Russian folk crafts. Actualization of traditional folk crafts

In contact with

The guide is dedicated to Russian crafts, each craft is described separately in it.

Articles on relevant topics can be found under the headings:

What is a craft

In a nutshell, it is manual labor, work and skill that one earns a living from. It is difficult to imagine humanity without handicraft activity.

The concept of craft is multifaceted. Some believe that the creation of works of art is no longer a craft. Others consider the profession of, say, an artist or an icon painter, a poet or an actor to be a craft.

, CC BY-SA 3.0

One way or another, in any business you can achieve artistic and professional heights, but any professional business begins with a simple necessity, then the skill of an artisan is achieved, and only then it can turn into a wide production or glorify an individual master who has reached perfection.

Guide to Russian Crafts, CC BY-SA 3.0

There are many examples of this among the peoples of Russia. Our lacquer miniature and trays, Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving and much more can be safely attributed to works of art.

Of course, in the craft, much depends on personal skill.

In one of the dictionaries we read:

"For Russia are typical: the use of simple tools, the decisive importance of the personal skill of the craftsman, the individual nature of production (the craftsman works alone or with a limited number of assistants)."

Guide to Russian Crafts, CC BY-SA 3.0

For what and why

The history of the craft dates back to the beginning of human production activity, it has gone through a long historical path of development, taking various forms:

• home craft - natural farming
• handicraft to order - in the conditions of decay of natural economy
• craft to market

The development and formation of crafts was greatly influenced by climate, geographical location, political and historical factors.

Handicrafts and crafts of the Nizhny Novgorod province. Production of large weight beams. Village "Red Ramen" Semyonovsky district. 1896 Unknown late 19th century photographer, CC BY-SA 3.0

For example, Byzantium enriched the world with Orthodox culture, which, in turn, had a significant impact on the development of Russian crafts.

The formation of a professional craft, especially in cities, led to the emergence of a new sphere of production and a new social stratum - urban artisans.

Guide to Russian Crafts, CC BY-SA 3.0

The building rituals had a great influence on the spread and development of crafts.

In the 19th century, Russia began to think more and more about creating a “Russian style”, which was also supported by the tsarist government.

In 1904, Polenov created the House of Folk Art, in 1913 the First Fair of Folk Crafts was held. By the way, then the tsarist government found money to pay the way for handicraftsmen to this exhibition.

Guide to Russian Crafts, CC BY-SA 3.0

In the early 1920s, the development of handicraft folk crafts continued, but in the 1930s they were finished. Their revival began only in 1968, when the relevant party decree was issued and the corresponding organizations were created. But much has already been lost.

rebirth

In our time, there is an active revival of crafts and crafts of the peoples of Russia. There are many examples of this: according to old engravings, thanks to Alexander Anatolyevich Baukin, it was revived; Alexander Nikolayevich, together with art historian Viktor Yakovlevich, revived; fishing was revived in Odoev.

Photo gallery

Synonyms

• class
• profession
• speciality
• skill
• handicraft
• needlework
• Minerva
• fishing
• skill
• vocation
• banausia

Minerva

In Roman mythology - the goddess of wisdom, art, the patroness of artists and artisans. Therefore, this word can be synonymous with the word "craft".

Banauzia

Greek banausia - craft, the pursuit of science or art as a craft.

Proverbs

There are many proverbs and sayings related to the craft among the people:

You won't miss a craft.

Every craft is honest, except for theft, and theft is a craft, but not a bread one.

Craft is the golden breadwinner.

The craft is not a yoke - it will not delay the shoulders.

“When I’m in business, I hide from fun,

When I fool around - I fool around. And mix these two crafts

There is a darkness of artisans,

I am not one of them."

A. Griboedov, "Woe from Wit"

Handicrafts in our time

Often there are words that "crafts die and are forgotten." This is wrong. Of course, some species simply disappear as unnecessary, for example, the production of goose feathers, which no one writes with for a long time. But in general, interest in folk art crafts is growing year by year.

There are many educational institutions in Russia where you can get a professional trade education.

national wealth

Vasnetsov, Bilibin, Vrubel, Surikov studied the Russian national style, preserved in the ornaments of embroidery, folk costumes, patterns and forms of products of rural artisans.

Artists saw in this the national wealth of Russia, something that made Russians different from other peoples. This contributed to an unprecedented surge in the development of our art, expeditions began to be carried out, museums were opened, and fairs were held.

Work programs developed by teachers

Materials for extracurricular activities

Primary general education

Line UMK N. F. Vinogradova. ORKSE (4)

ORKSE, ODNK

1. EXPLANATORY NOTE

The work program of the course "Holidays, Traditions and Crafts of the Peoples of Russia" within the framework of the spiritual and moral direction of extracurricular activities is compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Primary General Education on the basis of a collection of extracurricular activities programs: grades 1-4 / ed. N. F. Vinogradova. - M .: Ventana Graf, 2011 and the author's program L.N. Mikheeva "Holidays, traditions and crafts of the peoples of Russia".

The course "Holidays, Traditions and Crafts of the Peoples of Russia" is included in the part of the curriculum formed by the educational institution within the framework of the spiritual and moral direction. The Federal State Educational Standards of the second generation formulate the main pedagogical goal - the education of a moral, responsible, enterprising and competent citizen of Russia. The verbal portrait of an elementary school graduate contains the following lines: “Loving his land and his homeland; respecting and accepting the values ​​of the family and society; ready to act independently and be responsible for their actions to the family and school; benevolent, able to listen and hear a partner, able to express his opinion, follow the rules of a healthy and safe lifestyle for himself and others.

Relevance The program is determined by the fact that one of the most important tasks of education at the present time is the development by children of the spiritual values ​​accumulated by mankind.

Novelty program is that it is aimed at supporting the formation and development of a highly moral, creative, competent citizen of Russia.

Target: creation of the most favorable conditions for the socialization of the child through the study of the traditions and customs of the Russian people.

Tasks:

• familiarization of students with the history of Russia, with its traditions, holidays and crafts;
• training in the skills of scientific - search activities for the collection and processing of local history and ethnic materials;
• formation of an active life and civic position;
• fostering a sense of love and affection for their homeland, its history, traditions, culture.
• formation of the ability to communicate, listen to others, understand the interests of the team;
• development of personal qualities: independence, responsibility, activity;
• formation of the need for self-knowledge, self-development.

Value orientations:

In his work, the teacher should focus not only on the child's assimilation of knowledge and ideas, but also on the formation of his motivational sphere to apply the knowledge gained in practice, the development of his emotional sphere.

The methodology of working with children should be built in the direction of personality-oriented interaction with the child, emphasis is placed on independent experimentation and search activity of children.

The main directions of the program implementation:

• organizing and conducting classes aimed at instilling a sense of patriotism;
• organizing and conducting classes aimed at developing aesthetic taste, developing the creative abilities of children;
• carrying out activities aimed at developing tolerance towards people around;
• conducting virtual tours using the Internet.

2. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

In modern conditions, the need to turn to the spiritual heritage of our people, those riches of folk culture, the study of which is a paramount task in the moral and patriotic education of the younger generation, has unusually increased. The richest folk crafts embody the historical memory of generations, capture the soul of the people who created genuine masterpieces of art, which testify to the talent and high artistic taste of craftsmen. The upbringing of a full-fledged personality, the development of moral potential, the aesthetic taste of children and adolescents is impossible if we talk about this in the abstract, without introducing young people into that peculiar, bright, unique world that the imagination of the Russian people has been creating for centuries. The best qualities of a national character: respect for one's history and traditions, love for the Fatherland in general and for a small homeland in particular, chastity, modesty, an innate sense of beauty, a desire for harmony - all this is shown to us by the creations of craftsmen.

The future of the country, the people depends entirely on what their descendants, sons and daughters are like. And in order for them to grow up as worthy citizens, to love the Fatherland not in words but in deeds, they must know their history, national culture, cherish and develop folk traditions. Russian history is complex, difficult, heroic. Our culture is the richest, strong in its spirit. Russia has a great past, and its future must also be great. Young generations are called to understand their culture with their hearts and souls, to tenderly love their Motherland, which has a special position, a special, bright soul.

The vicissitudes of history, the difficult trials that fell to her lot, Russia withstood with honor, nowhere and never dropping her dignity. Courageous, hardened, noble and beautiful country. And her heart is generous, responsive to goodness and beauty. Russian people are truly worthy of their Motherland. And our children must be aware of this, carry in their minds and feelings the unquenchable light of Faith, Truth, Goodness, Love and Hope. Our common future depends on their knowledge, their spiritual culture.

How to educate the younger generation in such a way that love for the Motherland is not just a beautiful, sonorous phrase, but determines the inner essence of a young person? What can be done if there are no performances that reveal patriotic themes and ideas in a vivid, figurative form? Here, obviously, we need a comprehensive, systematic approach to solving the problems of moral, aesthetic, patriotic education.

Russia has a great, bright soul. She was reflected in her nature, in art: in songs, dances, music and words.

Time itself dictates the need to turn to the origins of art - creativity created by the genius of the people. Folklore in all its genres reveals the facets of the rich and original soul of the Russian people. Preserving, protecting, multiplying folk art, developing its traditions is the sacred duty of teachers and artists.

Folk dances, song, as well as other genres of folklore, works of folk craftsmen awaken human souls, give vent to such feelings that are involuntarily forgotten in our time, with its swiftness, randomness, pressure, intrusion into life of what is alien to our mentality. And this is something that lives, but is hidden in the depths of the soul: the subtlety of perception of the world, lyricism, modesty, as well as collectivism, mutual assistance, willingness to help others, a sense of compassion and mercy, optimism, openness to the world and people.

Delivered by the "Basic Educational Program of Primary General Education" target- "providing opportunities for obtaining high-quality primary and general education" is implemented (as one of the ways) by "organizing extra-curricular activities, represented by a system of programs taking into account the cognitive interests of younger students and their individual needs." The organization of this activity is aimed at developing in students "the ability to acquire knowledge" through "meta-subject actions that ensure the search for information, work with it, adequate to the educational task." Achieving the goal also implies "the appropriate use of mental operations (analysis, comparison, generalization, comparison, etc.)", "the development of thinking, speech, imagination, perception and other cognitive processes." The formed universal educational actions are a prerequisite for the development of a sufficient level of general educational skills.

