The invention relates to forestry. The method consists in the fact that at the age of 15-20 years in artificial or natural plantations of European spruce, having a high quality class (Ia-II), target trees are selected, which will be part of the main felling stand. Trees should be straight, healthy, with a good shape of the trunk and a uniform, well-rounded crown. These trees should be evenly distributed over the area and not have large branches and twigs. On selected trees, in order to maximize the production of valuable wood using a pole pruner, 3-stage pruning of branches and branches is carried out to a height of 2 m, after 5 years to 4 m and after another 5 years to 6 m. Thus, by the 25-30-year-old age, a 6-meter knot-free zone of the butt of the trunk should be formed, while in each step at least 8-10 upper live whorls are left on the tree. The method provides an improvement in the resonance properties of European spruce.
The invention relates to forestry. The method of formation of European spruce wood, which has resonant properties, consists in regular pruning of branches and branches of optimal intensity.
A known method of forming the resonant properties of spruce wood growing on swampy and excessively moistened lands, as a result of drainage reclamation [Fedyukov V.I. “Spruce is resonant. Root selection. Growing. Certification". Yoshkar-Ola: Publishing House of MarGTU. 1984. p. 156-162]. The disadvantage of this method is that drainage reclamation does not remove the main defect in the structure of wood - knots. Therefore, it is rather problematic to find a fragment of the knotless zone in wood.
The purpose of the present invention is a method of forming high quality knotless European spruce wood, which has resonant properties, by pruning. The essence of the method lies in the fact that at the age of 15-20 years in artificial or natural plantations of European spruce, having a high quality class (Ia-II), promising target trees are selected, which will be part of the main felling stand. Trees should be straight, healthy, with a good shape of the trunk and a uniform, well-rounded crown. These trees in the amount of 600-800 pieces/ha should be evenly distributed over the area and not have large branches and twigs.
On the selected trees, in order to maximize the production of valuable wood using a pole pruner, 3-stage pruning of branches and branches is carried out to a height of 2 m, after 5 years to 4 m and after another 5 years to 6 m. less than 8-10 upper living whorls. Thus, by the age of 25-30 years, a 6-meter knotless zone of the butt part of the trunk should be formed. Another variant of this method is one-stage pruning of branches up to a height of 6 m at the age of 25-30 years, but the final volume of high-quality wood will be lower. In this case, the removal of branches is carried out in the compensation and unproductive zones of the crown (2/5-1/2 length). You can also process a zone of medium productivity, leaving at least 1/3 of a living crown or 8-10 whorls on the tree.
After the felling of the main use, these trees are sawn by the method of radial cutting of a completely knot-free solid wood, from which it is possible to obtain resonant blanks for bowed and plucked instruments. The cost of 1 cu. m of resonant wood in the Russian Federation is 100-120 thousand rubles, abroad up to 150 thousand US dollars.
Under the natural conditions of European spruce growth, the content of such wood is quite limited, and therefore it has a high cost.
Regarding the time of year for pruning live branches, it should be recommended as the safest in pathogenic terms, the summer-autumn period (July - October), as well as the spring before the start of intensive sap flow (end of March - mid-May). Holding this event from mid-May to the end of June is unacceptable, because. during intensive sap flow, this leads to abundant juice and gum flow, as well as easy and frequent peeling of the bark, which can cause a danger of pathogenic infection. It is impossible to prune branches in winter, so as not to cause the wood to dry out through cuts. Removal of dry branches and branches can be carried out all year round.
As a result of 30 years of experience in growing high-quality wood by cutting branches up to 7 m, planted in 1985 in forest plantations of European spruce (Leningrad region, Gatchina forestry, Taitskoye forestry, apartment 28), wood has formed that has resonant properties.
In 1988, the experience of the formation of valuable wood in the natural stand of European spruce, planted in 1929 under the guidance of prof. A.V. Davydov (Leningrad region, Siversky forestry, Kartashevskoye forestry). As a result of 59 years of cultivation, wood was formed, which also had resonant properties. The average value of the acoustic constant was 11.4 m 4 /kgf (norm 12 m 4 /kgf). In a significant number of wood samples, the values of the acoustic constant exceeded this level.
