappy with? The rapid industrialization that swept the region hurt their interests. As a result of direct confiscations and unequal transactions made under the administrative pressure of the Orenburg governors, the Bashkirs lost millions of acres of land and forest land. Moreover, the wounds of the previous uprisings have not yet healed.
The writer and ethnographer of the 19th century Philip Nefedov, using the example of Salavat's father Yulai Aznalin, foreman of the Shaitan-Kudey volost, described the mood of the Bashkir nobility on the eve of the uprising: “Yulai was a patrimony, a rich, intelligent and influential man<...>. Local authorities treated the Bashkir foreman with confidence; No wonder Yulai participated in the pursuit of the Kalmyks and went to Poland to pacify the Polish Confederates<...>. But the Bashkir foreman, in reality, was far from being what he so skillfully knew how to appear. Before the eyes of Yulai, the Bashkir villages were burning, the region was ruined; the land for the Simsky plant was taken from him by the merchant Tverdyshev<...>. A true Bashkir who passionately loved his homeland, Yulai could not remain an indifferent spectator; he masked his feelings, but in his heart he remained dissatisfied and concealed revenge. Salavat was born from such a father.
Regarding the true origin of Pugachev, the Bashkirs were not at all mistaken. After the war, the centurion of the Bala-Katai volost Upak Abzanov testified during interrogation: “Knowing that Pugachev was one of the worst robbers, the Bashkir foremen obeyed him only flattering him with his flattering promise that he could return the settled land in these places and that there would be no masters, but everyone will become autocratic,” that is, free and equal.
Bashkir warriors. Hood. A.O. Orlovsky (posredi.ru)
"Our Salavat was a hero"
On November 9, 1773, near the village of Yuzeeva, the rebel army, consisting of Cossacks and Bashkirs, suddenly attacked and defeated the vanguard of the corps of General Kara, the commander of the troops of the first punitive expedition. At the most critical moment of the battle, the Bashkir cavalry of Prince Urakov, who went to the aid of Kar, in full strength went over to the side of the enemy near the village of Bikkulovo. Among them was a young warrior Salavat Yulaev.
Having received the rank of colonel from Pugachev, he left for his homeland to lead the movement on the Siberian road of Bashkiria. Here, in a short time, he gathered a detachment and, moving north, on January 12, 1774, took the Krasnoufimsk fortress without a fight. Then he went to Kungur, the then capital of the Perm region, and led all the rebel forces.
Simultaneously with Salavat, the Tabynsky Cossack and the Pugachev brigadier Ivan Kuznetsov arrives to the city with his detachment, whose daughter Oksana, according to the script of the film by Yakov Protazanov "Salavat Yulaev" (1941), allegedly married Salavat-batyr. On January 23, 1774, the Pugachevites launched a general assault on Kungur: Kuznetsov, with one thousand peasants and Cossacks with six guns, moved from the south, and Salavat, who had 3,000 Bashkirs and 10 guns, struck from the north. In one place, the Yulaevites managed to break a hole in the fortress wall and break into the city, but the garrison managed to repulse the attack of the Bashkirs. Then there were several more assaults, but the fortress withstood. It was during the days of the furious siege of the city that the song was born among the local Russian population:
Salavat was our hero,
He boldly went to battle,
I put on three chain mail,
And approached Kungur,
Loaded forty guns
Yes, he shot at Kungur Fortress.
At the same time, the marching foreman of the Burzyanskaya volost and the insurgent chief colonel Karanay Muratov besieged Menzelinsk and Yelabuga, and the aforementioned Ivan Gryaznov with a group of Bashkir leaders, among whom were the foremen of the Aylinskaya, Kara-Tabynskaya, Bikata volosts Isa Toktagulov, Yulaman Kushaev, Bazargul Yunaev and others, captured Chelyabinsk. Thus, there were four rebel camps Orenburg, Menzelinsky, Kungursky and Chelyabinsk, which operated autonomously.
Obelisk in honor of the victory over Pugachev in Kungui. Photo wikipedia.org
Pugachev and Salavat
In March 1774, Orenburg, besieged by Pugachev's main army, was approached by the troops of the second punitive expedition under the command of General Bibikov. Having learned about Pugachev’s plans to secretly flee to Persia, the Bashkirs told him: “You assured us that you are a sovereign, and you promised, having taken Orenburg, to do so that there would be no province, so that we would not be subject to it. And now you want to run away and leave us to the same destruction that our fathers suffered for rebellion, who were executed by death. And so we will not let you go anywhere until that time, until you really fulfill your promise.
They kept Pugachev from fleeing, so the uprising dragged on for another year. At the invitation of the foreman of the Bushman-Kypchak volost, Kinzi Arslanov, the “king” went deep into Bashkiria, where a new 10,000-strong army was assembled in a short time. The second stage of the Pugachev region began. A.S. Pushkin wrote: “The Bashkirs did not let up. Their old rebel Yulai, who hid during the executions of 1741, appeared between them with his son Salavat. All Bashkiria rebelled, and the disaster flared up with great force.
The troops of the six tsarist generals - Shcherbatov, Freiman, Stanislavsky, Dekolong, Golitsin, Reinsdorp - were held down by the actions of the detachments of Karanaya Muratov, Kaskyn Samarov, Murat Abralov, Aladdin Bektuganov, Yulaman Kushaev and other Bashkir leaders. This circumstance allowed Lieutenant Colonel of the St. Petersburg Carabinieri Regiment I.I. Mikhelson to focus solely on the pursuit of Pugachev. Going to cross him, on May 5 he met with Salavat.
A.S. Pushkin wrote: "Mikhelson<...>continued on his way, despite all sorts of obstacles, and on May 5, at the Simsky plant, he overtook a crowd of Bashkirs, led by the ferocious Salavat ... ". The next battle with Salavat took place near the village of Yeral.
Mikhelson reported: “The inhabitants announced to me that the villains, having gathered in great numbers, having several guns, only little gunpowder, were waiting for me from a village four miles away on the field.<...>. Approaching them, they, having started shooting, rushed straight at my front lines. The villains, not respecting our attack, went straight to meet us, but with the help of God, due to considerable resistance from them, they were put on the run ... ".
On June 3 and 5, the combined forces of Salavat and Pugachev gave two battles to Michelson, the outcome of which each of the parties declared as their victory. One way or another, Michelson's detachment, battered in a series of battles, had to retreat to Ufa. It was this circumstance that made it possible for the rebels to get away from the chase and break through to Kazan. To celebrate, Pugachev awarded Salavat the rank of brigadier, that is, brigadier general.
"The Capture of Kazan by Pugachev" (1847). Hood. F. Moller (cultobzor.ru)
And one warrior in the field
Salavat did not take part in the Kazan campaign, as he was wounded near Osa and was forced to go home to be cured. The 10,000th Bashkir cavalry (out of 20,000 people of the entire Pugachev army) during the assault on the provincial center was commanded by the rebel general Yulaman Kushaev. According to Khamza Bayazitov, a participant in those battles, a Bashkir of the Aylinskaya volost, near the walls of Kazan, “the Bashkirs were in front of the Pugachev crowd, being extremely chopped down.” After the burning of the city, the Bashkirs said goodbye to the "king" and returned to their homeland, and Pugachev, having crossed the Volga, moved on.
Pushkin wrote: "Pugachev fled, but his flight seemed like an invasion." August 24, 1774 Mikhelson defeats Pugachev near Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd, - approx. ed.) and soon the self-proclaimed king is captured. By the autumn of 1774, the uprising almost stops.
