Being a part of nature, for many centuries man has used its gifts for the development of technology and for the benefit of human civilization, while causing colossal and irreparable harm to the surrounding space. The modern facts of scientists indicate that it is time to think about the rational use of nature, because the thoughtless waste of earth's resources can lead to an irreversible environmental disaster.

nature management system

The modern system of nature management is an integral structure covering all areas of human activity at the present stage, including public consumption of natural resources.

Science considers nature management as a set of measures for the rational use of natural resources, aimed not only at processing, but also at restoration, using improved methods and technologies. In addition, it is a discipline that provides theoretical knowledge and practical skills to preserve and increase the natural diversity and wealth of the entire world space.

Classification of natural resources

By origin, natural resources are divided into:

According to production use, there are:

• World Land Fund.
• The forest fund is part of the land resources on which trees, shrubs, and grasses grow.
• Hydro resources are the energy and fossils of lakes, rivers, seas, oceans.

According to the degree of exhaustion:

Rational and irrational nature management

Rational nature management is the continuous impact of a person on the environment, where he knows how to manage relationships with nature on the basis of its conservation and protection from undesirable consequences in the course of his activities.

Signs of rational nature management:

• Restoration and reproduction of natural resources.
• Preservation of land, water, animals and flora.
• Gentle extraction of minerals and harmless processing.
• Preservation of the natural environment for human, animal and plant life.
• Maintaining the ecological balance of the natural system.
• Regulation of birth rate and population.

Rational nature management implies the interaction of the entire natural system on the basis of maintaining the laws of ecology, rationalization in the use, conservation and enhancement of available resources. The essence of nature management is based on the primary laws of mutual synthesis of various natural systems. Thus, rational environmental management is understood as the analysis of a biosystem, its careful exploitation, protection and reproduction, taking into account not only the current, but also the future interests of the development of economic sectors and the preservation of human health.

Examples of rational nature management are:

The current state of nature management shows an irrational approach, which leads to the destruction of the ecological balance and a very difficult recovery from human impact. In addition, extensive exploitation based on old technologies has led to a situation in which the environment is in a polluted and oppressed state.

Signs of irrational nature management:

There are quite a large number of examples of irrational nature management, which, unfortunately, prevails in economic activity and is typical for intensive production.

Examples of irrational nature management:

• Slash-and-burn agriculture, plowing of slopes on highlands, which leads to the formation of ravines, soil erosion and the destruction of the fertile layer of the earth (humus).
• Change in the hydrological regime.
• Deforestation, destruction of protected areas, overgrazing.
• Discharge of waste and sewage into rivers, lakes, seas.
• Atmospheric pollution with chemicals.
• Extermination of valuable species of plants, animals and fish.
• Open pit mining.

Principles of rational nature management

Human activity, in the search for ways to rationally use natural resources and improve environmental safety methods, is based on the following principles:

Ways to implement the principles

At the present stage, many countries are implementing political programs and projects in the field of applying rational methods of using natural resources, which relate to:

In addition, within the framework of a separate state, work is underway aimed at the development and implementation of regional plans and environmental measures, and state and public organizations should also manage and control activities in this area. These measures will:

• provide the population with environmentally safe work in production;
• create a healthy environment for residents of cities and villages;
• reduce the dangerous impact from natural disasters and catastrophes;
• preserve the ecosystem in disadvantaged regions;
• introduce modern technologies to ensure environmental standards;
• regulate acts of environmental legislation.

The problem of rational use of natural resources is much broader and more complex than it might seem at first glance. It must be remembered that everything in nature is closely interconnected and none of its components can exist in isolation from each other.

The damage caused in the course of centuries of economic activity can be corrected only if society takes a conscious approach to solving problems in the global environmental situation. And this is everyday work for an individual, a state and the world community.

In addition, before saving any biological subject, it is necessary to thoroughly study the entire agrobiological system, acquire knowledge and understand the essence of its existence. And only by knowing nature and its laws, a person will be able to rationally use all its benefits and resources, as well as increase and save for the future generation of people.