The designated goals are aimed at the spiritual and moral development of students, educating them in moral values, tolerance, correct assessments of events taking place in the world around them.

This side of the activity of the educational institution is realized in the process of studying the subjects "Literary reading", "Fundamentals of the spiritual and moral culture of the peoples of Russia", as well as the program of extracurricular activities of schoolchildren "Holidays, traditions and crafts of the peoples of Russia". Particular attention is paid to the formation of schoolchildren's interest in folk art, the upbringing of spiritual and moral culture and tolerance, patriotism and citizenship, and the development of artistic taste.

The formation of the student's educational activity is achieved by using such teaching aids in the "Primary School of the XXI century" system, which are specifically aimed at the formation of the components of educational activity: the ability to learn, the development of cognitive interests, internal motivation, elementary reflective qualities, the formation of self-control and self-esteem of the student.

3. THE PLACE OF THE COURSE OF EXTRA COURSE ACTIVITIES IN THE CURRICULUM

Total - 138 hours.

Grade 1 - 33 hours (1 hour per week, 33 academic weeks),

Grades 2-4 - 105 hours (1 hour per week, 35 academic weeks).

4. PLANNED RESULTS OF THE PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT FOR EXTRA-COURSE ACTIVITIES

As a result of mastering the program of extracurricular activities "Holidays, traditions and crafts of the peoples of Russia" are formed:

Personal Outcomes:

• acceptance and development of traditions, values, forms of cultural, historical, social and spiritual life of their country;
• the formation of civic consciousness and a sense of patriotism;
• formation of a respectful attitude towards a different opinion, history and culture of the peoples of Russia;
• the formation of moral values, tolerance, correct assessments of events taking place in the surrounding world.

As a result of training,

• focus on understanding the reasons for success in activities, including self-analysis and self-control of the result, on the analysis of the compliance of results with the requirements of a specific task, on understanding the assessments of teachers, comrades, parents and other people;
• the ability to assess their activities;
• the foundations of civic identity, one's ethical affiliation in the form of awareness of "I" as a family member, a representative of the people, a citizen of Russia,
• feelings of belonging and pride in their homeland, people and history, awareness of a person's responsibility for the general well-being;
• orientation in the moral content and meaning of both one's own actions and the actions of people around;
• knowledge of basic moral norms and orientation to their implementation;
• development of ethical feelings;
• sense of beauty and aesthetic feelings;

Metasubject Results

Regulatory:

• accept and save a task;
• plan their actions in accordance with the task and the conditions for its implementation, including in the internal plan;
• carry out final and step-by-step control on the result;
• evaluate the correctness of the action at the level of an adequate retrospective assessment of the compliance of the results with the requirements of this task;
• adequately perceive the proposals and assessment of teachers, comrades, parents and other people.

Cognitive:

• build messages in oral and written form;
• the basics of semantic perception of literary texts;
• carry out the analysis of objects with the allocation of essential and non-essential features;
• to carry out synthesis as a compilation of a whole from parts;

Communicative:

• adequately use communicative, primarily speech, means to solve various communicative tasks;
• take into account different opinions and strive to coordinate various positions in cooperation;
• to formulate own opinion and position;
• negotiate and come to a common decision in joint activities, including in situations of conflict of interest;

Subject Results:

• the formation of ideas about the traditions, holidays, crafts of the peoples inhabiting Russia;
• mastering the skills to organize one's life according to the rules laid down by the traditions of the Russian people.

Content Features .

• personality-oriented learning (support for the individuality of the child; creating conditions for the realization of the creative abilities of the student);
• natural conformity (correspondence of the content, forms of organization and means of teaching to the psychological capabilities and characteristics of children of primary school age);
• pedocentrism (selection of the content of education that is adequate to the psychological and age characteristics of children, knowledge, skills, universal actions that are most relevant for younger students; the need for socialization of the child);
• cultural conformity (knowledge of the best objects of culture from the sphere of folk art, which will ensure the integration of educational and extracurricular activities of the student).

Ancient Russian life

Cloth. Traditional costume, shoes of peasants and boyars

The functional nature of clothing in the old days. Convenience, freedom of movement. Shirt, sundress - for women. The role of the ornament-amulet (embroidery).

The sun, tree, water, horse are the sources of life, symbols of goodness and happiness.

The special meaning of the belt (sash).

Headdresses for girls and women, jewelry.

Shirt, ports, trousers, caftans, zipuns, sheepskin coats and coats - from the peasants (men's clothing).

Bast shoes, baretki, onuchi, pistons - peasant shoes.

Caftans embroidered with gold, boots made of morocco, throated hats are worn by the boyars.

Letniki, dushegrey with fur, fur coats covered with brocade, silk at noble women and hawks.

Russian hut (cage, canopy - cold room, warm hut); utility yard, buildings (basement, barn, barn, cellar, bathhouse).

Elements of the hut . The special role of the stove. Chicken hut. Lighting. Peasant utensils, hand-made furniture. Red corner. Icons. Boyar chambers. Terem, decorated with wood carvings. Tree light.

Covered galleries for walks of noble women and young ladies.

Meat and lean dishes. Shi, chowder. Vegetables. Mushrooms. Kashi. Kiseli. Pancakes ("mlins" - from the verb "grind" (grain). Pies. Honey. Beer.

Explosions. Pastilles from berries and apples. Jam. Pickles.

Life of a peasant and city family. The closed life of women in the city. Schedule. Chess games, checkers. Listening to fairy tales (the role of the storyteller, "bahar"). Clay and wooden toys.

Horse-drawn sleigh rides in winter. Girls' get-togethers. Skiing from the ice mountains. Skates. Skis. Summer fun: swing; fair carousels.

Studies. School

Literacy (boys) and needlework (girls). Writing accessories (pernitsa - a case for goose feathers); ink (from a decoction of blueberries, chestnut peel, walnut shells, oak acorns). Inkwell and sandbox. Birch bark and paper.

Schools at churches and monasteries. Academic subjects (writing, reading, counting, eloquence (diction)). Educational books ("Primer", "Book of Hours", "Psalter"). Master teacher.

Common people and nobles. Customs, habits. Clothes, life

Prohibition by royal decrees to wear old Russian clothes. "Overseas" (European) dress: frock coats, camisoles, pantaloons. Forced shaving of beards.

Petrovsky assemblies. Ladies outfits. Silk, velvet. Crinolines, figs. Corsage. Corset. Decorations. Sophisticated high hairstyles for ladies. Attributes of the courtiers: lorgnettes, fans. Elegant shoes with high red heels. Cosmetics for ladies of the 18th century.

Outfits of girls and ladies of the 19th century. Velvet and fur capes; light, flowing dresses. Hats, gloves. Hairstyles with curls.

Clothes of noble men: a narrow caftan, short trousers, silk stockings, shoes with diamond buckles.

Tailcoats, vests, pantaloons; shirts with jabot, lace cuffs; hats with diamonds; gloves; cylinders; canes; pocket watches, lorgnettes.

Clothing of merchants, bourgeois women, peasant women: wide sundresses, bright skirts, shirts, sweaters, shawls. Kokoshniki, shawls, "women's kits" (special headdresses for married women).

Men and boys from peasant and bourgeois families wore old caftans, shirts, ports and boots.

Russian proverbs and sayings about clothes.

Manor. Noble mansions

Palaces of Petersburg. Mansions of nobles. Architecture: columns, dome, pediment.

The lobby of the mansion. Living room, sofa room, children's room, bedroom, office; dining room; dance hall. Interior. Enfilade of rooms. Billiard room. Library. Winter gardens. Buffet. Attributes and accessories of the manor house. Front hall. Stucco, parquet with inlay.

Furnishings of the master bedrooms. Mezzanine; dressing rooms. Rooms for servants.

Fireplaces. Tiled ovens.

Lighting. Bronze lamps. Musical instruments. Picture galleries. Home theater.

Teaching several foreign languages, Russian literature, drawing, singing, music, mathematics, biology. Dancemasters and swordsmen. Governesses and tutors. The special role of Orthodox books in the upbringing of children. Great attention was paid to dancing, horseback riding, fencing, and swimming. Home performances in which children took part.

Everyday life of a nobleman in the capital and the estate. Fashion for treatment with mineral waters, visits to popular doctors; walks in parks and gardens (Summer Garden in St. Petersburg). Ice slides, skating rinks; sledding in winter. Wooden slides, swings, roundabouts - in summer.

Demonstration of fashionable outfits from the nobles. Visits. Correspondence. Albums with poems and wishes.

Traditional dinner parties. Strict adherence to etiquette.

The special role of literary and musical salons. Hostess and owner of the salon. Discussion of political news, works of art. Acquaintance with figures of culture and art.

Institutes of Noble Maidens. Privileged educational institutions. Cadet corps for boys. Junker schools: training of higher officer cadres. The curriculum included: the Law of God, Russian, French, German, English, literature, mathematics, history, physics, geography, calligraphy, artillery, tactics, military topography, as well as shooting, horseback riding, gymnastics, swimming, fencing, dancing, music, singing, drill. Educational theater for pupils. Strict daily routine. Lesson in the classrooms and in the library of the school. Summer military camps.

Boarding houses and high schools. The study of the basics of science in men's boarding schools, and in women's boarding schools - teaching dance, music, good manners, foreign languages, needlework, singing, communication skills, gymnastics.

Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens. Nine years of study, three stages of three years. Life and education within the walls of the Institute. Very strict schedule.

Russian folk holidays

Zimushka-winter. New Year. Christmas. Christmas time. Baptism.

Weekdays and holidays in Rus'

Holidays are a time of rest, fun, joy, friendly communication.

Ancient holidays that came to us from the Eastern Slavs, associated with agriculture, the folk calendar. Holidays were aimed at promoting the health and well-being of people.

Combination of pagan and Christian holidays.

General and family holidays. Customs and rituals in the celebration of holidays. The role of tradition.

New Year's Eve. Vasiliev evening. Modern New Year's Eve.

