The work of the famous American publicist and writer Mark Twain about the adventures of two boys is still the most loved and read all over the world. And not only a favorite work for boys, but also for adults who remember their mischievous childhood. This is the story of young America, the romanticism of which touches the boys of the whole world to this day.

History of writing "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer"

The first work in the series of adventures of American boys was published in 1876, the author at that time was just over 30 years old. Obviously, this played a role in the brightness of the images of the book. America at the end of the 19th century had not yet got rid of slavery, half of the continent was "Indian territory", and the boys remained boys. According to many testimonies, Mark Twain described himself in the volume, not only his real self, but also all his dreams of adventure. Feelings and emotions are described real, which worried the boy of that time, and which continue to excite the boys today.

The main characters are two friends, Tom, who is brought up by his own lonely aunt, and Huck, a city homeless child. Inseparable in their fantasies and adventures, both boys are typical images, but Tom Sawyer remains the main character. He has a younger brother, more rational and obedient, has school friends, boyish love - Becky. And like any boy, the main events in life are associated with a thirst for adventure and first love. An ineradicable thirst constantly involves Tom and Huck in dangerous adventures, some of which, of course, are invented by the author, some are real events. In such as running away from home or going to the cemetery at night, it is easy to believe. And these adventures, interspersed with descriptions of ordinary boyish everyday life, ordinary pranks, joys and annoyances, become reality thanks to the genius of the author. The description of the life of Americans at that time is impressive. What is lost in the modern world is democracy and the spirit of freedom.

Chronicle of Young America (plot and main idea)

A town on the banks of the Mississippi, in which the inhabitants mixed into a single society, regardless of property, racial and even age differences. Negro Jim, enslaved by Aunt Polly, half-breed Indian Joe, judge Thatcher and his daughter Becky, homeless child Huck and mischievous Tom, Dr. Robenson and undertaker Potter. Tom's life is described with such humor and such naturalness that the reader forgets in which country it takes place, as if he remembers what happened to himself.

The boy Tom Sawyer, along with his younger brother, who is clearly more positive than him, is brought up by an old aunt after the death of his mother. He goes to school, plays in the street, fights, makes friends and falls in love with a beautiful peer, Becky. One day, they met their old friend Huckleberry Fin on the streets, with whom they had a deep debate about ways to reduce warts. Huck told a fresh method of mixing with a dead cat, but it is necessary to visit the cemetery at night. From this began all the significant adventures of these two tomboys. Previous conflicts with my aunt, entrepreneurial ideas about getting a bonus bible in Sunday school, whitewashing the fence as a punishment for disobedience, which Tom successfully transformed into personal success, fade into the background. Everything but the love for Becky.

Having witnessed a fight and a murder, the two boys have long doubted the need to bring everything they saw to the judgment of adults. Only sincere pity for the old drunkard Potter and a sense of universal justice make Tom speak at the trial. Thus, he saved the life of the accused and put his own life in mortal danger. Revenge of Injun Joe is a very real threat to the boy, even under the protection of the law. Meanwhile, Tom and Becky's romance has taken a turn for the worse, and this has taken him away from everything else for a long time. He suffered. It was finally decided to run away from home from unhappy love and become a pirate. It is good that there is such a friend as Huck, who agrees to support any adventure. They were joined by a school friend - Joe.

The adventure ended as it should have. Tom's heart and Huck's rationality forced them to return to the town from the island on the river, after they realized that the whole city was looking for them. The boys returned just in time for their own funeral. The joy of the adults was so great that the boys were not even given a beating. Several days of adventure brightened the life of the boys with the memories of the author himself. After that, Tom was sick, and Becky left for a long time and far away.

Before the start of the school year, Judge Thatcher hosted a lavish party for the kids to celebrate the birthday of her returning daughter. A boat trip on the river, a picnic and a visit to the caves, even modern children could dream of. This is where Tom's new adventure begins. After reconciling with Becky, the two of them run away from the company during a picnic and hide in a cave. They got lost in the passages and grottoes, the torch that illuminated their path burned out, and there were no provisions with them. Tom behaved courageously, this showed all his enterprise and responsibility of a growing man. Quite by chance, they stumbled upon Injun Joe, hiding the stolen money. After wandering around the cave, Tom finds a way out. The children returned home to the joy of their parents.

The secret seen in the cave does not give rest, Tom tells Huck everything, and they decide to check the treasure of the Indian. The boys go to the cave. After Tom and Becky got out of the maze safely, the city council decided to close the entrance to the cave. This became fatal for the mestizo, he died in a cave from hunger and thirst. Tom and Huck endured a fortune. Since the treasure did not belong to anyone in particular, two boys became its owners. Huck received the patronage of the widow Douglas, falling under her care. Tom is also rich now. But Huck could endure the “social” life for no more than three weeks, and Tom, who met him on the shore at the barrel hut, frankly declared that no wealth could keep him from the career of a “noble robber”. The romanticism of the two friends was not yet crushed by the "golden calf" and the conventions of society.

