The most popular Swedish names. Swedish male names and their meaning

In this publication, we will again turn to official sources, in which you can always find the most recent and accurate information. We offer you a list of Swedish surnames, which contains not only the surnames of Swedes, but also a whole rating with the number of carriers of this surname.

Today we will find out how many “Ivanovs” are in the Swedish environment?!

Most Swedish surnames end in ‘-sson’, which means son of such and such. For example, Johansson (can be considered Russian Ivanov) - Son of Johan and so on.

Surnames with the endings -berg, -ström, -stedt are also common.

We will highlight the first 10 positions - the most popular surnames that can be found in Sweden, along with (Johan Johansson, Anders Larsson, etc.).

Large list of Swedish surnames

A small explanation for the surnames in the table: the letter Ö is pronounced like “Ё”. For example, the surname Högberg should be pronounced Högbery, but not Hogberg. Everything has its own rules!

History, origin, features of Swedish legislation regarding the registration of names. Relationship between Swedish and Russian surnames. Interesting facts about Swedish names.

09/07/2016 / 07:05 | Varvara Pokrovskaya

In Swedish names, you can feel the unique flavor of ancient Scandinavian myths and the harsh beauty of the Lapland landscapes. According to psychologists and astrologers, a child with this name will definitely succeed in his career, grow up strong, strong-willed and determined. Choosing the right one is not difficult. In our article you will find all the necessary information about traditional and rare Swedish names, their meaning and origin.

Features of Swedish names

Statistics of names and surnames in Sweden:

• the number of surnames - 504 thousand;
• the number of names - 340 thousand;
• the number of female names - 180 thousand;
• the number of male names - 160 thousand.

The data is based on an analysis of the first and last names of all 10.2 million people in Sweden. The numbers are impressive, aren't they? Why are there so many names? Everything is simple. More than 149 thousand citizens of Sweden have completely unique names invented by their parents, and recently there has been an increase in the number of foreign names and surnames due to the active influx of emigrants. It is worth considering that the statistics take into account each spelling of the same name. For example, Carl and Karl, Katarin and Catarina, Jackob and Jakob count as completely different names. Double names are widespread: Anna-Maria, Karl-Ulrik, Maria-Victoria.

However, the imagination of parents is limited by a law passed in 1982. According to him, the child can be called only one of the names officially registered in a special register. If it is not there, then you will need to obtain permission from the court. You can change the name of an adult citizen once in a lifetime, while at least one of the old names must be preserved. Registration is handled by the Swedish Tax Agency.

Most Swedes have two or even three names in official documents, but for everyday communication one of them is usually used - the main one.

Full names of famous Swedes:

• Stefan Löfven - Chell Stefan Löfven is the current Prime Minister of Sweden;
• Ingmar Bergman - Ernst Inmar Bergman - the famous Swedish film director;
• Alfred Nobel - Alfred Bernhard Nobel - inventor of dynamite and founder of the award of the same name;
• Bjorn Ulvius - Bjorn Christian Ulvius is the lead singer of the legendary ABBA band.

Members of the Swedish royal dynasty traditionally have names consisting of four or more parts:

• the reigning monarch Charles XVI - Carl Gustav Folke Hubertus;
• Princess Victoria Ingrid Alice Desiree;
• Princess Madeleine Therese Amélie Josephine;
• Prince Carl Philipp Edmund Bertil.

Swedish names for women and names for men

The whole variety of male and female names can be divided into several groups:

• names of Old Norse origin. They have a significant similarity with Norwegian, Danish, Finnish;
• traditional Western European names;
• names of biblical origin;
• modified foreign names (mainly Slavic and Arabic).

Typical Swedish male names:

• Anders;
• Alex;
• Johansen;
• Lars;
• Calle;
• Magnus;
• Mikael;
• Niels;
• Rudolf;
• Ulle;
• Julius;
• Emil.

Female Swedish names:

• Anna;
• Agnia;
• Annika;
• Britta;
• Ingeborg;
• Ingigerd;
• Katarina;
• Lisbeth;
• Maria;
• Ursula.

In Sweden, there is a tradition to give girls a middle name (or third) in honor of their grandmother, mother, father or mother. A Swedish woman with the name Kristina Ulrike most likely had her grandmother named Ulrika.

