Related words are examples of related words. Related and cognate words: what is the difference

(lexemes) having the same root, but referring to different parts of speech (white - whiteness - turn white).

To pick up a single-root word, it is not necessary to know word formation well, especially since elementary information on this section of the Russian language is taught even in elementary school. However, it will not be superfluous to remember that related words consist in a certain set of postfixes (prefixes) and postfixes (only suffixes). Words that have the same root, but differ only in inflections (endings), are not related words, this is a form of the same word: river-a, river-u.

Explain the words with the same root to the children. To do this, they need to remember such parts words, like the prefix and . Ask the guys with these morphemes one-root words with any root. For example, with the root "run". They should get a similar word: - running - running - running - defector, etc.

The work of students in the formation of single-root words is important. This skill allows you to easily cope with the selection of test words and avoid mistakes in writing.

word formation, knows, in fact, everyone. At least, native speakers of a particular language are engaged in this process automatically, without thinking that the spoken lexical units are the result of word formation. What's happened word formation?

Instruction

To understand, one should first understand the morphological subtleties inherent in each word. It's no secret that it is a set, each of which performs its own function. Root, suffix, ending, base, prefix. All of them are morphemes and, one way or another, participate in word formation. However, prefixes are also the main means providing the word-formation process. It is them

What is the difference between related words and related words?

Related words are words that contain the same root, which can be said about the same root words. However, the difference is that related words must necessarily be related in meaning, which cannot always be said about simple words with the same root. Example: water, water - related, but water and drive - just the same root.

When they give homework to find related words, you get a little confused, related words - what are they ?.

These are words with the same root, words that have one root, therefore

homeland - native - be born are related.

The differences can be found in the fact that words can be different parts of speech.

Related words, no matter how repeated, but without this it will not work:

for example: snow, snowball, snowy.

For example: mountain, hunchbacked, hill, bugle, miner.

These are words that have the same root, but they refer to different parts of speech.

The Russian language is beautiful, powerful and rich. You can't help but love this beauty. But beauty requires, as they say, sacrifices. Therefore, the time devoted to learning the Russian language and its rules is always tiring, but worth it.

At school, there was not much emphasis on this topic. Or maybe I graduated from high school a long time ago and almost don't remember anything. Yes, and by nationality, it was very difficult for me to learn Russian. May he be mighty.

Related words are words that have the same root or are similar in meaning. Words with the same root are also words that have the same root, but with different suffixes and prefixes. For example, Les-forests-forests; house-house-house.

Related words are words that have the same root, but they belong to different parts of speech. For example: pine, pine, pine forest.

The words lead and water cannot be considered related, since the meanings of these words are different. These are single words.

The words window, windows, under the window are also not related, they are different forms of the same word.

Related words are words with the same root and the same meaning, sometimes slightly different in meaning.

Words with the same root have the same root but have completely different meanings.

The root is the general part of the word, at the root the whole meaning of the words.

Related words and cognates, to some extent, do not differ in anything. Literally, then

The difference between related words is that they must be close also in meaning. For example, mountain and hill are two words not only of the same root, but also related.

Here is exactly what is written about it.

In the Russian language textbook for the 2nd grade, the following is written about related words:

Other textbooks say that the obligatory identical semantic meaning can be considered a distinctive feature of related words from cognates. To make it clearer, let me explain. It seems to me, for example, that the words bird and bird will not be related, but only the same root. Why? Because the meaning of the word bird is different from the meaning of the word bird, in the first case it is a diminutive. I think it is the semantic differences that are the key to the way in which the differences between these two concepts are defined.

I will describe in more detail the meaning of the concept of related words. These words are at the same time the same root, they have the same root, the same in meaning, but different in meaning.

I will give examples of such words right away:

1. mountain-a, mountain-ka, mountain-point, mountain-ische.
2. puddle, puddle, puddle (although they don’t say that, but the child may well express himself that way).
3. legs-ah, knife-ka, knife-ische.