Main characters and their characters

All the main characters of the story are the thoughts and feelings of the author, his memories of childhood, his sense of that very American dream and universal values. When Huck complained that he could not live in idleness, Tom answered him uncertainly: “But everyone lives like that, Huck.” In these boys, Mark Twain writes out his attitude to human values, to the value of freedom and understanding between people. Huck, who has seen more bad things, shares with Tom: “It just makes you feel ashamed of all people,” when he talks about the insincerity of relations in high society. Against the romantic background of the story about childhood, written with good humor, the writer clearly outlines all the best qualities of a little man, and the hope that these qualities will be preserved for life.

A boy who is brought up without a mother and father. What happened to his parents, the author does not reveal. According to the story, it seems that Tom received all his best qualities on the street and at school. Attempts by Aunt Poly to instill in him elementary stereotypes of behavior cannot be crowned with success. Tom is the perfect boy and a tomboy in the eyes of boys all over the world. On the one hand, this is hyperbole, but on the other hand, having real prototypes, Tom really carries all the best that a growing man can carry in himself. He is bold, with a heightened sense of justice. In many episodes, it is these qualities that he shows in difficult life situations. Another feature that cannot affect the feelings of an American. It's resourcefulness and enterprise. It remains only to remember the story of whitewashing the fence, which is also a far-reaching project. Burdened with various boyish prejudices, Tom looks like a completely ordinary boy, which captivates the reader. Everyone sees in him a small reflection of himself.

A homeless child with a living father. The drunkard appears in the story only in conversations, but this already somehow characterizes the living conditions of this little boy. Tom's constant friend and faithful companion in all adventures. And if Tom is a romantic and a leader in this company, then Huck is a sober mind and life experience, which is also necessary in this tandem. An attentive reader has the opinion that Huck is registered by the author as the other side of the medal of a growing person, a citizen of America. The personality is divided into two types - Tom and Huck, which are inseparable. In subsequent stories, the character of Huck will be revealed more fully, and often, in the soul of the reader, these two images are mixed and always receive sympathy.

Becky, Aunt Polly, Negro Jim and half-breed Injun Joe

These are all people, in communication with which all the best in the character of the protagonist is manifested. Tender love in a girl of the same age and real care for her in moments of danger. A respectful, if sometimes ironic, attitude towards an aunt who spends all her strength to raise Tom as a real respectable citizen. The Negro slave, which is an indicator of the then America and the attitude towards slavery of the entire progressive public, because Tom is friends with him, justifiably considering him equal. The author's attitude to Injun Joe, and hence Tom, is far from unambiguous. The romance of the Indian world at that time was not yet so idealized. But the inner pity for the half-breed who died of starvation in the cave characterizes not only the boy. The realities of the Wild West are seen in this image, a cunning and cruel half-breed takes revenge on all whites with his life. He is trying to survive in this world, and society allows him to do so. We do not see that deep condemnation, which it would seem should have been for a thief and a murderer.

Continuation of the epic adventure

In the future, Mark Twain wrote several more stories about Tom and his friend Huck. The author grew up along with his characters, and America changed. And already in subsequent stories there was no that romantic recklessness, but more and more bitter truth of life appeared. But even in these realities, both Tom, and Huck, and Becky retained their best qualities, which they received in childhood on the banks of the Mississippi in a small town with the distant name of the Russian capital - St. Petersburg. You don’t want to part with these heroes, and they remain ideals in the hearts of the boys of that era.

While working on "Tom Sawyer", Twain himself did not know well whether he was writing for adults or for children. Having put his cherished thoughts and aspirations into this perky, mocking, cheerful book, the writer was inclined to think that "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" "will be read only by adults" . However, enthusiastic letters from young readers, as well as responses from recognized luminaries of children's literature, convinced Twain that he, unexpectedly for himself, became the author of a children's book. This point of view found support among many representatives of contemporary American literature and criticism of Twain. Thus, W. D. Howells wrote to Twain: “A week ago I finished reading Tom Sawyer. I didn’t get up until I reached the end of the manuscript - I just couldn’t tear myself away. "read. The book will be an immense success. But you must absolutely treat it as a book for boys. If so, adults will enjoy it equally, and if you go on to study the character of a boy from the point of view of an adult - that would be wrong."