Swedish surnames and features of their formation

Everyone in our country probably knows one Swedish surname. These are the Swantensons. Remember? A family from the fairy tale Astrid Lindgren - seven-year-old Svante, mother, father, Miss Bock and "a charming man in the prime of life" - Carlson. By the way, these are typical names and surnames of the Swedes. In 2006, over 200,000 Carlson surnames were registered in Sweden.

Surnames in Sweden became widespread only at the beginning of the last century. Prior to this, each child at birth received only a patronymic or, in rare cases, a modified and according to the same principle mother's name - a match. Sometimes, instead of them, nicknames associated with the surrounding nature were used: Bjork - birch, flod - river, hav - sea, etc. Another option is "soldier" names for men - nicknames used by them in the army. Officially, a law requiring all Swedish citizens to have a "family name" was passed in 1901. Since 1983, men have been allowed to take their wives' surnames. Children in Sweden are given their mother's surname at birth.

By the way, if you carefully study the names and your acquaintances, then among them there may be descendants of immigrants from this amazing Scandinavian country. However, they do not have to be Thornvalsons and Johanssons.

In a certain period (in particular, during the reign of Peter I), the ties between the Russian Empire and Sweden were very close. After the victory of the Russian army in the Northern War, approximately 20 thousand Swedish soldiers were taken prisoner. A quarter of them, for various reasons, did not want to return to their homeland, and since then exotic Norbergs, Sundstrems, Monsons have appeared in the metric records of the western parts of Russia and Siberia (where many of the captives were sent). Some of the surnames were transformed into a more familiar Russian version: Orkin, Oslin, Malmasov.

In the studies of the Russian historian-linguist A.D. Kuzmin shows interesting examples of a peculiar translation of Swedish surnames into Russian. So, the Scandinavian name Jan corresponds to the Russian Ivan, so Janson turned into Ivanov, Emilson - Emil's son - Emil - Emelyan - Emilyanov, Anderson - became Andreev. Knutson (Knut + dream, son of Knut) has no Russian counterpart and was simply transformed into Knutov. There is a hypothesis that the name of the famous Russian commander Alexander Suvorov - of Swedish origin - from the Swedish word "pack" - strong.

Models for the formation of Swedish surnames:

• father's name + prefix -son (son), for example, Gustav Johanson - Gustav is the son of Johan;
• father's name + prefix dotter (daughter) - female version. Agnetha Svensdotter - Agnetha, Swenson's daughter;
• natural surnames-nicknames with endings - strem, blom, skog;
• an individual army name received by the Swedes while serving in the army and characterized by his personal qualities, character traits, names of types of military weapons, origin: Willig - strong-willed, Dolk - dagger, Ryus - Russian, Polak - Pole.

For the past hundred years, surnames have simply been passed down through descendants. Until the beginning of the twentieth century, not only women at marriage, but also men in some cases changed their surname. This happened when changing residence, when the Swede moved to another village, city, took over a farm or farm.

20 most common swedish surnames

Swedish boy names and Swedish girl names

Like any other language, Swedish has a clear distinction between formal and informal address. Due to certain lexical and grammatical features, there are not as many ways to create diminutive variants of names as in Russian, and some of them do not have short forms at all. For example, Anna or Stella. Swedish girls and boys are usually referred to by their short name. But, as practice shows, in almost 90 cases, abbreviated names are used officially, along with full forms for adults. Therefore, do not be surprised if a respectable professor introduces himself not as Lars or Robert, but as Lasse and Robban. By the way, in the student environment, everyday communication between students and teachers takes place at a fairly democratic level, without the use of "you" and the position of a senior interlocutor.

Short forms of male names:

• Bo-Bosse;
• Daniel - Danne;
• JoachimJocke;
• Karl-Kalle;
• Krister-Krille;
• Kristoffer - Kriss, Poffe, Stoffe;
• Lars - Lasse;
• Magnus - Manne;
• Matias - Matte;
• Nils - Nisse;
• Olof - Olle;
• Paul - Pålle;
• Per - Pelle;
• Robert - Robban;
• Rolf - Roffe;
• Stig - Sigge;
• Tobias - Tobbe;
• Ulf - Uffe;
• William - Wille.

Short forms of female names:

• Birgitta - Britta;
• Josephine - Jossan;
• Katarina - Katta;
• Kristina - Kicki;
• Viktoria - Viccan;
• Margareta - Maggan.

