Races on Earth (Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid and Australoid; mixed). On the formation of the Caucasoid, Negroid, Mongoloid and other races (a look two years later) - Earth before the Flood: Disappeared Continents and Civilizations Negroids and Caucasians sa

Korean legends about the origin of the Korean nation

"Sons of Heaven" also left traces of their stay in Korea and China. In Korea they were the “people” of the son of the Supreme Heavenly Ruler Haneul (Hvanin), Hvanun. According to the ancient records "Samguk Yusa" ("Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms") by the Buddhist monk Iren (XIII century), in ancient times, Hwanung, together with three thousand servants, descended from the sky to Mount Taeboksan (Pektusan), built the divine city of Sinsi there and began to rule Korea.
At that time they lived on the mountaina bear and a tiger who really wanted to turn into people(Most likely, this is how some intelligent creatures that do not look like people are described). Hwanung told them that if they spent one hundred days in a dark cave eating only garlic and wormwood, their wish would be granted. The bear kept this vow and turned into a beautiful woman, while the tiger lacked stamina.The bear woman married Hwanung and bore him a son named Tangun, who founded the city of Pyongyang and the kingdom of Joseon,later called Ancient Joseon.

Ancient Joseon is a state founded by the legendary progenitor of the Korean nation Tangun, in contrast to the later state of Joseon, which existed in 1392-1910. AD The official Korean historiography traces the political history of Korea from the ancient Joseon. However, questions about the ethno-cultural affiliation of this state, the time of its formation and even its location cause controversy (according to one of the theories, it was outside Korea). It is believed that in 108 BC. Ancient Joseon was captured by the Chinese Han Dynasty and ceased to exist.

The successors of Tangun, according to the Korean medieval writings "Samguk saga" ("Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms") by the Korean historian Kim Busik (XII century) and "Samguk yusa", were cultural heroes. A characteristic feature of the myths about cultural heroes contained in these works (Tongmyeong, Jumong, Tharhae, Pak Hyokkose, etc.) is the story of the “immaculate conception”. Heroes are born from a cloud that falls on a mother, from a sunbeam that illuminates her, from a rainbow, and so on.Most often, mothers give birth to eggs (in Samguk sagi the weight of such an egg is indicated - about 9 kg), from which children hatch, breaking them. The cycle of these myths received a special name in Korean literature - "ansen sorhwa" or "legends about those born from eggs."
Other children from which heroes grow up appear from under the stones (one of the Buyeo rulers, Geunwa), from the dragon's rib (the wife of the first van Silla, Aren).Some of them resemble a golden frog or snail (Kumva), others are some kind of creature with a bird's beak (Aren).
Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that the Korean nation, most likely, was also formed by a mixture of human-like solar gods, some furry (?) sentient beings, and egg-laying serpent-men, with the predominance of the latter. Mixing with each other, they formed several branches and sub-races of the Asian-American race in Korea and neighboring territories (primarily China).

