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From the point of view of the scope of use, the vocabulary is divided. From the point of view of use, they distinguish

From the point of view of the scope of use, the vocabulary is divided. From the point of view of use, they distinguish

20.09.2019

Vocabulary in terms of the scope of its use "

Common vocabulary- this is the common vocabulary of all Russian speakers. These words are used in any style of speech.

Limited vocabulary- this is a part of the national language, which consists of words used by a limited number of Russian speakers, connected by a territorial, professional or social community and in constant and direct linguistic communication. This vocabulary includes dialectisms, terms And professionalism, jargon.

Dialectisms are words that are limited in their use to a certain territory. Dialecticisms are considered as deviations from the linguistic norm. Differ phonetic, grammatical, derivational, lexical dialectisms.

Phonetic dialectisms are characterized by certain sound features, reflect the features of the sound system of speech.

Grammar And derivational dialectisms reflect the features of form formation and word formation.

Lexical dialectisms- these are words that are dialectal not in some part (sound, suffix), but in general. Lexical dialectisms are divided into proper lexical, ethnographic, semantic.

Proper lexical dialectisms are local names of nationwide concepts, phenomena, objects. These words, being non-literary, have synonyms in the literary language.

Ethnographic dialectisms- words that name objects, phenomena that are not included in public use. These words reflect the peculiarities of local life, the specifics of the work of people living in a certain territory.

Semantic dialectisms are local meanings of common words. In relation to them, the words of the literary language act as homonyms.

Special vocabulary- these are words and expressions that are used in special areas of human activity. Special vocabulary is divided into 2 groups: terms And professionalism.

Term(from lat. terminus - border, limit) - a word or phrase that is the exact name of any concept used in science, technology or art.

Professionalism- a semi-official word, common (more often in colloquial speech) among people of one or another professional group and not being a strict, scientific designation of concepts.

Terminological vocabulary consists of highly specialized And commonly used terms .

Widely used terms are generally understood and are included in the book vocabulary of the national language.

Highly specialized terms are the property of specialists only.

Jargon(fr. jargon) - a special language of a narrow circle of people united by a common interest, joint pastime, etc. There are student jargon, army, computer, etc.

jargon- these are words and expressions of slang speech that are used outside of it.

Argo (fr. - argot) - a kind of jargon, which is a conditional, classified speech of declassed elements.

Argotisms are words and slang expressions used in general speech.

Dialect vocabulary

In the Russian lexical system, groups of words are distinguished, the scope of which is limited by one or another territorial fixation. Such groups are called dialects. At their core, these are the dialects of the peasant population, which still retain separate phonetic, morphological, syntactic and lexical-semantic features. This makes it possible to single out phonetic dialectisms (w[o]na instead of wife, p[i]snya, m[i] hundred instead of song, place; dum[a]t instead of thinks in Northern Russian dialects; n[i]su, r[ I] ka instead of carrying, river; [hv] artuk instead of an apron, etc. in South Russian dialects); morphological dialectisms (for example, I saw with my own eyes [s], spoke with smart people [pits], where there is a coincidence of the endings of creative and dat. plural cases in northern dialects, and nisho [t], let's go [t] instead of carries, will go or at m[i]n[e], at s[i] b[e] instead of at me, at home - in the south) and lexical dialectisms, among which stand out proper lexical and lexico-semantic .

Actually lexical dialectisms are called words that coincide with general literary ones in meaning, but differ in their sound complex. They name the same concepts as the words of the literary language that are identical to them, i.e. are synonyms. So, actually lexical dialectisms are the words: golitsy, fur coats (sev.) - mittens; Basque (northern) - beautiful; veksha (sev.) - squirrel; stitch (southern) - path; row (southern) - disdain, neglect; beam (southern) - ravine, guy (southern) - forest, etc.

Lexico-semantic dialectisms are words that coincide in spelling and pronunciation with literary ones, but differ from them in their meaning. Such dialectisms are homonyms in relation to literary words. For example: whiskey (Kursk, Voronezh) - hair on the whole head and temples (lit., pl. from the temples) - the side of the skull above the line running from ear to eye; hair growing on the side of the skull in front of the ear; peppy (Southern, Ryazan) - smart, beautifully dressed and peppy (lit.) - full of strength, healthy, energetic; goat (southern, kaluga, orlov, kursk) - snake and goat (lit.) - wild goat; wad (volzh.) - the bow of the ship, the very front of it; wad (north, east) - hemp chaff and wad (lit.) - a bundle of hemp, fabric, paper for driving a charge.

In their bulk, dialect words are not included in the general literary language. But through colloquial speech (especially through vernacular), dialectisms penetrate into the literary language.

Some names associated with the cycle of agricultural work, various kinds of crafts, qualities, actions, phenomena, etc. came from dialects into the literary language. For example: harrow (harrow), furrow, spindle, fork (cabbage), cake, creepy, bin (bin), strawberry, swell, mop, caulk, uproot, hairy, mumble, dragonfly, pothole, frail, heron, etc.

One of the ways dialect words penetrate into the literary language is their skillful, moderate use in newspaper publications, in the language of fiction. The abuse of local speech means clogs the language and deprives it of the ability to perform its main function - communicative (lat. communicatio - message, connection), and also reduces its impact on the reader.

So, if in the literary language there are, for example, the words fork, pot, washcloth and others, then there is no need to introduce equivalent dialectisms stag, mahotka, vehotka (from the word vehot - this is how a washcloth is called in the Ural dialects). Russian writers of the 20th century also use words from local dialects, to whom they also serve as a means of giving special expressiveness to speech, creating local color.

For the modern literary language, dialectisms provide less and less figurative means even when people from a peasant environment are depicted, since the growth of the culture of the entire population, as well as the influence of the media, contribute to the fact that the process of convergence of local dialects with the literary language is taking place more and more actively. This process captures the entire system of the dialect, but the most permeable is the lexical system. At the same time, a complex, multi-stage process of a radical restructuring of dialect vocabulary is observed: the narrowing of the scope of use of individual dialectisms until their complete disappearance from the dialect vocabulary due to changes in agricultural methods, the extinction of individual crafts, the replacement or disappearance of many social and everyday realities, etc.