Mark Twain considered his first self-written novel to be the poetry of childhood. "It's just a hymn, arranged in prose in order to give it a verbal shell," he said.

John Galsworthy admitted: "Truly, of all the books I have ever read, the most pure pleasure I received from the charming epic of youth - "Tom Sawyer" and "Huckleberry Finn". They enlivened my childhood and continue to bring joy into adulthood - to this day."

It is appropriate here to recall the idea of ​​V. G. Belinsky that a children's book is a literary work written "for everyone". Approximately the same way Mark Twain solved the problem of the specifics of children's literature.

“I believe,” Mark Twain argued, “that the correct method of writing a work for boys is to write in such a way that it is interesting not only for boys, but extremely interesting for anyone who has ever been a boy. This greatly expands the audience.”

With captivating artlessness, telling about the life, adventures and experiences of boys, remaining truthful and simple in revealing child psychology, Mark Twain creates a realistic picture of the reality that surrounds his little heroes.

The poetry of the purity of children's feelings and boyish disobedience has a social meaning for him. In the world he described, only in childhood and adolescence does a person retain the integrity and purity of the soul, the freshness and immediacy of feelings, which grow dim and disfigured in adults.

"Tom Sawyer" is not an autobiographical book, but it contains a lot of direct childhood impressions, real facts of the author's own biography, which give the story a charming charm. However, this material is subjected in the mind of the artist to a kind of selection and restructuring, dictated by a loving-elegiac attitude to the past.

In the preface to the story about Tom Sawyer, Mark Twain writes: "Most of the adventures described in this book happened in reality: two or three adventures with me, the rest with my schoolmates. Huck Finn actually existed. Tom Sawyer too. But not as a separate person: it combined the features of three of my familiar boys ". It was later established that they were the author himself, his school friend Will Bowen and a boy from Shawneetown. This lively, cheerful twelve-year-old boy told Twain about his school tricks; His name was Thomas Sawyer Spivey. Many years later, Spivey met Twain in New York. Spivey was a farmer, tried to write novels. He died in 1938. Each of the other characters also had a certain prototype.

Mark Twain lived for 13 years in the small cozy town of Hannibal on the west bank of the Mississippi. Later he will transfer this city to the pages of his stories under the name of St. Petersburg. For Twain, Hannibal became the source of those life experiences that later played such a huge role in his creative life. Here he spent his childhood, here, together with his peers, he spent time in games and pranks, swam in the Mississippi, deceived Sunday school teachers, wandered in caves located near the city. Here, in the crowd of barefoot boys who flooded the narrow streets of Hannibal, he first met the prototypes of his future heroes. Twain's friendship with the little tramp Tom Blenkeship, later immortalized by him under the name of Huckleberry Finn, became one of the most vivid memories of his life. The prototype of Huck's father was a simple Hannibal city dweller. There was also an Indian Joe in Hannibal, and one day he almost died of hunger, getting lost in one of the caves. “In a book called Tom Sawyer,” writes Mark Twain in Autobiography, “I starved him to death in a cave, but for the sole interest of art—it didn’t really happen.” The prototype of Becky Thatcher was the girl Laura Hawkins. She lived just across from Twain's house. It was here in front of her window that little Twain tried his hand at simple acrobatics to get Laura's attention, just like Tom Sawyer did. The prototype of Judge Thatcher was Laura's father. Tom's younger brother, quiet and sneaky, Sid is Henry, Twain's younger brother, who died in the explosion of the Pennsylvania steamer; cousin Mary - Twain's sister Pamela; Aunt Polly - the writer's mother; Negro Jim is written off from "Uncle Dan" - a slave on the plantations of John Quarles - the writer's uncle.

Twain's memories of childhood are surrounded by a poetic halo, and he repeatedly refers to them in his works. To see what impressions are made of the pictures drawn in the book, one should turn to the pages of Twain's Autobiography, written in the same vein as the book about Tom Sawyer:

"I can recall the solemn twilight and the mystery of the depths of the forest, the smells of the earth, the light fragrance of forest flowers, the brilliance of leaves washed by the rain, the fraction of falling raindrops ...".

"I know what a wild blackberry looks like and what it tastes like, I know what a good watermelon looks like when it warms a fat round belly in the sun ...".

"I see a large hearth, filled to the top on winter evenings with flaming nut logs, at the ends of which sweet juice bubbles ... a lazy cat stretched out on uneven stones of the hearth..."

It is Twain who recalls his uncle's farm, where he visited a lot in his childhood.

In the autobiographical memoirs cited, Twain says that such a life was "a paradise for boys."