Historical chronicles of China about the ancestors of the Chinese nation

A particularly large number of mixed marriages between the "sons of heaven" - humanoid solar gods (legendary emperors, rulers and their people) and various types of snake people - dragons (moons) and other intelligent creatures of the antediluvian Earth are attested in the historical chronicles of China (in the ancient treatise "Shan hai jing” (“The Book of Mountains and Seas”, IV-II centuries BC), in the poetry of Qu Yuan (IV century BC), ancient historical and philosophical writings “Shujing” (“Book of History” , XIV-XI centuries BC), "I Ching" ("Book of Changes", VIII-VII centuries BC), "Zhuanzi" (IV-III centuries BC), “Letsy” (IV century BC - IV century AD), “Huainanzi” (“Philosophers from Huinan”, II century BC), “Critical judgments” by Wang Chung (I century n. e.), etc.).
One of the first such marriages, apparently, was the marriage of the heavenly ruler, the legendary ruler of China Fuxi, whom I attributed to the sun gods, and the serpentine goddess of the Earth Nyuwa, who in most drawings, bas-reliefs and statues was depicted with a snake tail (sometimes in the form of a frog). ). According to legend, they entered into a marriage union after the flood in order to revive the lost humanity.
All further mythological history (or just history, if you followConfucian worldview)China was an alternation of periods of rule of solar humanoid gods and different types of serpentine gods (see about this in the section "Gods and deities"). At the same time, during the reign of the solar gods, they had serpentine assistants who exercised the actual control of the country, and during the reign of the serpentine gods (amphibian snake people, dragons or half-human half-dragons), the formal supreme power remained with the white gods who lived in the north. And only, apparently, during the reign of the "heavenly emperor" Huangdi, whom I attributed in the book "" to the leaders of the Daitya space invaders(humanoid demons), all power was concentrated in the hands of the aliens.
It is quite natural that such close cooperation between the solar and serpentine gods (see also) was consolidated by interdynastic marriages between their leaders, as well as marriages between ordinary humanoid and serpentine creatures. From the children born from such marriages, the Chinese royal dynasties and the most ancient families led their genealogy.
The most striking examples of inter-dynastic marriages include the marriages of the legendary Chinese emperor - a dragon (a creature with a bird's head and a monkey's body, which had one leg and horns on its head)Dee Kooor Di Jun. He had several wives, one of whom, apparently, was from the Zoutu clan.apsara, the other, E-huang, was considered the ancestor of the Country of three-bodies - Sanypengo (the people of this country had one head and three bodies), the third - Chang-si - the goddess of the moon. The sons and grandsons of Di Ku (Di Jun) founded many countries in the Eastern Desert - Zhongzhong, Siyu, Baimin (Country of the White People) and Hei-chi (Country of the Black-toothed). In the Southern Plain, they founded the Land of the Three-Bodied and Jili. In the Western Desert - the country of Zhou.
Another example of inter-dynastic marriages during the reign of Di Ku (Di Jun) is the marriage of the son of the supreme Heavenly Lord Shandi (Dyaus), the divine shooter Yi Hou or Yi, whom I compared with Indra, with the moon goddess Chang E, associated in legends with a toad.
Another example of inter-dynastic marriages is the marriage of the legendary Chinese emperor, half-human, half-dragon, Shun, with the two daughters of the previous legendary emperor, Yao, whom I referred to as human-like sun gods.

Shun's brother, Xiang ("elephant") is described as a creature with a huge head, an ugly, like a toad's mouth, a long trunk, large ears, sharp tusks and a wild, indomitable temper. Shun himself had double pupils, for which he was called "double brilliance".

The last Chinese legendary emperor Yu, the son of the dragon Gun (who was his mother, is not reported), was also half-human, half-dragon, who, according to the entry in Shujing, along with his fatherstopped the flood, and then "within 13 years" eliminated its consequences.

Yu became the first emperor of the mythical Xia dynasty; each successive emperor was considered an incarnation of the dragon Yuya.

Of particular note is the predecessor of Di Ku (Di Jun), the legendary emperorZhuan Xu(dragon), which born with a spear and a shield on his head” (looks like a Triceratops dinosaur). He had fused legs, eyebrow ribs. According to one legend, his father Han-lu had “the neck is long, the ears are small, the face of a man, but with a pig snout, the body of a unicorn is a qilin, both legs have grown together and resembled the hooves of a pig ... Zhuan Xu's appearance was a bit like his father'. In many legends, Zhuan-xu is associated with water, from which it can be concluded that he belonged toamphibious snake people.
Ancient sources mention three sons of Zhuan-xu and his other descendants of very strange appearance, for example, the San-myanybi tribe of three-faced and one-armed. Zhuan-xu's assistant Li had a son named Ye. He had a human face, but no arms, and two inverted legs grew on top of his head. Among the descendants of Zhuan-xu there are also brother and sister with two heads, four arms and four legs. Their children and grandchildren looked like their parents, and these strange people became the ancestors of the Mengshuangshi tribe, that is, fused.
One of Zhuan-xu's innovations was the ban on marriages between brothers and sisters that had been practiced before, the introduction of polygamy and the capture of concubines from "all parts of the world." In the book "Earth before the Flood - the world of sorcerers and werewolves”I suggested that in this way Zhuan-xu tried to “ennoble” his race, perhaps to give it features similar to humanoid gods. It is not necessary to say how many mestizos should have appeared as a result of such marriages. They then, apparently, formed, together with descendants from other mixed marriages, several branches and subraces of the Asiatic-American race in China.

