Spiritual culture is a part of the general system of culture, including spiritual activity and its products. This is a kind of integrity of literature, art, science, morality, religion. Spiritual culture characterizes the inner wealth of a person, the degree of his development, forms a personality - its worldview, views, attitudes, value orientations.
Spiritual culture arises from the need for comprehension and figurative-sensual development of reality. In real life, it is realized in morality, art, religion, philosophy, science. All these forms of human life are interconnected and influence each other. In morality, the idea of good and evil, honor, conscience, and justice is fixed. These ideas, norms regulate the behavior of people in society.
Art includes aesthetic values (beautiful, sublime, ugly) and the ways in which they are created and consumed.
Religion serves the needs of the spirit, a person turns his gaze to God. Science demonstrates the progress of the knowing mind of man.
Philosophy satisfies the needs of the human spirit for unity on a rational (reasonable) basis.
Art as part of spiritual culture
In the spiritual culture of society, a special, important place is occupied by art - the sphere of spiritual and practical activity of people, aimed at artistic comprehension and development of the world; one of the ways of aesthetic exploration of the world. A remarkable property of art is its ability to unite people, to evoke the same feelings and thoughts in them. This allows it to play a special role in the system of interethnic and interpersonal understanding, turns it into a universal language of international communication. It brings people together, allows them to get to know each other better.
Art in society performs the function of orienting a person and pulling him to a certain level of culture, the level of thinking, understanding, penetration by thought, creation, feeling into the spiritual life of society and the spiritual world created by society as a special environment for human living. If we are really dealing with a genuine, adequately expressing its essence, corresponding to its concept of art, then it will inevitably and inexorably serve progress, since it is based on the comprehension of a person in his continuous ascent along the line of internal spiritual perfection, enrichment, acquisition of new opportunities and forces, new qualitative definitions. Without turning to art, without interaction with it, no civilized society is possible. In relation to the self-organization of society, art acts as a mechanism that performs the functions of control and self-control over the course of the development of society, as an instrument that tests the degree of humanity of society and the degree of its humanistic purposefulness. In this case, art acts as a mirror into which society can look, in which it can study itself in proper human dimensions and assess the degree of its compliance with the attitudes and definitions that come from the content and meaning of human life.
Art is one of the forms of knowledge of life. The role of art in the knowledge of the spiritual world of man is especially great. It penetrates the deep processes of personality psychology, reveals the most complex interaction of thoughts, feelings and will.
From the very beginning of its existence, art was called upon to ennoble, improve, humanize society, man and nature. In modern society, it is an important area of its culture, its specific language, in which she speaks with a person, asserting beauty and goodness.
Art educates and shapes a person’s personality, his attitude to life, allows him to better understand his place in life, helps to shape a person’s behavior in certain life situations, teaches him kindness, courage, justice, honesty, hard work - in a word, everything beautiful that is characteristic of people . Art influences a person, orients and improves him morally.
Art acquires a relatively independent development in the structure of society, however, retaining as its leading function the provision of a person with the necessary spiritual experience as an internal condition for the self-organization and self-propulsion of society. Art is increasingly becoming a means of transferring a person to the highest levels of culture, to those levels that provide society with its real progressive development based on the competence and understanding sensitive intellect of its members, irreplaceable by any other mechanisms. That is why the weakening in the activities of artists, the deformation of the functions of art and the diversion of artistic creativity from its main goals and objectives lead to a significant decline in culture among the mass of the population. This happens not due to the fact that people are gradually descending, not having art as a good guide and an important stimulus, but because they stop rising, remain in other levels and layers of culture, do not realize the need and do not feel the need and desire to rise higher. . Thus, an inhibitory effect arises in the processes of self-organization and self-development of society, due to insufficient susceptibility of consciousness, insufficient maneuverability and flexibility of thinking, insufficient outlook, spiritual experience to ensure an effective system of self-organization, its self-development.
Art, being a fairly independent and important sphere of society's culture, actively interacts with other forms of spiritual culture - religion, morality, science.
Art and its role in people's lives. Types of arts.
The question of what role art plays in human life is as old as the first attempts at its theoretical understanding. True, as Stolovich L.N. at the very dawn of aesthetic thought, sometimes expressed in mythological form, in fact, there was no question. After all, our distant ancestor was sure that to pierce the image of a buffalo with a real or drawn arrow means to ensure a successful hunt, to perform a warlike dance means to defeat your enemies for sure. The question is, what doubts could there be in the practical effectiveness of art, if it was organically woven into the practical life of people, was inseparable from the craft that created the world of objects and things necessary for the existence of people, was associated with magical rites, thanks to which people sought to influence the environment their reality? Is it any wonder they believe that Orpheus, to whom ancient Greek mythology attributes the invention of music and versification, could bend tree branches, move stones and tame wild animals with his singing.
The world of artistic images, according to ancient thinkers and artists, “imitated” life, became an integral part of the true life of a person. Euripides, for example, wrote:
No, I will not leave, Muses, your altar ...