Related words play with the meaning of the word itself, making the thing in question either big, or ordinary, or small, or tiny. This happens with the help of various suffixes diminutive petting or magnifying.

Do not confuse related words with those that change in form (word form). Example: puddle (there is now one), puddles (there were many of them), puddle (one puddle and something is happening, let's say there is something in the puddle). A change in the word form of a word is when the root is one, the meaning is one (we are talking about the same puddle), but the time of action and the number of these puddles change.

Pay attention to this answer, everything is very sensibly stated.

Hints

In order to change the word in relation to related, you need to change the suffixes.

In order to change the word in form, the word form, change the endings.

In order to change a word according to the principle of single-root, they change everything except the root.

The same meaning remains only at the root, and not the whole word as a whole. Example: run-y, run-un, pro-run-ka, running-running, running-ali. The meaning is only at the root, to run, run, run, but the words have different meanings, the action is different, the subtext is different.

Related words have the same root. But, unlike words with the same root, related words are also close in meaning. So, for example, battle, fighting, warhead, action are related words.

But, at the same time, the words half a century will be only one-root, not related in any way, as they reflect different concepts, have no common meaning.

There is also the concept of historically related words, these are words that have ceased to be related over time. For example, victory and trouble were previously related.

Subject: related words.

Target: to form the concept of related words, to introduce the concept of root, the development of the ability to recognize single-root words by two signs, to find the root in the word.

Tasks:

• observation of a single spelling of the roots when comparing the sound and spelling of the roots in related words;
• a combination of spelling and speech training;
• enrichment of children's vocabulary;
• activation of cognitive activity of students experiencing learning difficulties.

Equipment: a computer, a multimedia program, a tape recorder with a cassette for physical education, posters with a tree, a basket, a Christmas tree, figurines of mushrooms and leaves, Christmas decorations, a textbook by M. Soloveichik "To the secrets of our language"

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment

The teacher greets the children. Checks their readiness for the lesson. Children make an entry in a notebook (number, class work).

II. A minute of calligraphy

What letter will we write? ( letter bb)Annex 1 slide 1.(This application exceeds the allowed size. The link can be obtained from the author of the article - approx. ed.)
- Try to write beautifully and correctly.

III. vocabulary work

- Write down vocabulary words. Slides 2-10

IV. Introduction to the topic of the lesson

Scene.

W: Look who came to visit us. Once the root of the bush and the root of the word met.

- Hello, I'm a root, and who are you?
I am also root.
- I live in the earth. And where did you live?
And I live in words.
- Well, what kind of root can live in words? Here I am the root as the root! Look: sprouts originate from me in the ground and grow a whole bush of currant or hazel, or even a whole tree. What grows from you?
- Do not brag. From me and from other roots like me, whole bushes also grow, only not plants, but new words. Look at how many different words have grown from only one root:

mountain, hill, mountain, mountain, miner

- Think! But on the bushes and trees that grow from me, delicious fruits and berries ripen that you can eat. Don't eat your words!
- And without the words that grow from me, not one of your plants, berries, or fruits can even be named!

W: Do not argue, friends! We need both of you. We also need such roots from which plants grow and those from which new words can be grown.

V. Announcement of the topic of the lesson

slide 11

- Today we will find out what words are called related and what is the root. If people come from the same ancestor, then they are similar to each other and they are called relatives. The words are also similar. How are the words on the bush similar? (MOUNTAIN, HILL, MOUNTAIN, MOUNTAIN, MINER)
– They have the same part, they are also called related. And I know another word with such an e part - to burn. Will it be related? (It has no other meaning). So let's formulate the definition of related words. What words are related? (children's answers)
Let's check if we said the definition of related words correctly. slide 12

VI. Fizkultminutka. Breathing exercises

During the exercise, quiet pleasant music sounds.

- I ask you to fulfill my request: to do it quietly and with the desire that only your breathing be heard.
- Take a full and deep breath. Holding your breath, imagine a circle (draw with eyes) and slowly exhale air into it. 2 times.
- Inhale. Imagine (draw with eyes) a triangle and exhale into it. 2 times.