I invite everyone to further discuss this material on the pages

© A.V. Koltypin, 20 11

I, the author of this work, A.V. Koltypin, I authorize you to use it for any purposes not prohibited by the current legislation, provided that my authorship and a hyperlink to the site are indicated or http://earthbeforeflood.com

Readmy work "The great antediluvian civilizations of the Fomorians, Rakshases, Vievichi and Nagas. General characteristics and their role in world history"
Read also my later work"The most important catastrophe in the history of the Earth, during which humanity appeared. When did it happen", including the section "Description of the catastrophe that led to the change of the old and new worlds and the emergence of modern humanity, in the legends of different peoples: the creation of a new world and new people"

As you know, there are 4 large races in the world: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid and Australoid (for example, the natives of Australia belong to it). The descendants of interracial marriages are called mestizos, but, as a rule, mestizos are understood to be the descendants of Caucasians and Mongoloids. The descendants of Negroids and Caucasians are called mulattoes. As for the Australoids, for example, the Polynesians (Maori, etc.) or the Filipinos are a mixture of three races: Australoid, Mongoloid and Caucasoid (see and rating).
Negroids practically did not mix with the Mongoloid and Australoid races. This is due to the fact that that part of Africa, which is inhabited by Negroids, from the north and east borders on territories inhabited by Caucasian peoples. The only region where a mixture of Negroids and Mongoloids occurred is the island of Madagascar off the southeast coast of Africa. In the first millennium of our era, immigrants from Indonesia penetrated Madagascar by sea, where they mixed with the Negroid representatives of the Bantu tribes. The inhabitants of Madagascar are called Malagasy, there are about 20 million of them.
The second wave of mixing of Mongoloids and Negroids occurred in America by mixing people from Africa and Indians. The descendants of such marriages in Latin America are called sambos, and in the USA they are called black Indians.
Another small proportion of mixed Negroid-Mongoloid marriages are the offspring of marriages between African Americans and Asians. The offspring of such marriages are called Afroasiatics (Malagasy also fit the definition of "Afroasiatics").
This rating contains the most beautiful, in my opinion, Afro-Asian and black Indian women. There is also a representative of the Malagasy. The rating includes only those girls who do not have Caucasian roots. What an Afro-Asian woman with European roots looks like can be seen in the example of Noemie Lenoir, who is included in.

12th place. Radmilla Cody- singer and model from the second largest Indian people in the United States - the Navajo. In 1997, she won the Miss Navajo title, which evaluates not so much beauty as knowledge of the Navajo language and traditions. Radmilla's father is an African American, his mother is from the Navajo people.

11th place. Nataly Andria(born February 3, 1985, Madagascar) is a French singer of Malagasy origin. Her real last name is Andrianaivoson.

10th place. Thelma Aoyama(born October 27, 1987, Japan) is a Japanese singer. Her male grandfather is from Trinidad and Tobago.

9th place. Natasha Shanta Reid(born May 31, 1981, USA), better known as Yoon Mi-rae, is a South Korean singer. Her father is African American and her mother is Korean.

8th place. Ananda Lewis(born March 21, 1973, USA) is an American TV presenter and model. She has African-American and Native American roots (her ancestors from among the Indian peoples are Creeks and Blackfoot).

7th place. Anya Ayoung Chee(born October 17, 1981, USA) - Trinidadian fashion designer, TV presenter, model, Miss Trinidad and Tobago 2008. Has Chinese roots.

6th place. Leona Mitchell(born October 13, 1949, USA) is an American opera singer. Has African American and Indian (Chickasaw people) roots.

5th place. Crystal Kay(born February 26, 1986, Japan) is a Japanese singer and actress. However, she has no Japanese roots. Her father is African American and her mother is Korean.

4th place. Ariana Miyamoto- Miss Japan 2015, the representative of Japan at the Miss Universe 2015 pageant, where she entered the top 10. Ariana was born in Nagasaki, Japan on May 12, 1994. Her father was an African American who served at that time at the US Navy base in Japan, and her mother was Japanese. After winning the Miss Japan contest, the girl was criticized for her non-Japanese appearance. This is due to the fact that Miyamoto became the first mestizo to win the national beauty contest, although this has long become the norm in Europe, the USA and Canada.