Special vocabulary

Special vocabulary - these are words and combinations of words denoting the concepts of a certain field of knowledge or activity. For example: holdings (`money, checks, bills, letters of credit, from which payments can be made and the obligations of their owners repaid`), dividend (`part of the profit received by the shareholder`), convertible currency (`currency that can be freely exchanged for another currency`) - words related to the field of economics -

Among special words terms and professionalisms can be distinguished.

Term (from lat. terminus - `border, limit`) - a word or combination of words that is an officially accepted, legalized name of any concept of science, technology, etc. As a rule, in the system of this terminology (i.e., in the system of a given scientific discipline or a given scientific school), the term is unambiguous, emotionally and stylistically neutral.

Among the terms differentiate between specialized and general(they are also called generally understood), meaning by the latter words understood (with varying degrees of completeness) and used not only by specialists. Examples of the first medical: immobilization (`creation of immobility, rest`), hemothorax (`blood accumulation in the pleura`), pericarditis (`inflammation of the pericardial sac`), etc.; linguistic: simplification (`the transformation of a previously segmented stem of words into an indivisible one, into a new root`, cf .; "cloud", "rim", "forget", once associated with the words "envelop", "circle", "be"), prosthesis (`the appearance of an additional sound in the absolute beginning of a word`, cf.: "eight" and "eight", "lamb" and "lamb", "patrimony" and "fatherland", "caterpillar" and "mustache"). Examples of the second– medical: amputation, hypertension, cardiogram, potassium permanganate, pleurisy, angina pectoris, etc.; linguistic: antonym, infinitive, metaphor, adverb, case, synonym, connecting vowel, suffix, etc.

The boundaries between highly specialized and commonly used terms are changeable. There is a constant movement of a part of highly specialized words into commonly used ones, which may no longer be recognized by non-specialists as terminological (although they remain terms in one or another special area, in one or another terminological system). This movement is facilitated by a number of objective factors.. One of these factors- raising the general educational, cultural level, the degree of special development of native speakers. Of great importance is the role of a particular science, branch of the economy, area of culture in any period of the life of society. The awareness of the role of any knowledge, scientific achievements is associated with the promotion of this knowledge, acquaintance with the achievements in this field, etc., which are carried out using the means at the disposal of society. Such means are fiction, criticism, popular science literature, and finally, modern mass media - print, radio, television. For example, the enormous public interest that the development of cosmonautics aroused, the constant coverage of its achievements in the periodical press determined the exit of a number of relevant terms beyond the bounds of highly specialized circulation. Such terms include apogee, perigee, weightlessness, sound chamber, soft landing, selenology, etc.

Fiction also contributes to the development of terms. Thus, the romanticization of the sea, people associated with maritime professions in the stories of K. Stanyukovich, A. Green, in a number of translated works (J. Verne, J. London, etc.), contributed to the acquaintance of wide readership with maritime terms: avral, brig , drift, cables, cockpit, cabin, schooner, knot, etc. Science fiction writers have brought a considerable number of scientific terms closer to readers, such as antimatter, asteroid, galaxy, gravity, modulator, plasma, repeater, force field, etc.

The degree of understanding of the term and its inclusion in the category of commonly understood words is also related to its structure. Thus, terms consisting of familiar elements are easily assimilated, cf.: airbus, seamless, bituminization, pressure helmet, glue concrete, reeds, refraction, neo-capitalism, etc. Many terms that have arisen as a result of rethinking words are easily understood and mastered. An illustration of such terms can be the names of many parts of mechanisms, devices that are similar in appearance, function, etc. with household items: fork, wiper, hammer, skid, apron. Wed also the anatomical terms scapula, pelvis, calyx (knee), apple (eye), the term of cybernetics memory. And vice versa, borrowed terms, consisting of elements that were previously semantically unknown, can become understandable only as a result of acquaintance with the concepts they denote. Compare, for example, terms such as holdings, musical andante, cantabile, moderato, presto, like apse, attic, litote, nave, prosthesis, tanka and under.

Entering into literary use, many terms are subjected to metaphorization and thus serve as a source of figurative means of the language. Compare, for example, such metaphors (and metaphorical phrases) that appeared at different times as agony, apogee, atmosphere, bacillus, vacuum, coil, zenith, impulse, ingredient, orbit, perturbation, potential, symptom, embryo; center of gravity, fulcrum, specific gravity, star of the first magnitude, reduce to zero, nutrient medium, tune in to the desired wave, weightlessness, etc.

Special vocabulary also includes professionalisms. Professionalisms are such words and phrases that are not currently officially recognized designations of special concepts. They usually appear in in cases where it becomes necessary to designate a variety of a concept, subject, and exist as professionalisms until they are officially recognized (and then they begin to be called terms). So, in essence, the difference between a term and professionalism is the temporary informality of professionalisms. This difference can be demonstrated by the following examples. In the "Reference book of the proofreader" K.I. Bylinsky and A.H. Zhilina (M., 1960), among the professionalisms (they were given in quotation marks), along with the words and phrases "hanging line", "eye" error, "reins", "corridor" were attributed "siege marashka" and "hat" (marashka - typographical marriage in the form of a square, strip, etc., appearing as a result of whitespace material appearing on a sheet; cap - a large headline in a newspaper, common to several materials).

The name "professionalism" as a designation of a special subject, a concept in relation to certain types of activity, occupations is generally more suitable than a "term". Such occupations include amateur hunting, fishing, amateur handicraft production, etc. In a word, all those (having a long tradition) occupations and occupations of those who do not enter into official, legal relations with the state (and these relations must always be defined in the exact terms of the law).

Professional jargons adjoin the terms and professionalisms - informal designations of concepts, objects of a special and non-special nature, which are common in the colloquial speech of representatives of a particular profession. So, chemists, especially young ones, call hydrochloric acid hodgepodge, glassblowers - glassblowers; in the speech of the military (and those who have served military service) the guardhouse is a lip, guarding the guardhouse is a governor, civilian life is a citizen, demobilization is a demobilization; sailors have a boatswain - a dragon, a captain - a cap, a mechanic - a grandfather, to tell stories or just to amuse, amuse - poison, etc. Professional jargon, as a rule, is expressively colored.

Argo. Jargon. Slang

Terms slang And jargon - French in origin argot, jargon), slang - english (english, slang). These terms are often used interchangeably. However, it is advisable to distinguish between the concepts behind these names: slang – it, unlike jargon, is more or less a secret language created specifically to make the speech of a given social group incomprehensible to outsiders. Therefore, the phrases "thieves' slang", "argo ofenei" - wandering merchants in Russia in the 19th century, are preferable to "thieves' jargon", "argo ofenei" ..