Active resistance continues only one Salavat. On September 18, near the village of Buraevo, the Bashkir batyr suddenly attacked the detachment of Lieutenant Colonel I.K. Ryleev, confusing him: “The daring project was so made with their villainous thoughts against the troops entrusted to me that I never imagined from such a perfidious people, but now I saw it in the present case.”
On September 22, near the village of Norkino, Ryleev’s detachment was again attacked, about which he reported: “While on the march, on the 22nd, the Bashkir Salavatka, who met the villain, had a fierce battle, which had a villainous crowd of up to three thousand people.”
On October 18, 1774, the commander-in-chief of the punitive troops, general-in-chief P.I. Panin turned to the Bashkirs with the last ultimatum, demanding as a sign of "his true repentance" to extradite "the main rebel among the Bashkir people now Salavatka." However, this did not work.
Then on October 27, on behalf of Catherine II, the head of the secret commissions, Major General P.S. Potemkin: "<...>Bashkir foreman Salavat Yulaev. With extreme regret, I inform you that you are still sinking in malice and blindness<...>. I, being authorized by Her Majesty's most gracious assurance, I assure you that you will immediately receive forgiveness. But if you stubbornly follow this broadcast, then don’t expect any mercy.” It should be noted that the government did not approach any of the rebels with such a proposal. However, Salavat rejected him. As the investigation later found out, he and his closest associates swore an oath "so that until their very death they will be in turmoil and not submit." On November 25, 1774, the rebellious batyr was captured.
Face of Salavat
The facts of the biography and the military path of Salavat are known thanks to archival documents, according to which it is difficult to reconstruct his personality. Pushkin described him as "fierce Salavat". Much more in this respect are the essays of the historian and local historian Ruf Ignatiev (1818-1886), as well as the natives of the Urals writers Philip Nefedov (1832-1902) and Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak (1852-1912), who wrote what is called in hot pursuit, when they were alive, if not the Pugachevites themselves, then their children and grandchildren. That is why their characteristics are casts from the image of Salavat, which was formed in the public mind and which, as it seems to us, is closest to its prototype.
Philip Nefedov wrote: “... The thought of liberating the motherland haunted him and called him to work, beckoned him to a feat. Liberate the Motherland! How much bewitching, charming for many minds in this thought; but only a poet, such as Salavat, could act as a fighter for its implementation. In his religious and poetic mood, he more than once heard God himself, commanding him to rise up against his enemies and liberate the Motherland.
At one time, Mustai Karim and Rasul Gamzatov, folk poets of Bashkortostan and Dagestan, singing the images of the heroes of their peoples, compared Salavat Yulaev and Imam Shamil with each other. However, the idea of the similarity of the images of the leader of the highlanders and the leader of the Bashkirs was first expressed back in the 19th century by Ruf Ignatiev, who, after listening to a number of songs and epics about Salavat, concluded that “he was a batyr, the messenger of Allah and a patriot, like some Kazi- Mullah or Shamil<...>. Torture, punishment with a whip and exile gave Salavat the epithet of a martyr.
Thus, the cult of Salavat was formed among the Bashkirs as early as the 19th century, although he was not the most famous leader during the Pugachev period, not to mention the leaders of the previous Bashkir uprisings of the 17th-18th centuries. The halo of a martyr who suffered for the entire nation overshadowed the images of other batyrs of the past. Mamin-Sibiryak in his “Privalovsky millions” described the scene, probably peeped somewhere during his childhood in the Urals: “<...>in the quiet air, the Bashkir monotonous song melted and froze, telling about the exploits of the Bashkir heroes, especially about the famous Salavat ... ".
Ruf Ignatiev, after listening to a number of songs and epics about Salavat, concluded that "he was a batyr, the messenger of Allah and a patriot ..."
Poet Salavat
Salavat was a poet, although the originals of his poems, apparently, have not survived to our time. They have survived only in the form of Russian interlinear translations included in the works of Ruf Ignatiev, Philip Nefedov and others. In turn, these authors received interlinear texts from Abdulla Davletshin, a lieutenant colonel, nobleman and former head of the 1st canton of the Bashkir army. Where the texts of poems in the Turkic language, from which the translation into Russian was carried out, disappeared, is unknown. Nefedov wrote: “Salavat is a representative of more than one brute physical force. He is a scientist and a poet. He knows the Qur'an and Sharia, the old men respectfully bow their heads in front of the young man, everyone talks about him, and not only the mullahs, but even the akhuns themselves are surprised at his erudition ... ". Salavat's poems are imbued with the thought of God's wisdom that created this beautiful world, and therefore the duty of the batyr is to protect his native land. The fate of the horseman is in the hands of the Motherland, and the fate of the Motherland is in the hands of the horseman.
I look at the mountains
In our blessed land
And, absorbing their space,
I know God's mercy.
The sky split with song -
The nightingale sings in the valley;
Like an azan, your voice rings,
Giving praise to God.
Is it calling to prayer
Faithful Muslims?
Leads me into battle
My Ural, dear camp.
After spending 25 years in hard labor in the Baltic port of Rogervik (Paldiski, Estonia, - approx. ed.), Salavat Yulaev died on September 26, 1800. The last lines of the poet-warrior, attributed to him, were the poem "I did not die, Bashkirs!":
You are far away, my Fatherland!
I would return to my native land,
I am in shackles, Bashkirs!
My paths are covered with snow,
But the snow melts in spring
I'm not dead, Bashkirs!
Salavat Khamidullin
Reference
Salavat Ishmukhametovich Khamidullin- historian, candidate of historical sciences, journalist.
- Born in the city of Sterlitamak in 1968.
- Education: Bashkir State University (Faculty of History).
- 1990-1991 - Correspondent of the newspaper "Istoki".
- 1991-1995 - editor of the youth edition of the Republican TV, head of the creative association "Molodist".
- Since 1995 - correspondent of the program "Bashkortostan", editor of the TO "Gilem", TO of socio-political programs, head of the department of educational and historical programs, head of the editorial office of educational programs of the BST studio.
- Author and TV presenter of the TV projects Historical Environment and Clio.
- Author of a number of documentaries, books and scientific publications about the history of Bashkortostan and Bashkir clans. Columnist of Realnoe Vremya.
- Laureate of the State Prize of the Republic of Belarus named after S. Yulaev, Sh. Khudaiberdin Republican Prize in Journalism. Winner of international and republican TV festivals.
Salavat Yulaev.
This is not a historical study.
That's what I know or do you know about the so-called rebels in Rus'?
Answer briefly for yourself.
I asked myself this question.
He answered himself - a little, almost nothing, except for names.
Read more than just Wikipedia. She can't be trusted. It is often controversial in it that needs to be double-checked and only as a seed for the search. It began with a search for the names that the Bashkirs call their children. I learned that the Bashkirs had a powerful wing among the Pechenegs and the Chingizids (conditionally - Asians, some "Tatar-Mongol") striking force, after the Bashkirs with the Bulgars crushed the invincible troops of Genghis Khan to crumbs. And then they came to destroy the Polovtsians with a certain Batu. I read that all the same raids were made by Alexander's grandfather - Vsevolod the Big Nest, to the mythical Tatar-Mongol. And German historians turned everything over under Peter number one from his order and chronicle, and so lying, they destroyed or mangled everything. Well, there was no Tatar-Mongol as a mighty army in the Russian lands, there was not, there were princes, boyars, churchmen who went too far in internecine strife - power.