But the bright, cheerful impressions of Hannibal's life were inseparable from the terrible and tragic ones. Echoes of the violent, noisy life of the West often invaded the peaceful existence of Hannibal. Once Mark Twain witnessed a murder that took place in broad daylight on one of the main streets of the city. Twain subsequently captured this picture on the pages of his story The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

Many of the painful impressions of Twain's childhood are connected with the slavery that existed in Hannibal. He grew up surrounded by Negro slaves, in close association with them, and to many of them he had a friendly affection.

And yet, the future writer repeatedly happened to witness the brutal reprisals against Negro slaves. He saw how six men beat an exhausted, exhausted fugitive, how a slave owner killed a Negro belonging to him for an insignificant offense.

The older brother of his friend Tom Blankenship, Ben, hid the runaway Negro in the reeds for two weeks, slowly delivering food to him. When the Negro was tracked down, he helped him escape. Subsequently, Mark Twain captured this childhood memory on the pages of the story about Huck Finn.

The hatred that Mark Twain had throughout his life for all manifestations of racial discrimination undoubtedly first arose in his soul in connection with early childhood impressions.

Tom Sawyer does not have a specific narrator. But he, an adult, the writer Mark Twain, is invisibly present in the story, and this "presence effect" is the source of both a special barely audible nostalgic note of the story and its lyrical humor. The events taking place in the book are illuminated by the author's smile, contemplating the "lost paradise" of his childhood from the depths of time. It is this view from afar, from another era of both the world and his own life, that allows Twain to see much that has not been seen before, and to find the cause of the conflict of generations not only in the peculiarities of their age, but also in the conditions of life in America past and present. The correlation of these two time dimensions is established here by the very idea of ​​the story, which is based on the facts of the author's biography.

Finishing the story of Tom Sawyer, Twain writes: "Most of the heroes of this book are healthy to this day; they are prosperous and happy." Laura Hawkins lived to a ripe old age. In 1902, along with another Mark Twain schoolmate, John Briggs (Joe Harper in the novel), she greeted Mark Twain when he came to Hannibal to receive his degree from the University of Missouri. They were photographed together, and Mark Twain wrote a touching note on the bottom of the card: "Tom Sawyer and Becky Thatcher."

A long and happy journey for these literary heroes, favorites of readers around the world.

Lesson topic: Little heroes of Mark Twain.

The purpose of the lesson: to consolidate knowledge of the biography of M. Twain, to recall the material studied in elementary school about the heroes of the book "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"; to consolidate the skills of compiling an annotation for a read work.

Lesson objectives: development of monologue speech, artistic abilities of students, instill interest in reading literature about the life of teenage children.

Lesson equipment: a portrait of the writer, a map of the United States with icons printed on it indicating the places where M. Twain lived and worked, a presentation for the lesson.

During the classes:

"This is our best book,

all American literature came out of it."

E. Hemingway

1. Organizational moment.

2. Introduction teachers:

Hello guys. Today we will continue our study of M. Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Pay attention to the epigraph of our lesson. "This is our best book," E. Hemingway wrote, "all American literature came out of it." He had in mind the broadest aspect of the impact of the work, its universality, as well as a new language for literature, simple and as close as possible to colloquial speech. All this became the characteristics of American literature of the 20th century.

Today in the lesson we will recall what you know about the little heroes from the books by M Twain “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” and “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”, and the literary hero who accompanies us in the literature textbook will help us with this.

(goes to blackboard)

Teacher: “Today we have only one of them as our guest: Sherlock Holmes. Guys, listen carefully to our guest, because we have to write an annotation for the book, and the story about the writer contains a lot of interesting and informative information.”

Student playing the role of Sherlock Holmes: " Hello guys! I'm Sherlock Holmes, the most famous detective who has not a single cold case, so my friends instructed me to tell about Mark Twain. It was not difficult to collect material about such a famous person. I presented this material in the form of a presentation (I closely follow technical discoveries, I myself use them when I visit children).This is followed by a presentation with a slide show that tells about the life and creative path of the writer.

Presentation

1 slide

portrait

2 slide

Mark Twain (real nameSamuel Langhorne Clemens) is an American writer. Born November 30, 1835 in the village of Florida (Missouri). He spent his childhood in the town of Hannibal on the Mississippi. He was an apprentice compositor and later published a newspaper with his brother in Hannibal, then in Mescatine and Keokuk, Iowa. In 1857 he became a pilot's apprentice, having realized his childhood dream of "knowing the river", in April 1859 he received the rights of a pilot. In 1861 he moved to his brother in Nevada, for almost a year he was a prospector in the silver mines. Having written several humoresques for the Territorial Enterprise newspaper in Virginia City, in August 1862 he received an invitation to become its employee. For a pseudonym, he took the expression of lotovs on the Mississippi, who called out "Measure 2", which meant sufficient depth for safe navigation.