VII. Primary fastening

- Opened the textbook on page 7, exercise 283. Gather all relatives in a column. We check.

Fish
Rybka
To fish
fish

What part of these words do they have in common? ( fish- ) Here is the common part of all related words, it is customary to highlight the arc. Why is this part called the main one? (New words depend on this part) Those. new words grow from this part, so this part is called the root. slide 13
What words are written in the second column? (Catch, catch.)
- In the third column? (Perch, perch.)
What words are left? (Dipped, dexterous)

VIII. Physical education minute

IX. Anchoring

- Let's read it again in the textbook on page 8. What is called the root? How to find the root?
- You need to choose related words.
- Highlight the common part in related words.

Work on options. One option collects leaves on a tree, and the other option collects mushrooms in a basket.

- Find leaves from your tree, for this, select related words with the root Leaf - leaf, leaf, leaf, foliage, leafless, leaf fall. Mushroom - fungus, fungus, mushroom picker, mycelium, mushroom.

As they call, the children attach the words-leaves to the tree, put the mushrooms in a basket.

X. Repetition

The game "Finish the sentence" using the same root word

In the dining room there is a large round … (table).
They brought a new one to the dovecote ... (pigeon).
The gardener looks after... (garden).
The forester keeps... (forest).
They poured into the salt shaker ... (salt).
In the feeder was... (feed).
Came out of the stable... (horse).

XI. Lesson summary

- What did we meet today?
What are the related words? What is called a root?
- Now you will choose a toy that matches your impression of the lesson and attach it to the Christmas tree, the better the mood, the higher the toy is attached.

XII. Homework: learn the rule, ex. 285.

Words can be taken apart. Knowing these parts will help you better understand the meaning of many words, use them correctly in speech and write correctly.

Words that have a common part and are close in meaning are called related .

All these words have a common meaning "to be native" and a common part - genus.

Related words are close in meaning and have a common (identical) part, which contains the common lexical meaning of all related words.

The common part of related words is the root. Therefore, related words are also called single-root.

The root contains the common lexical meaning of all cognate words.

The root is the main part of the word. It contains the main meaning of the word. You need to be able to find roots in words in order to better understand the meanings of words and write them correctly. The root is usually denoted by an arc from above.

Word roots in (related) cognate words are spelled the same way. Among the words with the same root, there may be a word that helps to write all other words correctly.

Examples of root words

Here is an example of chains of single-root words:

• • leaf - leaf - leaflet - flipping
  • hangs - hangs - hangs - sag
  • With the root -cat-: cat, cat yonok.
  • With the root -oak-: oak, oak OK.
  • With the root -forest-: forest, forest noah, re forest OK, forest Nick, forest points.
  • With the root -light-: light, light it, light ly, by light itch, race light, light ilnik, light fawn.
  • With the root -dar-: gift, gift it, by gift full-time, by gift OK.
  • With the root -screw-: screw, screw, screw.
  • With the root -side-: side, side, sidewall.
  • With the root -ringing-: ringing, ringing, ringing, ringing, ringing, ringing.
  • With the root -cold-: cold, cold, refrigerator.
  • With the root -more-: pestilence e, pestilence sky, seaside, pestilence yak, sailor.
  • With the root -ros-: grew up A, grew up true, grew up s.
  • Elephant, elephant, elephant
  • Salt shaker, salty, salt, salt, salting, straws.
  • Feed, feeder, feed.
  • Fly - pilot, flight.
  • City, urban.
  • Home is home.
  • -var-: boiled, tea leaves, cook, decoction
  • -skaz-: narrator, express, suggest, story
  • -white-: whiten, white, white, whitewash
  • -weight-: weighted, weighed, scales, weighted
  • -pis-: written, inscription, written, census
  • mushroom - mushroom nickname - mushroom OK - mushroom noah - mushroom nitsa - mushroom points (all these words have a common meaning and the same part - mushroom).
  • fox testicle - fox A - fox onka - fox ka - fox - fox yata - fox ii (the words have a common meaning for all these words - a small forest animal with a red skin and a fluffy tail, and the common part is fox).
  • pear A - pears ka - pears left - pears looking for - pears echka - pears enka (all words have a common meaning - fruit, and a common part - pears).
  • Fetus- demon fetus ie - demon fetus ny -you fetus- O fetus revelation - oh fetus open - oh fetus open - fetus ik - fetus it -
    fetus to go - fetus ny - fetus winded - fetus new - fetus bearing - fetus Orodie - at fetus races fetus it - races fetus to go.