There is no true life without art
Already ancient aesthetics sought to give answers to this question, but they were not unambiguous. Plato, who recognized only such works of art that strengthen the moral foundations of an aristocratic state, emphasized the unity of the aesthetic effectiveness of art and its moral significance.
According to Aristotle, the ability of art to have a moral and aesthetic impact on a person is based on the “imitation” of reality, shaping the very nature of his feelings: “The habit of experiencing grief or joy when perceiving what imitates reality leads to what we begin to experience. the same feelings when confronted with reality.
The history of artistic culture has captured many cases when the perception of art served as a direct impulse to commit certain actions, to change the way of life. After reading chivalric novels, the poor hidalgo Kehana turned into Don Quixote of La Mancha and set off on skinny Rocinante to assert justice in the world. The very image of Don Quixote has since become a household name, has served as an example to follow in real life.
Thus, we see that the origins of art are in reality, but a work of art is a special world that implies a perception that is different from the perception of life reality. If the viewer, mistaking art for reality, tries to establish justice, physically cracking down on the actor playing the villain, shoots at the movie screen or throws himself at the picture with a knife, threatens the novelist, worrying about the fate of the hero of the novel, then all these are obvious symptoms or mental pathology in general, or, at least, the pathology of artistic perception.
Art does not act on any one human ability and strength, whether it be emotion or intellect, but on the person as a whole. It forms, sometimes unconsciously, unconsciously, the very system of human attitudes, the effect of which will manifest itself sooner or later and often unpredictably, and does not simply aim to induce a person to one or another specific act.
The artistic genius of the famous poster by D. Moor “Have you signed up as a volunteer?”, which was so widely promoted during the Second World War, lies in the fact that it is not limited to a momentary pragmatic task, but appeals to the human conscience through all the spiritual abilities of a person. Those. the power of art lies in this, to appeal to the human conscience, to awaken its spiritual abilities. And on this occasion, we can quote the famous words of Pushkin:
Burn people's hearts with the verb.
I think this is the true purpose of art.
Art never gets old. In the book of academician philosopher I.T. Frolov "Perspectives of Man" contains arguments about why art does not become obsolete. So, in particular, he notes: “The reason for this is the unique originality of works of art, their deeply individualized character, ultimately due to the constant appeal to man. The unique unity of man and the world in a work of art, the “human reality” cognized by it, deeply distinguish art from science not only in terms of the means used, but also in terms of its very object, always correlated with the personality of the artist, his subjective worldview, while science strives to beyond these limits, rushes to the “superhuman”, guided by the principle of objectivity. Therefore, science also strives for a strict unambiguity in the perception of knowledge by a person, it finds the appropriate means for this, its own language, while works of art do not have such unambiguity: their perception, refracting through the subjective world of a person, generates a whole gamut of deeply individual shades and tones that make this perception is unusually diverse, although subordinate to a certain direction, a common theme.
This is precisely the secret of the extraordinary impact of art on a person, his moral world, lifestyle, behavior. Turning to art, a person goes beyond the limits of rational unambiguity. Art reveals the mysterious, not amenable to scientific knowledge. That is why a person needs art as an organic part of what is contained in himself and in the world that he knows and enjoys.
The famous Danish physicist Niels Bohr wrote: "The reason why art can enrich us is its ability to remind us of harmonies that are beyond the reach of systematic analysis." Art often highlights universal, “eternal” problems: what is good and evil, freedom, human dignity. The changing conditions of each era force us to re-solve these issues.
CLASSIFICATION OF ARTS
Art (creative reflection, reproduction of reality in artistic images.) exists and develops as a system of interrelated types, the diversity of which is due to the versatility of itself (the real world, displayed in the process of artistic creation.
Art forms are historically established forms of creative activity that have the ability to artistically realize life content and differ in the ways of its material embodiment (word in literature, sound in music, plastic and color materials in fine arts, etc.).
In modern art history literature, a certain scheme and system of classification of arts has developed, although there is still no single one and they are all relative. The most common scheme is its division into three groups.
The first includes spatial or plastic arts. For this group of arts, spatial construction is essential in revealing the artistic image - Fine Arts, Decorative and Applied Arts, Architecture, Photography.
The second group includes temporary or dynamic arts. In them, the composition unfolding in time - Music, Literature - acquires key importance.
The third group is spatio-temporal types, which are also called synthetic or spectacular arts - Choreography, Literature, Theater Arts, Cinematography.
The existence of various types of arts is due to the fact that none of them, by its own means, can give an artistic comprehensive picture of the world. Such a picture can only be created by the entire artistic culture of mankind as a whole, consisting of individual types of art.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTS
ARCHITECTURE
Architecture (Greek "architecton" - "master, builder") is a monumental art form, the purpose of which is to create structures and buildings necessary for the life and activities of mankind, responding to the utilitarian and spiritual needs of people.
The forms of architectural structures depend on geographical and climatic conditions, on the nature of the landscape, the intensity of sunlight, seismic safety, etc.