IMPORTANT: in short Swedish names, the stress falls on the first syllable.

The meaning of Swedish male names:

• Axel - father, creator of the world;
• Alexander - protector;
• Victor is the winner;
• William - strong-willed;
• Vincent - victorious;
• Leo is a lion;
• Lucas - light;
• Ludwig is a glorious warrior;
• Oliver - an army of elves, a shining army, a protector;
• Oscar - weapon, warrior's spear;
• Philip is a horse lover;
• Hugo - soul, sincere;
• Charlie is a free man;
• Elias - dedicated to Yahweh (analogue of the ancient Hebrew Elijah or Russian Elijah).

Swedish female names and their meaning:

• Agnes - chaste;
• Alice, Alice - noble;
• Alva is an elf;
• Wilma - strong-willed;
• Julia - from the Julius clan;
• Isabelle, Els - dedicated to God (ancient Hebrew Elisabel);
• Clara - light;
• Lily - lily;
• Maya - May;
• Molly is careless;
• Olivia - olive tree;
• Ebba - strong;
• Ella - light, radiance;
• Els - dedicated to God, worshiping God, my God is an oath;
• Emily is a partner.

There are a number of Swedish names that have an unusual and even slightly strange meaning:

• Odd - odd;
• Even - even (English);
• Love - love (eng);
• Hate - hatred;
• Lillemor - little mother;
• Axel - shoulder;
• Stig - road;
• Ilva - she-wolf;
• Wolf - wolf.

Popular Swedish names

According to Statistics Sweden, over the past five years, William and Alice have been at the top of the list of popular Swedish names. In 2017 alone, 941 newborn boys were named William and 888 girls were named Alice. The name Alice has become the most common female name 6 times over the past 13 years. They are followed by Oscar and Alicia. The names that showed the greatest growth are Maryam and Matteo.

The most common Swedish names in 2017:

Other popular Swedish names not in the top 10:

In general, over the past decades, a positive demographic situation has been observed in Sweden and the country's population has increased by almost 65 thousand people.

1. Sweden is considered a kingdom, it is (nominally) ruled by the King, and decisions are made by Parliament.
2. The capital of Sweden and the largest city is Stockholm. Its population in 2018 was 950 thousand people.
3. The average age of marriage in Sweden is 33 (ranges from 31 to 38 depending on the municipality).
4. The flag of Sweden is one of the oldest in the world.
5. Sweden is divided into 21 districts (len) and each of them has its own dialect, but the language is the same everywhere. Swedes speak English well.
6. In Sweden, it is not customary to punish children, making remarks to other people's children is considered very uncivilized.
7. You can get jail time for killing animals in Sweden.
8. Half of the population of Sweden regularly participates in sports. The most popular sports are football and hockey.
9. Despite the fact that Sweden is a member of the European Union, it has its own currency - the Krona. Kroon to Euro exchange rate: for 1 euro 10 Kroons (data as of January 2019).
10. For more than 200 years, Sweden has refrained from participating in wars.
11. The population of Sweden is growing steadily and over the past 250 years has increased 5 times, from 2 to 10 million people.
12. Sweden (together with Japan) holds the record for longevity. The average life expectancy at the end of 2017 is 82 years (for men - 80.7 years, for women - 84.1 years).
13. Sweden has a progressive taxation system with rates ranging from 30% to 55% depending on income.
14. The level of corruption in Sweden is one of the lowest in the world.
15. The Swedish economy is among the top 10 largest economies in the world. Sweden has 50 global companies, including ABB, Atlas Copco, Oriflame, Saab AB, Saab Automobile AB, Scania, Volvo, Ericsson, TELE2, AB Electrolux, TetraPak, Alfa Laval, SKF, H&M.

How often do we laugh at what is alien to us! This strange feature is inherent in, if not all, then many Russians: what is “ours” is correct, what is “not ours” is ridiculous and absurd. This applies primarily to foreign-language names, the sound of which Russians make fun of all the time. But after all, our Dima or Sveta may seem funny to foreigners, but meanwhile they have a lot of really interesting names and surnames, often with a unique history of origin. For example, in Sweden.