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Moscow State University of Economics, Statistics and Informatics. Nizhny Novgorod branch

Essay on natural science on the topic:

Performed:

1st year student DLS-401

Igumnova Anna

Teacher: Kulikova T.V.

Introduction

Irrational nature management

Ways to solve the problem

Conclusion

Introduction

The modern world is a world of strong and often destructive human impacts on nature in the process of using natural resources necessary for the life of human society. This complex of relationships between society and nature is commonly called nature management.

Nature management is a set of measures aimed by society at the study, development and use of the natural shell.

Distinguish between irrational and rational nature management. The above definition refers rather to irrational nature management. Rational nature management does not negate economic activity, but it implies a reduction in its negative impact on nature.

Rational nature management is a set of measures directed by society to study, develop and use the natural shell, as well as to predict the consequences of this use, to eliminate these consequences or reduce them to the possible minimum.

The creation of large nature reserves and national parks is sometimes cited as examples of rational nature management. This is hardly correct, since one may get the impression that rational nature management is possible only in the absence of economic activity. An example of rational environmental management is the use of waste-free technologies, closed production cycles, the use of modern treatment facilities, and environmentally friendly fuels.

However, the predominant type of nature management on the planet at present remains irrational nature management. Mankind, understanding the harm of irrational nature management, still uses dangerous methods of development and processing of the Earth's natural resources. Why? The reason is simple - economic.

Irrational nature management does not require efforts and costs aimed at overcoming the negative consequences of economic activity. It turns out to be simpler, cheaper and, as a result, economically viable.

Irrational nature management

nature management readily available depletion resource

Irrational nature management is a system of nature management in which easily accessible natural resources are used in large quantities and not completely, which leads to the rapid depletion of resources. In this case, a large amount of waste is produced and the environment is heavily polluted.

This type of nature management leads to ecological crises and ecological catastrophes.

An ecological crisis is a critical state of the environment that threatens human existence.

Ecological catastrophe - changes in the natural environment, often caused by the impact of human economic activity, a man-made accident or a natural disaster, leading to adverse changes in the natural environment and accompanied by mass death of people or damage to the health of the population of the region, the death of living organisms, vegetation, large losses of material values and natural resources.

Consequences of irrational nature management:

Deforestation;

The process of desertification due to excessive grazing;

Extermination of some species of plants and animals;

Pollution of water, soil, atmosphere, etc.

Damages associated with irrational use of natural resources.

Estimated damages:

a) economic:

losses due to a decrease in the productivity of biogeocenoses;

losses due to a decrease in labor productivity caused by an increase in morbidity;

loss of raw materials, fuel and materials due to emissions;

costs due to reduced service life of buildings and structures;

b) socio-economic:

healthcare costs;

losses due to migration caused by environmental degradation;

additional travel expenses:

Conditionally calculated:

a) social:

increase in mortality, pathological changes in the human body;

psychological damage due to dissatisfaction of the population with the quality of the environment;

b) environmental:

irreversible destruction of unique ecosystems;

extinction of species;

genetic damage.

Ways to solve the problem

1. Restoration of forest landscapes after clearings and fires, intensification of secondary forest management, restoration of biodiversity, increase in bioproductivity

2. Preservation of wild animals and plants in botanical gardens, zoos, nurseries, special enclosures; use of the gene pool for the study, replenishment of natural populations, exposure, hybridization, introduction

3. Clearing, restoration of land, increase in the area of ​​productive land for agricultural needs, moisture retention

4. Rational distribution and use of water resources, development of irrigated agriculture, drainage of waterlogged areas, increase in agricultural productivity

5. In order to improve the state of the air environment, it is necessary to introduce more widely fuel-free energy sources, to install equipment for cleaning emissions at industrial enterprises, and to provide motor transport with effective exhaust gas neutralizers.

Conclusion

Currently, walking down the street, while on vacation, you can pay attention to the polluted atmosphere, water and soil. Although we can say that Russia's natural resources will last for centuries, but what we see makes us think about the consequences of irrational nature management.

After all, if everything continues like this, then these numerous reserves in a hundred years will be catastrophically small. After all, irrational nature management leads to the depletion (and even disappearance) of natural resources.