Architecture is more closely connected than other arts with the development of the productive forces, with the development of technology. Architecture is able to combine with monumental painting, sculpture, decorative and other arts. The basis of the architectural composition is the three-dimensional structure, the organic interconnection of the elements of a building or an ensemble of buildings. The scale of the structure largely determines the nature of the artistic image, its monumentality or intimacy.
Architecture does not reproduce reality directly; it is not pictorial, but expressive.
ART
Fine art is a group of types of artistic creativity that reproduce visually perceived reality. Works of art have an objective form that does not change in time and space. Fine arts include: painting, graphics, sculpture.
GRAPHIC ARTS
Graphics (translated from Greek - "I write, draw") is, first of all, drawing and artistic printed works (engraving, lithography). It is based on the possibilities of creating an expressive art form by using lines, strokes and spots of different colors applied to the surface of the sheet.
Graphics preceded painting. At first, a person learned to capture the outlines and plastic forms of objects, then to distinguish and reproduce their colors and shades. The mastery of color was a historical process: not all colors were mastered at once.
The specifics of graphics are linear relationships. By reproducing the forms of objects, it conveys their illumination, the ratio of light and shadow, etc. Painting captures the real ratios of the colors of the world, in color and through color it expresses the essence of objects, their aesthetic value, calibrates their social purpose, their correspondence or contradiction to the environment. .
In the process of historical development, color began to penetrate drawing and printed graphics, and now drawing with colored crayons - pastel, and color engraving, and painting with water colors - watercolor and gouache are already included in graphics. In various literature on art history, there are different points of view about graphics. In some sources, graphics is a type of painting, while in others it is a separate subspecies of fine art.
PAINTING
Painting is a flat visual art, the specificity of which lies in the representation with the help of paints applied to the surface of the image of the real world, transformed by the creative imagination of the artist.
Painting is divided into:
Monumental - fresco (from Italian Fresco) - painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in water and mosaic (from French mosaiqe) an image of colored stones, smalt (Smalt - colored transparent glass.), Ceramic tiles.
Easel (from the word "machine") - a canvas that is created on an easel.
Painting is represented by a variety of genres (Genre (French genre, from Latin genus, genitive generis - genus, species) is an artistic, historically established internal division in all types of art.):
The portrait is the main task to convey an idea of the external appearance of a person, to reveal the inner world of a person, to emphasize his individuality, psychological and emotional image.
Landscape - reproduces the surrounding world in all its variety of forms. The image of the seascape is defined by the term marinism.
Still life - the image of household items, tools, flowers, fruits. Helps to understand the worldview and way of a certain era.
Historical genre - tells about historically important moments in the life of society.
Household genre - reflects the daily life of people, the temper, customs, traditions of a particular ethnic group.
Icon painting (translated from Greek as "prayer image") is the main goal of directing a person on the path of transformation.
Animalism is the depiction of an animal as the protagonist of a work of art.
In the XX century. the nature of painting is changing under the influence of technological progress (the appearance of photo and video equipment), which leads to the emergence of new forms of art - multimedia art.
SCULPTURE
Sculpture is a spatial and visual art that explores the world in plastic images.
The main materials used in sculpture are stone, bronze, marble, wood. At the present stage of development of society, technological progress, the number of materials used to create sculptures has expanded: steel, plastic, concrete and others.
There are two main types of sculpture: volumetric three-dimensional (circular) and relief:
High relief - high relief,
Bas-relief - low relief,
Counter-relief - mortise relief.
By definition, sculpture is monumental, decorative, easel.
Monumental - used to decorate the streets and squares of the city, designate historically important places, events, etc. Monumental sculpture includes:
monuments,
monuments,
Memorials.
Easel - designed for inspection from a close distance and is designed to decorate the interior.
Decorative - used to decorate everyday life (small plastic items).
DECORATIVE AND APPLIED ART.
Decorative and applied art is a kind of creative activity in the creation of household items designed to meet the utilitarian and artistic and aesthetic needs of people.
Decorative and applied arts include products made from a variety of materials and using various technologies. The material for the subject of DPI can be metal, wood, clay, stone, bone. The technical and artistic methods of manufacturing products are very diverse: carving, embroidery, painting, chasing, etc. The main characteristic feature of the DPI object is decorativeness, which consists in imagery and the desire to decorate, make it better, more beautiful.
Decorative and applied art has a national character. Since it comes from the customs, habits, beliefs of a certain ethnic group, it is close to the way of life.
An important component of decorative and applied arts is folk art crafts - a form of organizing artistic work based on collective creativity, developing a local cultural tradition and focused on the sale of handicrafts.
The key creative idea of traditional crafts is the assertion of the unity of the natural and human worlds.