Is that how it is?
This was the only defeat of the invincible Genghis Khan. Know it was from the warriors of the Bashkirs and Bulgars. Yes, they were always there and supported each other. And in Bashkiria there are now a lot of Tatars - Bulgars. Tatars now make up an essential part of Bashkiria - this is true. And many Bashkirs speak the Tatar language, it is not much different from the Bashkir language. The Turks understand the Bashkirs too, if you speak slowly.
This defeat to Chinchizkhan should not have been forgiven by his opponents. That means he was forever "on the stove."
Who is Batu and Batu? Let no one know.
Like a story about him sucked from the finger. Do you even know something?
Batu came only 13 years later, after Chinziskhan was lowered and the Bashkirs and Bulgars were released in battle. This was his only defeat - from the soldiers from the Bulgars and Bashkirs. But almost no one knows or believes this.
For 37 years, few Bashkirs could not conquer this mythical "million" - "Chinchizids". Apparently they did not subdue, they could only offer an army to the soldiers.
It is very incomprehensible from the story written how this is a certain Batu, Batu came with the Kipchaks, with the same ones who had previously defeated the troops of Genghis Khan to crumbs and released him and the soldiers of his best Subedei and Jebe home, and did not finish him off on the spot.
Not the Mongols came, but the Kipchkaks then came, defending themselves from constant attacks from Asia and the Polovtsy, defended by the Kyiv princes, who became related with the Polovtsy. Yes, the same Dolgorukiy got dirty with his relatives with the Polovtsians and it was with them that he attacked the Bulgars and destroyed and burned their cities and villages and all of them to the root. Those who were among the Bashkirs survived, Dolgoruky did not dare to meddle with them.
The history written is so murky. Impossible to know. Vsevolod the Big Nest made campaigns to pacify the presumptuous princes along the same route as Batu. There are facts about it. I don't know what happened then. Apparently Alexander Nevsky called the Kipchaks to the war with the Polovtsians. His grandfather had already smashed, or joined them later, he could be called Batu, Batu among the steppes, and others by another name. If he didn’t call, then the Bashkirs came and with the Bulgars themselves already took revenge on the Polovtsy, to finish off their fucking and bloody pandemonium with princes and boyars at the head. The Polovtsy finished off and left. What kind of gold is in these cities conquered by them? What reward? Pass by and spit - this is poverty. These were all poor city-villages, and Kyiv was burned more than once and the walls were full of holes several years before the attack of the supposedly Tatar-Mongol. For 20 years, these attackers did not take tribute. That doesn't happen. They take everything and immediately attacked. How is it? You then at least explain to me the ruthlessness of the attackers. I do not believe the German historians who described all these events. Otherwise, they would not have known about Alexander Nevsky. If you believe them, then a million cars destroyed cities and villages from a thousand to three, five cities. Well, that's funny. And how many warriors are there - three hundred with axes?
When I was looking for questions about the Bashkirs, I got completely bogged down in the distorted history of Rus' and the history of the Tatar-Mongols. I had a simple and clear question - who are the Bashkirs?
Found something.
I was pulled out of the muddy swamp of existing conflicting studies by a simple thought - the Bashkirs then lived and now live, preserving their own. Live from time immemorial. They were never serfs. And the descendants of those Bashkir tribes that lived for centuries before the troubled Rurik in the history and live today.
If you are of any nationality and faith, you come to visit a Bashkir or Tatar village with kindness, They are nearby, then you and your grandmothers will receive you, wearing red scarves with a pattern embroidered by their hands, and in the way that it is customary for good Bashkirs. Do not refuse koumiss and horse meat.
I will refer to Wikipedia only as faces, dates. Yes, writers change. I don't trust them, but I read it.
Stepan Timofeevich Razin, also known as Stenka Razin; (circa 1630, Russian kingdom - June 6, 1671, Moscow, Russian kingdom) - Don Cossack, leader of the uprising of 1670-1671 ...
(Wikipedia)
That is, they say that for one year Stepan Razin rebelled, supported by a considerable number of people. And he drowned not, as it were, some kind of enemy, but he drowned his real wife, his lawful wife.
Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev (1742 - January 10, 1775, Moscow) - Don Cossack, leader of the Peasant War of 1773-1775 in Russia.
(Wikipedia)
That is, they say that there was a riot and an internecine war organized by Emelyan Pugachev, supported by a considerable number of people.
I was told at school that Razin and Pugachev were the liberators of the peasants.
Where are the numerous monuments to Stepan Razin and Emelyan Pugachev from the Don people, not wooden and not made of crumbling cement? One?
Salavat Yulaev (Bashk. Salauat Yulaev; June 16, 1752 - October 8, 1800) - Bashkir national hero, one of the leaders of the Peasant War of 1773-1775, they write that he went to war at the same time. Poet-improviser (sesen). (From Wikipedia). Remember Salavat Yulaev is not an associate of Emelyan Pugachev, he had to go to battle, but on his own. Others simply left, got scared, some of the powerful Bashkir khans then left with their troops to the side.
The poet is a poet, but for a whole year they could not defeat him, destroy the organized and trained troops of the tsarist state. Salavat did not fight against the king. He knew that his people swore allegiance to Ivan IV, sending their ambassadors with gifts as a descendant of Genghis. Both Tsar and Khan Ivan IV, a descendant of Genghis Khan by his mother, remembered that Genghis was not killed by the Bashkirs, but was released home, released without killing, in his own way.
Didn't you know this? What did you think that was just the way it was?
Salavat Yulaev did not stand behind Pugachev's troops. He was an independent fighting force. He had his own warriors - fighting light and mobile cavalry with sabers, without guns.
As for Salavat Yulaev’s rebellion, he was forced to revolt not against the authorities, but against those who, under the guise of power, robbed, took away lands and natural resources from the Bashkirs in the Trans-Urals to the Tyumen (it was they who killed the thief and bandit that bitch Yermak) where today, the Magnitogorsk and Chelyabinsk regions, where the original lands of the Bashkirs were - lands, the right to free possession of which was confirmed by both Chinchizkhan and Ivan IV (the Terrible).
Any warriors from Asia and Rus' who came not in peace, but with a sword to the Bashkirs, choked on their attack to the throat, if it remained. Maybe too harshly said, but it's true. And there were losses.
"In 1772, when Yulai Aznalin was with the Russian troops in rebellious Poland as head of one of the detachments of the Bashkir regiment, his son Salavat temporarily acted as the volost foreman. Kudey volost (95 people) to the Sterlitamak pier, where the Ufa authorities formed a large detachment of "foreigners" to fight Pugachev. Salavat moved slowly and, when two weeks later he finally reached Sterlitamak, which was only 400 km away, only 80 came with him It can be assumed that Salavat has already chosen for himself the path that he will follow, which was reflected in the songs and legends associated with him. received the news, - the people remembered one of the speeches of Salavat. Bashkir - Burzyants, Tamians, Tamaurians, Usergens, Tabins, Kataevs, Zyurmatians and Kipchaks - all without exception ... want to revolt. Indeed, soon the flight began from the Sterlitamak teams. And when, on November 7-9, the Pugachev commanders Ovchinnikov and Zarubin smashed General Kara, the Bashkirs did not help him. On November 10, Alibai Murzagulov's detachment, in which the shaitan-kudei Bashkirs were located, went over to the side of Pugachev near the village of Bikkulova. Thus began Salavat's insurgency."http://enoth.org/enc/2/6.html
(I note that from Ufa to Sterlitamak is less than 100 km, and not 400 km at all. This is how historians write history.)