3rd place. Julia Jones /Julia Jones(b. January 23, 1981, USA) is an American actress who became famous after her role as Lea Clearwater in the film "The Twilight Saga: Eclipse" (2010). Has African American and Native American (Chickasaw and Choctaw) roots.

2nd place. Chanel Iman / Chanel Iman(born December 1, 1990, USA) is an American top model who took part in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show three times. Vogue Paris magazine included her in the top 30 best models of the 2000s. Chanel Iman's father is African American, her mother is half Korean, half African American.

1 place. Naomi Campbell / Naomi Campbell(born May 22, 1970, UK) is a British supermodel. For the most part, Naomi Campbell's ancestors are Afro-Jamaican, also has Chinese roots (her male grandmother was Chinese).

On planet Earth, there is a huge variety of nationalities, which are characterized by a certain religion, traditions, cultural values. Races are a broader concept, uniting people according to morphological characteristics. They were formed as a result of evolution and socio-historical development of the population. The racial affiliation of a person has always been of interest, anthropology studies its origin, formation, signs.

concept

The etymology of the word "race" appeared from the middle of the 19th century as a result of borrowing from the French language "race", the German language "rasse". The further fate of the word is unknown. However, there is a version that the concept comes from the Latin word "generatio", which means "the ability to give birth."

A race is such a system of human populations, which is characterized by similarity in hereditary biological characteristics (external phenotype), which were formed in a certain geographical area.

Morphological features that allow dividing the population into groups include:

• height;
• body type;
• the structure of the skull, face;
• skin color, eyes, hair, their structure.

Do not confuse the concepts of nationality, nation and race. The latter may include representatives of different nationalities and cultures.

The significance of races lies in the formation of adaptive features in the population that facilitate existence in a certain territory. The study of groups of people with identical morphological features is carried out by the section of anthropology - racial studies. Science considers the definition, classification, how they appeared, the factors of development and the formation of racial characteristics.

What are the races: the main types and resettlement

Until the 20th century, the number of races in the world was 4, depending on the characteristic features. Large groups united representatives of humanity, while differences in appearance often became the reason why strife and conflicts occurred between peoples.

The main races of people that are on earth, taking into account the territory of settlement, are shown in the table:

There are no Negroids outside the African continent. Australoids are located within a certain range. The percentage of races on earth was distributed according to the following indicators:

• Asian population - 57%;
• Europeans (without Russia) - 21%;
• Americans - 14%;
• Africans - 8%;
• Australians - 0.3%.

There are no inhabitants in Antarctica.

Modern classification

After the 20th century, the following classification became widespread, which includes 3 racial types. This phenomenon is due to the unification of the Negroid and Australoid groups into mixed races.

Allocate modern varieties of races:

• large (European, mixture of Asian and Negroid, equatorial race - Australo-Negroid);
• small (different types that were formed from other races).

The racial division includes 2 trunks: western and eastern.

• Caucasians;
• negroids;
• capoids.

The eastern stem includes Americanoids, Australoids and Mongoloids. According to anthropological characteristics, Indians belong to the Americanoid race.

There is no generally accepted classification of separation according to various characteristics, which is considered direct evidence of the continuity of biological processes of variability.

Signs of human races

Racial features include many characteristics of the human structure, which are formed under the influence of the hereditary factor and the influence of the environment. Biology studies the external signs of the human appearance.

Races have been of interest to specialists since ancient times. Their distinctive features, description, pictures, help to understand the race of a particular person.

Caucasoid

Representatives of white people are characterized by a light or swarthy skin tone. The hair is straight or wavy from light to dark in color. In men, hair grows on the face. The shape of the nose is narrow and protruding, the lips are thin. belong to this race.

There are sub-races of the Caucasoid race:

• southern Caucasian;
• northern european.

The first type is characterized by dark, and the second - light hair, eyes and skin.

The appearance of a classical European is personified by the Falian race. The Falids are a variety of the Cro-Magnid race, which has undergone Nordic influence. The second name of this subtype is northern Cro-Magnid. They differ from the Nordids by a low and wide face, a low-set bridge of the nose, a pronounced red skin tone, a steep forehead, a short neck and a massive body.