There are facts that really make you think about this problem:

1. It is estimated that one person “hassles” about 200 trees in his life: for housing, furniture, toys, notebooks, matches, etc. Only in the form of matches, the inhabitants of our planet annually burn 1.5 million cubic meters of wood.

2. For each inhabitant of Moscow, on average, 300-320 kg of garbage per year, in Western Europe - 150-300 kg, in the USA - 500-600 kg. Each city dweller in the USA throws away 80 kg of paper, 250 metal cans, 390 bottles per year.

Thus, it is time to think about the consequences of human activity and draw a conclusion to every person living on this planet.

If irrational nature management continues, then soon the sources of natural resources will simply be devastated, which will lead to the death of civilization and the whole world.

Bibliography

1. https://ru.wikipedia.org/

2. Oleinik A.P. “Geography. A large reference book for schoolchildren and applicants to universities”, 2014.

3. Potravny I.M., Lukyanchikov N.N. "Economics and organization of nature management", 2012.

4. Skuratov N.S., Gurina I.V. “Nature Management: 100 Exam Answers”, 2010.

5. E. Polievktova “Who is who in the economics of environmental management”, 2009.

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It is clear that resources are indeed limited and should be treated sparingly. With the irrational use of resources, it is necessary to talk about the problem of their limitations, because if you do not stop the waste of a resource, in the future, when it is needed, it simply will not exist. But, although the problem of scarcity of resources has been clear for a long time, in different countries one can see vivid examples of wasting resources. For example, in Russia, at present, the state policy in the field of energy saving is based on the priority of the efficient use of energy resources and the implementation of state supervision over this process. The state insists on the obligatory accounting by legal entities of the energy resources produced or consumed by them, as well as accounting by individuals of the energy resources they receive. The state standards for equipment, materials and structures, vehicles include indicators of their energy efficiency. An important area is the certification of energy-consuming, energy-saving and diagnostic equipment, materials, structures, vehicles and, of course, energy resources. All this is based on a combination of interests of consumers, suppliers and producers of energy resources, as well as the interest of legal entities in the efficient use of energy resources. At the same time, even on the example of the Middle Urals, 25-30 million tons of reference fuel (tce) is consumed annually in the region, and approximately 9 million tce is used irrationally. It turns out that imported fuel and energy resources (FER) are mostly irrationally spent. At the same time, about 3 million tce can be reduced through organizational measures. Most energy saving plans have exactly this goal, but so far have not been able to achieve it.

Also an example of the irrational use of minerals can be an open pit for coal mining near Angren. In addition, at the previously developed deposits of non-ferrous metals Ingichka, Kuytash, Kalkamar, Kurgashin, losses during the extraction and enrichment of ore reached 20-30%. At the Almalyk Mining and Metallurgical Combine, several years ago, such accompanying components as molybdenum, mercury, and lead were not completely smelted from the processed ore. In recent years, due to the transition to the integrated development of mineral deposits, the degree of non-production losses has significantly decreased, but it is still far from full rationalization.

The government approved a program aimed at halting soil degradation, as a result of which the annual damage to the economy is more than 200 million USD.

But so far the program is only being introduced into agriculture, and at present, 56.4% of all agricultural land is affected by degradation processes of varying degrees. According to scientists, the processes of soil degradation have intensified in recent decades as a result of the irrational use of land resources, a decrease in the areas of protective forest plantations, the destruction of anti-erosion hydraulic structures, and natural disasters. Financing of the program for hydro-reclamation anti-erosion work is envisaged to be carried out at the expense of extra-budgetary funds of interested ministries and departments, funds from the sale and purchase of public property lands, from the collection of land tax, at the expense of economic entities and the state budget. According to experts involved in agricultural support programs, the problem of soil degradation is aggravating every day, but the implementation of the state program is more than problematic in the face of financial deficit. The state will not be able to raise the necessary funds, and the economic entities of the agricultural sector do not have the funds to invest in soil protection measures.