The main folk crafts of Russia are:
Woodcarving - Bogorodskaya, Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya;
Painting on wood - Khokhloma, Gorodetskaya, Polkhov-Maidanskaya, Mezenskaya;
Decoration of products from birch bark - embossing on birch bark, painting;
Artistic processing of stone - processing of hard and soft stone;
Bone carving - Kholmogory, Tobolsk. Khotkovskaya
Miniature painting on papier-mache - Fedoskino miniature, Palekh miniature, Msterskaya miniature, Kholuy miniature
Artistic processing of metal - Veliky Ustyug black silver, Rostov enamel, Zhostovo painting on metal;
Folk ceramics - Gzhel ceramics, Skopinsky ceramics, Dymkovo toy, Kargopol toy;
Lace making - Vologda lace, Mikhailovsky lace,
Painting on fabric - Pavlovsky shawls and shawls
Embroidery - Vladimirskaya, Color interlace, Gold embroidery.
LITERATURE
Literature is a kind of art in which the material carrier of imagery is the word.
The scope of literature includes natural and social phenomena, various social cataclysms, the spiritual life of the individual, her feelings. In its various genres, literature embraces this material either through a dramatic reproduction of an action, or through an epic narration of events, or through a lyrical self-disclosure of a person's inner world.
The literature is divided into:
artistic
educational
historical
scientific
Reference
The main genres of literature are:
- lyrics- one of the three main genres of fiction, reflects life by depicting a variety of human experiences, a feature of the lyrics is a poetic form.
- Drama- one of the three main genres of fiction, a plot work written in colloquial form and without the author's speech.
- epic- narrative literature, one of the three main genres of fiction, includes:
- epic- a major work of the epic genre.
- Novella- narrative prose (much less often - poetic) genre of literature, representing a small narrative form.
- Tale(story) - a literary genre that is distinguished by a less significant volume, fewer figures, life content and breadth
- Story- An epic work of small size, which differs from the short story in the greater prevalence and arbitrariness of the composition.
- Novel- a large narrative work in prose, sometimes in verse.
- ballad- a lyrical-epic poetic plot work written in stanzas.
- poem- a plot literary work of a lyrical-epic nature in verse.
The specificity of literature is a historical phenomenon, all the elements and constituent parts of a literary work and the literary process, all the features of literature are in constant change. Literature is a living, mobile ideological and artistic system that is sensitive to changes in life. The predecessor of literature is oral folk art.
MUSICAL ART
Music - (from the Greek musike - lit. - the art of muses), a type of art in which musical sounds organized in a certain way serve as a means of embodying artistic images. The main elements and expressive means of music are mode, rhythm, meter, tempo, loud dynamics, timbre, melody, harmony, polyphony, instrumentation. Music is recorded in musical notation and realized in the process of performance.
The division of music into secular and spiritual is accepted. The main area of sacred music is cult. The development of the European musical theory of musical notation and musical pedagogy is connected with European cult music (usually called church music). By performing means, music is divided into vocal (singing), instrumental and vocal-instrumental. Music is often combined with choreography, theatrical art, and cinema. Distinguish music monophonic (monody) and polyphonic (homophony, polyphony). Music is divided into:
For genera and types - theatrical (opera, etc.), symphonic, chamber, etc.;
Genres - song, chorale, dance, march, symphony, suite, sonata, etc.
Musical works are characterized by certain, relatively stable typical structures. Music uses, as a means of embodying reality and human feelings, sound images.
Music in sound images generally expresses the essential processes of life. An emotional experience and an idea colored by feeling, expressed through sounds of a special kind, which are based on the intonations of human speech - such is the nature of a musical image.
CHOREOGRAPHY
Choreography (gr. Choreia - dance + grapho - writing) is a kind of art, the material of which is the movements and postures of the human body, poetically meaningful, organized in time and space, constituting an artistic system.
Dance interacts with music, together with it forming a musical and choreographic image. In this union, each component depends on the other: the music dictates its own laws to the dance and at the same time is influenced by the dance. In some cases, the dance can be performed without music - accompanied by clapping, tapping with heels, etc.
The origins of the dance were: imitation of labor processes; ritual celebrations and ceremonies, the plastic side of which had a certain regulation and semantics; dance spontaneously expressing in movements in movements the culmination of a person's emotional state.
Dance has always, at all times, been associated with the life and way of life of people. Therefore, each dance corresponds to the character, the spirit of the people from whom it originated. Photography (gr. Phos (photos) light + grafo I write) is an art that reproduces on a plane, through lines and shadows, in the most perfect way and without the possibility of error, the contour and shape of the object transmitted by it.
A specific feature of photography is the organic interaction of creative and technological processes in it. Photo art developed at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries as a result of the interaction of artistic thought and the progress of photographic science and technology. Its emergence was historically prepared by the development of painting, which was oriented towards a mirror accurate image of the visible world and used the discoveries of geometric optics (perspective) and optical instruments (camera obscura) to achieve this goal.
The specificity of photographic art lies in the fact that it gives a pictorial image of a documentary value.
A photograph gives an artistically expressive image and captures with certainty an essential moment of reality in a frozen image.
Life facts in photography are transferred almost without additional processing from the realm of reality to the realm of art.
CINEMA
Cinema is the art of reproducing on screen moving images captured on film, creating the impression of living reality. Cinema is an invention of the 20th century. Its appearance is determined by the achievements of science and technology in the field of optics, electrical and photographic engineering, chemistry, etc.