You know how the state power of Rus' punished Stepan Razin and Emelyan Pugachev - it’s impossible to call it even a word cruelly.
I have a question. Why was Salavat Yulaev not subjected to that painful physical annihilation, quartering, chopping off ... and hanging the remains of the body and head chopped off at a glance, rotting, not subjected to what Razin and Pugachev were subjected to?
He - Salavat Yulaev - a poet and a warrior was blinded.
Nineteen-year-old Salavat Yulaev fought for only a little over a year, commanding a small army of horsemen. His army and he himself fought against regular, well-trained troops against the troops of Suvorov, his students, armed with rifles and cannons, fought against the then best army in the world with the military strategy and tactics of Suvorov.
A little more than a year to fight ..., it’s not clear to you now what it is, you wouldn’t have lived a day there, in that war.
People gave Salavat Yulaev not only provisions and the best horses, they gave their sons to volunteer militia, although fathers and mothers knew that they were giving their children to death in battle. In battle for their native lands, and not at random. Not a single battle with the troops of Suvorov was lost to them. The losses were also cruel, but Suvorov always won.
I will digress into details about the Bashkirs, into what I myself could find out. I can be wrong. Although I know that no one wrote like that.
What I learned after reading a lot of contradictory things and what conclusions I myself made and what I want to say is the main thing and I share it.
Now it is customary to use the prefix term when talking about the tribes of the 10th century Rus' - "proto" (Proto-Slavs, Proto-Bashkirs, Proto-Bulgars, Proto-Kazakhs).
The Bashkirs are a union of many different independent tribes who always lived in good neighborliness with the Bulgars and with the tribes up to the Tobol and the Irtysh. In the caves of the Bashkirs there are drawings of dinosaurs.
Eastern historians mention the Bashkirs centuries before the mythical person described under the name Rurik. Wow, European merchants sent to study the trade routes of Rus'-Tartaria and forever lettered someone in their letters when they wrote about the first Russian princes - about the warriors who guarded the princes, about the warriors in hats with fox tails. From time immemorial, only Bashkir warriors with fox tails in hats walked without Russian iron helmets. (Salavat Yulaev has fox tails on the monument to Tavasiev.) That is, the khans-princes of the khans of the Bashkirs knew each other and knew very well.
Excavations carried out today in Ufa have shown that as a settlement-city Ufa existed already in the 5th century. They just destroyed it more than once. This is not a stone city, which the nomadic Bashkirs did not need. The city of Ufa = winter camp, where a strategic point also gathered. And he recovered again and again. The city stands on a mountain and around three rivers and forests impassable then. Try the enemy to come just unnoticed. We met someone with sabers, someone with friendship.
And what, before the envoys of European traders there and before Rurik, in those lands that beyond the Bulgarian land began (from present-day Tataria) to Tobol and the Irtysh - there was no life there? Funny. The Europeans sent their spies to Rus' and the Volga and Trans-Ural lands, where they could safely walk, they actually somehow didn’t kill these spies while they were roaming there, although they wrote specifically about themselves that they were put up guards when they were too far into the forest they wanted to come in, they wrote that they say, excuse me, princes don’t go to piss alone. So these are the European spies, when they went out into the forest, they were guarded by warriors, so that the European spies not only did not piss themselves with fear, but also did not crap themselves at all and survived along the way. They - well, what to think about them, about reptiles, if they described the Russian bathhouse as cruel torture. We piss, if it’s impatient on the road, then we go out together, so what?
And why didn’t the thief and robber Yermak, with his daring thieves, climb into the Bashkirs with the war? Was it on his way through the Bashkir lands to Siberia? The Bashkirs, like the Siberian tribes, were also the then weakened Nogai Khanate, where the Bashkirs were hired by the khans as warriors and the best. Yes, Yermak and his thieves would immediately disappear and the story would not be written about him if he climbed to fight with the Bashkirs. Yermak did not dare to climb to the Bashkirs. He climbed to steal into the Tyumen lands, weakened by constant devastating attacks-wars with Asians - khans of Uzbeks, Turkmens, Tajiks, Kirghiz and others. They are nothing to you now. Then the warriors and attackers cruelly and mercilessly did not leave the living.
You know - the Siberian warriors and the Bashkir warriors, who climbed to the Tyumen neighbors to steal and kill, finished off the thief and robber Ermak - they finished off. There was a fight, but not like in a Soviet film from an artist.
They buried him as a warrior. No one knows where, so as not to disturb. And films and texts about Yermak are so shit, prettiness in the USSR was created about a thief and a robber to agitate pioneers and the faint-hearted.
What did Razin do? Your personal interests. Skillfully. Like a godfather. Etched. But the mind was not enough to win. He is known only for the fact that he killed his not a slave, but already his lawful wife. He killed his wife to the delight of the creatures.
What did Pugachev do? Your personal interests. Skillfully. Like a godfather. Etched. Many people died. But the mind was not enough to win.
Bashkir tribes:
Old Bashkir (Burzyan, Uran, Yumran, Yagalbay, etc.),
early Finno-Ugric-Samoyed (syzgy, kalser, tersyak, upey, uvanysh, etc.),
Bulgaro-Magyar (Yurmaty, Bulyar, Tanyp, etc.) - Bulgars,
Oguz-Kypchak (ayle, sart, istyak),
Kypchak (kanly, koshsy, salute, badrak, min, mirkit, etc.),
Nogai (Nogai-Burzyan, Nogai-Yurmaty),
layer associated with ethnic interaction with the peoples of the Volga-Ural region and Central Asia (Tatars, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Karakalpaks, etc.)
(http://traditio-ru.org/wiki/Bashkirs)
Take a little closer look at this listing. That is, the Bashkir lands were inhabited then by the Kipchaks, Bulgars (Tatars), Finno-Ugric peoples, Oghuz, Siberian Nogais, Kazakh tribes. There was also a strong family connection with the Kipchaks. The very ones that Batu had were the main force against the Polovtsians. Those who, with their lives, destroyed this two-century-old deadly dance of theirs in Rus'. Something will become clearer to you when you read the intricate and contradictory studies of various historians. For example, about the "Tatar-Mongol", which did not exist. There were others - the Kipchaks - but with two campaigns, two winters, they inevitably finished off the Polovtsy forever.
There was a campaign of the Kipchaks and Bulgars with Batu not against Rus', but against the Polovtsians. They dispelled the war of all the Polovtsy and immediately returned home. But the losses in the war against the Polovtsy were among the Bashkirs and Bulgars, the Kazakhs were very cruel. Skillful, as skillful as they are warriors - the Polovtsians, the Kipchaks destroyed with their lives, whom the Russian princes with their troops could not destroy for two centuries, intermarried with them.
Have you ever wondered why Ivan IV (the Terrible) did not later conquer, but formalized an alliance with the rich with gifts from the Bashkir state, and not with tribes, such as wild Indians?
Why did Ivan the Wise set up a fortress there in Ufa? Yes, from the attacks of the Asians. Orenburg set the same thing - there was Bashkir land, but the Asians attacked it. Or did you not know about it?
I write about the Bashkirs. These tribes are the pride of the Bashkirs, they are known, but do not stick out. The descendants of those "proto-Bashkirs" still live. They live openly and friendly, accepting others.
Many Bashkir people were destroyed from the attackers from Asia.