Falids are common in the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Iceland, Germany, the western part of the Baltic states. In Russia, falids are rare.

australoid

Australoids include the Veddoids, Polynesians, Ainu, Australians, and Melanisians.

There are several features of the Australoid race:

• The skull is elongated in relation to other parts of the body - dolichocephaly.
• The eyes are set wide apart, the incision is wide with a dark or black iris.
• A wide nose with a pronounced flat bridge of the nose.
• Body hair is developed.
• Dark coarse hair, sometimes blond due to a genetic mutation. Hair may be slightly curly or curly.
• Average height, sometimes above average.
• Lean and lean physique.

It is difficult to recognize a representative of the Australoid race due to the mixing of different nations.

Mongoloid

Mongoloid people have special features that allow them to adapt to difficult climatic conditions: sands and winds in the desert, snow drifts.

The characteristics of the Mongoloid appearance include a number of features:

• Oblique cut of the eyes.
• On the inner corner of the eye there is an epicanthus - a fold of skin.
• Light, dark brown iris.
• Short-headedness (a feature of the structure of the skull).
• Thickened, strongly protruding ridges above the eyebrow.
• Weak hair on the face and body.
• Dark straight hair with a rigid structure.
• A narrow nose with a low nose bridge.
• Narrow lips.
• Yellow or swarthy skin.

A distinguishing feature is a small growth.

Yellow-skinned Mongoloids predominate in numbers among the population.

Negroid

The fourth group is characterized by a list of features:

• Blue-black coloring of the skin due to the increased content of the pigment - melanin.
• The eyes are large in shape with a wide slit, black or dark brown.
• Rigid, curly black hair.
• Short stature.
• Long arms.
• Flat, wide nose.
• Lips are thick.
• The jaw protrudes forward.
• Ears are large.

On the face, the hairline is not developed, the beard and mustache are weakly expressed.

Origin

For a long period of time, people with white skin were considered representatives of the superior race. On the basis of this, military conflicts were unleashed in the struggle for the first race on earth. Entire peoples were mercilessly exterminated for the right to dominate the planet.

Note some interesting facts about the origin of races. The German anthropologist F. Blumenbach considered the most beautiful representatives of the Georgians. There is a special term "Caucasian race", which is considered the most numerous.

Mixing of blood of representatives of different groups is common. For example, mulatto is a term for a mixture of an Asian and a European. A mixture of a Negroid and a Mongoloid race is defined by Sambo, and a Caucasoid and a Mongoloid is a mestizo.

Of interest is the question of which race the Indians belong to - they were formed from the Australoid group.

Rasens are one of the well-known varieties of the Great Race. In world history, her descendants were called Tyrrhenians.

The appearance of the Rasen is characterized by a number of features:

• Brown eyes;
• dark blond or dark brown hair;
• short stature.

Most often, racens have 2 blood types. The representatives of this race are characterized by steadfastness, strong spirit and rage, which contributed to a high level of military readiness.

They act as an East Slavic ethnic group. In terms of numbers, this is the most numerous people on the planet. According to Wikipedia, there are a total of 133 million representatives of Russian nationality.

Racism

Deciphering racism: "Discrimination against people on the basis of ethnic origin, skin color, culture, citizenship, religion and mother tongue."

The term refers to reactionary ideology and politics, which is aimed at the justified exploitation of people.

Racism flourished in the middle of the 19th century in America and England, Germany and France. It was this that served as ideological support for the slave trade, the seizure of land by colonies in Oceania, Australia, Asia, Africa, and America.

Racists adhere to the ideology that there is a certain relationship between mental, intellectual, social qualities and physical structure. Higher and lower races were distinguished.

Adherents of the racist ideology believed that initially pure races arose, and later a mixture of peoples formed new ones. Children appeared with combined features of appearance.

It is believed that the mestizo is different from its blood parents:

• attractive appearance;
• poor adaptation to the conditions of existence;
• predisposition to genetic diseases;
• low reproductive function, blocking further mixing of blood;
• possible homosexual preferences.

The problem of incest is a crisis of self-identification: during military conflicts, it is difficult to determine a person to one citizenship and nationality.

Crossbreeding is noted constantly and as a result, transitional types appear at the boundaries of the ranges, smoothing out the differences.