It turns out that related words seem to grow from one root.

The root is the main common part of related words, which contains their main meaning. The root in related words is spelled the same way.

How to find the root in a word?

1. Match the word with as many related words as possible.
2. Find the common part of related words that are similar in spelling and meaning. This is the root of the word.

Paired consonants in the root need to be checked if they are at the end of a word or before another consonant.

To check, you need to change the word so that after the consonant there is a vowel sound. You can choose a single-root word for words with a paired consonant.

• snow - snow - snowman
• frost - frost - freeze
• spoon - spoon
• cuff - sleeves
• mushroom - mushroom
• fish - fish
• bush - bushes
• cold - cold
• rain - rain
• coat - coat
• birch - birch
• weed is grass.

What are similar-sounding words for branch?

Find similar-sounding words for the word branch. First of all, let's take a root. The root of the word branch: -vet-
Rhyming Words for "branch":

• twig, ramification, branch, ramification, ramification, offshoot;
• branchy, branched, branched;
• branched;
• branch off, branch off, branch off, branch off, branch off, branch off, branch off, branch off, branch off, branch off, branch off.

P.S. The words branch and branch are single-root, having the same meaning. In these words, there is an alternation of consonants tv, etc.

Test on the topic "Single-root words"

driver, water, water, water, water

Right!

Wrong!

Determine which word in the chain is superfluous:
whistle, whistle, whistle, light

Right!

Wrong!

Find a common root in a chain of single-root words:
woods, forestry, forester, forester

Related words are words that have the same root, but not always related to the same part of speech. An example is the words white, whiten, whiteness All three words have the same root. When determining related words, a number of features should be taken into account. This will be discussed further.

How are related words formed?

Related words are formed due to a certain set of prefixes and suffixes (or so-called postfixes). If words with one common root differ from each other only in endings (inflections), then it is wrong to classify them as related. For example, "river" And "river" are not related words, but a form of the same word.

In Russian, the most common methods of word formation are suffixal, prefixal, prefix-suffixal. With the first method, the word is formed by adding a suffix, the second - with a prefix. The prefix-suffix method, respectively, implies the use of these two methods together. It is not practical to create related words in a prefix way. After all, for example, the words "run away", "run away" And "run" not very different from each other in terms of meaning.

unrelated words

It is worth paying attention to homonymous roots. For example, words "to drive" And "water" cannot be considered related, because their root values ​​are different.

In addition to all of the above, it is worth mentioning historically related words. For example, words "victory" And "trouble" were previously related, but in modern Russian they ceased to be such. Therefore, they should be attributed specifically to historically related words.

How to choose related words?

The correct selection of related (single-root) words is taught from elementary school. Thanks to this skill, students check the spelling of words. How to learn to choose the right related words?

Basic rules for choosing related words:

1) Words with the same root always have the same root. The root is the main significant part of the word, which contains its main lexical meaning, the same part is common for related (single-root) words.

2) Root words can be confused with the form of the same word. In order not to be mistaken in the future, try to practice now, making chains of single-root words and in parallel with grammatical forms. Eg:

gardener - gardener - gardener(a chain consisting of single-root words);

gardener - gardeners - gardeners(forms of one word).

3) Single-root words do not in all cases belong to the same part of speech. Eg:

drive(verb) - driver(noun) - driving(adjective).

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