Christmas time - a fun time of the year; songs for the glory of Christ; caroling; divination. Mummers, mummers - an ancient custom of Christmas time. Christmas Eve. Nativity. Christmas carols. The Christmas tree is a symbol of the "paradise tree".

Traditional dishes: kutya, uvar (or broth), jelly, pies.

The Baptism of the Lord (Annunciation). Water lighting. Festive baptismal table.

Spring-stonefly. Maslenitsa. Great post. Easter.

Maslenitsa is a spring holiday of seeing off winter. In the Slavic folk calendar, Maslenitsa separated two main periods of the year - winter and spring. The tradition is to bake pancakes (in the 15th century the name was “mlyny”, from the verb “grind”, grind grain). Shrovetide is a special folk holiday that has existed among the Slavs since pagan times; it was timed to coincide with the spring equinox. Traditions of hearty, “rich” food for Maslenitsa.

Shrovetide rites: commemoration of dead ancestors; guesting; entertainment (horseback riding, ice slides, swings, construction and “taking” of snowy towns, arrangement of booths); seeing off Maslenitsa (symbolic burning of a scarecrow of "winter"); dressing up, games.

Forgiveness Sunday and Clean Monday.

Lent is a time of strict abstinence, prayer, repentance.

Palm Sunday. Willow consecration in the church (willow is a symbol of health, strength, beauty as the first flowering tree in spring).

Easter is the main Christian holiday, the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. Traditions of celebrating Easter in Rus': dyeing eggs, making cheese Easter, Easter cakes, distributing to believers prosphora and common bread - Ѓrtos.

Easter celebrations. Procession. Christening. Krasnaya Gorka - a call of spring early in the morning from the top of a hill, a hill.

Egoriev's Day - May 6th. A holiday in honor of one of the most revered saints, the patron of Moscow and the Russian state, George the Victorious (a brave warrior, patron of domestic animals and shepherds). “George unlocks the earth”, “brings white dew into the world”, they said among the people. The day of the start of sowing.

Holy Trinity Day ("Green Christmas time"): separation of winter and summer. Spirits day - the name day of the Earth, drinkers and nurses. Decoration of Orthodox churches with fresh summer greenery, birch branches, ribbons. It is celebrated on the 49th day after Easter.

Round dances, walking around a birch. Trinity fortune-telling of girls (throwing wreaths into the river). Curling birch. Cumbling girls.

Ivan Kupala is the main summer holiday of the national calendar. Day of the summer solstice. Collection of medicinal herbs, purification by fire and water. Ivan da Marya is the festive flower of Kupala. Lighting fires on the Kupala night. Celebrated July 7th.

Day of Peter and Paul - July 12. A holiday in honor of the holy apostles, disciples of Christ (it is also called Peter and Paul, Petrovka). The people said: “Peter, Paul reduced the hour”, “Ilya the prophet dragged away two hours.” It is believed that the holy Apostle Peter holds the keys to the Kingdom of Heaven. People worshiped Peter as the patron of sown fields and fisheries. Before Peter's Day, the peasants always observed fasting.

The holiday itself was celebrated joyfully: they walked, feasted, swung on a swing. Peter's Day opened the second half of the summer: "When Peter comes, it will be warm." From that day on, it was allowed to pick strawberries and other wild berries. After Peter's Day, the girls' festivities ended.

Ilyin's day is celebrated on August 2. He distinguishes between summer and autumn: “To Ilya before lunch - summer, after lunch - autumn”, “From Ilya’s day on the trees the leaf turns yellow”, “From Ilya’s day the night is long”, “A fly bites until Ilya’s day, and then stocks up” .

Among the ancient Slavs, the god Perun, the thunderer, the main god, controlled thunder, lightning and rain. In the popular mind, Saint Elijah and Perun, Ilya the Thunderer, united. He was greatly revered in Rus', they hoped for his protection from drought, they considered him powerful, fiery; he was also angry, punished the guilty, but he was just, the patron of the harvest. In the villages, the harvest began, the harvesting of bread. On Ilyin's Day, prosperity again came to peasant families, stocks of bread and grain were replenished. Ilya was called the governor of the heavenly forces. Elijah the prophet is a thunderbolt. To appease Elijah the Prophet, people did not work that day, they were afraid that “thunder would kill” if they worked on a holiday. After Ilyin's day, it was forbidden to swim in rivers and lakes, the water became very cold: "A deer dipped its paw into the water." Often, by Ilyin's day, the first pie made from the flour of the new crop appeared on the peasant tables.

Three Spas: Honey, Apple, Nut (August 14, 19 and 29). Preparing for winter agricultural work, harvesting berries, mushrooms, nuts, apples, honey for future use. Christian legends about the Savior (Savior on the Water; Transfiguration; Day of the Icon Not Made by Hands).

Protection of the Virgin (October 14) - the first snow in Rus'. Separation of autumn and winter. Girlish divination. End of employment. The beginning of winter gatherings.

Russian folk crafts

Gzhel ceramics

Gzhel is the name of a picturesque area near Moscow, 60 km from Moscow. Gzhel is the main center of Russian ceramics. Gzhel products are known all over the world. These are works of folk art and art. Each item is hand-painted by craftsmen.

Gzhel style: blue and blue patterns and flowers on a white background. Gzhel products are vases, figurines, jugs, mugs, tea sets, plates, toys, lamps. Everything is decorated with stylized ornaments. Elegance and subtlety of coloring, impeccable taste of master artists.

Khokhloma and Zhostovo

Khokhloma is an artistic folk craft in the city of Semyonov, Nizhny Novgorod region. Wooden painted utensils - "golden Khokhloma": a combination of black, gold, green, bright scarlet colors. Floral ornament: leaves, herbs, strawberries, mountain ash; spoons, ladles, vases, sets for honey, kvass. Bright, vibrant color combinations. The works of Khokhloma masters repeatedly received diplomas of the 1st degree at international and all-Russian exhibitions.

The village of Zhostovo is located near Moscow: folk craft - painted metal trays. Black, green lacquer background, bright, lush flowers - garden and field; bouquets, wreaths, garlands, still lifes. The huge popularity of the decorative painting of Zhostovo trays all over the world.

Pavlovo Posad shawls

Folk craft in Pavlovsky Posad near Moscow. The production of printed scarves and shawls originated at the beginning of the 19th century, the factory was founded in 1812 by the peasant Semyon Labzin together with his companion merchant Vasily Gryaznov.

Black, white, burgundy, blue, green shawls, on which bright flowers “bloom”, patterns of herbs, leaves are intertwined - bouquets, wreaths, placers of flowers. Pavlovo Posad shawls made of pure wool are known all over the world.

Vyatka and Bogorodsk toys

Vyatka toy is also called Dymkovo (after the name of the village of Dymkovo near the city of Kirov (Vyatka)). Here, craftswomen have long sculpted clay toys - whistles. They were sold at the holidays of seeing off winter. The holiday itself was called Svistunya. Funny animals, fabulous images (bears, horses, deer, birds) are presented in unusual situations, they are funny dressed and brightly colored. Vyatka nesting dolls. Domestic genre: horsemen, ladies, gentlemen, nannies, ladies, children in carriages; toys and sculptures of small forms. White clay background in combination with red, green, yellow, blue, with gold leaf. Toys create a joyful mood.

The Bogorodsk wooden toy as a craft has been known since the 17th century: the vicinity of Sergiev Posad (Zagorsk), the village of Bogorodskoye. Funny figurines of elegant ladies, hussars, soldiers; toys with movements: “Blacksmiths”, “Sawers”, “Peasant playing the flute”, “Troika”, “Cranes”, “Musician Bear”, “Gourmet Bear”. Bogorodsk toys and sculptures are known abroad. Master carvers have repeatedly been awarded gold and silver medals, I degree diplomas at all-Russian and international exhibitions.

Russian folk games

The role of games in children's lives: knowledge of the world, preservation of the echoes of antiquity, reflection of the rituals of adults in children's games.

Games for boys and girls. Team games.

Burners. Hide and Seek. Zhmurki. Swan geese. Kostromushka. Boyars. Loaf. Rings. Salki. Ocean is shaking. Lapta. Easter egg games. Old Russian games known to children even now.

Songs for children (lullabies, nursery rhymes, pestles)

Songs were created specifically for young children: they were sung by mothers, grandmothers, nannies. They are known and loved by children today.

Riddles, proverbs, sayings, counting rhymes developed children, introduced them to folk wisdom.

Folk dances

Round dances. Round dance games. Pair dances. Dances. Quadrille. Russian round dances that came from ancient times: the creative power of folk poetry, the originality of centuries-old creations. Merging in a round dance of dance, games and songs: "They are inseparable, like the wings of a bird," they say among the people. In the round dance, a feeling of unity, friendship is manifested. The themes of labor, beauty of nature, love sound.

Dances are the most common genre of folk dance. Folk proverb "Work for the feet - a holiday for the soul." Types of dance: single, steam room, dance, mass dance. Dances "Zainka", "Metelitsa".

Quadrille. Arriving from secular salons, the square dance spread among the people at the beginning of the 19th century. It is accompanied by playing the accordion, balalaika, button accordion.

6. THEMATIC PLANNING

Ancient Russian life

Cloth. Traditional costume. Shoes of peasants and boyars

Universal learning activities:

• to acquaint with the peculiarities of peasant clothing;
• compare boyar clothes and traditional peasant clothes;
• to acquaint with the elements of the old Russian costume, its functional character.

Dwelling. Russian hut and boyar mansions. Chambers. Terem

Universal learning activities:

• demonstrate the device of a peasant hut (stove; beds; benches; cage; canopy; peasant yard; outbuildings);
• show the features of the boyar choir, compare with a peasant hut.

Traditional Russian cuisine. Food. Food

Universal learning activities:

• appreciate the merits of traditional Russian cuisine;
• be able to cook a few simple dishes (porridge; "vzvar" - compote).

Family holidays. Games and fun for children. Family rituals. name day

Universal learning activities: learn some of the most famous games (burners, hide-and-seek, hide-and-seek, bast shoes).

Studies. School

Universal learning activities:

• compare the education of children in the old days with the modern school;
• primer - "ABC" and modern educational books.

New Russian life (since the time of Peter I)

Clothes, life. Common people and nobles. Customs, habits

Universal educational activities: compare old clothes and new ones introduced by the decrees of Peter I, analyze their differences.