Russia's forest resources make up one fifth of the planet's forest resources. The total stock of wood in the forests of Russia is 80 billion cubic meters. meters. The environmentally safe development of the economy and society largely depends on the level of preservation and completeness of the realization of the richest potential of biological resources. But forests in Russia are constantly suffering from fires and damage by harmful insects and plant diseases, which is mainly a consequence of the low technical equipment and limited funding of the state forest protection service. The volume of reforestation work has been reduced in recent years and in a number of regions it no longer meets forestry and environmental standards.

Also, with the transition to market relations, the number of forest users has significantly increased, which in a number of places has led to an increase in violations of forest and environmental legislation when using forests.

A fundamentally important property of biological resources is their ability to self-reproduce. However, as a result of the ever-increasing anthropogenic impact on the environment and overexploitation, the raw material potential of biological resources is declining, and the populations of many plant and animal species are degrading and endangered. Therefore, in order to organize the rational use of biological resources, it is necessary, first of all, to provide environmentally sound limits for their exploitation (withdrawal), which exclude depletion and loss of the ability of biological resources to reproduce themselves. In addition, prices for forest resources are extremely low in Russia, so forests are cut down and are not considered of great value. But having cut down all the forest wealth, we risk losing a lot of money for the purchase of wood in other countries, as well as destroying the natural air purifier. Fedorenko N. To assess the effectiveness of the use of Russia's national resources. // Questions of Economics.-2005-№8-p. 31-40.

The Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" states that "... reproduction and rational use of natural resources... necessary conditions for ensuring a favorable environment and environmental safety..."

Nature management (use of natural resources) is the totality of all forms of human impact on nature and its resources. The main forms of influence are: exploration and withdrawal (development) of natural resources, their involvement in economic circulation (transportation, sale, processing, etc.), as well as the protection of natural resources. In possible cases - renewal (reproduction).

According to environmental consequences, nature management is divided into rational and irrational. Rational nature management is a consciously regulated, purposeful activity, carried out taking into account the laws of nature and providing:

The need of society for natural resources while maintaining a balance between economic development and the sustainability of the natural environment;

Environmentally friendly natural environment for human health and life;

Preservation of natural resources in the interests of present and future generations of people.

With rational environmental management, a mode of economical and efficient exploitation of natural resources is ensured with the maximum extraction of useful products from them. Rational nature management does not lead to drastic changes in the natural resource potential and does not cause profound changes in the natural environment. At the same time, the norms of admissibility of impact on nature are observed, based on the requirements of its protection and causing the least harm to it.

A prerequisite is the legislative provision of nature management at the state level, regulation, implementation of measures aimed at solving environmental problems and monitoring the state of the natural environment.

Irrational nature management is an activity associated with a high intensity of the use of natural resources, which does not ensure the preservation of the natural resource complex, which violates the laws of nature. As a result of such activities, the quality of the natural environment deteriorates, it is degraded, natural resources are depleted, the natural basis of human life is undermined, and their health is harmed. Such nature management violates environmental safety, can lead to environmental crises and even disasters.

An ecological crisis is a critical state of the environment that threatens human existence.

Ecological catastrophe - changes in the natural environment, often caused by the impact of human economic activity, a man-made accident or a natural disaster, which led to adverse changes in the natural environment and are accompanied by mass death of people or damage to the health of the population of the region, the death of living organisms, vegetation, large losses of material values ​​and natural resources.

Reasons for irrational use of natural resources include:

An unbalanced and unsafe system of nature management that spontaneously developed in the last century;

The idea among the population that many natural resources are given to a person for nothing (he cut down a tree to build a house, took water from a well, picked berries in the forest); the entrenched concept of a “free” resource that does not stimulate thrift, encourages wastefulness;

Social conditions that caused a sharp increase in population, the growth of productive forces on the planet and, accordingly, the impact of human society on nature and its resources (life expectancy has increased, mortality has decreased, the production of food, consumer goods, housing, and other benefits has increased).

Changed social conditions have caused a high rate of depletion of natural resources. In industrialized countries, the capacity of modern industry is now doubling about every 15 years, constantly causing degradation of the natural environment.

After humanity realized what was happening and began to compare economic benefits with the opportunities and environmental losses of nature, the quality of the environment began to be considered as an economic category (goods). The consumer of this product is primarily the population living in a certain territory, and then industry, construction, transport and other sectors of the economy.