Before the revolution, slang developed completely autonomously from the common language; in fiction, slang and other slang vocabulary was used almost exclusively for the speech characterization of individual characters. In the USSR in the 1920s, due to a sharp increase in the social mobility of the population, the language norm was destabilized, everyday language was permeated with words of criminal origin, some of them were firmly fixed in a colloquial style, and soon their origin ceased to be recognized: junk, by pull, fake(in the meaning of "fake"), etc.

Since the 1930s, in connection with the strengthening of official control over written texts, they have become more normative, but oral speech, primarily youth, army and other jargons, due to the constant mass contacts of representatives of all walks of life with the penitentiary system, is under a noticeable influence of slang. Argotic vocabulary is widely used in uncensored fiction (cf. I. Brodsky: Jaw with fixa glitters with golden permafrost; In these boxes you're like a yankee; I am the true law knocked up .

Argo borrowings can change meanings noticeably. For example, lower(in slang - "to give the lowest possible social status through homosexual violence") in the speech of modern journalists and politicians means "put in place, humiliate"; gopnik(the original, from the 19th century, meaning in slang - "ragamuffin", then also "robber") in modern youth jargon acquires as the main meaning "an uncultured aggressive teenager;" jock ";" luber "", as well as "amateur" pops", low-grade, from the point of view of the speaker, music". When criminal phraseology is transferred to a colloquial or jargonized version of a common language, the inner form is often lost, cf. give in / on the paw"give a bribe" (from criminal. give paw, where is the word paw means "bribe"); without bullshit"seriously, without deceit" (from without bulldozer, Where Bulda, previously bullda, meaning "pederasty"); naked Vasya"empty, hopeless" (from naked wasser, same meaning).

Term slang more characteristic of the Western linguistic tradition. In terms of content, it is close to what is denoted by the term jargon.

Argo, jargon, slang are varieties of sociolect. The specificity of each of these linguistic formations may be due to the professional isolation of certain groups or their social limitations from the rest of society. Computer jargon (slang) - an example professionally specific language formations, thieves' slang, student slang - examples socially specific subcodes. Sometimes a group can be isolated both professionally and socially; the speech of such a group has the properties of both professional and social jargon (slang, slang). An example is soldier's jargon, since military science is a profession, and people engaged in this profession live their own life, quite isolated from the rest of society.

TO common vocabulary include words used (understood and used) in different linguistic areas by native speakers, regardless of their place of residence, profession, lifestyle: these are the majority of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs ( blue, bonfire, grumble, good), numerals, pronouns, most function words.

TO restricted vocabulary include words whose use is limited by some locality (dialecticisms), profession (special vocabulary), occupation or interests (slang vocabulary).

Dialectisms - these are features of dialects, dialects that do not correspond to the norms of the literary language. Dialectism is a dialectal inclusion in the Russian literary language. People's speech can reflect the phonetic, word-formation, grammatical features of the dialect, but for lexicology, the most important are dialectisms associated with the functioning of words as lexical units - lexical dialectisms, which are of several types Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Culture and art of speech. modern rhetoric. Rostov-on-Don. 2001. S. 33..

Firstly, dialectism can denote realities that exist only in a given locality and do not have names in the literary language: tyes- "vessel for liquid from birch bark", crumbs- "a wooden shoulder device for carrying weights."

Secondly, dialectisms include words used in a certain locality, but having words with the same meaning in the literary language: hefty - very, pitching - duck, peplum - beautiful.

Thirdly, there are such dialectisms that coincide in spelling and pronunciation with the words of the literary language, but have a different meaning that does not exist in the literary language, but is characteristic of a particular dialect, for example, plow -"revenge the floor" firefighter -"burnt out" thin in the meaning of "bad" (this meaning was also inherent in the literary language in the past, hence the comparative degree worse from adjective bad) or weather- "bad weather."

Special vocabulary associated with people's work. It includes terms and professionalisms.

Terms- these are the names of special concepts of science, art, technology, agriculture, etc. The terms are often artificially created using Latin and Greek roots and differ from the "ordinary" words of the language in that they, ideally, are unambiguous in this terminology and do not have synonyms , that is, each term should correspond to only one object of this science. Each word-term has a strict definition, fixed in special scientific studies or terminological dictionaries.

Distinguish between general terms and highly specialized terms. Meaning commonly understood terms are also known to a non-specialist, which is usually associated with the study of the basics of various sciences at school and with their frequent use in everyday life (for example, medical terminology) and in the media (political, economic terminology). highly specialized terms are understood only by specialists. Let us give examples of linguistic terms of various types Zemsky A.M. Russian language. M., 1994. S. 37.:

common terms: subject, predicate, suffix, verb;

highly specialized terms: predicate, phoneme, submorph, suppletivism.

The terms belong to the literary language and are recorded in special terminological dictionaries and explanatory dictionaries with a mark special.

It is necessary to distinguish from terms professionalism- words and expressions that are not scientifically defined, strictly legalized names of certain objects, actions, processes associated with the professional, scientific, industrial activities of people. These are semi-official and unofficial (they are sometimes called professional jargon) words used by people of a certain profession to refer to special objects, concepts, actions, often having names in the literary language. Jargon professionalisms exist exclusively in the oral speech of people of this profession and are not included in the literary language (for example, among typographical workers: a cap- large header slur- "marriage in the form of a square"; for drivers: bagel- "steering wheel", brick- sign forbidding passage). If professionalisms are included in dictionaries, they are accompanied by an indication of the scope of use ( in the speech of sailors, in the speech of fishermen etc.).

Limited vocabulary also includes jargon- words used by people of certain interests, occupations, habits. So, for example, there are jargons of schoolchildren, students, soldiers, athletes, criminals, hippies, etc. For example, in student jargon tail- "failed exam, test", hostel- "dormitory", spur, bomb- "varieties of cheat sheets", in the jargon of schoolchildren laces, ancestors, rodaky- parents, cupcake, baby doll, bump, pepper, people, dude, cartilage, shnyaga- boy. Words included in different jargons form interjargon ( schmuck, funny, cool, party) Zemsky A.M. Russian language. M., 1994. S. 39.