Sweden is one of the Scandinavian countries and, like any Scandinavian country, it has a lot of its funny and unusual traditions. This also applies to Swedish names and surnames. So, for example, the Swedes have about three hundred thousand names, but according to the law, children can only be given names from a certain list, in which there are no more than a thousand of them. However, circumvention of the rule is also allowed - but only with the permission of the court. Enough in Sweden and double and even triple names - perhaps this is due to a rather low birth rate. In this case, the first name will be the main one, and the subsequent ones may belong to one of the relatives.

But children from the royal family are generally called very long - they have at least four names. The Scandinavians do not give the children of the ruling dynasties Christian names, but, as a rule, choose names in honor of pagan ancestors. Also, often abbreviated Swedish names become independent - for example, Chris (from Christian).

If in Russia a child must be registered with the registry office immediately after birth, then the Swedes are more loyal in this regard - they give parents three months to decide how to name the baby. After this time, the child will still be recorded - at least under the last name, even if without a name.

The Swedes are very reverent in choosing a name. They believe that "whatever you call a boat, that's how it will float." Swedish names have only a positive meaning, they are often associated with power, courage, strength, freedom. Many names mean something from nature, religion, many symbolize this or that animal - as a rule, strong and fearless.

Male Swedish names: popularity and meaning

Interestingly, the different spellings of the name among the Swedes mean different names - such as Karl and Carl, Anna and Ana. It is Karl in the first spelling that breaks popularity records among male names in this country. It came from the ancient Germanic language, where at first it meant "free man", and then - "man". The second most common name for men is Eric - of Scandinavian origin. The name is considered "noble", it was worn by several kings both in Sweden and in other Scandinavian countries. Its meaning is "eternal ruler".

Further in the top ten, in the appropriate order, are Lars (Scandinavian, "laurel"), Anders (Scandinavian, "courageous, brave"), Per (Scandinavian, "stone, rock"), Mikael (Swedish, "like God"), Johan ( Germanic, “God’s grace”), Olof (Scandinavian, “observant”, the second version of the name is Olaf), Nils (Scandinavian form of the name Nikolai, “victor of nations”), Jan (Hebrew, form of the name Ivan, “God’s grace”).

Among Swedish male names there are those that are translated into our language in a more than strange way. These include, for example, Odd (“odd”), Even (“even”) or Axel (“shoulder”) - more than 50 thousand people have this name!

Female Swedish names: popularity and meaning

The first place in popularity in this country is occupied by the name Mary (of Hebrew origin, “serene, bitter, desirable.” The most popular name in the whole world). It is interesting that the Swedes have many female names that are consonant with ours, but if in Russia they end in “I”, then they end in “a”: Maria instead of Maria, Julia instead of Julia, and so on.

Also in the top ten most common female names are: Elisabeth (Scandinavian, "faithful to God"), Anna (Hebrew, "grace, merciful"), Christina (a variant of the name Christina, Christian, Greek, "Christian"), Margareta (Latin, " pearl"), Eve (Hebrew, "life-giver"), Brigid (Old Irish, "strength, power"), Karin (Latin, "sweet, dear, steer the ship"), Linnea (Swedish, "double flower"), Marie (American, "living by the ocean"). It is significant that Marie and Maria are two different names, obviously it's all about their spelling. It can be seen that among the popular Swedish female names there are many that are in Russia - in contrast to male ones.

Just like among male names, there are quite funny meanings among female ones. For example, the name Lillmore translates as "little mother", Saga means "fairy tale", and Ylva (that's the name of more than ten thousand women) - "wolf".

The most common surnames and their meaning

Like all Scandinavians, the Swedes did not have surnames until the 20th century - they simply did not need them. Instead of surnames, they used patronymics or mothers' names, for this purpose they used the prefixes "son" ("son") and "dottir" ("daughter"). Among the Scandinavian countries, the Danes were the first to “surname”, looking at them, the rest did the same. However, in Sweden, bearing a surname was still optional until 1901, when a law was passed stating that everyone should have a surname.

It was instructed to urgently invent it for yourself. And then people wrote down as a surname either the name of the father with the prefix "dream" (Andersson - the son of Anders), or their nicknames (as a rule, they had a natural meaning: Bjork - "birch", Sjoberg - "cliff" and so on), or, if the person was a military man - an army nickname (Sköld - "shield", Dolk - "dagger"). Basically, they followed the first path, which is why surnames with the prefix "sleep" are so popular in Sweden and it is not difficult to determine the origin of a person with a similar surname. It is noteworthy that they always have a doubled letter "c" - Andersson, Petersson, Johannesson and so on. The second "s" refers to the prefix "sleep", and the first denotes belonging to any person - the son of Anders, the son of Peter, the son of Johannes, and so on.