The mixing of races from the point of view of science is considered as the species unity of people, their relationship and fertility of offspring. However, the problem is the possible disappearance of a small people or a small branch of a large race.

Racism is contrary to the ideals of any human society. It is a global problem for mankind.

In early historical times, the existence of "pure" races was limited to areas that were equidistant from the areas of other races and corresponded to areas of ancient continents.

Obviously, it was precisely because of geographical disunity during the Late Paleolithic that the process of race formation, which began at the first stages of human history, ended, and three main human races took shape - Caucasoid, Negroid and Mongoloid.

Due to the mixing of races, the Caucasoid race has a number of small races, most of which were formed in the process of contacts with other races and formed the so-called. transitional races - in the south Caucasoid-Negroid, in the east - Caucasoid-Mongoloid. Similar processes were going on between other races.

The emergence of the Negroid and Mongoloid races

The place of origin of the Negroid race is not difficult to find - The oldest population of the Sahara was Negroid.

In the 4th millennium BC. in the river valley The Nile gradually formed the ancient Egyptian state. The countries to the west of Egypt were inhabited by Libyan tribes - fair-haired, called by the Egyptians temehu (tiumah), and dark-haired and swarthy - tehenu.

The place of origin of the Mongoloid race is also not difficult to determine - American the indigenous population - the Indians - belong to the Mongoloid race , revealing a special resemblance to the ancient proto-Mongoloid type . However, the Mongoloid race is also common in Asia.

Actually Mongoloid races in Asia are divided into two main groups - continental and Pacific. The North Asian and Central Asian races stand out in the composition of the continental Mongoloids. An intermediate position between the continental and Pacific Mongoloids is occupied by the Arctic (Eskimo) race. The northern groups of the Pacific Mongoloids unite into the Far Eastern, or East Asian, race.

The southern groups of the Pacific Mongoloids, which are part of the South Asian, or Malay race, reveal many Australoid (Negroid) features - that is, the consequences of the process of mixing of races that took place. For example, Mongoloid and Australoid components took part in the formation of the racial composition of the Japanese. In eastern Indonesia, intensive miscegenation of Pacific Mongoloids with Papuans also led to the formation of intermediate populations.

* * *

Thusthe Negroid race was formed in southern Africa, and the Mongoloid race - in America. Their emergence in its original form was facilitated by local features of living conditions. The levels of civilization they reached were also conditioned by the local conditions of life. And their earlier penetration into the territory of Eurasia and further, into the territory of the Russian Plain, was hindered by natural sea barriers that made the ancient continents territorially fragmented.

The emergence of the Caucasian race

Incredible as it may seem, it is also not difficult to determine the place of origin of the Caucasoid race. almost the entire population of Europe belongs to the large Caucasoid race, which is divided into several small races.

Neither in Africa, nor in Australia, nor in the Americas, nor in the Mongoloid part of Asia, the presence of a person of the Caucasoid race was noted by a time earlier than the 10th millennium BC. In Africa and America there were centers of origin of their own races.

Meanwhile, Europe is the western part of the Eurasian continent, extending in the east to the Ural Mountains. That is, the basis of Europe (more than half of its territory) is the Russian platform - in ancient times the Russian continent.

The Russian platform has been inhabited since 70 - 50 thousand BC. almost exclusively Russian (we call it by the name of the Russian Plain) people. That part of Europe, which is located west of the Russian platform, has been inhabited since 10 - 5 thousand BC, and especially actively - from the beginning of "our" era, settled by Russian tribes speaking the so-called. Indo-European languages, dating back to one language - Russian.

The European race is divided into three main groups: southern- with dark skin, dark eyes and hair; northern- with fair skin, a significant proportion of gray and blue eyes, light brown and blond hair; intermediate, which is characterized by medium-intensive pigmentation.

In Europe (in Rus') - the original Russian race was formed (what is now called the large Caucasoid race) over 50 thousand years old (according to the dating of Caucasoids from Russian sites).

On the territory of the Scandinavian countries, Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland, the Netherlands, in northern Germany, as well as in Estonia and Latvia, the Atlanto-Baltic race (actually the Russian race) is widespread. The population of the central regions of Western Europe and the European part of Russia (Rus' proper) refers mainly to various variants of the Central European (Russian) race.