In addition to the term slang, there are also the terms "slang" and "slang". Argo is a specially classified language. In previous centuries, in Russia there were slang of wandering merchants - peddlers, professional fundraisers, etc. Now we can talk about thieves' slang ( feather- knife, a gun- gun). Slang- this is a linguistic environment of oral communication that is different from the norm of the literary language, uniting a large group of people. A significant difference between slang and jargon is the increased emotionality of slang and the lack of selectivity of objects for naming with the help of special words: slang is used in almost all speech situations in informal oral communication of people. So, we can talk about youth slang - a means of informal communication of young people aged approximately 12 to 30 years. Slang is updated quite quickly, and jargon units are the sources of constant slang renewal (over the past few years, youth slang has switched from thieves' jargon as the main "supplier" of vocabulary to jargon of drug addicts),

Words related to the vocabulary of limited use are often used in fiction for the speech characterization of characters, creating a certain color.

Obsolete words are opposed neologisms - new words, the novelty of which is felt by the speakers.

Language neologisms- these are words that arise as names for new objects, phenomena, concepts that do not yet have names in the language, or as new names for already existing objects or concepts.

Language neologisms arise in the following ways:

1) a new word, a new lexical unit appears in the language. It appears through borrowing ( shop tour, charter, shaping, image) or the emergence of a new word according to the word-formation models existing in the language from the “old” word ( geography moonography) or neologism-borrowing ( marketing marketing, computer computer, geek, computerization) Beloshapkova V.A. Modern Russian language. M., 1998. S. 29.;

2) a word already existing in the language has a new meaning, for example, kettle- “non-specialist with weak skills in something”, hatch- "paste for correcting the text", round- negotiation phase pirate- "Unlicensed" shell- "garage". In the future, this meaning can come off and form a new homonym word.

If an object, concept, phenomenon called neologism quickly becomes irrelevant, neologism may not have time to become a commonly used word, get used to the language, and this word can immediately go into a passive vocabulary, becoming historicism. Such a fate befell many neologisms from the time of NEP, the first years of perestroika ( cooperator, gekachepist, voucher).

Language neologisms are used by native speakers in their everyday speech, are known and understood by many. If the existence of a linguistic neologism is justified, pretty soon the neologism enters the active vocabulary and ceases to be recognized as a new word. However, the creation of new words, word creation is also possible in other situations: an artistic word, a situation of friendly communication, the speech of a child who has not yet fully mastered the vocabulary of the Russian language. An adult, poet, writer consciously resorts to word creation in order to make his speech more expressive or to play on the rich word-building possibilities of the language, the child does this unconsciously. The results of such word creation are called individual (contextual, author's) neologisms. So, we find in A. S. Pushkin the words burnished, küchelbeckerno, from V. V. Mayakovsky: lyubenochek, hurry, turn blue, lightning.

> Vocabulary in terms of its use

According to social acceptance, common vocabulary and vocabulary of limited use are distinguished.

The most important part of the dictionary of the Russian language in all its diversity is common (national) vocabulary - words, the use of which is not limited, freely. It is a lexical core, without it a language is unthinkable, communication is impossible; it is made up of words that are expressions of the most necessary, vital concepts. This is the backbone of the national literary language, on the basis of which there is a further improvement and enrichment of vocabulary. Most of the words included in it are stable in their use and are commonly used in all styles of speech. For example: earth, forest, go, winter, bright.

Vocabulary of limited use - words, the use of which is limited by social or territorial factors. It includes dialect vocabulary, terminological and professional vocabulary, slang vocabulary.

According to the nature of the reflection of reality, the vocabulary is divided into terminological (terms) and professional (professionalisms).

Terminological vocabulary (terms) - words or phrases used to logically accurately define special concepts, their distinguishing features and qualities. The term has a specific definitive (definitive) meaning, accepted by native speakers by agreement, is part of the terminological system, enters into hypo-hyperonymic relations with other components of this system. For example: word-formation - derivative, word-formation pair, word-formation chain, word-formation paradigm.

Professional vocabulary (professionalism) - words and expressions used by people of the same profession or specialty. Professionalisms call special concepts, tools, etc. For example: a cap- a common title for several articles.

Professional vocabulary can be mastered by the literary language, which leads to determinology´tion professionalisms and turning them into common words. For example: idea catalyst.

According to social acceptance, jargon and slang vocabulary are distinguished.

Slang vocabulary (slang, jargons) (fr. le jargon- dialect) - words that reflect the characteristics of the speech of people united by a common profession, social status, age, interests. The purpose of the formation and use of slang words is the creation of "one's own" language of communication. For example, in student speech: sti´pa or step (scholarship), hostel (hostel), tail (failed test or exam), teacher (teacher), abitu'ra (applicant, 1st year student before the session).

Argotic vocabulary (argo´, argotism) (fr. argot- closed, inactive) - words and expressions common in a highly professional or asocial sphere. The purpose of using argotism is to encode information, making it inaccessible for understanding by the uninitiated. For example: warm- deceive, deceive.

In parallel with the common vocabulary, there is a layer of dialect language vocabulary, which is a collection of different dialects distributed in a certain geographical area. Dialect (gr. dia´lektos- dialect) is a territorial variety of the Russian language, which has a number of linguistic features (phonetic, morphological, derivational, syntactic).

Dialectic vocabulary (dialecticisms) (gr. dia´lektos- adverb) - words, the distribution of which is limited to a particular territory.

Common vocabulary can be replenished with dialect words that lose their marking and are perceived as common words. So, in the XIX century. from dialects, words entered into the common vocabulary in vain, floodplain, taiga etc., in the twentieth century. - Putin, mill, dark and etc.

In artistic speech, dialectisms are used to describe the life and customs of people living in a given area, create a territorial picture of the world, and characterize characters.

Phonetic dialecticisms - words that have phonetic features, for example: tree And tree´ - tree, mostly deciduous.

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Russian vocabulary from the point of view of its origin. Vocabulary in terms of its use. professionalism. Terminological vocabulary. Active and passive vocabulary.

Vocabulary in terms of origin

1 .Originally Russian are the words that appeared in the Russian language at any stage of its development.

Native Russian vocabulary forms the main array of the vocabulary of the Russian language, which determines its national specificity. The original Russian words include 1) Indo-Europeanisms; 2) common Slavic words, 3) words of East Slavic origin, 4) proper Russian words.