Cinema conveys the dynamics of the era; working with time as a means of expression, cinema is able to convey the change of various events in their internal logic.- tragedy. The problem of artistic and aesthetic education in the formation of the value orientations of the younger generation has become the object of attention of sociologists, philosophers, cultural theorists, and art historians. This educational and reference manual is a small addition to a huge layer of educational material related to the field of art. The author expresses the hope that it will serve as a good help for students, pupils and all who are not indifferent to art.
Culture is an important component of social consciousness. It is a means of forming a social personality, a sphere of communication between people and the realization of their creative potential. culture and its features are the object of study of philosophers, culturologists, intellectuals who seek to determine the role of spiritual culture in society and in human development.
The concept of culture
Throughout history, human life has been shaped into culture. This concept covers the widest sphere of human life. The meaning of the word "culture" - "cultivation", "processing" (originally - land) - is due to the fact that with the help of various actions a person transforms the surrounding reality and himself. Culture is an exclusively human phenomenon, animals, unlike people, adapt to the world, and a person adjusts it to his needs and requirements. In the course of these transformations, it is created.
Due to the fact that the spheres of spiritual culture are extremely diverse, there is no single definition of the concept of "culture". There are several approaches to its interpretation: idealistic, materialistic, functionalist, structuralist, psychoanalytic. In each of them, separate aspects of this concept are distinguished. In a broad sense, culture is all the transformative activity of a person, directed both outside and inside oneself. In the narrow sense, this is the creative activity of a person, expressed in the creation of works of various arts.
Spiritual and material culture
Despite the fact that culture is a complex, complex phenomenon, there is a tradition to divide it into material and spiritual. It is customary to refer to the field of material culture all the results of human activity embodied in various objects. This is the world that surrounds a person: buildings, roads, household utensils, clothing, as well as a variety of equipment and technologies. The spheres of spiritual culture are connected with the production of ideas. These include theories, philosophies, moral norms, scientific knowledge. However, such a division is often purely arbitrary. How, for example, to separate works of such art forms as cinema and theater? After all, the performance combines the idea, the literary basis, the play of the actors, as well as the subject design.
The emergence of spiritual culture
The question of the origin of culture still causes lively disputes between representatives of different sciences. Social science, for which the sphere of spiritual culture is an important research area, proves that cultural genesis is inextricably linked with the formation of society. The condition for the survival of primitive man was the ability to adapt the world around him to his needs and the ability to coexist in a team: it was impossible to survive alone. The formation of culture was not instantaneous, but was a long evolutionary process. A person learns to transfer social experience, creating for this a system of rituals and signals, speech. He has new needs, in particular, the desire for beauty, social ones are formed, and All this becomes a platform for the formation of spiritual culture. Comprehension of the surrounding reality, the search for cause-and-effect relationships lead to the formation of a mythological worldview. It symbolically explains the world around and allows a person to navigate in life.
Main areas
Over time, all spheres of spiritual culture grow out of mythology. The human world evolves and becomes more complex, and at the same time, information and ideas about the world become more complex, special areas of knowledge are distinguished. Today, the question of what the sphere of spiritual culture includes has several answers. In the traditional sense, it includes religion, politics, philosophy, morality, art, science. There is also a broader view, according to which the spiritual sphere includes language, a system of knowledge, values and plans for the future of mankind. In the narrowest interpretation, the sphere of spirituality includes art, philosophy and ethics as an area for the formation of ideals.
Religion as a sphere of spiritual culture
Religion stands out first. All spheres of spiritual culture, including religion, are a special set of values, ideals and norms that serve as guidelines in human life. Faith is the basis for understanding the world, especially for a person of antiquity. Science and religion are two antagonistic ways of explaining the world, but each of them is a system of ideas about how a person and everything that surrounds him was created. The specificity of religion is that it appeals to faith, not to knowledge. The main function of religion as a form of spiritual life is ideological. It sets the framework for a person's worldview and worldview, gives meaning to existence. Religion also performs a regulatory function: it controls the relations of people in society and their activities. In addition to these, faith performs communicative, legitimizing and cultural-transmitting functions. Thanks to religion, many outstanding ideas and phenomena appeared, it was the source of the concept of humanism.
Morality as a sphere of spiritual culture
Moral and spiritual culture is the basis for regulating relationships between people in society. Morality is a system of values and ideas about what is evil and good, about the meaning of people's lives and the principles of their relationships in society. Researchers often consider ethics to be the highest form of spirituality. Morality is a specific area of spiritual culture, and its features are due to the fact that it is an unwritten law of people's behavior in society. It is an unspoken social contract, according to which all peoples consider the highest value of a person and his life. The main social functions of morality are:
Regulatory - this specific function is to control the behavior of people, and they are not dominated by any institutions and organizations that control a person. Fulfilling moral requirements, a person is motivated by a unique mechanism called conscience. Morality establishes the rules that ensure the interaction of people;
Evaluative-imperative, that is, a function that allows people to understand what is good and what is evil;
Educational - it is thanks to it that the moral character of the individual is formed.