Manor. Noble mansions

Universal educational activities: to show the exquisite beauty of parks and gardens, mansions and palaces (Moscow, St. Petersburg; province).

Life of a noble family. Balls and holidays. Literary and musical salons

Universal learning activities:

• learn several elements of an old dance (minuet, polonaise);
• read a few poems by A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov.

Teaching children. Boarding houses. Lyceums. Cadet corps

Universal learning activities: to analyze the studies of noble children, their daily routine and rest.

Russian folk holidays

Zimushka-winter. New Year. Christmas. Christmas time. Baptism

Universal learning activities:

• learn some carols, Christmas and New Year's poems;
• introduce proverbs and sayings about holidays;
• make masks and costumes for the New Year's carnival.

Spring-stonefly. Maslenitsa. Great post. Palm Sunday. Easter

Universal learning activities:

• accept the traditions of the Maslenitsa games. Swing. Skiing from the mountains.
• Maslenitsa meeting;
• learn songs and games;
• learn to bake pancakes, paint Easter eggs;
• learn games with rolling Easter eggs.

Summer is red. Yegoriev day. Trinity. Whit Monday. Ivan Kupala. Petrov day. Ilyin's day

Universal learning activities:

• learn songs about curling birches, round dances;
• learn to weave wreaths.

Autumn is golden. Spas. Dormition. Cover

Universal learning activities:

• compare Honey, Apple, Walnut Spas;
• draw a picture on the theme of the autumn fair;
• show a scene with puppets "Parsley at the fair."

Russian folk crafts

Gzhel ceramics

Universal learning activities: draw a few Gzhel ornaments.

Khokhloma and Zhostovo

Universal learning activities: color the patterns of Khokhloma spoons and Zhostovo trays.

Pavlovo Posad shawls

Universal learning activities: compare the ornaments of several shawls.

Vyatka and Bogorodsk toys

Universal educational activities: make several types of Vyatka and Bogorodsk toys from clay and plasticine.

Russian folk games

The most popular children's games

Universal educational activities: learn several games (hide and seek, swan geese, kite, boyars, etc.).

Folk songs, riddles, proverbs

Children's songs, nursery rhymes, riddles, proverbs

Universal learning activities:

• learn a few songs, counting rhymes;
• learn to solve riddles.

Folk dances

Pair dances. Dances. Round dances. dance games

Universal learning activities: learn round dances, round dance games.

7. CALENDAR AND THEME PLANNING

1 class

The history of the Balashikha region in drawings and stories

(Based on the materials of the coloring book “History of the Balashikha Territory in Drawings”, author’s project by N. Bobykina, publishing house: Balasha Company, 2015

No. p / p	Topic of the lesson		date according to the plan	actual date
	Introductory lesson. History of the Balashikha region.	Story. Cities-centers of crafts and trade.	1 study week
	Draw a picture of where the Balashikha land came from.	Fairy tale "The Man and the Owl", illustration.	2 academic week
	About the name of Balashikha (flea).	Flea beetle is a medicinal plant. Flat surface is bad.	3 academic week
	About the name of Balashikha (Balashi's mill).	Mill, miller, Pekhorka.	4 academic week
	Royal hunting, reserved places.	Protected areas, hunting, herb gathering place.	5 academic week
	Arrival of Catherine II.	Catherine the Great, Prince Menshchikov.	6 academic week
		Vladimirsky tract. Gorenki.	7 academic week
	Estates of Balashikha. Pekhra-Yakovlevskoe.		8 academic week
	Estates of Balashikha. Gorenki.	Boyar estates, their owners and history.	9 academic week
	Blacksmith craftsmen.	Blacksmith, forge, blacksmith products.	10 academic week
	Fairs and holidays.	Cities-centers of trade.	11 academic week
		Industrial Revolution. Balashikha production center.	12 academic week
	Clock tower.	Features of industrial architecture.	13 academic week
	The oldest temple		14 academic week
	Savior - Transfiguration Church.	Features of the Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior.	15 academic week
	Aerodynamic laboratory in Kuchino.	Scientific history of Balashikha.	16 academic week
	Railway.	The railway is the artery of industry.	17 academic week
		Dachas, cultural life of the intelligentsia.	18 academic week
	Temple of Alexander Nevsky.	Modern temple.	19 school week
	Festivals, rallies, competitions.	Festivals. Gatherings, competitions, competitions in Balashikha.	20 academic week
	Walk of Fame.	Memory book.	21 academic weeks
		Book of memory of my family.	22 academic week
	"Slavic Encounters".	Days of Slavic writing and culture.	23 academic week
		Balashikha is a scientific center.	24 academic week
	Communication with Moscow.	The nearest suburbs.	25 academic week
	My ancestry.	Ancestral tree.	26 academic week
	Our pedigrees. Creative project.	My ancestry.	27 academic week
	Map of historical places of the Balashikha region.	Historical places.	28 academic week
	Journey through the historical places of the Balashikha region.	Map of Balashikha.	29 academic week
		Lesson-excursion.	30 academic week
	"We welcomed dear guests" - a tour magazine of interesting places in our region.	Lesson-excursion.	31 academic weeks
	The project "We welcomed dear guests" is an excursion magazine of interesting places in our region.	Lesson-excursion.	32 academic week
	Protection of the project "We welcomed dear guests" - an excursion magazine of interesting places in our region.	Lesson-excursion.	33 academic week

Grade 2

No. p / p	Topic of the lesson	Issues under study (content)	date according to the plan	actual date
	Khokhloma, history of origin, raw material.	Khokhloma is an artistic folk craft. The history of origin, the raw materials used, the main elements of painting, products. Wooden painted utensils.	1 study week
	Khokhloma. Painting elements.		2 academic week
	Khokhloma. Traditional and original products.		3 academic week
	Gzhel. History of occurrence, raw materials.	The history of origin, the raw materials used, the main elements of painting, products.	4 academic week
	Gzhel. Painting elements.	Gzhel styles. Elegance and subtlety of coloring.	5 academic week
	Gzhel. Traditional and original products.	Completing of the work.	6 academic week
	Zhostovo. History of occurrence, raw materials.	The history of origin, the raw materials used, the main elements of painting, products. Painted metal trays.	7 academic week
	Zhostovo. Painting elements.		8 academic week
	Zhostovo. Traditional and original products.		9 academic week
	Pavlovo Posad shawls, history of origin, raw materials.	The history of origin, the raw materials used, the main elements of painting, products. Comparison of several types of shawls. Completing of the work.	10 academic week
	Pavlovo Posad shawls. Painting elements.		11 academic week
	Pavlovo Posad shawls. Traditional and original products.		12 academic week
	Vladimir-Suzdal tiles, history of origin, raw materials.		13 academic week
	Vladimir-Suzdal tiles. Elements of painting and decor.		14 academic week
	Vladimir-Suzdal tiles. Traditional and original products. Gift-souvenir with your own hands.		15 academic week
	Birch lace.	The history of origin, the raw materials used, the main elements of painting, products. Completing of the work.	16 academic week
	Weaving from birch bark.		17 academic week
	Traditional weaving techniques for original products from existing materials.		18 academic week
	Dymkovo toy, history of origin, raw materials.	The history of origin, the raw materials used, the main elements of painting, products. Completing of the work.	19 school week
	Dymkovo toy. Elements of painting and decor.		20 academic week
	Dymkovo toy. Traditional and original products.		21 academic weeks
	Dymkovo toy. Gift-souvenir with your own hands.		22 academic week
	Bogorodskaya toy. Hussars and soldiers. Souvenir as a gift.	The history of origin, the raw materials used, the main elements of painting, products. Making several types of Vyatka and Bogorodsk toys from clay and plasticine. Completing of the work.	23 academic week
	Bogorodskaya toy. Hussars and soldiers.		24 academic week
	Bogorodskaya toy. Souvenir as a gift.		25 academic week
	Bogorodsk toy-Russian bilbock.		26 academic week
	Matryoshka is a Russian toy. Types of nesting dolls.	The history of origin, the raw materials used, the main elements of painting, products. Completing of the work.	27 academic week
	Russian matryoshka is a symbol of motherhood.		28 academic week
	Matryoshka as a gift. Original products from non-traditional materials.		29 academic week
	Amulet - a sacred symbol, types of amulets.	History of origin, sacred meaning and types of amulets. material used. Production of house and family amulets.	30 academic week
	Spring charms. Making colored brushes from threads.		31 academic weeks
	Guardian dolls.		32 academic week
	Symbols of the house and kind.		33 academic week
	Making spring wreaths.	How to make wreaths.	34 academic week
	Making spring wreaths (completion)	How to make wreaths.	35 academic week

3rd grade

Russian folk holidays, Russian folk games, folk songs, riddles, proverbs, folk dances, national cuisine "AST" (2012)