2 .Indo-Europeanisms are the most ancient words preserved from the era of Indo-European unity. The Indo-European linguistic community gave rise to many European and some Asian languages. The Indo-European language is also called the proto-language. For example, the words mother, son, daughter, moon, snow, water, new, sew, etc. go back to the parent language.

Common Slavic vocabulary is words inherited by the Russian language from the common Slavic (Proto-Slavic) language, which became the basis of all Slavic languages., Words of common Slavic origin are most commonly used in speech (field, sky, earth, river, wind, rain, maple, linden, elk , snake, already, mosquito, fly, friend, face, lip, throat, heart, knife, sickle, needle, grain, oil, flour, bell, cage; black, white, thin, sharp, evil, wise, young, deaf , sour; throw, nod, boil, put; one, two, ten; you, he, who, what; where, then, there; without, about, at, for; but, yes, and, whether, etc. .)

East Slavic vocabulary is words inherited by the Russian language from the East Slavic (Old Russian) language, which is the common language of all Eastern Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians). A significant part of the words of East Slavic origin is known in Ukrainian and Belarusian, but is absent in West Slavic and South Slavic languages, for example: bullfinch (Russian), stgur (Ukrainian), snyagur (Belarusian) - wintering (Serbian). Words of East Slavic origin include, for example, the words dog, squirrel, boot, ruble, cook, carpenter, village, nag, palm, boil, etc.

Actually, Russian vocabulary is words that appeared in the Russian language during its independent existence, when Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages began to develop in parallel. The entire previous lexical and derivational material became the basis of Russian words proper. Properly Russian in origin include, for example, the words visor, sorcerer, spinning wheel, child, timid, etc.

3. Signs of Old Slavism:

1. Phonetic

a) non-vowel combinations ra, la, re, le correlative with Russian full-vowel oro, olo, ere (gate - gate).

b) initial combinations ra, la correlative with Russian ro, lo (rook - boat)

c) consonant u, alternating with t, with Russian h (lighting - shining - candle)

d) initial e with Russian o (single - one)

e) e under stress before hard consonants in Russian e (cross - godfather)

f) a combination of railway in the root with Russian f (clothes - clothes)

2. Word-building

a) prefixes pre-, through- with Russian re-, through- (to transgress - to cross)

b) prefixes from- with Russian you- (pour out - pour out)

c) suffixes of abstract nouns – action, -e, -zn, -ynya, -tva, -dream (life, prayer)

d) parts of compound words with good, good, sacrifice, evil

3. Morphological

a) superlative suffixes -eysh, -aysh

b) participial suffixes -ashch (yashch), -usch (yushch) with Russians -ach (yach), -uch (yuch) (burning - hot)

In one word there may be several signs that make it possible to attribute it to Old Slavonicism.

Sometimes the presence of an Old Church Slavonic element does not mean that a later borrowing was made from Old Church Slavonic (pre-Olympic).

The fate of the Old Slavs:

1) Old Slavonicisms completely replaced the original Russian words (captivity - full)

2) Old Slavonicisms are used along with native Russian words (ignorant - ignorant). In such pairs, Old Slavic words denote abstract concepts or have a touch of solemnity, bookishness, have different compatibility and differ lexically (hot - burning).

Old Church Slavonicisms can be:

1. Stylistically neutral (artist, time, clothes, power)

2. Bookish, having a touch of solemnity (shudder, dry out)

3. Obsolete (young, breg, hand).

Old Slavonicisms are used in the YaHL for stylistic purposes to convey solemnity, a parodic reduction in style, a comic effect, to create a temporary color and archaic style.

4. With direct contact of peoples, borrowing took place orally (Scandinavian, Finnish and Turkic). Latinisms were borrowed in writing, Greekisms were borrowed orally and in writing.

1. Scandinavian - Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish - the earliest borrowings (herring, brand, whip, blizzard, Igor, Oleg).

2. Turkic - (11-17 centuries) sash, shoe, brocade, shed.

3. Greek - penetrated into the Russian language even before the adoption of Christianity, when Rus' traded with Greece, with the adoption of Christianity (end of the 10th century) they were borrowed through liturgical books (altar, pulpit, doll, cucumber, ship). The Greek language was enriched with scientific terminology, Greek terms were borrowed from other languages or created according to Greek patterns (alphabet, apostrophe, grammar).

4. Latinisms - a large number in the terminological vocabulary (accent, hyphen, predicate). Latinisms penetrated through the Greek-Byzantine, Polish and Ukrainian (15-17 centuries) media. From the 18th century great influence on the Russian language (author, student, dean, coin, constitution).

5. Germanic languages

a) German - the beginning of penetration dates back to ancient times (Gothic), most active since the beginning of the 18th century. (Peter 1), these include military terms (soldier, officer), craft terms (jigsaw, workbench), names of animals and plants, objects, medical terms (tie, tunic, potato, paramedic, huntsman)

b) Dutch - in the era of Peter 1, mainly the terms of maritime affairs (raid, pennant, yacht, frigate, office)

c) English - in the 16th century, borrowings of the terms of maritime affairs. Since the 19th century terms technical, sports, socio-political, agricultural (wagon. Rails, steak, sports, tennis, club, leader)

6. Romance languages

a) French - penetrate from the 17th-19th centuries. and cover various areas of life (leotard, corset, partisan, dugout, fleet, parliament, play, plot)

b) Italian - mostly art history terms (aria, solo, impresario, piano, barricade, pasta, paper, newspaper)

c) Spanish - guitar, serenade, caramel

5. Signs of borrowing:

1) Turkisms are characterized by synharmonism

2) French - final stressed vowels (coat), combinations ue, wa in the middle of a word (silhouette), final -age (massage).

3) German - combinations of pieces, xt (pate, watch)

4) English - a combination of j (jazz, budget)

5) Latinisms - final -mind, -us, -ura, -tion, -ent (plenum, president, degree)

Vocabulary in terms of its use

Limited use vocabulary- words, the use of which is limited by social or territorial factors. It includes dialect vocabulary, terminological and professional vocabulary, slang vocabulary.

According to the nature of the reflection of reality, the vocabulary is divided into terminological (terms) and professional (professionalisms).

Terminological lexicon (terms)- words or phrases used to logically accurately define special concepts, their distinctive features and qualities. The term has a specific definitive (definitive) meaning, accepted by native speakers by agreement, is part of the terminological system, enters into hypo-hyperonymic relations with other components of this system. For example: word-formation - derivative, word-formation pair, word-formation chain, word-formation paradigm.