A method for forming resonant European spruce wood, consisting of selecting promising target trees and regular 3-stage pruning of live branches of optimal intensity using a pole pruner at the age of 15-20 years up to 2 m, after 5 years up to 4 m and after 5 years up to 6 m, while at each reception leave at least 8-10 upper live whorls on the tree, in addition, pruning of live branches is carried out in the spring from late March to mid-May or in the summer-autumn period from July to October.
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The invention relates to forestry. The method consists in the fact that at the age of 15-20 years, in artificial or natural plantations of European spruce, having a high quality class, target trees are selected, which will be part of the main felling stand. Trees should be straight, healthy, with a good shape of the trunk and a uniform, well-rounded crown. These trees should be evenly distributed over the area and not have large branches and twigs. On selected trees, in order to maximize the production of valuable wood using a pole pruner, 3-stage pruning of branches and branches is carried out to a height of 2 m, after 5 years to 4 m and after another 5 years to 6 m. Thus, by the 25-30-year-old age, a 6-meter knot-free zone of the butt of the trunk should be formed, while in each step at least 8-10 upper live whorls are left on the tree. The method provides an improvement in the resonance properties of European spruce.
For the manufacture of plucked instruments of medium quality, you can use waste from woodworking enterprises, bars and boards of houses that are going to be scrapped, furniture parts and unusable containers.
However, these materials require appropriate drying and selection.
For the manufacture of tools of high and superior quality, it is necessary to use rare breeds that are purchased abroad.
Spruce
Decks of musical instruments and some other parts are made from resonant spruce.
Various types of spruce grow almost throughout Russia. Spruce, selected mainly in the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions, is used as a resonant one. The spruce of the northern regions of our country has the best physical and mechanical properties. One of its main advantages is the shallow annual layers, which provide a high modulus of elasticity and the suitability of wood as a resonant one.
Resonance logs are selected from the total mass of harvested logs in the lower warehouse of the timber industry. Selected logs are delivered to sawmills, where they are sawn into boards 16 mm thick. In order to obtain the greatest yield of wood, logs are sawn in six steps. An example of cutting a log with a diameter of 0.34-0.36 m is shown in the figure.
The absence of knots, tar pockets, graininess and other defects is a prerequisite for high-quality resonant wood.
Spruce wood is white with a slight yellowish tinge. In the open air, over time, it turns very yellow. Resonance spruce is planed and cycled over the layer very well. The cut is clean and glossy. After grinding, the spruce surface becomes velvety to the touch with a slight matte sheen.
Fir
In addition to spruce, Caucasian fir is also used as a resonant material. In appearance and physical and mechanical properties, Caucasian fir differs little from spruce.
Birch
Well-dried and seasoned birch wood is quite suitable for making fretboard handles and staves for the bodies of plucked musical instruments. In addition, birch wood is used to make plywood, which can serve as material for the bottom of guitars. Birch veneer is used for finishing tools in a clean and painted form.
Birch occupies 2/3 of the area of deciduous forests in our country. Warty birch and downy birch are of industrial importance.
White birch wood with a reddish, less often yellowish tint is well processed by a cutting tool. When stained, birch wood evenly absorbs the dye and gives an even tone.
Beech
Beech wood is widely used in the music industry. Handles, heels and heads of necks, stands, harp bodies and other parts of plucked instruments are industrially made of beech.
Beech grows in the southern and eastern parts of our country. Beech wood has a characteristic pattern (mottled) and a pinkish color. Beech wood has high physical and mechanical properties.
Beech is well processed with hand tools and polished. Its surface looks good under a transparent finish and accepts dyes satisfactorily, but retains unpainted areas (false nuclei) in the form of stripes.
Hornbeam
Due to its good stainability with black dyes, high hardness and strength, hornbeam wood is used as an imitation of ebony in the manufacture of fretboards, shells, etc.
The hornbeam grows in the Crimea and the Caucasus, as well as in Ukraine and Belarus. The color of hornbeam wood is white with a grayish tint. Hornbeam wood is planed well, but unlike ebony, it is poorly polished.
Maple
In terms of quantities consumed in the production of high-quality plucked instruments, maple is on a par with resonant spruce. Maple body guitars, domras, balalaikas, etc. give the instruments a high sound quality.