Some of the Bashkir tribes of those are only a few villages today, but they are precisely those who are known in the history of Rus' as a wing of the Pechenegs, as a shock wing of the Genghisides who destroyed the indefatigable Polovtsians in Rus', as shock warriors from Kutuzov who came to Paris. These are those warriors who laid down their heads in the war against the Nazis. These are also those who were especially fond of being sent to Afghanistan, where they fought and built schools and kindergartens for children. They built schools and died. They themselves told me, having been there, that the kind Uzbeks, Tajiks, Kirghiz did not build anything there at that time and did not particularly go into battle and did not help - they lived apart, in their own "circles". I was told so by those peers who were there from Ufa. In Chechnya, Bashkir boys and adult policemen were sent to the slaughterhouse. Buried. Meet the survivors.
Bashkirs are accepted in Afghanistan, Chechnya, Abkhazia. Accept. And they invite you now.
If you think that everyone who sits on a horse with a saber, then he is already a warrior, then you are mistaken. Wrong life, described by Lev Tolstov Petya Rostov. Those who attacked the Bashkirs were also cruelly mistaken. They thought that the shepherds were being attacked, their heads continued to think so when their bodies were beheaded by the Bashkir shepherds.
Not for nothing on the monument to Tavasiev Salavat with a whip, and not with a saber. The Bashkirs lived in peace and good neighborliness with their neighbors - the Bulgars, Kazakhs, Trans-Urals and Siberian tribes.
So the main thing I wanted to write:
In 1768, the Governor of Orenburg, Prince Putyatin, appointed Yulai Aznalin as a foreman of the Bashkir team of the Shaitan-Kudeya volost of the Siberian road of the Ufa province. The thieves' colonization of the Bashkir lands beyond the Urals began. From Yulai Aznalin, the merchant Tverdyshev illegally took away the original Bashkir land under the Simsky plant, so Yulai Aznalin and his 19-year-old son Salavat on November 11, 1773, as part of the Sterlitamak Bashkir Corps, voluntarily went over to the side of the rebels of Emelyan Pugachev, believing his promises to return to them stolen from them earth. (The city of Sim = Bashkir territory was assigned by V.I. Lenin to the Chelyabinsk region.)
Prior to this, there were attempts to judicially resolve the issue of these lands. Were. But the court did not return the land to the Bashkirs.
Salavat Yulaev's father, Yulai Aznalin, fought for Russia with Poland, leading the 3000th detachment of the Bashkir cavalry, sent to fight in Poland in 1772 to help the Russian army. Bashkir cavalry under the leadership of Yulai participated in the battles along with the Russian army near Warsaw, Vilna and other places. After the hostilities, Yulai Aznalin was awarded a special award - the Small Military Banner. Yulai handed over the award received for courage and bravery to his son Salavat Yulaev. For Salavat, his father's award, like a family heirloom, was a matter of special pride. Wikipedia.
"In the middle of the eighteenth century. active factory colonization of the territory of the Southern Urals begins. Such an intensive expansion did not pass without a trace for the indigenous population. The construction of factories was accompanied by the illegal seizure of huge land plots from the Bashkir communities. Wikipedia - Yulai Aznalin article.
Suvorov and his students ensured this treacherously - the defeat of Salavat Yulaev. The family of Salavat Yulaev - his wives and children were taken hostage and the condition was too cruel.
Prior to this, Salavat Yulaev asked relatives and friends to petition the provincial office and the Senate, "so that the sovereign's slaves were not in the service of subordinates."
He rebelled - "so that the sovereign's slaves would not be in the service of subordinates."
What kind of class struggle did Salavat Yulaev, a descendant of the people who lived on their land centuries before the mythical Rurik, the son of the people who had never been a serf, who swore forever to the Russian people, have, except for the desire to return their stolen land, land, the right to which was confirmed by Chinchizkhan, and Ivan IV (the Terrible).
Have you ever thought about how the Orenburg and Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk regions arose, inside what was originally Bashkir? Didn't think. It was Bashkir.
"Monuments to Salavat Yulaev:
The first monument-bust to Salavat in the republic by T.P. Nechaeva was installed in the open air in his native places - in the Salavat region in 1952.
In 1989, a similar wrought copper bust was erected in the Estonian city of Paldiski.
In Ufa, on November 17, 1967, a monument to Salavat Yulaev was unveiled by the Ossetian sculptor S.D. Tavasiev. The image of this monument fell on the coat of arms of Bashkortostan.
A copy of the monument in the Uvildy sanatorium in the Argayashsky district of the Chelyabinsk region was installed in 2005. Bust monuments were installed in Salavat (bust of S. Yulaev), Sibay, Askarovo. In Krasnoufimsk, on June 28, 2008, a monument to the national hero was opened, which was installed on Salavat Yulaev Street.
Named after Salavat Yulaev:
city of Salavat in Bashkortostan
Salavatsky district in Bashkortostan
hockey club "Salavat Yulaev"
Ice Palace of Sports in Ufa
street and avenue in Ufa
street in Chelyabinsk
street in Magnitogorsk
street in Ishimbay
street in Kurgan
street in Kazan
street in Kumertau
street in Belebey
street in Orenburg
street in Sterlitamak
street in Davlekanovo
street in Salavat
street in Lyantor
street in Buzuluk
street in Ash
street in Snezhinsk
street in Donetsk
street in Krivoy Rog
Salavat Batyr street in Oktyabrsky
street in the village of Novousmanovo in the Burzyansky district"
(Wikipedia)
During the Great Patriotic War, the name of Salavat Yulaev was carried by: a fighter-artillery division, an armored train and other units. The Bashkirs took the huge evacuated Rus' and Belarus and Ukraine into themselves during the Great Patriotic War, when the Nazis attacked. They accepted not only machine tools of factories. They took people in. And the snot themselves ate from hunger then.
The image of Salavat Yulaev is immortalized in Bashkir and Russian folk art, in the works of Russian, Bashkir, Tatar, Kazakh, Chuvash, Udmurt and Mari writers.
Few people know that the minor planet No. 5546, which is located 392 million km from the Sun and 200 million km from the Earth, is named after Salavat. The diameter of the planet is about 11 km. Shine in opposition 16 magnitude. The planet was discovered on December 19, 1979 by the Belgian astronomer A. Debeon and named after the city of Salavat after visiting the BASSR in the 70s. On the territory of Bashkiria, the planet can be observed with a telescope.
General Shaymuratov, at the head of the Bashkir 112 Cavalry Division, liberated the Luhansk region from the Nazis. There he died. In the City of Petrovsk, a school is named after him.
These are the Tatar-Mongols it turns out.
Galim Farztdinov
December 6, 1774
October 8, 1800.
The memory of Salavat Yulaev
City of Salavat in Bashkortostan
Ice Palace of Sports in Ufa
Salavat Yulaev is dedicated to:
Order of Salavat Yulaev
Monuments:
Other:
08.10.1800
Salavat Yulaev
National Hero
Companion of Pugachev
News & Events
Monument to Salavat Yulaev unveiled in Ufa
In the city of Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, on the high bank of the Belaya River, on November 17, 1967, a monument to the national hero Salavat Yulaev was unveiled. The monument is a sculptural work of the Soviet monumental sculptor Soslanbek Tavasiev, who worked on it for over 30 years. The monument is unique in that, with a weight of 40 tons, it has only three reference points. The height of the model reaches 9.8 meters.