Many advanced countries, starting with Japan, embarked on the path of resource conservation in the middle of the 20th century, while the economy of our country continued its extensive (costly) development, in which the growth in production volumes increased mainly due to the involvement of new natural resources in the economic circulation. And at present, an unreasonably large amount of use of natural resources remains.

The extraction of natural resources is constantly growing. For example, water consumption in Russia (for the needs of the population, industry, agriculture) has increased 7 times over 100 years. The consumption of energy resources has increased many times over.

Another problem is the fact that only about 2% of the extracted minerals go into finished products. The rest of the amount is stored in dumps, dispersed during transportation and reloading, lost during inefficient technological processes, replenishes waste. At the same time, pollutants enter the natural environment (soil and vegetation cover, water sources, atmosphere). Large losses of raw materials are also due to the lack of economic interest in the rational and complete extraction of all useful components from it.

Economic activity has destroyed entire populations of animals and plants, many species of insects, has led to a progressive decrease in water resources, to the filling of underground workings with fresh water, due to which aquifers of groundwater that feed rivers and are sources of drinking water supply are dehydrated.

The result of irrational nature management was an intensive decrease in soil fertility. Acid rain - the culprits of soil acidification - are formed when industrial emissions, flue gases and vehicle exhausts are dissolved in atmospheric moisture. From this, the reserves of nutrients in the soil are reduced, which leads to the defeat of soil organisms, a decrease in soil fertility. The main sources and causes of soil pollution with heavy metals (especially dangerous soil pollution with lead and cadmium) are car exhaust gases, emissions from large enterprises.

From the burning of coal, fuel oil, oil shale, soils are polluted with benz (a) pyrene, dioxins, and heavy metals. The sources of soil pollution are urban sewage, industrial and household waste dumps, from which rain and melt water carry unpredictable sets of components, including dangerous ones, into soils and groundwater. Harmful substances, getting into the soil, plants, living organisms, can accumulate there to high, life-threatening concentrations. Radioactive contamination of soils is caused by nuclear power plants, uranium and enrichment mines, radioactive waste storage facilities.

When agricultural cultivation of the land is carried out in violation of the scientific foundations of agriculture, soil erosion inevitably occurs - the process of destruction of the upper, most fertile soil layers under the influence of wind or water. Water erosion is the washing away of soil by melt or storm water.

Atmospheric pollution as a result of irrational nature management is a change in its composition when impurities of technogenic (from industrial sources) or natural (from forest fires, volcanic eruptions, etc.) origin enter. Emissions from enterprises (chemicals, dust, gases) spread through the air over considerable distances.

As a result of their deposition, the vegetation cover is damaged, the productivity of agricultural land, livestock and fisheries is reduced, and the chemical composition of surface and ground waters changes. All this has an impact not only on natural systems, but also on the social environment.

Motor transport is the largest air pollutant of all other vehicles. It is the share of road transport that accounts for more than half of all harmful emissions into the atmosphere. It has been established that road transport is also the leader in terms of a set of harmful components in exhaust gases, which contain about 200 different hydrocarbons, as well as other harmful substances, many of which are carcinogens, i.e., substances that promote the development of cancer cells in living organisms.

A pronounced human impact of vehicle emissions is recorded in large cities. In houses located near highways (closer than 10 m from them), residents get cancer 3 ... 4 times more often than in houses located at a distance of 50 m or more from the road.

Water pollution as a result of irrational nature management occurs mainly due to oil spills in tanker accidents, nuclear waste disposal, domestic and industrial sewage discharges. This is a big threat to the natural processes of the water cycle in nature in its most critical link - evaporation from the surface of the ocean.

When oil products enter water bodies with wastewater, they cause profound changes in the composition of aquatic vegetation and wildlife, as their habitat conditions are violated. The surface oil film prevents the penetration of sunlight, which is necessary for the vital activity of vegetation and animal organisms.

A serious problem for humanity is the pollution of fresh water. The water quality of most water bodies does not meet regulatory requirements. About half of the population of Russia is already forced to use water for drinking purposes that does not meet hygienic regulatory requirements.