Ethics also performs a number of such socially significant functions as cognitive, communicative, orienting, prognostic.
Art as a sphere of spiritual culture
Cinema and theater
Cinema is one of the youngest and at the same time the most popular arts. Its history is short compared to the thousand-year history of music, painting or theater. At the same time, millions of spectators fill the cinema halls every day, and even more people watch films on television. Cinema has a powerful impact on the minds and hearts of young people.
Today theater is less popular than cinema. With the ubiquity of television, it has lost some of its appeal. In addition, theater tickets are now expensive. Therefore, we can say that visiting the famous theater has become a luxury. Yet the theater is an integral part of the intellectual life of every country and reflects the state of society and the minds of the nation.
Philosophy as a sphere of spiritual culture
Philosophy is the most ancient of man. Like other spheres of spiritual culture, it grows out of mythology. It organically combines the features of religion. Philosophers satisfy the important need of people to find meaning. The main questions of being (what is the world, what is the meaning of life) receive different answers in philosophy, but allow a person to choose his life path. Its most important functions are ideological and axiological; it helps a person to build his own system of views and criteria for evaluating the world around him. Philosophy also performs epistemological, critical, prognostic and educational functions.
Science as a sphere of spiritual culture
The latest formed sphere of spiritual culture was science. Its formation is quite slow, and it is intended primarily to explain the structure of the world. Science and religion are forms of overcoming the mythological worldview. But unlike religion, science is a system of objective, verifiable knowledge and is built according to the laws of logic. The leading need that a person satisfies through science is cognitive. It is human nature to ask various questions, and the search for answers gives rise to science. Science is distinguished from all other spheres of spiritual culture by the strict evidence and verifiability of postulates. Thanks to it, a universal human objective picture of the world is formed. The main social ones are cognitive, worldview, practice-transformative, communicative, educational and regulatory. Unlike philosophy, science is based on a system of objective knowledge that is verifiable through experiments.
Art as a form of spiritual culture
Art is one of the most amazing creations of mankind. These are multi-tiered Buddhist pagodas, the mournful face of the Mother of God on Russian icons, the perfection of ancient statues and the grandeur of medieval Gothic, beautiful examples of Renaissance madonnas, the greatest works of Pushkin, Shakespeare, the brilliant music of Bach, Beethoven, Tchaikovsky, sculptures by Phidias, Rodin, Vuchetich, performances by Stanislavsky, Brecht , films by Fellini, Tarkovsky and the richest world of other creations.
What is art? There are many definitions of this cultural phenomenon:
“Art in the broadest sense is artistic creativity”.
“Art is a specific kind of spiritual exploration of reality by a person, which forms and develops his ability to creatively transform the world around him and himself according to the laws of beauty.”
"Art is one of the specialized spheres of culture, functionally solving the problem of intellectual and sensual reflection of being in artistic images" .
"Art is a special way of mastering reality, a specific - artistic-figurative - sphere of human activity" .
With all the differences in these definitions, they are unanimous in that the basis of art is artistic creativity, and the specificity of art, which distinguishes it from other forms of spiritual culture, lies in the artistic and figurative reflection of life. The artistry of art should be considered as a special property, expressed in its high perfection, in its aesthetic impact. If science cognizes being, then art creatively recreates it, transforming, supplementing, expanding the world, life experience, creating an artificial secondary reality.
The form of thinking in art is the artistic image. This is a special form of reflection of reality inherent in art by means of artistic means characteristic of each type of art. The artistic reflection of life can take place in visual images (art), in sound (music), in the word (fiction), through the synthesis of all the above-mentioned images (theatre, cinema), etc.
The figurative reflection of life is distinguished by associativity, allegoricalness, integrity, the ability to separate the essential, the typical from the secondary. The artistic image does not just copy, "writes off nature." It manifests itself in the form of a creative attitude to reality, made from the author's subjective positions. Everything in art is personal. This is the image of the world and man, processed in the mind of the artist. It is no coincidence that art is called a subjective image of the objective world. It is this fusion of the objective and the subjective that explains the presence of “eternal themes” in art: the themes of love, friendship, motherhood, etc. (compare the love lyrics of A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, A.A. Blok, F. I. Tyutchev, A.A. Akhmatova).
In a work of art, the author always has the right to his "I". And the larger the personality, the more talented the work. We can agree or disagree with the author's point of view, but we must respect it (this is especially true for Russia, where there is always a "restructuring" of curricula with the change of power).
In contemporary art, the emphasis is on moving away from the objective image of life, art is seen primarily as "a way of self-expression and self-awareness of the artist" . But no matter how far the artist’s imagination is carried away from the real world, it is powerless to break the threads that connect it with the world, it is not capable of creating “by itself”, without using the material of impressions, observations that give the artist experience, direct perception of the surrounding world.
At the same time, even in those cases when art refers to the image of real world objects, it turns out to be extremely conditional. The artistic assimilation of reality does not pretend to be reality itself. No matter how truthful the artistic image is, it is always invented, illusory. And this is the next feature of the artistic image. The nature and degree of conventionality depending on the type of art, a particular style may be different (for example, cinema or ballet; realistic or symbolic work, etc.)