The Balkan-Caucasian race, the result of a mixture of Caucasians with Mongoloids and Negroids, is represented in Yugoslavia, Northern Greece, Bulgaria, southern Austria and northern Italy, among the population living north, west and east of the Black Sea, in Western Iran.

Representatives of the Indo-Mediterranean race (a mixture of Caucasians with Negroids and partly Mongoloids) inhabit Spain, most of Italy, France, southern Greece, the Mediterranean islands, as well as North Africa, Arabia, Iraq, southern Iran, Northern India.

In Lithuania, partly in Latvia and throughout the north of the European part of Russia, the White Sea-Baltic race is widespread.

The features of the Ural race, mixed Mongoloid-Caucasoid, are expressed among the Lapps, Komi, Mari, Mordovians and Udmurts, who migrated to the areas of their modern settlement only by the 1st millennium AD. In the Volga basin, the penetration of elements of the South Siberian race (Mongoloids; from the first centuries AD) is noted. In southern Italy, an admixture of the equatorial (Negro-Austroloid) race was noted.

The presence of branches in a large Caucasoid race, its differentiation in time and space, speaks of a very late process of disintegration of this single race. So, the Pamir-Fergana race, one of the small races that make up the large Caucasoid race, spread throughout the Central Asian Mesopotamia. It is distinguished by relatively dark pigmentation - the result of mixing with Negroids (Australoids / Dravidians) and Mongoloids.

* * *

Thus, the Caucasoid race was originally formed on the territory of Rus' - on the territory of Arktogea, that is, the ancient Russian continent, which occupies the entire area of ​​​​the world's oldest Russian platform and is separated from Negroids and Mongoloids by natural water and mountain barriers.

In the sciences of the population of the world, on the basis of anthropological features, such largest communities of people are distinguished as race. Anthropology considers the definition of racial affiliation of ethnic groups in connection with territorial, evolutionary and morphological aspects.

Races- these are large territorial groups of people historically formed in the process of evolution, connected by a unity of origin and differing from each other in some minor external physical features that are inherited (hair shape and color, skin color, eye shape, features of the skeleton and soft tissues of the face, and other parts bodies).

In general biology, the concept race or variety- used to refer to a group of organisms that are similar to each other by virtue of their origin from common ancestors. The formation of external differences (shaping) at the early stages of the formation of races was subsequently fixed by the long-term territorial disunity of human groups that developed in different natural conditions.

All mankind is divided into 3 or 4 main big races:

Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid and Australoid.

Some anthropologists tend to unite in one big race - the Negroid and Australoid races, calling it equatorial.

Between these races there are numerous transitional forms, small races, sub-races. The selection of some of them causes heated scientific discussions. Often fall into the category of independent or mixed races: Australian, Bushman, Lappish, Negritos and Americanoid. In independent variants with a controversial origin stand out: Polynesian insular, Ainu (Kuril island), Ethiopian (East African), Veddo-Dravidian (South Indian).

In general, it is necessary to understand that in the process of the socio-historical development of the world, there has been and is a mixture of races, a change in racial characteristics, but all of humanity is single biological species homo sapiens sapiens .

Caucasoids- the white race, distinguished by wavy or straight soft hair of different shades, relatively fair skin, a wide variety of colors of the iris - from brown to light gray, blue and greenish. The hairline of the face is strongly developed (beard and mustache in men), the cheekbones protrude slightly, the nose is relatively narrow, protruding with a high nose bridge, thin lips. Most common in Europe, North Africa, North and South America, Asia, Australia.

Mongoloids- the yellow race, have straight coarse dark hair, yellowish skin, brown eyes, a flattened face with strongly protruding cheekbones. The facial hair is less developed, the lips are moderately thickened, the nose is narrow or of medium thickness with a low nose bridge. The eye section has a special structure - they are distinguished by the presence of a special skin fold that covers the lacrimal tubercle in the inner corners of the eyes ( epicanthus ) . According to some signs, the American Indians (Americanoids) are also close to the Mongoloids, in which the epicanthus is less developed, and the nose protrudes more sharply, the skin has a reddish tint. They belong to the American branch of the Mongoloid race. Mongoloids most densely inhabit Asia, North and South America, Oceania. They are divided into continental (lighter-skinned) and Pacific (dark-skinned) groups.