3 slide

Mark Twain came to literature late. At the age of 27 he became a professional journalist, at the age of 34 he published his first book. Early publications (he began to publish at 17) are interesting mainly as evidence of a good knowledge of the coarse humor of the American hinterland. The transformation from a gifted amateur to a true professional occurred after a trip to Hawaii in 1866.

Lectures played an important role.

4 slide

Twain's greatest contribution to American and world literature is the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Also very popular are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Prince and the Pauper, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, and Life on the Mississippi, a collection of autobiographical stories.

5 slide

Twain was fond of science and scientific problems. He was very friendly with Nikola Tesla, they spent a lot of time together in Tesla's laboratory. In his work A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, Twain introduced time travel that brought many modern technologies to Arthurian England.

6 slide

Two of Mark Twain's other most famous hobbies were playing billiards and smoking pipes. Visitors to Twain's house sometimes said that there was such thick tobacco smoke in the writer's office that it was almost impossible for the owner himself

7 slide

Twain died on April 21, 1910 from angina pectoris. A year before his death, he said: "I came in 1835 with Halley's Comet, a year later it arrives again, and I expect to leave with it." That's how it happened

8 slide

In the city of Hannibal, Missouri, the house in which Sam Clemens played as a boy, and the caves that he explored as a child, and which were later described in the famous Adventures of Tom Sawyer, have been preserved, tourists now come there. Mark Twain's home in Hartford has been turned into his personal museum and declared a National Historic Site in the United States.

A crater on Mercury is named after Mark Twain.

After the completion of the story about the writer Sherlock Holmes invites the hero of the work of Tom Sawyer and says that they will tell about Huck and their adventures, because he is the main character in the story.

" Hello guys! We already know each other because you read about my adventures in 3rd grade. Remember how I organized a gang of pirates and both Huck Finn and Joe Harper joined it. We had the most suitable nicknames: the Storm of the Oceans, the Black Avenger, the Bloody Hand. And how we found the treasure and got rich!

Student playing the role of Tom: Okay, stop praising me. Oh, sorry, my friend Huck Finn is not here, otherwise he would have told such a story.

At this time, meowing is heard from behind the door, and the teacher is indignant: “What kind of jokes? Who brought the cat to class?”

Student playing the role of Tom: Yes, this is not a cat, but my friend, Huck Finn. We have a password so that my aunt does not guess. Come on, Huck.

Student playing the role of Tom : "Okay guys, I'll go. And you get to know Huck better.

Teacher : Huck Finn is a typical American boy from the people, the author makes him the embodiment of independence, love of freedom, justice and humanity. This work was created by the writer 8 years after the book about Tom Sawyer.

Student playing the role of Huck: “Guys, you read about the adventures of Tom and mine in 3rd grade. And in the 5th grade you will learn more about my life, and the book you are reading is called The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Read carefully and you will find out how difficult life was for me, how Tom and I have matured.

So I returned to the good widow Douglas. The widow greeted me with tears and called me a lost sheep - but this, of course, is not from evil. And again, life is on call, even at the table it is necessary to first mutter something over food. Although the food is good, it’s a pity, each thing is cooked separately: whether it’s the leftovers, when you mix them well, they slip through much easier. The sister of the widow Miss Watson especially torments me - an old maid with glasses: and do not put your feet on a chair, and do not yawn, and do not stretch, and even scares the hell! No, it's better to be in hell with Tom Sawyer than in heaven with such company!

Teacher : In chapter 1, Huck Finn talks about himself. What impression did you get of the boy's character while reading this chapter?

Student 1 : Huckleberry Finn is a homeless ragamuffin, the son of a city drunkard, "a lazy, ill-mannered, nasty boy", "not recognizing any binding rules", from the point of view of all the mothers of the city, whose children nevertheless hold him in high esteem. A free bird, Huck lives in a barrel, and in good weather - in the open. After escaping from the widow Douglas, who adopted him, and then from his father, Huck meets the Negro Jim, the widow's runaway slave, and together they make a trip on a raft down the Mississippi. The finale of his story is a meeting with his old friend Tom Sawyer and the news that Mrs. Watson has died, but released Jim in her will.

Student 2 : An orphan teen who never knew childhood, Huck doesn't play like his peers, though he also retains a measure of childish naivety that stands up to the cruelties of the adult world, which he is equally familiar with. Without thinking about whether society is organized correctly, Huck accepts it for what it is. Not out of rebellious motives, but only because of his organic inconsistency with the adult world with its values, Huck cannot accept, and often understand, the need to go to church, live according to a routine, and wear neat clothes.