No. p / p	Topic of the lesson	Issues under study (content)	date according to the plan	actual date
	Spas. Harvest festival.	Comparison of Honey, Apple, Nut Spasov. Acquaintance with a variety of wild and cultivated plants, the fruits of which a person can use for food. Consolidation of knowledge about the beneficial substances contained in the edible parts of plants, obtaining sugar, starch and oxygen in the leaves of plants in the light.	1 study week
	Autumn get-togethers. Preparations for the winter, traditional cuisine.	Acquaintance with the calendar, the main autumn holidays of the folk calendar, their rites and customs; encouraging children to study folk culture and folklore, traditions and values ​​of the Russian people, with the history of culinary craft; show the close connection of cooking with history, and other sciences.	2 academic week
	Osenins. Holiday rituals, divination, feasts.	Acquaintance of students with the main Russian folk holidays, their symbolic meaning and place in the life of our ancestors. Consolidation of children's knowledge about the characteristic signs of autumn in their native land.	3 academic week
	Autumn birthdays. Unclean power and amulets. Games.	The role of amulets. Show amulets as the main means of protection, their semantic meaning. To acquaint with the characters of pagan beliefs, with the rituals of the Russian people associated with household spirits: learning several of the most famous games (burner, blind man's buff, hide and seek, bast shoes).	4 academic week
	Summer is red. Signs, superstitions, customs.	Acquaintance with folk signs and superstitions associated with the red summer; acquaintance with folk traditions, fostering love for the native country, its customs, learning a song about curling a birch, round dances.	5 academic week
	Yegoriev day. Trinity. Whit Monday. Games, dances, songs.	Acquaintance with the holidays Trinity, Yegoriev's day, Spirits' day. Illustrating Trinity rites, listing folk customs, performing Russian folk songs.	6 academic week
	Ivan Kupala.	Acquaintance with the traditions and customs of the Russian people in the celebration Ivan Kupala.	7 academic week
	Petrov day.	Acquaintance with the calendar folk holiday Peter's Day, the formation of knowledge about the holiday, the education of respect for folk traditions.	8 academic week
	Ilyin's day	Acquaintance with the calendar folk holiday Ilyin's Day, the formation of knowledge about the holiday, the education of respect for folk traditions; education of moral and aesthetic attitude to the history of culture.	9 academic week
		Acquaintance with the earthly life of the Mother of God, about the miracles manifested through prayers to the Mother of God and Her icons, about the history of icon painting, instilling in the souls of students the confidence in the need to revive the veneration of the Mother of God in our time.	10 academic week
		Acquaintance with Orthodox holidays, with the icon of the Intercession, as one of the icons of the Virgin, familiarization with Orthodox culture.	11 academic week
		Acquaintance and expansion of the idea of ​​winter, natural phenomena and winter fun, instilling love for Russian nature.	12 academic week
	Zimushka-Winter. Father Frost.	Learning New Year's verses; familiarity with proverbs and sayings about the holidays.	13 academic week
	New Year. Snow Maiden. Russian tales.	Repetition and generalization of knowledge about Russian folk tales; fostering love for the traditions of their people, the desire to do good deeds. Acquaintance with the history and traditions of the New Year in different countries.	14 academic week
	Christmas time. Folk miniatures.	Acquaintance with the rite of caroling in Rus', with traditional Christmas rites, attributes and heroes of the rite of caroling.	15 academic week
	Baptism.	Formation of a holistic view of one of the main Christian holidays - the Baptism of the Lord, the traditions and customs of this holiday, with the icon of the Baptism of the Lord. Awakening the interest of schoolchildren in the study of the history of Orthodox culture, in art.	16 academic week
	Spring is red. Spring tales, legends, flirting.	Acquaintance of students with the concept of "calendar and ritual folklore", education of love and respect for the traditions of the Russian people.	17 academic week
	Candlemas.	Acquaintance with the gospel story about the Baptism of Christ, with the events of the Gospel, the icon of the Baptism of the Lord. Awakening the interest of younger students in the study of the history of Orthodox culture, in art.	18 academic week
	Maslenitsa.	Acquaintance with the traditions of Maslenitsa games. Swing. Skiing from the mountains. Maslenitsa meeting: - learning songs and games; - learning the game of rolling Easter eggs.	19 school week
	Great post.	Formation of the idea of ​​Great Lent as “the path to Easter”, the concept of “spiritual fasting” and “corporal fasting”: acquaintance with the weeks of Great Lent and special holidays during Great Lent.	20 academic week
	Calls of spring-Larks.	Introduction to the origins of folk culture, acquaintance with the ancient customs of welcoming spring, familiarization with the cultural heritage of the Russian people through invocations, songs and signs, memorization of invocations about spring and the Vesnyanochka round dance.	21 academic weeks
	Palm Sunday.	Acquaintance with the Orthodox holiday Palm Sunday, with the traditions and rituals that take place on Palm Sunday, consolidating children's knowledge about the life of the Russian people.	22 academic week
	Easter fairs.	Acquaintance with the traditions of the Easter Fair, instilling love for their homeland, its traditions.	23 academic week
		Acquaintance with the traditions of celebrating the Orthodox holiday of Easter, the customs, traditions of the holiday of the Russian people associated with the Orthodox holiday of Easter.	24 academic week
	Traditional dishes, gifts and decor.	Acquaintance with the traditions and rituals of the Russian people associated with grain crops, cereals, stimulating interest in Russian cuisine, the origins of folk traditions.	25 academic week
	Agricultural holidays, signs, customs.	Raising love for one's land, for one's people, familiarization with the origins of the cultural traditions of the Russian people, awakening interest in Russian folklore, in old Russian rituals.	26 academic week
	Traditional agricultural crops.	Raising interest in national culture, in the customs and traditions of the Russian people, developing an understanding of the names of holidays and their meaning.	27 academic week
	Spring games, dances, round dances.	Consolidation and expansion of students' knowledge of folklore, the revival of cultural values ​​and the development of folk traditions, the main figures of the round dance as one of the types of Russian folk dance genre. Raising interest and love for folk dances, dances, round dances.	28 academic week
	Day of Slavic writing and culture.	Acquaintance with the events of the life of Saints Cyril and Methodius, the compilers of the Slavic alphabet, awakening interest in the history of writing and culture of their people.	29 academic week
	Red hill. Spring dances.	Acquaintance with the history of the emergence of the Russian folk calendar and ritual holiday "Red Hill", familiarization with the origins of Russian culture through folk games, round dances.	30 academic week
			31 academic weeks
	Preparation of the final project "Seasonal holiday"	Awakening interest in one of the most beautiful pages of a person's life, cultivating an aesthetic sense.	32 academic week
	Preparation and implementation of the final project "Seasonal holiday"	Formation of ideas about the traditions and life of the Russian people; development of emotional perception and artistic taste.	33 academic week
	The final project "Seasonal holiday"		34 academic week
	Defense of the project "Seasonal holiday"	Consolidation of knowledge about the traditions and life of the Russian people; development of emotional perception and artistic taste.	35 academic week

4th grade

No. p / p	Topic of the lesson	Issues under study (content)	date according to the plan	actual date
	Dwelling. Types of dwellings of different peoples.	Crate, canopy - a cold room, a warm hut.	1 study week
	Russian hut and boyar mansions.	Elements of the hut. The special role of the stove. Chicken hut. Lighting. Peasant utensils, hand-made furniture. Red corner. Icons.	2 academic week
	Chambers. Terem. Decor and furnishings.	Boyar chambers. Terem, decorated with wood carvings. Tree light. Covered galleries for walks of noble women and young ladies.	3 academic week
	Cloth. Traditional costume.	The functional nature of clothing in the old days. Convenience, freedom of movement.	4 academic week
	Traditional costume. Shoes and clothes of peasants and boyars.	Shirt, sundress - for women. Shirt, ports, trousers, caftans, zipuns, sheepskin coats and coats - from the peasants (men's clothing).	5 academic week
	Traditional Russian cuisine. Decoration. Crockery, cutlery, textiles.	Bread is the main food product, "God's gift". Proverbs and sayings about bread.	6 academic week
	Food. Food.	Meat and lean dishes.	7 academic week
	Traditional folk dishes. Autumn gatherings with refreshments.	Shi, chowder. Vegetables. Mushrooms. Kashi. Kiseli. Pancakes ("mliny" - from the verb "grind" (grain). Pies. Honey. Beer. Flasks. Pastels from berries and apples. Jams. Pickles.	8 academic week
	Family holidays. Honoring elders.	Life of a peasant and city family.	9 academic week
	Games and fun for children. Rhymes, jokes, small genres of folklore.	Chess games, checkers. Listening to fairy tales (the role of the storyteller, "bahar"). Clay and wooden toys.	10 academic week
	Family rituals. Domostroy.	Rites and customs of the Russian people.	11 academic week
	Name day. The secret of my name (project).	My name and what do I know about it?	12 academic week
	Studies. Diploma in Rus'. Principles of training and education in antiquity. Yaroslav the Great "Order".	Literacy (boys) and needlework (girls). Writing utensils (pernitsa - a case for goose feathers); ink (from a decoction of blueberries, chestnut peel, walnut shells, oak acorns). Inkwell and sandbox. Birch bark and paper.	13 academic week
	School. Types of schools. Textbooks. Teachers and students.	Schools at churches and monasteries. Academic subjects (writing, reading, counting, eloquence (diction).	14 academic week
	Typography in Rus'.	Educational books ("Primer", "Book of Hours", "Psalter"). Master teacher.	15 academic week
	Folk wisdom and knowledge in traditional oral culture.	Folklore.	16 academic week
	Project activity: creation of a handwritten book “Where did the Balashikha land come from”	My Balashikha!	17 academic week
	Banya is a Russian miracle of hygiene and health improvement.	About the benefits of the Russian bath.	18 academic week
	Witchcraft and medicine. Crafts, trade, construction, management in Ancient Rus'.	Medicine in Ancient Rus'. Crafts.	19 school week
		Creation of the layout of the settlement. Craft freedoms. Self-management of civil society. Army. Clergy.	20 academic week
	Quest "Gardarika-country of cities".	Creation of the layout of the settlement. Craft freedoms. Self-management of civil society. Army. Clergy. Interactive game. Test.	21 academic weeks
	Clothes, life. Common people and nobles. Customs, habits.	The atmosphere of a noble house. secular etiquette. Love for the arts and sciences, which was brought up from childhood.	22 academic week
	Manor. Noble mansions.	Palaces of Petersburg. Mansions of nobles. Architecture: columns, dome, pediment	23 academic week
	The project "Noble mansions and estates of Balashikha".	Winter gardens. Buffet. Attributes and accessories of the manor house. Front hall. Stucco, parquet with inlay	24 academic week
	Life of a noble family.	The atmosphere of a noble house. secular etiquette. Love for the arts and sciences, which was brought up from childhood.	25 academic week
	Balls and holidays.	Balls and holidays. Visiting theaters. Holiday tables. Dishes. Delicacies. Children's balls. Masquerades. home theatres.	26 academic week
	Literary and musical salons.	The special role of literary and musical salons. Hostess and owner of the salon.	27 academic week
	Literary lounge.	Discussion of political news, works of art. Acquaintance with figures of culture and art.	28 academic week
	Museum of Local Lore: main expositions.	What is a local history museum? Excursion to the Balashikha Museum.	29 academic week
	Picture gallery: permanent and traveling exhibitions.	Art galleries of Moscow. Virtual tour of the galleries of Russia.	30 academic week
	School Museum. Our contribution to the exposition fund.	Excursion to the school museum.	31 academic weeks
	Teaching children. Boarding houses. Lyceums.	Institutes of Noble Maidens. Privileged educational institutions.	32 academic week
	Cadet corps (career guidance).	Cadet corps for boys. Junker schools: training of higher officer cadres.	33 academic week
	Holidays and traditions of the peoples of Russia.		34 academic week
	General lesson. Holidays and traditions of the peoples of Russia.	Holidays are a time of rest, fun, joy, friendly communication. Ancient holidays that came to us from the Eastern Slavs, associated with agriculture, the folk calendar.	35 academic week

Considered one of the oldest crafts in the world. It originated in the Neolithic era, which is confirmed by numerous finds from archaeological excavations: hand-sculpted clay products, primitive utensils for cooking on fire, vessels for water and grain. Surviving to this day, these durable products very vividly tell how this ancient craft developed, which eventually turned into an art.