National hero of Bashkiria Salavat Yulaev died in hard labor
The Bashkir national hero, poet-storyteller, ascetic of Emelyan Pugachev Salavat Yulaev died in hard labor on October 8, 1800. Being young, Salavat was mobilized to fight Emelyan Pugachev. However, soon, together with the detachment, Yulaev went over to the side of the rebels, who were besieging Orenburg. Yulaev led many events in the Pugachev uprising, took part in more than twenty battles. Because of the betrayal, Salavat Yulaev was arrested. During interrogations, he did not betray any of his comrades. After a long investigation in Ufa, Kazan, Moscow, Orenburg and again in Ufa, by the verdict of Salavat Yulaev, together with his father, Yulai Aznalin, they were punished with a whip and branded, after which they were sent to eternal hard labor in the Baltic fortress Rogervik.
Bashkir national hero Salavat Yulaev arrested
The national hero of Bashkiria Salavat Yulaev was arrested on December 6, 1774 due to betrayal. The team of lieutenant Leskovsky from the corps of General Freiman, reinforced by cavalry detachments of Mishar foremen Muksin and Zyamgur Abdusalyamov, overtook Salavat Yulaev with a group of associates remaining with him in the mountains of Karatau and, after a short skirmish, captured them. At the same time, Yulai Aznalin confessed to collegiate adviser Timashev and was taken into custody. Even before the arrest, Yulaev's wives and children were captured and brought to Ufa as hostages. During interrogations, Salavat did not betray any of his comrades, he did not slander anyone, trying to alleviate his fate.
Salavat Yulaev was born on June 27, 1754 in the village of Tekeyevo, Orenburg region. The boy came from a noble family, in each generation of which there were tarkhans, mullahs, abyzs, batyrs who led the Bashkir uprisings from the beginning of the 18th century.
The history of Salavat began in October 1773, when a young man mobilized to fight Emelyan Pugachev. However, soon, together with the detachment, Yulaev went over to the side of the rebels, who were besieging Orenburg. Until November 1774, he led the uprising in Bashkiria. In mid-January 1774, his detachment joins the detachment of Kanzafar Usaev, a colonel in the army of Pugachev, and together they storm the city of Kungur. For faithful service on June 3, 1774, Emelyan awarded Kanzafar Usaev and Salavat Yulaev the rank of brigadier.
Yulaev led many key events of this war, took part in more than twenty battles. He and his detachment took the Simsky and Katavsky factories. He also besieged the Chelyabinsk fortress, participated in the siege of Orenburg, burned the Krasnoufimsk fortress. Salavat never allowed the complete defeat of his troops. Each time he managed to save the main forces, restore battle formations as soon as possible and again participate in the battles.
In late March - early April 1774, the tsarist troops managed to inflict a serious defeat on the main rebel forces near Orenburg, Ufa, Menzelinsk, Kungur, Krasnoufimsk and Chelyabinsk. After the defeats inflicted by Mikhelson and the capture of Pugachev, despite repeated demands to stop resistance and surrender, Salavat continued the uprising on the territory of Bashkortostan.
The Bashkir hero is also known as an improvisational poet. His works, preserved thanks to records from the words of storytellers in the 19th century, are one of the outstanding phenomena of early Bashkir literature. Yulaev's poems called on the people to fight against oppressors, sang the beauty of their native land, the people and their ancient customs, the sacred faith of their ancestors and love.
Due to betrayal, the team of Lieutenant Leskovsky from the corps of General Freiman, reinforced by cavalry detachments of Mishar foremen Muksin and Zyamgur Abdusalyamov, December 6, 1774 overtook Salavat Yulaev in the mountains of Karatau with a group of associates who remained with him and, after a short skirmish, grabbed them. At the same time, Yulai Aznalin confessed to collegiate adviser Timashev and was taken into custody. Even before the arrest, Yulaev's wives and children were captured and brought to Ufa as hostages.
During interrogations, Salavat did not betray any of his comrades, he did not slander anyone, trying to alleviate his fate. After a long investigation in Ufa, Kazan, Moscow, Orenburg and again in Ufa, according to the verdict of July 26, 1775, Salavat, together with his father, Yulai Aznalin, was punished with a whip and branded. Bound hand and foot on October 13, 1775, on two wagons under guard, they were sent to eternal hard labor in the Baltic fortress of Rogervik.
National hero of the Bashkir people, poet, associate of Emelyan Pugachev, symbol of modern Bashkortostan Salavat Yulaev died in hard labor October 8, 1800.
The memory of Salavat Yulaev
The national hero of the Bashkir people is a symbol of modern Bashkortostan. A district, city, streets, cultural and educational institutions are named after him.
The Museum of Salavat Yulaev operates in the native places of Salavat: in the village of Maloyaz, Salavatsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan; the branch of the museum is located in the village of Alkino.
Named after Salavat Yulaev:
City of Salavat in Bashkortostan
Salavatsky district in Bashkortostan
Hockey club "Salavat Yulaev"
Ice Palace of Sports in Ufa
Streets and avenues of Salavat Yulaev in many cities of Russia, Ukraine
Salavat Yulaev is dedicated to:
Opera "Salavat Yulaev" written by Zagir Ismagilov and poet Bayazit Bikbay in 1955
Ballet "Mountain Eagle" (Ural Ballet, 1959, libretto and music by Kh. F. Akhmetov and N. G. Sabitov, choreography by K. D. Karpinskaya)
The film "Salavat Yulaev", filmed in 1941 in the USSR, directed by Yakov Protazanov.
The Republic of Bashkortostan established:
Order of Salavat Yulaev
State Prize named after Salavat Yulaev for the best works in the field of literature, art and architecture (since 1967).
Monuments:
Monument to Salavat Yulaev near the building of the Parliament of the Republic of Belarus (Zaki Validi st. 40).
The first in the republic monument-bust to Salavat by T. P. Nechaeva was installed in the open air in his native places - in the Salavat region in 1952.
In 1989, a similar monument-bust made of forged copper was erected in the Estonian city of Paldiski.
In Ufa, on November 17, 1967, a monument to Salavat Yulaev was unveiled by the Ossetian sculptor SD Tavasiev. The image of this monument fell on the coat of arms of Bashkortostan.
A copy of the monument in the Uvildy sanatorium in the Argayashsky district of the Chelyabinsk region was installed in 2005.
Bust monuments were installed in Salavat (bust of S. Yulaev), Baimak, Sibay, Askarovo.
On June 28, 2008, a monument to the national hero was opened in Krasnoufimsk, which was installed on Salavat Yulaev Street.
Other:
Double-deck motor ship named after Salavat Yulaev
In 1919-1920, the political department of the Bashkir Separate Cavalry Division published the Salavat newspaper.
During the Great Patriotic War, the name of Salavat Yulaev was carried by: an anti-tank artillery regiment, an armored train and other units.
The image of Salavat Yulaev is immortalized in Bashkir and Russian folk art, in the works of Russian, Bashkir, Tatar, Kazakh, Chuvash, Udmurt and Mari writers.
... read more >Salavat Yulaev (1752-1800) - the hero of the Bashkir people, one of the most active participants and leaders of the Peasants' War under the leadership of E. Pugachev. His struggle for the rights of the indigenous population of Bashkiria will forever remain in the people's memory. In addition, Salavat Yulaev left behind a creative legacy in the form of poems written in the Bashkir language. They are an important linguistic source on the history of the country.