Teacher : What actions of Huck Finn can be called the actions of an adult?

Student 1: He has a difficult fate - because of his father's drunkard, Huck had to wander, wander among kind people, live in the garbage. But, despite such difficult conditions, this hero did not become embittered, retained a kind and cheerful disposition, responsiveness, and a sense of justice.
However, independent life left its mark on the hero - of course, Huck matured ahead of time. Often he behaves just like an adult, especially against the background of his "prosperous" peers. So, at the very beginning of the novel, the boys, led by Tom Sawyer, created their band of robbers to "rob and kill." Huck does not see any use in this game: “Tom Sawyer called pigs “bullions”, and turnips and greens “jewels”, and after returning to the cave, we boasted about what we had done and how many people had been killed and wounded. But I didn’t see what profit we got from it.” The hero talks like an adult, forced to take care of himself, about his livelihood.
Indeed, he can catch and cook fish in the river, he can even kill a wild pig in the forest. Clearly and thoughtfully, like an adult, the hero acts when he imitates his murder in order to escape from his father.

Student 2 : Most of all, it seems to me, the “adulthood” of the hero is manifested in his attitude towards Jim. Huck treats the Negro as his equal, despite the fact that Jim is a black slave. And therefore, when the hero offended Jim, he asks his forgiveness: “... however, I went and I don’t even regret it at all and never regretted it. I didn’t play him anymore, and this time I wouldn’t fool him if I knew that he would be so offended. Moreover, Huck does not betray Jim as a fugitive, although his conscience torments him, because he is hiding Miss Watson's slave. But the hero, in his own words, "does not turn his tongue" to tell about Jim, who became his friend.
Until the very last moment, until Huck found out that Miss Watson had freed Jim, he helped his friend out of trouble, never left him in difficult times.

Teacher : Thus, Huck Finn, despite his age, often does adult things. This hero is practical and independent, never loses his presence of mind. He is faithful to his friends, fair, judges people by their qualities and always, despite difficult circumstances, is on the side of Good.

3. Recording homework.

Teacher: Your homework: Read chapters 12 and 13 of the story "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" and answer the questions to the text

Teacher: Did you like the book about Tom's adventures? How? Would you like other guys to read it too? Let's help them and make an annotation.

Physical education minute

Let's help Tom paint the fence. To do this, mentally take the brushes in our hands and, moving them to the right and left, we will paint the fence so that Aunt Polly is satisfied. (Physical Minute will help the children imagine themselves in Tom's place and prepare for the next stage of the lesson.)

4. Reflection (drawing up an annotation).

5. Summing up the lesson, grading.

Summary of a book read

2.Where and when published

__________________________________________________________________

3.How many pages

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4.To whom it is addressed

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5. Indication of the genre of the work

6. Highlighting the main characters

__________________________________________________________________

7. Indication of time, place of action

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8.Summary

__________________________________________________________________

9. Evaluation of the work

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Characters

Character Search

• We will search among the characters of the fandom

Character groups

Total characters - 119

"Archangel"

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Crazy hermit. Once he was a monk, but when Henry VIII began to plant Protestantism in England, the Catholic monasteries were ruined, and the brethren were dispersed, turned into nothing. He hates the late king, believes that by the grace of Henry he became homeless and homeless and therefore was going to deal with his son.

Lawyer Thatcher

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Local lawyer, brother of Judge Thatcher.

Alisande a la Carteloise

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Yankee's wife, who calls her Sandy.

Alfred Temple

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A classmate of Tom and Becky. Considers himself, according to Tom Sawyer, an aristocrat and dressed to the nines. He came to St. Petersburg from St. Louis and on the very first day he fought with Tom, who sincerely hated Alfred and called him a dandy. Temple reciprocates, and when Becky Thatcher, during a quarrel with Tom, decided to arouse jealousy in her admirer with the help of Alfred, he, in retaliation, without hesitation, makes a dirty trick on a happy rival, flooding his textbook with ink.

Buck Grangerford

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Youngest son of Colonel Grangerford, befriended Huck during his stay with the Grangerfords.

Ben Rogers

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Classmate of Tom Sawyer, his friend. Tom is most afraid of Ben's ridicule.

Ben Rucker

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A friend of the Wilkes family.

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Bandit and murderer from a gang from the half-sunk ship "Walter Scott". Wanted to shoot Jim Turner, but was dissuaded from doing so by his friend Jake Packard.

Billy Fisher

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Bob Grangerford

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Eldest son of Colonel Grangerford.

Bob Tanner

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The same age as Tom Sawyer, "specialist" in the arch of warts with rotten water.