Professional vocabulary (professionals)- words and expressions used by people of the same profession or specialty. The purpose of use is to simplify and speed up communication. as a rule, they refer to the colloquial style and Professionalisms refer to special concepts, tools, etc. For example: a cap- a common title for several articles.

Professional vocabulary can be mastered by the literary language, which leads to determinology´tion professionalisms and turning them into common words. For example: idea catalyst.

See also "Dictionaries of linguistic terms"

According to social acceptance, jargon and slang vocabulary are distinguished.

Jargo´nayale´ksika (jargo´n, slang´zmy)(fr. lejargon- dialect) - words that reflect the characteristics of the speech of people united by a common profession, social status, age, interests. The purpose of the formation and use of slang words is the creation of "one's own" language of communication. For example, in student speech: sti´pa or step (scholarship), hostel (hostel), tail (failed test or exam), teacher (teacher), abitu'ra (applicant, 1st year student before the session).

Argotic lexicon (argo´, argotism)(fr. argot- closed, inactive) - words and expressions common in a highly professional or asocial sphere. The purpose of using argotism is to encode information, making it inaccessible for understanding by the uninitiated. For example: warm- deceive, deceive.

See also "Jargon Dictionaries"

Dialectical lexicon (dialecticisms)(gr. dia´lektos- adverb) - words, the distribution of which is limited to a particular territory.

In artistic speech, dialectisms are used to describe the life and customs of people living in a given area, create a territorial picture of the world, and characterize characters.

VOCABULARY OF LIMITED SPHERE OF USE

Terminological and professional vocabulary The use of terminological and professional vocabulary used by people of the same profession working in the same field of science and technology is socially limited. Terms and professionalisms are given in explanatory dictionaries marked "special", sometimes the scope of use of a particular term is indicated: physical, medical, mathematical, astronomer.etc. Each field of knowledge has its own terminological system. Terms - words or phrases that name special concepts of any sphere of production, science, art. Each term is necessarily based on the definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent an accurate and at the same time concise description of an object or phenomenon. Each branch of knowledge operates with its own terms, which are the essence of the terminological system of this science. As part of the terminological vocabulary, several "layers" can be distinguished, differing in the scope of use, the features of the designated object. 1. First of all, these are general scientific terms that are used in various fields of knowledge and belong to the scientific style of speech as a whole: experiment, adequate, equivalent, predict, hypothetical, progress, reaction etc. These terms form a common conceptual fund of various sciences and have the highest frequency of use. 2. There are also special terms that are assigned to certain scientific disciplines, branches of production and technology; For example, in linguistics: subject, predicate, adjective, pronoun; in medicine: heart attack, myoma, periodontitis, cardiology etc. In these terminologies the quintessence of each science is concentrated. According to Sh. Bally, such terms "are the ideal types of linguistic expression, to which the scientific language inevitably strives" [Bally Sh. French stylistics. M., 1961 P. 144]. Terminological vocabulary, like no other, is informative. Therefore, in the language of science, terms are indispensable: they allow you to briefly and extremely accurately formulate an idea. However, the degree of terminology of scientific works is not the same. The frequency of the use of terms depends on the nature of the presentation, the addressing of the text. Modern society requires such a form of description of the data obtained, which would make it possible to make the greatest discoveries of mankind the property of everyone. However, the language of monographic studies is often so overloaded with terms that it becomes inaccessible even to a specialist. Therefore, it is important that the terminology used be sufficiently mastered by science, and newly introduced terms must be explained. A peculiar sign of our time has become the spread of terms outside of scientific works. This gives grounds to speak of a general terminology of modern speech. So, many words that have terminological meaning are widely used without any restrictions: tractor, radio, television, oxygen. Another group consists of words that have a dual nature: they can function both as terms and as commonly used words. In the first case, these lexical units are characterized by special shades of meaning, giving them special accuracy and unambiguity. Yes, the word mountain, meaning in wide use - "a significant hill rising above the surrounding area" and having a number of figurative meanings, does not contain specific measurements of height in its interpretation. In geographical terminology, where the distinction between the terms "mountain" and "hill" is essential, a clarification is given - "a hill over 200 m in height." Thus, the use of such words outside the scientific style is associated with their partial determinology. Professional vocabulary includes words and expressions used in various areas of production, techniques that, however, have not become common. Unlike terms - official scientific names of special concepts, professionalisms function mainly in oral speech as "semi-official" words that do not have a strictly scientific character. Professionalisms serve to designate various production processes, production tools, raw materials, manufactured products, etc. For example, professionalisms are used in the speech of printers: ending- "graphic decoration at the end of the book", tendril- "ending with a thickening in the middle", tail- "bottom outer margin of the page", as well as "bottom edge of the book", opposite to the head of the book. Professionalisms can be grouped according to their area of use: in the speech of athletes, miners, doctors, hunters, fishermen, etc. Technicisms are distinguished into a special group - highly specialized names used in the field of technology. Professionalisms, in contrast to their commonly used equivalents, serve to distinguish between close concepts used in a certain type of human activity. Due to this, professional vocabulary is indispensable for concise and accurate expression of thoughts in special texts intended for a trained reader. However, the informative value of narrow professional names is lost if a non-specialist encounters them. Therefore, professionalism is appropriate, say, in high-circulation industry newspapers and is not justified in publications oriented to a wide readership. Separate professionalisms, often with a reduced stylistic sound, become part of the commonly used vocabulary: give out on the mountain, assault, turnover. In fiction, professionalisms are used by writers with a specific stylistic goal: as a characterological tool in describing the lives of people associated with any kind of production. Professional slang vocabulary has a reduced expressive coloring and is used only in the oral speech of people of the same profession. For example, engineers jokingly call a self-recording device snitch, in the speech of pilots there are words mischief, mischief, meaning "undershoot and overshoot of the landing mark", as well as bubble, sausage- "balloon", etc. Professional jargon words, as a rule, have neutral, devoid of colloquial connotation synonyms that have an exact terminological meaning. Professional slang vocabulary is not given in special dictionaries, unlike professionalisms, which are given with explanations and are often enclosed in quotation marks (for their graphic distinction from terms): "clogged" font - "font that has been in typed galleys or stripes for a long time" ; "foreign" font - "font letters of a different style or size, mistakenly included in the typed text or heading."