The most important feature of the artistic image is also the fusion of the intellectual and emotional, "the unity of thought and feeling", look and mood, belief and feeling, understanding and sympathy or antipathy. It is no coincidence that art is called the school of feelings. The emotional expressiveness of art cannot be interpreted one-sidedly: to reduce the content of art only to the expression of feelings, emotions, and to give the activity of thought to science. Art expresses both the feelings and thoughts of the artist. One cannot but agree with M.S. Kagan, who notes that “emotional reactions are also characteristic of animals, however, the singing of birds does not become music, and the jumping of a monkey does not become a dance, because animals do not have consciousness, thinking ...”
All of the above seems especially relevant in the light of the base products of mass culture that have flooded our screen (thrillers, soap operas, one-day songs, etc.), appealing primarily to emotions and not giving food to thought, reason. The ratio of emotional and rational can be different in the work of different artists, in different types of art, in different artistic directions (music and literature; the rationalism of classicism and the emotionality of sentimentalism, etc.). However, artistry, poetry are preserved only as long as the intellectual the content side will not crowd out the emotional side, or vice versa.
Features of the content in art determine the nature of the art form, which plays a crucial role in art. However, increased attention to the art form in isolation from the content is also an extreme, because it leads to a superficial, purely "technological" understanding of the work of art.
The reasons for the artistic development of the world do not remain unchanged. The change in the picture of the world in the 20th century brought to life a new artistic vision. Modernism breaks with the traditions of previous art, with the traditions of the artistic and figurative reflection of life: there is a parting with objectivity, with the real world. A period of artistic experiments, searches begins, and reliance is placed on the internal resources of art. The dominant feature of the new art is something vague, elusive, the proportion of irrational, paradoxical, ironic is intensified.
Like any developing system, art is characterized by flexibility and mobility, which allows it to realize itself in various types, genres, directions, styles. In the course of the development of art, the system of art forms was constantly changing. The existence of various types of art is due to the fact that none of them, by its own means, can give a comprehensive picture of the world. Only the entire artistic culture as a whole can create such a picture.
Art is a social phenomenon and performs many functions in society. In the scientific literature there is no consensus in determining the number of functions of art and their hierarchy.
Art cannot be reduced to any one function. It is polyfunctional and performs cognitive, educational, value-oriented, communicative, aesthetic, prognostic (foresight), hedonistic and other functions.
As a rule, almost all of them are present in a work of art, although structural changes in the system of functions can be traced in the historical development of art.
The ratio of functions may vary depending on the political, ideological and aesthetic positions, creative method. Thus, in bourgeois-individualistic culture, hedonistic and compensatory functions come to the fore (art as joy, pleasure, enjoyment, as relaxation for "tired nerves"), in Soviet culture - educative and ideological functions. The critical realism of the 19th century proceeded from the active influence of art on a person and life (art is a “textbook of life”), therefore cognitive and educative functions prevailed, modernism of the 20th century denies the ability of art to “teach and instruct”, does not go beyond the limits of form creation, and therefore on the first plan puts forward an aesthetic-hedonistic function.
The prevalence of any one function at the expense of another affects the quality of the work, making it either didactically instructive or superficially entertaining, and also leads to uneven development of different areas of art. Only in the fullness, uniformity, versatility of the implementation of all functions is the key to the successful development of art and the fulfillment of its great role in the life of society.
Literature
1. Kagan M.S. Aesthetics as a philosophical science [Text] / M.S. Kagan. - St. Petersburg: TOOTK "Petropolis", 1997. -544 p.
2. Kravchenko A.I. Culturology [Text]: textbook for universities / A.I. Kravchenko. - M: Academic Project, 2004. - 512 p.
3. Culturology [Text]: textbook for students. tech. universities. / ed. N.G. Bagdasaryan. - M .: Higher School, 2007. - 528 p.
4. World art culture [Text]: textbook / ed. B.A. Erengross.-M.: Higher School, 2001-767s.
5. Flier A.Ya. Culturology for culturologists [Text] / A.Ya. Flier. - M.: Academic Project; Ekaterinburg: Business book, 2002.-492p.