Early life
Salavat Yulaev was born on June 5 (16), 1752, in the small village of Tekeevo, Ufa province, Orenburg province. After the Pugachev uprising, it was destroyed and has not survived to this day. His family was quite noble and well known in Bashkiria. Mullahs, abyzs or batyrs came from it in every generation.
The father of the hero, Yulai Aznalin, served as a centurion in the army in his youth, participated in the hostilities of the Bar Conference, which opposed Russian influence on the Commonwealth. After that, he returned to his small homeland and was appointed foreman of the Shaitan-Kudey volost.
Yulai was also an active participant in nationalist uprisings and took part in the Bashkir uprising that began in 1735. The main motive of the protest movements was the struggle against the illegal seizure of the lands of the Bashkirs by the owners of factories, of which a lot was being built at that time. Salavat's father lived all his life illiterate, but insisted that his son learn to write and read. At the same time, love and devotion to his people and country were brought up in the young man, which in the future will be noticeably manifested in his actions.
Salavat's contemporaries noted the slenderness of his figure, the ease of gait and, at the same time, his great quick wit. At the age of 19, he took the post of foreman of his native Shaitan-Kudey volost.
Participation in the Peasants' War. The beginning of the uprising
On the eve of the largest anti-government uprising, the Yulaevs experienced a new round of aggravation of relations with the authorities. It was caused by the forcible seizure of their land for the construction of the Simsky plant. At that time, Yulai Aznalin and Salavat were part of the punitive corps, which was tasked with participating in military operations against the rebels. But in October 1773, most of the unit decided to voluntarily go over to the side of the rebels, as a result of which they turned out to be associates of E. Pugachev. Already on November 12, the Bashkirs appeared in the Berdskaya Sloboda, where the ataman was then.
Being in the ranks of the rebels, Salavat participated in the struggle against the Orenburg garrison, whose soldiers from time to time staged sorties, then besieged the Verkhneozernaya fortress and Ilinskoye. But in one of the battles he was wounded, after which he was sent to be treated in his native village. Later, Emelyan Pugachev, remembering the valor and courage of the brave Bashkir, elevated him to the rank of colonel and instructed him to lead the anti-government movement in the Kama region.
The apogee of the popular movement
Having restored his health, Salavat gathered his own detachment from the inhabitants of Russian settlements located in the northeastern part of the Ufa province, as well as the Bashkirs who lived along the Siberian road. With this unit, he advanced towards Krasnoufimsk, which he captured in mid-January 1774. Here, local Cossacks, peasants, as well as factory workers, who did not want to endure the strengthening of serfdom, joined the ranks of the rebels. Further, the path of the Bashkir hero lay in the direction of Kungur, which was desperately defended by government troops. Teaming up with other chieftains (A. Bigashev, K. Usaev, M. Maltsev, I. Kuznetsov, B. Kankaev), Yulaev is trying to take the Kama town. The siege went on for several days, but it did not bring much success to the rebels, in addition, Salavat received another wound.
After the tsarist troops defended Kungur, they rushed to the counteroffensive and threw the rebels back to Krasnoufimsk. Here, in February-March 1774, heavy battles unfolded, in which only Yulaev, who had recovered from his wounds, took part. He commanded a Russian-Bashkir detachment and established himself as a talented leader, able to effectively organize a guerrilla war against a superior opponent.
In the spring of 1774, he, along with his detachment, moved to the Ufa region, where he found great support in the face of local residents. The Salavat unit repeatedly entered into confrontation with the large corps of I. Mikhelson. And although it failed to defeat the government troops, each time after the battles Yulaev managed to avoid serious losses. Despite the support of Pugachev, the actions of the Bashkir detachments had a slightly different character. Unlike their comrades-in-arms, when capturing factories, they did not force them to give up cannons and melt new ones for their army, but simply destroyed the taken enterprises, thus returning to the old days.
Beginning of the End
In early June 1774, Salavat joined Pugachev's main army, sending 3,000 Bashkirs to its ranks. Two days later, Pugachev and Yulaev fought two fierce battles against Michelson on the banks of the Ai River. And if in the first they lost, then the second did not reveal the winner. After that, Pugachev quickly headed north to the Kama region.
The detachment of Salavat Yulaev moved in the forefront of the rebel troops. He participated in the capture of Krasnoufimsk and new battles near Kungur. Unable to take this fortress, the rebels went to the town of Osa, which they began to actively besiege. A few days later, the main forces led by Pugachev approached here, and the fate of the fortress was sealed: it fell on June 21. Then Pugachev went to Kazan, intending to go further to Moscow. At this time, Yulaev's unit returned to Bashkiria with the firm intention of taking Ufa. However, the tsarist troops regrouped their forces and gradually began to push the rebels out of their positions.
On September 18 and 22, 1774, Yulaev suffers two painful defeats from the corps of Lieutenant Colonel I. Ryleev near the Yeldyak fortress. This forced Salavat to retreat to Katav-Ivanovsk and hide in the surrounding forests. In mid-November, he made an attempt to attack the tsarist detachment under the leadership of F. Freiman, but ran into stubborn resistance, which forced the rebels to flee, abandoning their cannons.
On November 25, Yulaev's detachment was overtaken in the mountains of Karatau by a unit of Lieutenant V. Leskovsky and the Mishar foremen Abdusalimovs who supported him. After a small skirmish, Salavat, along with his supporters, was arrested. Even earlier, his wives and children were deprived of their liberty. Yulaev tried to actively fight against this arbitrariness, saying: "There is no such decree to take away a family from those deprived of life." He asked to send a complaint to the provincial office, and if it does not help, then to the Senate.
Stay in captivity
After being captured, Yulaev was sent to Ufa, then transferred to Kazan, where he was imprisoned. Here he was interrogated along with his father and on March 16, 1775 was sentenced to corporal punishment and life imprisonment. But, given the fact that the Yulaevs all the time denied the charges against them, the verdict indicated the need to conduct an additional investigation at the site of their “crimes”. For this, Salavat is transported to Orenburg, and then to Ufa.
The new investigation was conducted by officials of the Ufa Provincial Chancellery, who confirmed the previous verdict. As a result, the final verdict provided for 175 blows with a whip to the father and son, after which they were to tear out their nostrils and put hard labor marks, and then send them to indefinite hard labor in the Estland province, at the port of Rogervik, which was then under construction. The former associates of Yulaev and Pugachev I. Aristov, K. Usaev and some others were also exiled here. The hero of the Bashkir people will spend the rest of his life in places of detention, where he will die on September 26, 1800.
Poetic path
In addition to participating in the Peasant War, Salavat Yulaev was remembered as a talented poet. About 500 lines of his poems-improvisations, recorded in the 19th century, have come down to us. They show an extraordinary love for their land. Here is what he writes in the work “My Ural”:
Ay, Ural, you are my Ural
The gray-haired giant, Ural!
Head under the clouds
You rose, my Ural!
The main themes that Salavat Yulaev glorified in his work were his native land, the Bashkir people, traditions and customs of his ancestors. The poet wrote his poems in the Bashkir language, so they are of great interest as a linguistic monument.
The name of the national hero will forever remain in the memory of the Bashkir people. In honor of Salavat Yulaev, settlements, streets, cultural institutions, including several museums, are named. In 1967, the award was founded (since 1992 - the State Prize named after Salavat Yulaev), which is awarded to the best artists of the republic. In many cities of Bashkiria there are monuments to the famous hero. In honor of Salavat Yulaev, an opera of the same name was created (authors composer Z. Ismagilov and poet B. Bikbay), as well as a feature film (director Y. Protazanov).