II. Vocabulary in terms of active and passive stock

1. The dictionary of the Russian language in the process of its historical development is constantly changing and improving. Changes in the vocabulary are directly related to the production activity of a person, with the economic, social, political development of society. The vocabulary reflects all the processes of the historical development of society. With the advent of new objects, phenomena, new concepts arise, and with them, words for naming these concepts. With the death of certain phenomena, the words that call them go out of use or change their meaning. Given all this, the vocabulary of the national language can be divided into two large groups: active dictionary and passive dictionary.

2. In active vocabulary includes those everyday words, the meaning of which is clear to all people who speak this language. The words of this group are devoid of any signs of obsolescence.

3. K passive vocabulary include those that either have a pronounced color of obsolescence, or, conversely, due to their novelty, have not yet received wide popularity and are also not in everyday use.

The words of the passive stock are divided, in turn, into obsolete and new (neologisms).

4. One group of obsolete words consists of those that have already completely fallen out of use due to the disappearance of those concepts (objects) that denoted: boyar, veche, archer, guardsman, vowel (member of the city duma), burgmaster, etc. The words of this group are called historicisms. Another group of obsolete words are archaisms, i.e. words that, in the process of language development, were replaced by synonyms, which are other names for the same concept. This group includes, for example, the words barber - hairdresser; this - this; better - because; guest - trade; eyelids - eyelids; piit - a poet; komon - horse; lanitis - cheeks; incite - incite; cod - bed, etc. Both those and other obsolete words are used in the language of fiction as a means of recreating a certain historical era. They can be a means of giving speech a comic or ironic tone. Archaisms are part of the traditional sublime poetic vocabulary (for example, the words: breg, cheeks, lad, this, eyes, this, etc.). The use of historicisms and archaisms in special scientific and historical literature is already devoid of a special stylistic predestination, since it allows lexically to accurately characterize the described era.

5. New words that appear in the language as a result of the emergence of new concepts, phenomena, qualities are called neologisms (from rp. neos - new + logos - word). A neologism that arose along with a new object, thing, concept is not immediately included in the active composition of the dictionary. After a new word becomes commonly used, publicly available, it ceases to be a neologism. Such a path was followed, for example, by the words soviet, collectivization, collective farm, link, tractor driver, Komsomol member, Leninist, pioneer, Michurinist, metro builder, virgin lands, lunar, cosmonaut and many others. Over time, many of these words also become obsolete and pass into the passive of the language.

6. In addition to neologisms, which are the property of the national language, new words formed by one or another author stand out. Some of them entered the literary language, for example: a drawing, a mine, a pendulum, a pump, attraction, a constellation, etc. (by Lomonosov); industry, falling in love, absent-mindedness, touching (in Karamzin); fade away (in Dostoevsky), etc. Others remain part of the so-called occasional author's formations. They perform figurative and expressive functions only in an individual context and, as a rule, are created on the basis of existing word-formation models, for example: mandolin, smile, sickle, hammer, chamberlain and many others by Mayakovsky; turned stormy, roared at B. Pasternak; mokhnatinki, Ant Country and Muravskaya country by A. Tvardovsky; magic, cellophane, etc. from A. Voznesensky; broad-bodied, unfamiliar, above the world, inflexibility and others in E. Yevtushenko. A.I. has many non-usual words. Solzhenitsyn, especially among the adverbs: he turned around ready, rushed kiddingly, grinned chestily.

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Vocabulary in terms of meaning, origin and usage.

The use of different lexical groups of words in speech.

Medical terminology and professional vocabulary.

Origin, structure and meaning of phraseological units;

Lexical errors and their correction,

elimination of lexical errors in speech;

Vocabulary of the Russian language from the outside areas of application.

Common words form the basis of the vocabulary of the literary language. On their basis, further improvement and enrichment of the vocabulary of the national Russian language takes place.

But in different places there are words that are understandable only to the inhabitants of a particular area. Such words are called dialectisms. The national Russian language has two main dialects (dialects) - northern and southern, which include independent dialects. A special group is made up of Central Russian dialects, which have features of both the North Russian and South Russian dialects.

In addition, in each profession, in addition to commonly used words, special words are used - professionalism.

The words used in the speech of certain social groups, for example, schoolchildren, students, are also limited in use. Such words are argotisms (or jargonisms) and, unlike dialectisms and professionalisms, have a pronounced emotional and expressive character.

Thus, the national Russian language includes national, commonly used words and words of limited use (dialect words, professional words, vernacular and jargon).

Sometimes words of limited use can be found in works of fiction. What do you think is the purpose of using them.

(To create speech coloring, speech individuality of the characters).

Let's once again turn to the video material to observe the speech of the characters regarding the use of such words (dialectisms, vernacular, jargon).

The dictionary of the language includes active vocabulary, that is, the words used by all speakers in a given period of time and passive vocabulary, that is, words that people either stop using or are just starting to use.

Passive vocabulary is divided into two groups: obsolete words and new words.

The division of the language into active and passive vocabulary is justified in a strictly defined historical time: each era has its own active and passive vocabulary.

Vocabulary in terms of origin

1 .Originally Russian are words that appeared in the Russian language at any stage of its development.

2.Indo-Europeanisms - these are the most ancient words preserved from the era of Indo-European unity. The Indo-European linguistic community gave rise to many European and some Asian languages. The Indo-European language is also called the proto-language. For example, the words mother, son, daughter, moon, snow, water, new, sew, etc. go back to the parent language.

Common Slavic vocabulary- these are words inherited by the Russian language from the common Slavic (proto-Slavic) language, which became the basis of all Slavic languages., Words of common Slavic origin are most commonly used in speech (field, sky, earth, river, wind, rain, maple, linden, elk, snake , already, mosquito, fly, friend, face, lip, throat, heart, knife, sickle, needle, grain, oil, flour, bell, cage; black, white, thin, sharp, evil, wise, young, deaf, sour ; throw, nod, boil, put; one, two, ten; you, he, who, what; where, then, there; without, about, at, for; but, yes, and, whether, etc.)