Final control work. Art. 8th grade
Tests:
1. What is art?
A) part of the spiritual culture of mankind
B) historical style
B) folk art
2. What kind of art is music?
A) to plastic B) to temporary
C) to space
3. What is an artistic image?
B) the imagination of the artist
4. What is style in art?
A) the artistic attitude of the artist
B) a generalized idea of reality
C) handwriting, techniques, features
5. What is language in art?
A) ways to convey an artistic image
B) verbal expression of the image
C) an insignificant phenomenon for art
6. Did art exist in ancient Greece in isolation from science?
A) yes B) no
7. What are the tasks of art and science?
A) different B) common
8. How many Muses did God Zeus have?
A) 3 B) 12 C) 9
9. In what era did all types of artistic creativity unite into art?
A) Classicism B) Baroque C) Renaissance
10. Who was Leonardo da Vinci? A multifaceted personality...
A) painter, sculptor, architect, scientist, engineer, writer, anatomist
B) artist, architect, engineer, musician, doctor, anatomist, lawyer, scientist
11. What drawing by Leonardo da Vinci symbolizes the internal symmetry, the divine proportion of the human body?
A) Mona Lisa B) Vitruvian Man C) Mona Lisa
12. How did A.S. Pushkin call art?
A) "magic nugget"
B) "magic crystal"
C) "fantastic stone"
13. Who owns the words from the poem "... It’s not enough to hear here, here you need to listen carefully so that the soul of consonance is flooded together ... »
A) N. Rylenkov B) A.S. Pushkin C) M.Yu. Lermontov
14. What is the merit of Russian artists of the XIX century A. Savrasov, I. Levitan, I. Shishkin?
A) were impressionist painters
B) portrait painters
C) discovered the beauty of Russian nature
15. What is impressionism in art?
A) passing on fleeting impressions
B) disclosure of the seascape
C) fantasy in painting
A) P.I. Tchaikovsky B) W.A. Mozart C) A. Vivaldi
17. What is the main task of a portrait painter?
A) exact copying of the external features of a person
B) pictorial re-creation of the image of a person
18. In which type of portrait is the main purpose of demonstrating the social position of the hero?
A) chamber B) group C) front
“... Her eyes are like two fogs, half a smile, half a cry.
Her eyes are like two deceptions covered in mist of failures…” (N. Zabolotsky)
A) V.L. Borovikovsky B) F.S. Rokotov V) K.P. Bryullov
20. Who is the creator of the Fine Arts Gallery in Moscow?
A) F. Rokotov B) P. Tretyakov C) M. Vrubel
21. Is it possible in music to resemble a specific person?
A) yes B) no
22. Is it possible to apply the expression "a person is hidden in intonation"?
A) yes B) no
23. What perfection does art achieve in man?
A) athletic B) emotional C) mental
24. What is the mission of artists of different eras (painters, musicians, poets, architects)?
A) “Send” your messages to descendants
B) Celebrate your work
C) Development of professionalism
25. What are the famous museums of fine arts in St. Petersburg?
A) Museum of Fine Arts. A.S. Pushkin, Tretyakov Gallery
B) National Art Gallery
C) Russian Museum, Hermitage
26. Which festival is theatrical?
A) "New Opera" B) "Golden Mask" C) "The Nutcracker"
27. What did A.S. Pushkin call the translators of prose and poetry?
A) "The first signs of art"
B) "Post Horses of Enlightenment"
C) "Good Heralds of Literature"
28. What is the code in works of art for communicating with people?
A) music B) paintings C) the language of art
29. What is a symbol in art?
A) an external sign B) a sign
B) in an artistic way
30. What do artists strive to convey in vanitas still lifes?
A) the frailty of earthly vanity
B) the joy of everyday life
31. How many sources does art have?
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3
32. Myth is ...
A) symbolic action
B) the action of a priest, a minister of the church
B) oral tradition
33. What is the main meaning of Andrei Rublev's icon "Trinity"?
A) Praise to the teacher Sergius of Radonezh
B) The unification of Rus' for the sake of freedom
34. What symbols-images are central in any culture?
A) family, sun, road
B) road, moon, sun
C) sun, tree, road
35. What direction of art does the work of V.V. Kandinsky belong to?
A) realism B) classicism
B) abstract art
36. What are the three properties of paints, which, according to V.V. Kandinsky, play an important role?
A) color, tone, intensity
B) tone, color, palette
C) palette, color, mood
37. What is human culture based on?
A) truth, goodness, beauty
B) history, culture, morality
C) mutual respect, aesthetics, compassion
38. What are the laws of beauty?
A) harmony, form, melody, texture
B) harmony, symmetry, measure, proportion
C) harmony, rhythm, style, polyphony
39. What does art strive for in different eras?
A) create an image of a beautiful person
B) convey the reality of the world
B) educate humanity
40. What is the role of creativity in human life?
A) is the meaning of life
B) helps spiritual growth
B) makes life rich
41. What is the power of art?
A) in visuality B) in emotionality C) in depth
42. What is the use of beauty?
A) reveals the value of nature and life phenomena
B) reveals ideals
C) reveals historical values
43. What is common between mass culture and art?
A) affect attitudes and tastes
B) affect the psyche and health
C) affect upbringing and morality
Answers:
1 - A
6 - B
11 - B
16 - A
21-B
26-B
31-B
36 - A
41-B
2 - B
7 - A
12 - B
17 - B
22 - A
27-B
32 - B
37 - A
42 - A
3 - B
8 - B
13 - A
18 - B
23-B
28 - B
33-B
38-B
43 - A
4 - B
9 - B
14 - B
19 - B
24 - A
29 - B
34 - B
39 - A
5 - A
10 - A
15 - A
20 - B
25 - B
30 - A
35 - B
40 - B