One of the main properties of fresh water as a component of the environment is its indispensability. The environmental load on the rivers has increased especially sharply due to insufficient quality of wastewater treatment. Oil products remain the most common pollutants for surface waters. The number of rivers with a high level of pollution is constantly growing. The current level of wastewater treatment is such that even in waters that have undergone biological treatment, the content of nitrates and phosphates is sufficient for intensive blooming of reservoirs.

The state of groundwater is assessed as pre-critical and tending to further deterioration. Pollution enters them with runoff from industrial and urban areas, from landfills, from fields treated with chemicals. Of the substances polluting surface and groundwater, in addition to petroleum products, the most common are phenols, heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, mercury), sulfates, chlorides, nitrogen compounds, and lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury are highly toxic metals.

An example of an irrational attitude to the most valuable natural resource - clean drinking water - is the depletion of the natural resources of Lake Baikal. Depletion is associated with the intensity of the development of the lake's wealth, the use of environmentally dirty technologies and outdated equipment at enterprises that dump their sewage (with insufficient cleaning) into the waters of Lake Baikal and the rivers flowing into it.

Further deterioration of the state of the environment poses a serious threat to the population and future generations of Russia. It is possible to restore practically any destruction, but it is impossible to revive the disturbed nature in the foreseeable future even for big money. It will take centuries to stop its further destruction and postpone the approach of an ecological catastrophe in the world.

Residents of industrialized cities have an increased level of morbidity, as they are forced to constantly be in a polluted environment (the concentration of harmful substances in which can exceed the MPC by 10 or more times). To the greatest extent, air pollution is manifested in an increase in respiratory diseases and a decrease in immunity, especially in children, in the growth of oncological diseases in the population. Control samples of food products of agricultural production unacceptably often show non-compliance with state standards.

The deterioration of the quality of the environment in Russia can cost the cause of the violation of the human gene pool. This is manifested in an increase in the number of diseases, including congenital ones, and a decrease in average life expectancy. The negative genetic consequences of environmental pollution on the state of nature can be expressed in the appearance of mutants, previously unknown diseases of animals and plants, a reduction in populations, and the depletion of traditional biological resources.

1. Nature management. Examples of rational and irrational nature management.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the countries of Western Europe.

3. Determining and comparing the average population density of the two countries (at the choice of the teacher) and explaining the reasons for the differences.

1. Nature management. Examples of rational and irrational nature management.

The whole history of human society is the history of its interaction with nature. Man has long been using it for his economic purposes: hunting, gathering, fishing, as a natural resource.

Over the course of several millennia, the nature of human relations with the environment has undergone great changes.

Stages of society's influence on the natural environment:

1) about 30 thousand years ago - gathering, hunting and fishing. Man adapted to nature, and did not change it.

2) 6-8 thousand years ago - the agricultural revolution: the transition of the main part of humanity from hunting and fishing to cultivating the land; there was a slight transformation of natural landscapes.

3) the Middle Ages - an increase in the load on the land, the development of crafts; it took a wider involvement in the economic cycle of natural resources.

4) 300 years ago - the industrial revolution: the rapid transformation of natural landscapes; increasing human impact on the environment.

5) from the middle of the 20th century - the current stage of the scientific and technological revolution: fundamental changes in the technical base of production; there are sharp shifts in the "society - natural environment" system.

At present, the active role of man in the use of nature is reflected in nature management as a special area of ​​economic activity.

Nature management - a set of measures taken by society to study, protect, develop and transform the environment.

Types of nature management:

1) rational;

2) irrational.

Rational environmental management is an attitude towards nature, which means, first of all, concern for maintaining the ecological balance in the environment and completely excludes the perception of nature as an inexhaustible pantry.

This concept implies intensive development of the economy - "in depth", due to more complete processing of raw materials, reuse of production and consumption waste, the use of low-waste technologies, the creation of cultural landscapes, the protection of animal and plant species, the creation of nature reserves, etc.

For your information:

· There are more than 2.5 thousand large nature reserves, reserves, natural and national parks in the world, which together occupy an area of ​​2.7% of the earth's land. The largest national parks in terms of area are located in Greenland, Botswana, Canada, and Alaska.