Clay was ubiquitous and was that improvised material that can be easily processed and from which everything can be molded. In the skillful hands of the master, the shapeless, plastic material, as if by magic, turned into dishes, jewelry, and sculptures. Of course, at first ancient clay vessels were molded by hand, and their shape was far from ideal. But with the invention of the potter's wheel, and then with the discovery of firing technology, pottery became the most common in everyday life.

History of pottery

Every nation has its own history of pottery. So in China, it originated as early as 2 thousand years BC and was at a high level, as evidenced by the invention of porcelain.

In ancient Greece, it became a real art, which is confirmed by the world-famous wonderful Greek vases, amphoras and other products. These works of clay, on which a drawing was applied, which was then covered with black varnish, were considered a sign of luxury and wealth. And some African tribes at the beginning of the 20th century still made pottery by hand, stuffed it with straw and simply dried it in the sun.

Pottery in Rus' originated in the prehistoric era, and during excavations, archaeologists still find various pots, jugs, frying pans, pots and other hand-made utensils. Later, with the advent of the potter's wheel, the craft turned into a trade and pottery began to be used everywhere.

At this time, a lot of pottery workshops appeared, having their own "brand" brand. Products of each workshop differed from each other in shape, size, firing technology. Pottery in those days was the most honorable and important craft, which was constantly developing and improving. However, over time, clay was replaced by metal and earthenware was replaced by pewter, silver, and later plastic. And it could happen that the ancient craft would disappear forever ...

But history, as you know, develops in a spiral, and in our age of nanotechnology, people began to once again be interested in pottery as an art. The products of modern potters still inspire delight and admiration, and the demand for hand-made ceramics is constantly growing. Everything is bought up: piggy banks, figurines, jugs, plates. "Clay" craftsmen give master classes. And one can hope that pottery, which is so popular at the present time, will not be forgotten and will not disappear from the face of the earth.

Pottery training

You can study pottery in Moscow in our workshop "Pottery". We hold one-time master classes for those who want to try themselves in the role of a pottery master. And if you want to continue your education and comprehend all the basics of such an exciting business, you can sign up for longer courses.

Russia's Disappearing Art Crafts: An Innovative Dimension.

Material of scientific conference. Shuya. 2012

Polezhaev A.A.

Velsk - St. Petersburg

UPDATED TRADITIONAL FOLK CRAFTS

In 2007, in the Vilegodsky district of the Arkhangelsk region, II an open competition of art craftsmen among people of different ages and status - from schoolchildren to famous masters. At the competition, it was necessary to present their research work on some kind of traditional folk craft of the Arangelsk region. One schoolboy from the city of Velsk prepared his speech about birch bark. After the speech, he was asked one question - "Are pesteri in demand in your area now?". The answer was - "No, they are not needed now." This answer to the question is very indicative for modern society and expresses the current state of affairs with the demand for traditional folk crafts. Before continuing the topic, let us designate a few concepts with which we will operate further.

Under traditional folk crafts we will understand peasant household crafts, the result of which are utilitarian items, tools, buildings, clothing and other items and objects that ensure human life in the natural environment.

Craft items and objects - these are items of peasant life, clothing, tools, residential and outbuildings, which are the result of the craft activity of a villager.

Function of traditional folk crafts – provision of utilitarian items to a person for the needs of life support.

Actualization of traditional folk crafts this activity:
- to study and fix the accumulated craft knowledge of the past and present with modern information technologies,
- mastering craft skills,
- on the inclusion in the culture of modern society of objects, images and motifs of folk art.

The goals of updating traditional folk crafts: preservation of traditional folk culture, increasing the importance of applied arts and popularization of manual labor.

Traditional folk crafts today are not in demand with the function that has existed for centuries and millennia. And this means that handicraft items do not correspond to the modern human environment. Is it necessary that traditional folk crafts be in demand in modern society, is it necessary to make handicraft items in demand? Traditional folk crafts are an integral part of the culture of the peoples of Russia, and "folk culture must be considered as a constantly present and fundamental - initial and main - condition for the reproduction of society itself", and therefore as the basis for the existence of peoples and the state. If folk culture does not have modern, accessible and understandable forms of existence in society, then it will not be able to act as its basis.

In this article, an attempt is made to show practical examples of how traditional folk crafts can be made in demand, how to update them in the modern human environment. This article combines the personal experience of the author and the experience of colleagues - masters of folk crafts.

In recent years, much has been said about the need to turn to folk art, to its invaluable spiritual heritage. This is undeniably so. The problems of the revival of folk art crafts are also widely discussed in the art history community. And what about the traditional folk crafts? With those occupations of the inhabitants of the countryside, which existed everywhere throughout Russia? Neither numerically in terms of the number of inhabitants, nor territorially folk art crafts could be compared with traditional folk crafts, home crafts were like air - everywhere. What is left of them today? The fading memory of artisan ancestors, museum collections of folk art and rare craftsmen in the regions, some of whom make traditional utilitarian objects, are all that remains of the crafts.

Today, in the centers of traditional folk culture, schools of folk crafts, studios, work is underway to preserve, revive and develop traditional folk crafts. What is directly understood by the words "preservation, revival, development of traditional folk crafts"? The preservation of crafts is the search for craftsmen, objects, tools, production technologies, the collection, fixation and presentation of information about them. The revival of traditional folk crafts is the development of manufacturing technologies and the reconstruction of peasant household items. Development - the qualitative and quantitative development of crafts, the development of various crafts in a certain area. Is it so?

The revival of crafts in the form in which they existed at the time of the 20-30s of the 20th century is suitable only for the zones of conservation of folk culture, and here's why. The revival of crafts is directly related to the vital necessity of the craft in each specific situation. If there is no need for a craft, then there is no point in reviving it, since any craft at any point in its life cycle is rigidly tied to human life. The craft exists for human life, otherwise it is a reconstruction, a game of the "old".

The revival of traditional folk crafts is possible only if the external (natural) and internal (public) human environment is fully and accurately reconstructed. If such conditions are feasible in a certain area, then the revival of traditional folk crafts is possible. Such a territory could potentially be places of ecological settlements far from cities, but such human settlements are rare today and there are no serious prerequisites for their appearance. In our country, the majority of the population lives in cities and urban-type settlements, where crafts cannot exist in exactly the same form as they existed in the countryside, so a revival in the vast territory of Russia is impossible. What to do? It is necessary to change the attitude to traditional folk crafts and to folk culture in general - to treat it not as a separate forgotten phenomenon, but as a phenomenon that should be directly related to modern human life.

The concepts of "preservation" and "revival" of traditional folk crafts are the concepts of preserving crafts today at the level of historical time after which their destruction began. Combining the two concepts together, "preservation" and "revival" of traditional folk crafts, we got a very capacious bundle of separate processes: the search for craftsmen, objects, tools, production technologies, their collection and fixation, reconstruction, technology training, organization of free access to museum collections . All this constitutes a process of transmission of traditions with the aim of preserving the traditional folk crafts in detail, accurate and complete.

The preservation of traditional folk crafts will not ensure their demand. The development of traditional folk crafts in terms of the qualitative and quantitative development of crafts in a certain area, all the more, will not allow crafts to be in demand, since crafts are irrelevant in the modern human environment.

The concept of updating traditional folk crafts was given at the beginning of this article. Let's see what definition the dictionaries give to the concepts of "actual" and "actualization". Actual - important for the present time; topical, urgent, corresponding to the current state. Actualization (lat. actualis - active, effective) - an action aimed at adapting something to the conditions of a given situation. Obviously, the problem of the lack of demand for traditional folk crafts can be solved by updating, which will allow changing traditional folk crafts in accordance with the requirements of modernity. Note that it is necessary to update not only the craft as such, but also the process of preserving the craft. The reasons for the actualization of traditional folk crafts and the means of actualization will not be considered in this report. A separate report on this issue is currently being prepared, but here it is necessary to briefly describe the method of updating the process of preserving traditional folk crafts, without which further narration is impossible.

The method of updating the process of preserving the craft is as follows: to restore the causal relationship of the process of creating a peasant handicraft item: purpose - material - form - technology - aesthetics. The study of the craft tradition should begin with the purpose (function) of the object - to preserve, protect, speed up, facilitate, develop a skill, etc. Then study various materials: wood, clay, bark, roots, horn, bone, etc. The study of the shape of the object should be carried out taking into account object functions and material properties. It is necessary to study the production technology with an understanding of the shape of the object and the properties of the material. The aesthetic properties of an object should be considered in relation to the shape of the object and decoration. To study each stage of the creation of an object sequentially on the basis of a cause-and-effect relationship.

We can assert that actualization is a natural way of craft development, since it has always existed, since the human environment has changed constantly in a long historical context. Man adapted to new conditions of life - be it climate change, migration of peoples, changes in the social system and many other changes. Obviously, the actualization of crafts was a natural process in people's lives. On the other hand, when new technologies appear to facilitate human labor, the craft is updated through these technologies, for example, with the advent of wood lathes, woodworking crafts have changed. Such actualization is a process of craft development.

This was the case in Russia before the beginning of the Soviet period of industrialization. After this time, traditional folk crafts began to lose their role in human life support: household crafts began to be replaced by industrial production. The migration of the population from the countryside to the city, the pursuit of private property, collective farming on the land also did not contribute to the maintenance of handicraft production. The function of handicrafts began to move to industry, planning and mass production.