Of all the maple species, Norway maple and sycamore, or white maple, are most widely used. These types of maples grow in the Crimea and the Caucasus, as well as in Ukraine.
Maple wood is dense, viscous, and lends itself well to bending. The texture of Norway maple is narrow dark stripes on a gray-pink background. The texture of the sycamore maple is especially beautiful, which gives mother-of-pearl highlights under the lacquer coating. With the right coloring of the sycamore maple surface, this texture effect is enhanced.
Red tree
This name has a number of wood species that have a red color of different shades and intensities. The most common wood species from Central America under this name is American mahogany. With sufficiently high mechanical characteristics, mahogany wood can be used in the manufacture of fingerboards.
Radial cut mahogany under a clear finish looks great but is extremely awkward to work with. Layers of wood with an alternation of 1.5-3 cm go through one "into fervor". Thus, when planing with a hand tool, if the 1st and 3rd layers are planed "on the layer", then the 2nd and 4th - "in enthusiasm". Often, only planing with a cynubel, followed by enhanced grinding, makes it possible to prepare the mahogany surface for a fine finish.
rosewood
Very hard and mechanically strong rosewood wood with a beautiful chocolate-brown, brown, purple color turning into black has found application in the manufacture of fretboards and handles of fingerboards, shells, and in some cases the bodies of plucked instruments.
The rocks, united under the name rosewood, grow in the forests of South America. Rosewood is well machined and polished, but having large vessels on the cut surface, like mahogany, it requires a filling operation before finishing. When processed, it emits a specific sugary odor.
Ebony
This is the name of the breed of the ebony family. These breeds grow in South India. Ebony makes the best fretboards and grips, as well as shells. Very high physical and mechanical properties of wood give the tools the necessary strength and rigidity.
Increasing the weight of the neck in the case of using ebony shifts the center of gravity of the instrument towards the neck, which is especially appreciated by professional performers.
The shell made of ebony after high-quality polishing does not give any overtones from the plectrum that has jumped off the strings. The ebony fretboard doesn't wear out much, and it also holds the fretboards better.
With all the beauty of imported rocks, workers with them should be warned against splinters and sawdust getting into the eyes and respiratory tract. Many of them contain resins and oils in the wood that can cause irritation of the mucous membranes or abscesses if they get under the skin along with a splinter. Splinters should be pulled out immediately and cauterized with iodine tincture. When working with an electrified tool, it is recommended to wear goggles and a gauze bandage covering the mouth and nose.
Most often, resonant wood is used to make musical instruments - namely, their decks. The main musical instrument that has been made from this type of wood for centuries is the violin. The most suitable materials for obtaining resonant wood are pine, spruce, Siberian cedar, Caucasian fir and maple. If the wood has excellent acoustic properties, it can be used even if it has defects.
To date, resonant wood species are a unique natural raw material that is very expensive.
Russian manufacturers of musical instruments began searching for resonant wood in Russian forests as early as the beginning of the 20th century. As a result of the research, it was found that domestic raw materials in terms of their acoustic characteristics and quality are in no way inferior to foreign trees. The best physical and mechanical properties were shown by spruce from the northern regions, which has small annual layers, which provide it with a high resonant elasticity modulus.
Signs of Good Resonant Wood
The highest quality resonant wood is formed in harsh (for example, mountainous) climatic conditions, as well as in dense plantations. According to musical instrument makers, a good resonant spruce should be completely upright, have a narrow, symmetrical and pointed crown, a 5-6 meter knot-free zone and a trunk with a cylindrical surface.
Some French masters believe that the bark of resonant spruce should be gray and consist of smooth small scales.
In addition, the absence of resin pockets, knots and other defects is among the external signs of a resonant spruce. Typically, resonant wood is white with a slight yellow that intensifies over time in the open air. It should also be well planed and scraped over the layer, and its cut is glossy and clean. Sanded resonant wood has a velvety surface with a slight matte sheen.
There are only three varieties of it: jet, flamed and red-layer resonant wood. The streamy one is expressed by a slightly undulating shift of wood fibers, the fiery one has a beautiful patterned appearance and looks like tongues of fire, and the red layer is distinguished by its red color.