· In the most developed countries, the use of secondary raw materials in the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, glass, paper, and plastics already reaches 70% or more.

Irrational environmental management is an attitude towards nature, which does not take into account the requirements of environmental protection, its improvement (consumer attitude towards nature).

This approach assumes an extensive way of economic development, i.e. "in breadth", due to the involvement in the economic turnover of more and more geographical areas and natural resources.

Examples of such a relationship:

Deforestation;

The process of desertification due to excessive grazing;

Extermination of some species of plants and animals;

Pollution of water, soil, atmosphere, etc.

For your information:

· It is estimated that one person “has away” about 200 trees in his life: for housing, furniture, toys, notebooks, matches, etc. Only in the form of matches, the inhabitants of our planet annually burn 1.5 million cubic meters of wood.

· For each inhabitant of Moscow, on average, 300-320 kg of garbage per year, in Western Europe - 150-300 kg, in the USA - 500-600 kg. Each city dweller in the USA throws away 80 kg of paper, 250 metal cans, 390 bottles per year.

Currently, most countries are pursuing a policy of rational environmental management; special bodies for environmental protection have been created; environmental programs and laws, various international projects are being developed.

And the most important thing that a person must learn in his interaction with the natural environment is that all the continents of the planet are interconnected, disturbing the balance on one of them, the other also changes. The slogan “Nature is a workshop, and man is a worker in it” has lost its meaning today.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the countries of Western Europe.

Western Europe is more than 20 states distinguished by historical, ethnic, natural, economic, social and cultural originality.

The largest countries in the region: Germany, Italy, France, Spain, Great Britain, Sweden, etc.

Characteristics of the Western Europe region:

1) Economic and geographical position:

a) the region is located on the continent of Eurasia, in the west of Europe;

b) most of the countries have access to the seas, which are the main areas of world shipping (the Atlantic Ocean connects Europe with America, the Mediterranean Sea - Africa and Asia, the Baltic Sea - with the countries of Europe);

c) the region under consideration borders on other economically developed regions, which positively affects the development of its economy;

d) the region is in relative proximity to many developing countries, which means proximity to sources of raw materials and cheap labor.

2) Natural conditions and resources:

Relief: a combination of flat and mountainous terrain;

· Mineral resources: distributed unevenly, some of the deposits are depleted.

Industrial stocks: oil and gas (France, the Netherlands); coal (the Ruhr basin in Germany, the Welsh and Newcastle in Great Britain, etc.); iron ore (Great Britain, Sweden); non-ferrous metal ores (Germany, Spain, Italy); potassium salts (Germany, France). In general, the provision of this region is worse than that of North America and other regions.

soils: very fertile (brown forest, brown, gray-brown);

· land resources: most of the land is occupied by arable land and pastures.

climate: the predominance of a temperate climatic zone, in the south - subtropical, in the north - subarctic; summer temperatures (8-24 degrees above zero) and winter (from minus 8 to plus 8 degrees); rainfall varies from 250 to 2000 mm per year;

agro-climatic resources: favorable for growing crops such as rye, wheat, flax, potatoes, corn, sunflower, sugar beets, grapes, citrus fruits (in the south), etc. As a result, we can say that the region is well provided with heat and moisture, except for the southern part.

water: rivers (Rhine, Danube, Seine, Loire, etc.); lakes (Geneva and others); glaciers (in the mountains);

· water resources: the provision of resources for the total river flow per capita is 2.5-50 thousand cubic meters per year, which indicates a good, but uneven supply.

· forests: mixed, broad-leaved and coniferous;

· forest resources: forests occupy 30% of the territory, most of them are cut down; the largest reserves are in Sweden and Finland.

· resources of the World Ocean: in the area of ​​the North Sea and the shelf zone of the Bay of Biscay, oil and gas are produced; most of the seas have significant fish resources.

· non-traditional energy resources: geothermal sources in Iceland and Italy; promising use of wind energy in France and Denmark.

Recreational resources:

· Western Europe is the center of world tourism, 65% of the world's tourists are in France, Spain, Italy, etc.