In the mid-70s of the twentieth century, crafts aroused interest among art historians against the backdrop of support for folk art crafts by the government of the USSR. The function of crafts at this moment is considered not from the side of human life support, but from the side of aesthetic perception of objects and objects of crafts, from the side of folk art. The admiration of art historians from the newly discovered folk art is a great recognition of the skill and artistic taste of the village master. But from that time to the present day, the original function of traditional folk crafts has not been restored, but has only changed even more - it has become a souvenir.

We will outline the basic rules for updating traditional folk crafts from the point of view of the master with explanations and examples.

To consider the principles of updating crafts, let's turn to craft items. A handicraft item is characterized by physical properties and aesthetic content. The physical properties of an object are those characteristics of an object that solve the problems of human life support. The physical properties of a handicraft object are: utilitarian purpose or function, shape, size, material, technology. The aesthetic content of a handicraft item is the artistic image of the item, determined by the form (not from the point of view of purpose, but from the point of view of perfect proportions) and decoration (graphics, color, elements, symbolism, composition and other characteristics of decoration).

Let us designate the actualization of handicrafts in terms of the characteristics of a handicraft item - this is the process of changing the physical properties and aesthetic content of handicraft items in accordance with changes in the environment of modern man. But this is not only a direct process of transforming handicraft items of the past into the format of the present, but also a reverse process of changing the environment of a modern person to the format of handicraft items.

Transforming handicraft items of the past into a modern format

The migration of the population from the rural environment to the urban environment determines the requirements for handicraft items. The dwelling of a person has changed from spacious village houses to cramped apartments in multi-storey brick houses - which means that the whole life of a person has changed. The requirements for kitchen utensils have changed - food storage containers should not be the same size as they were in a village house, but should correspond to the size of cabinets and kitchen shelves. From the tuesk that used to exist in the Arkhangelsk region, now no one requires that you carry milk or kvass in it, but only that it stand on a shelf and keep bulk products, so you can change the principle of closing the tuesk with a lid - close from above, and not from the inside . In proportion to the change in the internal space of the house, toys should be changed in the direction of decreasing size.

Changes in life are associated not only with a change in the size of the dwelling, but also with a change in the materials used in the construction of houses, interior decoration, the manufacture of furniture, household items, clothing and everything else that surrounds us at home, including changes in lifestyle. The flooring of a modern apartment is most often smooth - linoleum, tile, laminate, and traditional woven runners will slide underfoot, which is inconvenient. These woven rugs can be laid on the sofa, chairs and armchairs. An example of such use can be seen in Bashkiria in the tourist complex "Tengri" - covers for office chairs are sewn from woven paths, which are beautiful and easy to use.

Let us explain this approach to updating traditional folk crafts with the following examples:

Example 1. Manufacture of furniture based on a sideboard, a slide, a chest - preserving the purpose, shape, material, but changing the size for a modern apartment and changing the technology: production automation using modern machines, the use of glued wood, modern fasteners and modern furniture assembly technology.

Example 2. Traditional dishes made of traditional materials, wood, clay, birch bark, change to the size of a person’s dwelling (apartment) - the height of cabinets and shelves is less, and the size of the family is also smaller. Dishes are reduced in size, while remaining unchanged in purpose, shape, material and technology.

Example 3. Children's environment - games, toys and other items of children's everyday life can perceive traditional culture to a greater extent. A large proportion of modern caring and thinking parents want to surround their child with environmentally friendly and safe toys. In this case, traditional toys can come into the world of the modern child with minimal changes in size and technology. A wooden bunk on wheels can be made smaller, taking into account the space of the children's room. It is not necessary to cover the wood with paint, but cover it with an environmentally friendly water-based varnish or leave the material without additional coating. Use the hanging carrycot for children under 6 months of age. The cradle is made of birch bark in the same way as a traditional half-cloth (a half-cloth is a flat container for sorting out any bulk products). In this case, the form, material and technology remain unchanged, only the size and purpose change. Birch bark in the form of birds can be used as toys - only the purpose changes. If you make a wheelchair duck out of such a solonik, then the technology will change slightly when adding wheels.

Example 4. Ornamentation of traditional household items with paintings that were previously either not decorated or decorated with other paintings. You can leave all the properties of the decor unchanged, but change the technology of painting - use modern paints, varnishes, brushes and other devices.

Example 5. Making knitted clothes with traditional patterns - sweaters, dresses, vests and other warm clothes. Such properties as graphics, color, elements, symbolism remain unchanged, but the composition and proportionality of the ornament change depending on the shape and size of the clothes.

There are many examples, but the principle should be the same - purposeful combination of craft traditions and modernity for human life support purposes.

Changing the environment of a modern person to the format of handicraft items

Over the past 100 years, technological progress has changed the human environment so much that there is simply no place and sense for a hand mill and a spinning wheel in the house - flour, bread, thread and clothes are sold in the store and are available to all segments of the population. Is it possible to talk about any impact of traditional handicraft items on the human environment? Undoubtedly, yes! The point here is the physical properties and aesthetic content of handicraft items. On the one hand, the purpose and technology of making items are so outdated that they have no place in home life. On the other hand, these qualities are unique these days and are used by designers as new and attractive design ideas for cafes, restaurants, shops, entertainment centers, various events. Aesthetic content is used even more widely, since it is possible to decorate not only the interiors of public places, but also everything that surrounds a person every day: exteriors, clothes, food packaging, dishes, furniture. Surfaces are decorated with traditional ornaments from various materials, both natural and artificial: wood, ceramics, plastic, glass, various fabrics, polyethylene, concrete and others. Many of the items and objects of decoration are modern and perform new functions in the life support of people, compared to the pre-industrial period. The wife of the author of this story, for example, likes to buy milk in a package that depicts a fragment of a Pavlovo Posad shawl with flowers. Often people choose a plastic bag from the set on the counter with a pattern stylized as “Gzhel” or other painting. A vivid example of decorating modern objects and surfaces with ornaments based on traditional paintings is the Ru.branding project of the Open Collection Foundation.

Masters of traditional paintings and designers invent and decorate modern items. The work of the masters is manual and involves copying the elements of the painting separately or in compositions on new non-traditional items, such as dishes, bags and other utilitarian items. Designers stylize the elements of the painting and place the created elements on various surfaces of objects according to the laws of modern design: transport stops, information plates, dishes, concrete fences, clothes, cars, airplanes.

Let us explain this approach to updating traditional folk crafts with examples:

Example 1. Ornamentation of modern household items made from traditional and non-traditional handicraft materials. It is necessary to change or leave unchanged the properties of the decor in accordance with the shape and proportions of the object, and change the painting technology - use modern paints, varnishes, brushes and other devices.

Example 2. Production of haberdashery accessories such as handbags, cosmetic bags, purses, wallets, etc. using traditional techniques of weaving, knitting, felting, patchwork, etc. Ornamentation with elements of traditional embroidery, traditional images and symbols in non-traditional techniques (appliqué and other).

Example 3: The use of inlay techniques in the manufacture of modern objects from traditional handicraft materials. Inlay of traditional ornaments on traditional material.

It is necessary to speak separately about such a phenomenon as making traditional handicraft items from non-traditional materials . Wicker baskets from plastic ribbons (cut up used plastic bottles) and knitted round rugs from plastic bags. At first glance, a person who is not indifferent to folk art, such things cause shock and disgust - how can you replace birch bark with plastic from used bottles? From the point of view of the artistic perception of the subject, this is so. But from the point of view of the village craftsman who made such a basket, it’s a little different - to go far into the forest, it’s hard to remove birch bark, it’s not good with legs, and the neighbors have a lot of used plastic bottles that no one recycles, and no one wants to bury in the garden, you can baskets for all the neighbors to weave, which will not know wear and tear. The environmentalist will take the side of the master - an excellent solution for the disposal of household waste. In the West, for a long time there has been weaving baskets and other items from non-traditional modern materials. Whether it's good or bad is for everyone to judge personally, but the actualization of the craft is evident here - the replacement of traditional material with non-traditional to ensure human life in the age of plastic packaging.

Let's single out one more direction of updating - change in the physical properties of objects with a change in the utilitarian function for a souvenir . There is an opinion that the production of souvenirs by a master is a degeneration of the craft. In our opinion, the production of souvenirs is the need of our time, our modern environment and living conditions, and the task of the master is to most correctly transfer his craft experience and knowledge into a new type of product.

Two kinds of handicraft souvenirs can be defined: authentic items and new items.

An object that is authentic to a disused household item decades ago loses its utilitarian function and becomes a keeper of information both about the object itself and, possibly, about an event, person, place, which can have its own valuable value in a historical perspective. Historical science is based on sources. Among such sources as chronicles, epics, rituals, handicraft items stand apart, since written and oral sources inevitably change over time, while an item created centuries ago remains unchanged. This means that a craft item is the most reliable source of information. Therefore, making obsolete items as a souvenir and gift is very important.

New handicraft souvenirs are made to create an image of a handicraft item and to create an image of a memorable place, event, person using handicraft technologies and traditional materials. The task of the master is to achieve maximum expressiveness and recognition of the conceived image with minimal means. The issue of the production of souvenirs by a craftsman is very important both from the side of the development of the tourism industry in the Russian regions, and from the side of improving the well-being of craftsmen and raising the artistic level of souvenirs.

The above considerations can be formulated into the rules for updating traditional folk crafts:

Rule number 1.Changing the physical properties of a traditional object under the format of modernity, using traditional materials and changing the purpose within the framework of utility.

Rule number 2.The use of the aesthetic content of some traditional items for the manufacture of other traditional items.

Rule number 3.Application of the aesthetic content of traditional objects to the manufacture of non-traditional objects (handicraft and industrial).

Rule number 4.Changing the physical properties of a traditional object to the format of modernity, using non-traditional materials.

Rule number 5.Changing the physical properties of a traditional object to the format of modernity, while changing the utilitarian purpose.

The actualization of traditional folk crafts is not a new trend in the work of modern masters, but it is a natural process of development of crafts at all times. A modern master makes changes to the craft traditions of his ancestors, thereby prolonging their life and, perhaps, creating traditions himself.