negroids- black race, distinguished by curly black hair, dark brown skin (of different shades), brown eyes. The face is flattened with protruding cheekbones and slightly protruding jaw part of the face ( prognathism ) , hairline on the face is poorly developed. The nose is wide, slightly protruding, the lips are thickened, plump. They inhabit Africa, North and South America.

australoids- carry a number of anthropological characteristics inherent in Negroids (broad nose and dark skin, curly hair, prognathism), as well as Caucasians (abundant hair on the face and body). Growth is below average. Australoids show the greatest genetic polymorphism – i.e. group diversity of combinations of various racial characteristics (Negroid, Mongoloid and Indo-Caucasoid). They inhabit Australia and Oceania, south of Hindustan and Southeast Asia (negritos of Malacca, Andaman, Nicobar and Philippine Islands). They constitute a large Negroid-Australoid or Equatorial race.

In addition, in the course of the historical development of society, as a result of the migration of people and interracial contacts (marriages, captures of slaves, etc.), many transitional interracial types were formed. It is sometimes difficult for anthropologists to determine which large race an individual belongs to. For example, centuries-old contacts of Caucasoids (Slavs, Persians) and Mongoloids from the central and eastern parts of Asia caused the emergence of transitional forms ( Buryats, Uzbeks). Contacts of the Caucasoid-Arabs of North Africa with the Negroids of Central and East Africa created intermediate forms ( Ethiopians, Sudanese) . As a result of contacts of Austroloids with Mongoloids - immigrants from Southeast Asia, and sometimes with Caucasoids, Polynesians and Micronesians, Negroids with Mongoloids - Melonesians, Papuans new guinea, Negritos Andaman Islands. In Mexico, Colombia, Peru, the proportion of the population that has features of the Mongoloid (Indian) and Caucasoid races is growing. Descendants from the marriages of the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors with the Indians of Central and South America, as well as from the marriages of Russian colonists with Indians, Aleuts and Eskimos in Alaska are traditionally called Creoles. The descendants born from mixed marriages between people of the Caucasian and Negroid races in America are called mulattos. In general, the offspring of mixed marriages between people of different races (and animals of different breeds) are called mestizos.

Racial factors. Considering the problem of the formation and consolidation of racial differences, anthropologists believe that in the process of human evolutionary development, the division of a single race in its origin began only at the end of the Old Stone Age (100 - 50 thousand years ago) in the process sapientization and the development of new landscape territories by different populations of people and mixing with other groups of paleoanthropes. Many racial traits that arose through mutations acquired an adaptive value and, as a result of natural selection, were fixed in groups of ancient people who lived for thousands of years in a certain geographical environment. The features of the Negroids and Australoids developed in the conditions of the hot, humid climate of the equatorial regions. From the harmful effects of solar radiation could protect dark skin, as well as finely wavy or curly hair, forming on the head protecting from overheating "hat", similar to felt. In the hot climate of the tropics, thickened lips and wide-open nostrils had an adaptive value for increased evaporation. In the Negroid race, a distinctive feature is the slightly protruding upper and lower jaws - prognathism, which was formed due to the peculiarities of the diet. In the Mongoloid race, which was formed in the open area of ​​the steppes and semi-deserts, an adaptive role was played by epicanthus- developed fold of the upper eyelid, protecting the lacrimal tubercle and eye from bright sunlight, winds and sandstorms. Like the Negroids, the Mongoloids have a brown or dark brown iris that is more resistant to solar radiation. In the Caucasoid race, which inhabited the forest areas of the temperate zone, with a more severe and cold climate, the hair on the face and body could play an adaptive role, which to a certain extent contributed to the protection of a person from adverse weather conditions. As a result of the lack of sunlight and ultraviolet rays, the skin and hair acquired a relatively light hue, to flaxen in northern latitudes, the color of the iris of the eyes turned blue or green over time. According to anthropologists, natural selection stimulated an increase in the number and area of ​​settlement of precisely those groups that included a larger number of people with collective skills in economic and cultural activities - in gathering, hunting, fishing, building dwellings, and in military operations (Anthropology, 2003).