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Drunkard, "the first fool in all of Arkansas, but not at all evil, wouldn't hurt a fly." He arranged a drunken swearing at the house of Colonel Sherborne, for which he was shot with the last gun.

The widow Douglass

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The owner of the only manor house in the whole city, a hospitable hostess and organizer of the most brilliant holidays; a beautiful woman of about forty, a kind soul, known to everyone for her generosity and wealth.

Willie Mufferson (The Model Boy)

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An exemplary child, a favorite of city ladies and an object of general hatred of all city brats

Harvey Wilks

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English preacher, uncle of three orphan girls Wilks: Mary Jane, Susanna and Joanna. Was supposed to come to the funeral of the deceased rich man Peter Wilkes. Dauphin pretended to be him, having deceived all the information from a local boy.

Harney Shepherdson

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Beloved of Miss Sophia Grangerford. Together with her, he fled from his native places, managed to cross the river and was out of reach.

Huckleberry Finn (Huck)

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The son of a homeless drunkard, grows up a homeless child and a ragamuffin. He sleeps in an empty sugar barrel, smokes a pipe, doesn't go to school, does nothing, and that's the kind of life he likes.

Henry VIII Tudor

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King of England, second English monarch from the Tudor dynasty. Known as a typical representative of European absolutism. He completely subjugated parliament and carried out a religious reform in England after a break with the Roman Catholic Church, which happened due to a divorce from his wife, Catherine of Aragon, a Spaniard, who was rejected for lack of male heirs. Known for violent temper, cruelty, suspicion, merciless eradication of his ideological opponents. He was married six times: he divorced two wives (Catherine of Aragon and Anna of Cleves), two of the king's spouses (Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard) were executed allegedly for adultery, Jane Seymour died of puerperal fever, and only Catherine Parr survived the king, remaining a widow . The only son of Henry - Edward - was a long-awaited and beloved child of the king. It happened that Heinrich scolded his son, but never raised his hand to him.

The duke

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A tramp in his thirties; a clever swindler with a claim to intelligence and cunning. He loves Shakespeare and the theater of drama, loves to "play roles", but complains that in such a wilderness "no one understands" him, and with pleasure fools people in all the towns along the Mississippi coast. When meeting with Huck and Jim, he introduces himself as the "Duke of Bridgewater" in order to gain all the comforts of traveling in comfort on a raft.

the Duke of Norfolk

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Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, an English statesman and military leader, held the positions of Lord Treasurer and Chamberlain at court, and after the resignation of Cardinal Wolsey, he accepted the great royal seal. An ardent Catholic. The son of Norfolk - Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey - had the intention to drag the king back to the side of strict Catholicism, a few days later he was arrested with his father and ended up on the scaffold. Norfolk was saved only by the death of the king.

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Baptist preacher, friend of the deceased Wilkes family.

Count Hertford

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Edward Seymour, Viscount Beauchamp, Earl of Hertford is the brother of Queen Jane Seymour and uncle of the Prince and later King Edward VI. After the death of Henry VIII, he bribed the executors of the late king and became Lord Protector and "guardian of the king's person", and soon, on behalf of the minor nephew-sovereign, he appropriated the title "Duke of Somerset" to himself.

Gracie Miller

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The same age as Tom Sawyer, sister of Johnny Miller.

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A young robber from the gang that "sheltered" John Canty and Edward. Beaten by Edward with a stick according to all the rules of swordsmanship, for which, in retaliation, he tricks the young king into the hands of the law - for stealing a pig.

Hugh Hendon

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Miles Hendon's younger brother. He slandered him in front of his father, achieved expulsion, and he himself brought his father and elder brother Arthur to the grave and forced his father's pupil, the rich heiress of the earl's title, Lady Edith, who loved Miles, to marry him. He was exposed by King Edward, after which he left his wife and fled to the continent, where he soon died.

Jake Packard

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A killer from a gang from the half-sunk ship "Walter Scott". Was opposed to shooting Jim Turner, offering to leave him tied up and wait for him to sink with the ship.

Jeff Thatcher

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Thatcher's lawyer's son and Becky's cousin. Classmate of Tom Sawyer.

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A Negro who ran away from his mistress - Miss Watson. Together with Huck, he rafted down the Mississippi to the North in the hope of freeing himself from slavery. Not very smart, but kind and loyal.

Jim Turner

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Bandit from a gang from the half-sunk ship "Walter Scott". He was tied up by his own accomplices who wanted to kill him.

Jim Hollis

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The same age and classmate of Tom Sawyer.

Joe Harper

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Classmate and bosom friend of Tom Sawyer. "The boys were friends all week, but on Saturdays they fought like enemies." At the time of "piracy" on Jackson Island, he bore the nickname "Thunderstorm of the Oceans".