The generalization of individual experience can open the way not only to the restoration of the function of crafts, but also to the demand for folk culture as a whole in modern society. We hope that this report can serve as an impetus to comprehend and generalize the experience of modern masters in order to solve the problem of the demand for handicrafts.

Bibliography:

Barkova E.V. Policy priorities in the field of folk culture. Materials of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference “Folk Art of Russia. Tradition and Modernity". Collection. Vologda, 2008. Pp. 21.

Folk art crafts- the labor activity of folk craftsmen based on collective experience, art workshops that develop local cultural traditions, including those that produce souvenirs (for example, toys).

Craft- small-scale manual production, based on the use of hand tools, the personal skill of the worker, which makes it possible to produce high-quality, often highly artistic products that are not only aesthetic, but also practical.

art craft- based on collective experience, the culture of labor professional skills and techniques of artistic processing of various materials (leather, metal, wood, etc.).

Folk art crafts have a wide range of products. Folk arts and crafts date back to antiquity, to home crafts and village crafts, thanks to which essential items were created. Rural crafts have been known since ancient times, in fact, they appeared at a time when humanity needed new tools and household items. In different regions and regions, among different peoples, culture and art differed, therefore, their crafts also differed.

Products are considered folk craft as long as the process of their manufacture is not put on automation or mass production of an industrial or factory type. The craftsmanship of making one or another type of artistic products in folk arts and crafts was passed down from generation to generation.

Russian folk crafts in Russia

Fedoskino miniature- a type of traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting with oil paints on papier-mâché, which developed at the end of the 18th century in the village of Fedoskino near Moscow. The favorite motifs of the Fedoskino miniaturists were the subjects popular at that time: “ triplets”, “tea drinking”, scenes from Russian and Little Russian peasant life. Most valued caskets And caskets, decorated with complex multi-figured compositions - copies paintings by Russian and Western European artists.

“Fedoskino lacquer miniature” is executed with oil paints in three or four layers - painting is successively performed (general outline of the composition), writing or repainting (more detailed study), glazing (image modeling with transparent paints) and glare (completion of the work with light colors that transmit glare on items). The original Fedoskino technique is "writing through": a reflective material is applied to the surface before painting - metal powder, Gold leaf or potal, or inserts are made from mother of pearl. Shining through transparent layers glazing colors, these linings give the image depth, an amazing glow effect. In addition to miniature painting, products are decorated with “filigree” (an ornament of miniature pieces of foil of the desired shape is laid out on wet varnish), “tsirovka” (scratching a pattern using a pattern on varnish placed over a sheet of metal on the surface of a product), “tartan” (a complex grid , applied with liquid paints with a drawing pen using a ruler), etc.

Zhostovo painting, Painting is usually done on a black background (sometimes on red, blue, green, silver), and the master works on several trays at once.

The main motif of the painting is a floral bouquet of a simple composition, in which large garden and small wild flowers alternate.

By purpose, trays are divided into two groups: for domestic purposes (for samovars, for serving food) and as decoration.

The shape of the trays are round, octagonal, combined, rectangular, oval, etc.

Palekh miniature, Typical plots of the Palekh miniature are borrowed from everyday life, literary works of the classics, fairy tales, epics and songs. The works are usually done with tempera paints on a black background and painted with gold.

Dymkovo toy, Dymkovo toy - handmade product. Each toy is the creation of one master. Making a toy, from modeling to painting, is a unique and creative process that never repeats. There are no and cannot be two absolutely identical products. Each toy is unique, one and only.

For its production, local bright red clay is used, thoroughly mixed with fine brown river sand. The figurines are molded in parts, individual parts are assembled and molded using liquid red clay as a binder. Modeling traces are smoothed out to give the product a smooth and neat surface.

After complete drying for two to fifty days and firing at a temperature of 700-800 degrees, the toys are covered with tempera white in two or three layers (previously, whitewashing was carried out with chalk diluted in milk). Previously, toys were painted with tempera paints mixed with kvass egg, using sticks and feathers instead of brushes. The painted toy was again covered with a beaten egg, which gave shine and brightness to the faded aniline paints. Today, aniline dyes and soft kolinsky brushes are used for painting. The use of a wide range, in which there is a lot of red, yellow, blue, green, scarlet, gives the Dymkovo toy a special brightness and elegance. A strictly geometric ornament is built according to various compositional schemes: cells, stripes, circles, dots are applied in various combinations. The decoration is completed by rhombus toys made of potal or gold leaf, pasted over the pattern.

The most common plots are: nannies with children, water carriers, rams with golden horns, turkeys, roosters, deer and, of course, young people, buffoons, ladies.

Halftones and imperceptible transitions are alien to the Dymkovo toy. All of it is an overflowing fullness of feeling the joy of life. She is especially good in a pair and in a group with others, in close proximity to her brothers and sisters from the settlement on the Vyatka River.

Kargopol toyThe craftsmen sculpted toys out of the remnants of clay, without attaching special importance to them. Clay horses, teams, figures of people and animals were inexpensive, they were not in special demand, and they were sculpted more for their own pleasure than for the sake of earning money. Initially, toys, like dishes, were "scalded". After firing, the red-hot product was immersed in a "talker" - a thick flour solution. Burnt flour left a black lace pattern on the light surface of the vessel or toy. Decorated with scratched archaic ornaments, such toys, with their artlessness, rather resembled the works of artists of the Stone Age. More expensive glazed utensils and toys covered with glaze were also made. In the early 1930s, the pottery industry gradually came to naught, and the production of toys stopped even earlier. Only a few craftsmen continued to make them.

The earliest Kargopol toys that have survived to our time can be considered the works of Ivan Virenturge and Ekaterina Abdulaeva Druzhinins, who worked in the 1930s-1940s. Basically, these are single figurines of peasants and ladies, painted with lime, soot and colored clays. They are rough in modeling, and their flat faces and generalized details of the figure and clothing resemble ancient stone women. The painting of the figurines combines ovals, circles, crosses, spots, also reminiscent of ancient ornamental motifs.

Modern Kargopol toys are less archaic. Preserving traditional forms, today's masters make it more elegant, sometimes accentuating details more clearly, generously painting with oil and tempera, avoiding, however, excessive variegation. In addition to figurines of people, Kargopol people sculpt horses, cows, bears, deer, heroes of fairy tales and epics. One of the most popular characters in the Kargopol toy was and remains Polkan - a half-horse-half-man (originally half-man-half-dog) with a bushy beard, with orders and epaulettes. Among other fairy-tale heroes there are a lion, a Sirin bird, a horse with two heads.

Keeping the tradition, Kargopol toy makers come up with new forms and plots of their works. This is how multi-figured compositions appeared - troikas, wagons, hunts, etc. They are decorated not with a faded pattern induced by colored clay on a lime background, but with bright tempera painting.

Abashevskaya toy - whistles, depicting animals, often taking phantasmagoric fabulous look. The figurines have an elongated torso with short, widely spaced legs and a long graceful neck. On a small, carefully sculpted head, deeply scratched eyes stand out. The heads of goats, deer, rams are crowned with curved, sometimes multi-tiered horns. Lush bangs, curly beards and manes are clearly modeled, their contours outlined by the stack have a strict pattern and high relief.

The whistles are painted with bright enamel colors - blue, green, red, in the most unexpected combinations. Individual details, such as horns, can be painted with silver or gold. Sometimes parts of the figurines remain unpainted and contrast sharply with bright spots of enamel. Ordinary pets under the hands of the master turn into fabulous creatures.

Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving, artistic craft of woodcarving,

In the Kudrin workshop, a special style of ornamental carving was formed, successful combinations of flat-relief carving with geometric carving were found, and principles for the organic use of carved decor in utilitarian objects were laid down. The products of Vornoskov and his followers - ladles, caskets, barrels, salt shakers, decorative dishes and vases covered with rhythmic floral ornaments, are distinguished by a variety of toning, emphasizing the natural beauty of wood. The floral ornament is based not only on samples of carved peasant products and house decor, but also on the ornamental screensavers of old printed books. The development of the ornament of the Kudrin masters went from the connection of individual elements - twigs, curls, rosettes - to solid ornamental compositions covering the entire product.

bogorodskaya carving, Bogorodsk toy- Russian folk craft, consisting in the manufacture of carved toys and sculptures from soft woods (linden, alder, aspen). Its center is the village of Bogorodskoye (Sergiev-Posad district of the Moscow region). Bogorodsk carving is performed using a special "Bogorodsk" knife ("pike").

One of the distinguishing features of the craft has always been the manufacture of moving toys. The most famous toy is "Blacksmiths", usually depicting a man and a bear, who alternately hit the anvil. This toy, which, according to some sources, is more than 300 years old, has become a symbol of both the Bogorodsk industry and Bogorodsky itself, having entered the coat of arms of the village.

The toy "Blacksmiths" is over 300 years old. The toy "Blacksmiths" has become a symbol of the Bogorodsk industry. It is worth moving the slats and the brisk work immediately begins. Figures move in a clear rhythm, hammers beat on the anvil in time. The toy "Chickens", very similar in principle to the "Kuznetsov", is also a long-liver: children played with it back in the days of Pushkin and Lermontov. In the intricate "fun" with balance lies the idea of ​​rhythm, to which the child is naturally sensitive. The mechanisms themselves are simple, but the actions are effective. The sound sharpens the dynamics of the toy.

Rostov enamel, Enamel(other Russian finipt, himipet, from Middle Greek χυμευτόν, the same from χυμεύω - “I mix”) - the manufacture of works of art using vitreous powder, enamel, on a metal substrate, a type of applied art. The glass coating is long-lived and does not fade over time, while enamel products are distinguished by their special brightness and purity of colors.

Enamel acquires the desired color after firing with the help of additives for which metal salts are used. For example, gold additives give the glass a ruby ​​color, cobalt - blue, and copper - green. When solving specific pictorial problems, the brightness of enamel can, unlike glass, be muffled.

Rostov enamel - Russian folk art craft; exists since the XVIII century in the city of Rostov (Yaroslavl region). Miniature images are made on enamel with transparent refractory paints, invented in 1632 by the French jeweler Jean Tutin.