3) Population:

a) number - over 300 million people;

b) population density - from 10 to 200 people/square km;

c) II type of reproduction; fertility, mortality and natural increase are low;

d) the predominance of the female population;

e) population aging;

f) Indo-European language family:

Language groups and peoples: Germanic (Germans, English), Romance (French, Italians);

· interethnic problems in the countries: Spain (Basques), France (Corsicans), Great Britain (northern part of Ireland);

Religions: Protestantism, Catholicism;

g) the level of urbanization is about 80%; largest cities: Rotterdam, Paris, Rome, Madrid, etc.

h) the region of Western Europe is a global hotbed of labor migration (labor entry);

i) labor resources: (highly qualified)

40-60% are employed in services and trade;

30-35% - in industry and construction;

5-10% - in agriculture.

4) Economy:

Western Europe is one of the economic and financial centers of the world; in terms of economic development, the region has recently begun to lag behind the United States and Japan.

Conditions affecting development:

High technological level;

Highly qualified personnel;

Availability of unique natural resources;

Greater flexibility and adaptability of the production structure of small and medium-sized firms to the needs of the world market.

Industries:

a) energy is based on own and imported resources. In the countries of the north and south of Europe, water resources are of great importance. Iceland uses geothermal energy. The region leads the world in the development of nuclear energy.

b) ferrous metallurgy:

Areas of old developments: Ruhr in Germany, Lorraine in France;

Orientation towards the import of yellow ore led to a shift of enterprises to the sea: Taranto in Italy, Bremen in Germany.

c) non-ferrous metallurgy: uses ore concentrates from Africa and Asia (Germany, Belgium).

d) mechanical engineering determines the industrial face of Western Europe. The region produces everything from simple hardware to aircraft. The automotive industry is especially well developed: Volkswagen (Germany), Renault (France), Fiat (Italy), Volvo (Sweden).

e) chemical industry: Germany - production of dyes and plastics, France - synthetic rubber, Belgium - chemical fertilizers and soda, Sweden and Norway - wood chemistry, Switzerland - pharmaceuticals.

Agriculture is characterized by high productivity and diversity. Only tropical agricultural products and feed grains are imported. Animal husbandry predominates (cattle, sheep breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming). Crops used in crop production: wheat, barley, corn, potatoes, sugar beets (France, Germany), grapes, olives, olives (Italy, Spain).

Transport is highly developed. The role of road and sea transport is great (ports: Rotterdam, Marseille, Le Havre, etc.). The share of pipeline and air transport is increasing. A dense transport network has been developed.

5) Internal differences of the region:

Highly developed: Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy;

Medium developed: Sweden, Spain, etc.;

Less developed: Portugal, Greece.

6) External economic relations: the countries are united in the European Union; there is a high level of regional integration within the Common European Economic Space.

3. Determining and comparing the average population density of the two countries (at the choice of the teacher) and explaining the reasons.

Take for example - Algeria and France, and compare their performance.

uneven population density

From 200 to 600 people / square meter (on the coast);

From 1 person/sq.m. and less (the rest);

Factors that influenced this distribution of people across the territory:

1) natural: dry, hot climate, a small amount of water, infertile soils in the predominant territory of Algeria do not contribute to high density in the given continental conditions of the northern part of the African continent; a significant increase in density on the Mediterranean coast (north of the country), is a consequence of a milder climate, large reserves of drinking water, etc.;

2) historical: for a long time most of Algeria has been a nomadic area.

population density is high, its distribution is more uniform than in Algeria:

From 50 to 200 people per square meter (average for the country);

Up to 600 people per square meter or more (in the Paris area);

Factors that influenced this distribution:

1) natural: favorable climate, sufficient rainfall, no sudden temperature changes, as in the deserts of Algeria; fertile soils; abundance of rivers, lakes; access to the seas;

2) historical: the prescription of the development of this territory;

3) economic: industrialized region.

The 3rd question in the ticket is most clearly considered using examples of countries that are quite contrasting in all respects (natural, economic, historical, social, etc.) - such as the countries of Africa, Asia in comparison with the states of Western Europe.

Ticket number 5