Interestingly, at the birth of a child, after the lapse of the three months mentioned, if the parents still do not know what to name the baby, he is recorded under the name of the mother, not the father. This rule has been in effect in Sweden since 1986. When marrying, the newlyweds can decide among themselves whether to take the surname of the husband or wife, but at the same time, if the man's surname is "common" and the woman's surname is "noble", they take her surname without discussion. Such “noble” ones include, for example, surnames with the prefix “von” or “af”, and in the case of the prefix “son”, the second “s” is not added to them.

In the top ten most popular Swedish surnames - all in "sleep": Andersson, Johansson, Karlsson, Nilsson, Ericsson, Larsson, Ulsson, Persson, Svensson, Gustafsson. Interestingly, the surname "Karlsson", which is in third place, is carried by more than three hundred thousand people - you can imagine how many Anderssons were in Sweden then!

What are newborns called in Sweden?

Of course, the above names are always in demand. However, every year something new appears, because any parent wants to excel, to give his child a unique name. So, in 2016, the ten most popular names for Swedish babies included Oscar, Lucas, William, Liam, Oliver for boys, and Alice, Lilly, May, Elsa, Ella for girls.

Perhaps all the peoples of the world should learn from the Swedes the talent to choose names for their children. The whole world is full of names with negative or "middle" meanings, which so often bring disappointment or failure to their owners. In this regard, the Swedes think far ahead, from birth, with the help of a correctly chosen name, laying in children the desire for victory, strength and courage.

Swedish names and surnames indicate, among other things, the identity of the Swedes. Traditional Swedish names, and especially surnames, emphasize the close connection of a person with the surrounding nature.

The names of the Swedes are melodic, full of meaning, have a centuries-old tradition, perfectly adapted to the Swedish language.

Traditional male Swedish names

Traditional female Swedish names

The list of such traditional names exceeds 1000. However, now other names are gaining the most popularity, which are presented in the following tables.

Swedish female names

Swedish male names

Double Swedish names

Such names were very popular in Sweden from the thirties to the sixties of the last century. Interestingly, now their popularity is growing again. They are formed by adding together several names.

Moreover, their writing can be either “through a dash”, or simply by sequential enumeration. Double names are especially popular among representatives of the Swedish royal dynasty: Carl-Johan / Karl-Johan, Carl-Gustaf / Karl-Gustav, Carl-Philip / Karl-Philip, Gustaf-Adolf / Gustav-Adolf and so on.

Among the representatives of the royal family, the following names are most popular:

Girls: Alice/Alice, Astrid/Astrid, Désirée/Desiree, Eleonora/Eleanor, Ingrid/Ingrid, Sibylla/Sibilla, Kristina/Christina, Sophia/Sophia, Louise/Lois, Margaretha/Margaretta, Elisabeth/Elizabeth.

Boys: Gustav / Gustav, Adolf / Adolf, Bertil / Bertil, Oskar / Oscar, Magnus / Magnus, Philip / Philip, Wilhelm / Wilhelm, Erik / Erik, Carl / Karl, Fredrik / Fredrik.

Swedish names of the ruling royal house, list:

Carl XVI Gustaf Folke Hubertus - King of Sweden
Silvia Renate - queen
Victoria Ingrid Alice Désirée Crown Princess
Olof Daniel - her husband
Estelle Silvia Ewa Mary - daughter of Victoria
Oscar Carl Olof - Victoria's son
Carl Philip Edmund Bertil - Prince, son of Charles and Sylvia
Sofia - his wife
Alexander Erik Hubertus Bertil - son of Karl and Sophia
Madeleine Thérèse Amelie Josephine - princess, daughter of Charles and Sylvia
Chris O'Neill - her husband
Leonore Lilian Maria - daughter of Madeleine and Criss
Nicolas Paul Gustaf - son of Madeleine and Criss

In recent years, more and more newborns in the country receive double Swedish names. According to the data for 2016, the most popular were:

Popular double swedish boy names

Most Popular Double Swedish Girl Names

Swedes often use a special computer program to collect information about their family members.