The name of Salavat Yulaev is one of the most famous symbols of Bashkiria. This one became the personification of the struggle for freedom and one of the brightest personalities led by Pugachev.
Family
Salavat Yulaev was born in 1754 in the Orenburg province. The biography of this man is connected with his native village of Tekeyevo. This settlement has not survived to our times, because it was destroyed during the Pugachev region by the troops of Catherine II.
Salavat came from a well-known family, whose members occupied various managerial positions (for example, Tarkhan), and also participated in previous uprisings against the Russian authorities.
The father of the child was Yulai Aznalin. He made a good career in the army. He served as a centurion and managed to visit Poland, where he fought in the Bar Confederation, which did not like Russian pressure on the Commonwealth. In 1766, Yulai returned to his homeland and received the post of foreman of the parish. He was responsible for order on an important section of the road leading to Siberia.
Conflict between Bashkirs and officials
The Salavat family could not do without conflicts with the authorities even in peacetime. So, his father sued the local owners of factories for a long time, who took away land from ordinary Bashkirs. In the XVIII century, the Urals attracted the attention of various industrialists who built their enterprises with the permission of the central authorities. The builders of the Simsky and Katav-Ivanovsky factories tried to deprive the locals of their land. Then Yulai went to the governor, but could not protect his countrymen. According to the court decision, the losing party had to pay 600 rubles. Such cases did not improve relations between the Russians and the Bashkirs.
The father never mastered the letter, but he was aware of its significance. So he insisted that his son study languages and learn to write and read. In Salavat, they raised a feeling of love for the Motherland and devotion to their people. At the same time, the Bashkir spoke Russian well, which was especially useful to him later, when he fought shoulder to shoulder with the Cossacks.
The news of the Pugachev uprising
In 1772, rumors circulated in the Volga region and the Urals that the former emperor Peter III had survived after a long imprisonment and was gathering troops to regain his throne. This man was actually Emelyan Pugachev - a runaway Don Cossack, an adventurer. The history of Russia has already known many impostors. So, for example, in the Time of Troubles, the country was filled with rogues who called themselves Tsarevich Dmitry - the son of Ivan the Terrible. The first of them even managed to capture Moscow (though not without help and troops). Other False Dmitrys were not so lucky.
Pugachev guessed right with his "confession". In the 70s, both in the Urals and in the Volga region, dissatisfaction with the authorities was ripening. Moreover, it was distributed among a variety of social strata. The serfs did not want to put up with their powerless position in relation to the nobles, who could use them as expendable material. In addition, serfs did not even have the right to complain about their owners, which was even confirmed by law - by a special decree of Catherine.
In order to develop industry in the Urals, workers were needed. Therefore, shortly before the appearance of Pugachev, a decree was issued, according to which the serfs now had to work not only on the land of the master, but also build factories. They were also called mining peasants.
National minorities were also dissatisfied, whose interests were infringed to please the industrialists. Salavat Yulaev, whose biography makes it clear that he also falls under such a description, was among those who did not want to put up with this state of affairs.
Finally, Pugachev relied on the Cossacks. Unlike the peasants, they were a real military force. Their whole life was spent in battles or on duty at the border. It was with the Cossacks that Pugachev began his military campaign against the authorities. In September 1773 he laid siege to Orenburg, the largest city in the region.
Salavat joins the rebels
Yulai Aznalin, on behalf of the governor, gathered a detachment of a thousand people to attack the rebels. It was headed by Salavat Yulaev (he was 19 years old). His biography says that the young man did not yet know what war was, although in childhood he received enough skills to become a good fighter. On the approaches to Orenburg, he decided to go over to the side of Pugachev. At this time, the imaginary Peter III was actively campaigning. In his letters, he pointed out the injustices perpetrated by nobles and industrialists. This rhetoric worked. Not only Salavat Yulaev and his detachment went to Pugachev, but also his father. He arrived to his son in the last days of 1773.
Brigadier Pugacheva
What does the biography of Salavat Yulaev tell about further? The brief campaign in which he participated (the hostilities lasted only a year) made his name immortal, although he spent much more of the rest of his life in exile. At the first acquaintance with Pugachev, the Bashkirs attracted the attention of the ataman. He was one of the main advisers to the "king" and led military operations.
In total, the biography of Salavat Yulaev tells about several dozen battles. Most of them took place in the Urals. So, for example, he liberated the Katavsky and Simsky factories, because of which his father had litigations with officials. Here the uprising was especially strong, as the local population hated the landlords and industrialists.
Salavat won most of his battles. However, even in the event of a defeat, he managed to minimize losses. He knew how to withdraw troops from under attack in time, so as not to sacrifice the lives of his comrades in vain. This is the biography of Salavat Yulaev. The brief war had taught him tactics. He knew how to take advantage of the mountainous terrain of the Urals.
One of the main successes of the commander was the capture of the city of Kungur, after which he received the rank of brigadier, or general. Pugachev greatly appreciated him. However, the chieftain himself was soon captured, having suffered several defeats from government troops. Then the Bashkirs decided not to give up, but to continue the uprising in their country. This struggle is a short biography of Salavat Yulaev. The most important army of the Empress at that time was in the Volga region. The army had to draw on reserves to defeat the rebels. Any biography of Salavat Yulaev in Russian speaks of the courage and courage of the Bashkir.
Defeat and hard labor
At the end of November 1774, government troops managed to overtake a weakened detachment led by Salavat Yulaev. The biography of the hero says that his life took another dramatic turn. He was captured and put under investigation. Shortly before this, the Salavat family was arrested and taken into custody as hostages. Yulai Aznalin also surrendered, hoping to save his son. The defeat of the Bashkir uprising on the Siberian road was one of the last episodes of the peasant war, although its separate centers continued to smolder until the summer of 1775.
First, father and son were sentenced to punishment by branding and whipping. In October 1775 they were sent to eternal penal servitude. The place of exile was the Baltic fortress Rogervik in modern Estonia. Convicts were transported in a wagon train across the country, including through Moscow.
Salavat Yulaev spent the rest of his days at his new place of residence. The biography of the hero and the history of his struggle during the life of the prisoner were known to all Bashkirs, who kept a good memory of him in their folklore. Yulaev spent 25 years in hard labor and died in 1800 relatively young (46 years old). Almost nothing is known about his life as a forced laborer. His father Yulai Aznalin died earlier, in 1797.
Bashkir poet
History knows another talent that Salavat Yulaev possessed. The biography (you can briefly talk about it, but in this case it will not work to mention all the advantages of this person) of the hero says that poetry classes were not alien to him. Most of the poems are dedicated to the native land, people, customs and faith of the ancestors. Yulaev wrote in the Bashkir language, so his texts are also valuable as a linguistic monument. He is credited with the authorship of several folk songs.
memory of a hero
Today Salavat Yulaev, whose biography is known to every inhabitant of Bashkiria, is a national hero and a symbol of the republic. Streets, districts, settlements, ships, etc. are named after him. There are monuments to Yulaev in many cities. His figure is reflected in literature, music (numerous operas and other academic works), as well as cinema.
A hockey club from Ufa, the capital of Bashkiria, popular throughout Russia, is named after the hero. Local historians and historians continue to write monographs, the object of which is Salavat Yulaev. The biography (a brief narrative about this historical figure is present in every textbook on the history of the country, and in Bashkiria separate lessons are devoted to him) of this person is worthy of paying at least a little attention to studying it.