Joanna Wilks

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Sirota, youngest (13 years old) daughter of the late carpenter George Wilkes; "the one with the cleft lip and wants to do good deeds."

John Canty

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Tom Canty's father is a thief from the Garbage Yard, an ignorant rude drunkard who beats his wife and children.

Johnny Miller

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The same age as Tom Sawyer, classmate.

Doctor Robinson

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Local doctor. Forced to illegally dig up recently buried corpses from graves for medical purposes. He was killed by Injun Joe in the graveyard.

Dr. Robinson

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A friend of the Wilkes family, "a tall, square-jawed man." Direct and honest, he exposed the forgery of the swindlers - the Duke and the Dauphin - as "English uncles" and called for them to be expelled, but no one listened to him.

the dauphin

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A vagabond of about seventy in appearance; swindler and swindler. It appears at the meeting "the unfortunate, missing dauphin of Louis the Seventeenth, the son of Louis the Sixteenth and Marie Antoinette." Not very smart, but cunning, greedy and very greedy for money. Does not shun in any way in pursuit of profit.

Dunois (Bastard of Orleans)

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This is his title. Also a French commander. Royal bastard, but not Carla.

Joan of Arc

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The national heroine of France, the Virgin of Orleans and the dream of de Rais. In the novel, she had the gift of clairvoyance.

Twelve-year-old boys, residents of a small provincial American town of St. Petersburg, comrades in games and fun, which every now and then gives birth to their irrepressible imagination. Tom Sawyer is an orphan. He is raised by his late mother's sister, the pious Aunt Polly. The boy is completely uninterested in the life that flows around, but he is forced to follow the generally accepted rules: go to school, attend church services on Sundays, dress neatly, behave well at the table, go to bed early - although he breaks them every now and then, causing the indignation of his aunt .

Enterprise and resourcefulness Tom does not hold. Well, who else, having received the task of whitewashing a long fence as a punishment, could turn things around so that other boys would paint the fence, and besides, paying for the right to take part in such an exciting event with “treasures”: some with a dead rat, and some with a fragment of a tooth buzzer. Yes, and not everyone will be able to receive the Bible as a reward for the excellent title of its content, in fact, without knowing a single line. But Tom did! To play a trick, to fool, to come up with something unusual - this is Tom's element. Reading a lot, he strives to make his own life as bright as the one in which the heroes of the novels act. He embarks on "love adventures", arranges games of Indians, pirates, robbers. Tom gets into whatever situations thanks to his bubbling energy: either at night in the cemetery he becomes a witness to a murder, or he is present at his own funeral.

Sometimes Tom is capable of almost heroic deeds in life. For example, when he takes the blame for Becky Thatcher - a girl who is awkwardly trying to woo - and endures a teacher's spanking. He's a charming guy, that Tom Sawyer, but he's a child of his time, of his city, accustomed to leading a double life. When necessary, he is quite capable of taking on the image of a boy from a decent family, realizing that everyone does this.

The situation is quite different with Tom's closest friend, Huck Finn.

He is the son of a local drunk who does not care about the child. No one forces Huck to go to school. He is completely on his own. The boy is alien to pretense, and all the conventions of civilized life are simply unbearable. For Huck, the main thing is to be free, always and in everything. “He didn’t have to wash or put on a clean dress, and he knew how to swear amazingly. In a word, he had everything that makes life beautiful, ”the writer concludes. Huck is undeniably attracted to the entertaining games invented by Tom, but personal freedom and independence are most precious to Huck. Having lost them, he feels out of place, and it is precisely in order to regain them that Huck in the second novel is already undertaking a dangerous journey alone, leaving his hometown forever.

In gratitude for saving Injun Joe from revenge, the widow Douglas took Huck to be raised. The widow's servants washed him, combed his hair with a comb and brush, laid him down every night on disgustingly clean sheets. He had to eat with a knife and fork and attend church. The unfortunate Huck survived only three weeks and disappeared. They were looking for him, but without Tom's help they would hardly have been able to find him. Tom manages to outwit the ingenuous Huck and return him to the widow for a while. Then Huck mystifies his own death. He himself sits in a shuttle and goes with the flow.

During the trip, Huck also experiences many adventures, shows resourcefulness and ingenuity, but not out of boredom and a desire to have fun, as before, but out of vital necessity, primarily for the sake of saving the runaway Negro Jim. It is the ability of Huck to think about others that makes him especially attractive. Perhaps that is why Mark Twain himself saw him as a hero of the 20th century, when, from the point of view of the writer, there would no longer be racial prejudices, poverty and injustice.