East Slavic Vocabulary - these are words inherited by the Russian language from the East Slavic (Old Russian) language, which is the common language of all Eastern Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians). A significant part of the words of East Slavic origin is known in Ukrainian and Belarusian, but is absent in West Slavic and South Slavic languages, for example: bullfinch (Russian), stgur (Ukrainian), snyagur (Belarusian) - wintering (Serbian). Words of East Slavic origin include, for example, the words dog, squirrel, boot, ruble, cook, carpenter, village, nag, palm, boil, etc.

Proper Russian vocabulary- these are the words that appeared in the Russian language during its independent existence, when the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages began to develop in parallel. The entire previous lexical and derivational material became the basis of Russian words proper. Properly Russian in origin include, for example, the words visor, sorcerer, spinning wheel, child, timid, etc.

3. Signs of Old Slavism:

1. Phonetic

a) non-vowel combinations ra, la, re, le correlative with Russian full-vowel oro, olo, ere (gate - gate).

b) initial combinations ra, la correlative with Russian ro, lo (rook - boat)

c) consonant u, alternating with t, with Russian h (lighting - shining - candle)

d) initial e with Russian o (single - one)

e) e under stress before hard consonants in Russian e (cross - godfather)

f) a combination of railway in the root with Russian f (clothes - clothes)

2. Word-building

a) prefixes pre-, through- with Russian re-, through- (to transgress - to cross)

b) prefixes from- with Russian you- (pour out - pour out)

c) suffixes of abstract nouns – action, -e, -zn, -ynya, -tva, -dream (life, prayer)

d) parts of compound words with good, good, sacrifice, evil

3. Morphological

a) superlative suffixes -eysh, -aysh

b) participial suffixes -ashch (yashch), -usch (yushch) with Russians -ach (yach), -uch (yuch) (burning - hot)

In one word there may be several signs that make it possible to attribute it to Old Slavonicism.

Sometimes the presence of an Old Church Slavonic element does not mean that a later borrowing was made from Old Church Slavonic (pre-Olympic).

The fate of the Old Slavs:

1) Old Slavonicisms completely replaced the original Russian words (captivity - full)

Old Church Slavonicisms can be:

1. Stylistically neutral (artist, time, clothes, power)

2. Bookish, having a touch of solemnity (shudder, dry out)

3. Obsolete (young, breg, hand).

Old Slavonicisms are used in the YaHL for stylistic purposes to convey solemnity, a parodic reduction in style, a comic effect, to create a temporary color and archaic style.

4. With direct contact of peoples, borrowing took place orally (Scandinavian, Finnish and Turkic). Latinisms were borrowed in writing, Greekisms were borrowed orally and in writing.

1. Scandinavian - Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish - the earliest borrowings (herring, brand, whip, blizzard, Igor, Oleg).

2. Turkic - (11-17 centuries) sash, shoe, brocade, shed.

5. Germanic languages

b) Dutch - in the era of Peter 1, mainly the terms of maritime affairs (raid, pennant, yacht, frigate, office)

6. Romance languages

a) French - penetrate from the 17th-19th centuries. and cover various areas of life (leotard, corset, partisan, dugout, fleet, parliament, play, plot)

b) Italian - mostly art history terms (aria, solo, impresario, piano, barricade, pasta, paper, newspaper)

c) Spanish - guitar, serenade, caramel

5. Signs of borrowing:

1) Turkisms are characterized by synharmonism

2) French - final stressed vowels (coat), combinations ue, wa in the middle of a word (silhouette), final -age (massage).

3) German - combinations of pieces, xt (pate, watch)

4) English - a combination of j (jazz, budget)

5) Latinisms - final -mind, -us, -ura, -tion, -ent (plenum, president, degree)

II. Vocabulary in terms of active and passive stock

2. In active vocabulary includes those everyday words, the meaning of which is clear to all people who speak this language. The words of this group are devoid of any signs of obsolescence.

The words of the passive stock are divided, in turn, into obsolete and new (neologisms).

4. One group of obsolete words consists of those that have already completely fallen out of use due to the disappearance of those concepts that denoted: boyar, veche, archer, guardsman, vowel (member of the city duma), burgmaster, etc. The words of this group are called historicisms. Another group of obsolete words are archaisms, i.e. words that, in the process of language development, were replaced by synonyms, which are other names for the same concept. This group includes, for example, the words barber - hairdresser; this - this; better - because; guest - trade; eyelids - eyelids; piit - a poet; komon - horse; lanitis - cheeks; incite - incite; cod - bed, etc. Both those and other obsolete words are used in the language of fiction as a means of recreating a certain historical era. They can be a means of giving speech a comic or ironic tone. Archaisms are part of the traditional sublime poetic vocabulary (for example, the words: breg, cheeks, lad, this, eyes, this, etc.). The use of historicisms and archaisms in special scientific and historical literature is already devoid of a special stylistic predestination, since it allows lexically to accurately characterize the described era.

From the point of view of use, there are:

Neutral vocabulary is intended for ascertaining, non-judgmental, non-terminological designation of objects, concepts of everyday life, natural phenomena, periods of a person’s life and states of his life, periods of time, measures of length, weight, volume, etc. It is devoid of expression, emotional and social assessments.
For example: window, south, work
What style is characterized by the use of neutral vocabulary?

Book vocabulary, is characterized by thematic diversity - in accordance with the breadth and diversity of the problems of the texts.
For example: cheeks, broadcast, gratuitous
What style is characterized by the use of book vocabulary?

Vocabulary. The vocabulary of oral speech includes words characteristic of oral varieties of communicative activity. The vocabulary of oral speech is heterogeneous. It can be distinguished:
Jargons are words that are used in a certain social and age environment.
For example: telly - TV, spur - cheat sheet, swim - bad answer

Argotisms- words and figures of speech borrowed from this or that Argo and used as a stylistic means (more often to characterize the speech of a character in a work of art).
For example: grandmother - money, huckster - businessman, lads - criminal group

Dialectisms - words characteristic of a particular area
For example: beetroot - beets, stew - dissuade, shat - smolder

What style is characterized by the use of spoken language vocabulary?

Professionalisms- words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a particular profession.
For example: billhook - welder's hammer, ramps - wheel tires, noodles - two-wire wire

Terminological vocabulary- words and phrases that name objects and concepts related to various areas of human labor activity, and are not commonly used
For example: hydroponics, holography, cardiac surgery, cosmobiology
What is the difference between terminological vocabulary and professionalism?
In what style is terminological and professional vocabulary used?