Then they draw a family tree and can tell guests for a long time about the owner of the name from each of his “cells”.

Swedish surnames

Swedish surnames were first formed by adding a particle - sson to indicate a family relationship between fathers and children. So the son of Gunnar of a man named Peter was called Gunnar Petersson, Gunnar son of Peter.

The first, as is often the case, surnames transmitted by inheritance were acquired by representatives of the upper class, starting from the 12th century. So, one of the most famous Swedish statesmen of the 15th century, King Gustav Vasa / Gustav Vasa, before taking the throne, was called Gustav Eriksson / Gustav Eriksson.

Gradually, ordinary residents of the country become the owners of "permanent" surnames. During the 18th century, many Swedish men who were in military service received new, often "shortened" surnames there, as their old ones were very often repeated.

The main principle of the formation of new surnames was the use of Swedish words associated with military or natural properties, objects, objects.

Examples are: Rask / Fast, Lustig / Joyful, Spjut / Spear, Hjelm / Helmet, Lind / Linden, Björk / Birch, Holm / Hill. After the end of military service, the men retained their new surnames.

Residents of cities, especially in the north of the country, took surnames consisting of several words associated with nature. For example, these are: Lindström / Linden + current, Bergström / mountain stream, Strömbäck / stormy stream.

To me personally, such Swedish surnames are very reminiscent of films about Indians who have names associated with nature, for example, Chingachgook - Big Serpent.

Modern male and female Swedish names are distinguished by a surprisingly wide variety. Their total number is about three hundred and forty thousand. However, not every one of these names can be used by contemporaries. Swedish law sets a number of restrictions in the field of naming. Parents are allowed to name a newborn child only officially. There are no more than one and a half thousand of them. If relatives want to give the newborn a female or male Swedish name that is not among the official ones, they need to obtain court permission for this.

Choosing a Swedish name for a boy and a girl

As already noted, the Swedish name book is very large. However, families in Sweden are quite small, and the birth rate is very low. In view of this, parents often give the child two or even three names. When naming a baby, they focus on several important factors at once. Firstly, the sound of the Swedish name chosen for the boy or girl is taken into account. It should be beautiful, melodic and non-trivial. No less close attention is paid to the interpretation of names. Parents wish their children the very best. In view of this, they try to select only those names for newborns that have a positive meaning. Realizing such a desire is not at all difficult.

The meaning of most beautiful Swedish names and surnames is positive. Very often it is associated with such categories as victory, strength, courage, power, etc. Names with a similar meaning are an echo of the distant Viking era, which consisted of incessant battles and battles.

Today, when naming children, such a factor as the child's horoscope is also taken into account. Swedish names for boys and girls by doing various astronomical and numerological calculations.

List of popular Swedish boy names

1. Andesh. From ancient Greek "man"
2. Bjorn. Swedish boy name meaning "bear"
3. Johanes. From the Hebrew "Yahweh is merciful"
4. Lars. Interpreted as "crowned with laurel" / "winner"
5. Magnus. Translated into Russian means "big"
6. Mats. Swedish boy name which means = "God's gift"
7. Rudolf. Literally translated means "glorious wolf"
8. Hugo. Interpreted as "brilliant soul"
9. Eric. Translated into Russian means "eternal ruler"
10. Emil. Swedish male name meaning "zealous"

List of the best modern Swedish names for girls

1. Brigitte. Translated into Russian means "strong"
2. Ingeborg. Interpreted as "protected Ingvio" (god of fertility)
3. Kerstin. Swedish girl name meaning "follower of Christ"
4. Linnaeus. Corresponds to the name of the flower, named after the botanist Carl Linnaeus
5. Margaretta. Translated into Russian means "pearl"
6. Otilia. Swedish female name which means = "rich"
7. Ulrika. Interpreted as "power"
8. Ursula. Translated into Russian, it means "bear"
9. Helge. Swedish girl name meaning "sacred"
10. Elsa. Swedish form of Elisabeth = "God is my oath"

The most popular male and female Swedish names

• To date, the most common female Swedish names such as Anna, Eva and Ursula are considered.
• In addition, girls are often called Ella, Ulrika, Ingeborg and Birgitt.
• As for the most popular male names in Sweden, they include Karl, Lars, Erik, Andesh, Per and Johan.