The test consists of 60 tasks. If the task cannot be completed immediately, continue to the next one. If there is time, return to the missed tasks.
Each task has 1, 2 or more correct answers. Mark the numbers of the selected answers on a separate sheet next to the number of the task you completed. (Sample: 1 - 4, 5)
1. What is the name of the relationship between the components of the phrase?
1) submission
2) essay
3) introduction
4) application
2. Specify syntactic units.
1) lexeme
2) morpheme
3) offer
4) phrase
3. Indicate the semantic relationships that arise only in phrases with a strong verbal connection.
1) attributive
2) complete
3) circumstantial
4) object
5) subjective
4. Specify the type of agreement in the phraseBeautiful Volvo.
1) formal
2) conditional
3) associative
4) semantic
5. Indicate the sentences in which there is a phrase with a strong agreement.
1) I was just trying to be practical and rid your brain of useless printed material.
2) I think it will be a dozen rather thin books, and by the end of the summer you will be in great shape.
3) This kind of procedure is familiar to all of us from an early age.
4) The painter does not throw paint on the canvas in random spots.
5) He was in ordinary life a pleasant fat man.
6. A strong verbal subordinating relationship always occurs:
1) with relative (syntactically active) words;
2) with absolutive (syntactically passive) words;
3) with adverbs as a dependent word;
4) in compound verbal predicates;
5) in compound nominal predicates.
7. Indicate the linguistic phenomenon played out in the following joke: Free visits are allowed to excellent students in the city of Krasnoklopsk. Presenting a grade book, they can now visit any restaurant, bar or dance club in the city out of turn.
1) strong agreement
2) strong management
3) strong contiguity
4) syntactically non-free phrase
5) semantically non-free phrase
8. Specify a combination of words that is not a phrase.
1) cry from the heart
2) within one year
3) the cleverest
4) very complete
5) I will think
9. Specify phrases with double syntactic dependence.
1) drawing the plan of his house
2) give your son a computer
3) tall brick building
4) build a house and cottage
5) drag two buckets of water from the Volga
10. Specify a numeral phrase.
1) third from the end
2) close to victory
3) seven kids
4) each of us
5) both daughters
11. Indicate the phrases built according to the structural scheme VAdv.
1) enjoy the sunset
2) run headlong
3) sorry sister
4) wipe with your sleeve
5) do it on purpose
12. Set a match.
Federal Agency for Education
State educational institution of higher professional education
"CHITA STATE UNIVERSITY"
(ChitSU)
Test
Simple sentence syntax
discipline: Latin
Introduction
1. The main members of the proposal
2. Word order in sentences
3. Syntax of passive constructions
Introduction
The Latin language belongs to the Indo-European languages, which also include Slavic, Baltic, Germanic, Indian, Iranian, ancient and modern Greek and others. Together with the ancient Oka and Umbrian languages, Latin constituted the Italic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. In the course of the historical development of ancient Italy, the Latin language supplanted the other Italic languages and eventually took over the dominant position in the western Mediterranean.
Comparative-historical study revealed the links that exist between the Latin language and other languages of the Indo-European family. The origin of the Indo-European languages from one language-base is proved; an undoubted commonality can be clearly seen even when comparing a number of words that go into the main vocabulary of Latin and new European languages.
1. The main members of the proposal
A Latin simple sentence is usually two-part: its grammatical center is made up of two main members of the sentence - the subject (subjectum) and the predicate (praedicatum).
The same parts of speech can act as the subject and predicate in the Latin sentence as in the Russian sentence. The case of the nominal subject is nominatfvus. As for the predicate, they differ:
1 Predicate simple, expressed by the personal form of the verb, containing both the lexical meaning and the signs of the corresponding grammatical categories: agricdla arat the farmer plows, agricolae arant the farmers plow; in terra est vita there is life on earth; in luna non est vita there is no life on the moon.
2 Compound predicate, which includes: a verbal connective (copula) - a predominantly personal form of the verb esse to be and a nominal part of the predicate, which is the main exponent of its lexical meaning. As a nominal part of the compound predicate, a noun or adjective is used (other parts of speech are rare): rosa est planta rose (is) a plant; the rose is a plant; rosa est pulchra the rose is beautiful.
The noun in the role of the nominal part of the compound predicate agrees with the subject in the case (nominatfvus), the adjective - also in gender and number.
The copula expressed by the verb esse in the Latin sentence is, as a rule, obligatory, while in the Russian sentence it is used very rarely in the present tense. Wed scientia potentia est knowledge is power; terra est sphaera earth is a ball.
In sayings, proverbs, etc., the link can be omitted, for example: Aurora musis arnica Aurora is a friend of the Muses (i.e., morning hours are most favorable for creative work).
If in Russian the connective is expressed by the form of the verb “to be”, then the nominal part of the predicate is put in the instrumental case: rosa est planta the rose is a plant.
In German, in similar cases, as in Latin, nomiyatfvus is the only possible construction: Die Rose ist eine Pflanze.
The personal pronoun in the role of the subject in the Latin sentence, unlike the Russian one, very rarely appears: laboro I work, laboras you work; laborvatis you work.
The personal pronoun as the subject is also put in Latin if the logical stress falls on this pronoun (in particular, with an underlined opposition):
Ego laboiro I work (me, not anyone else).
Ego laboiro, tu non laboras I work, (a) you don't work.
2. Word order in a sentence
The order of words in a Latin sentence is determined by the inflectional structure of the Latin language. A rich system of declension and conjugation makes it possible to express the syntactic role of a word by morphological means, and not by a fixed word order, as is the case in languages with an analytical structure (English, French, and to a large extent German). The Latin language allows, in principle, a free word order, in which the place of a word in a sentence is not reflected in its basic syntactic functions.
The more usual arrangement of words, characteristic of a declarative sentence, emotionally neutral, is usually called direct.
In direct word order, the subject (or group of the subject) is at the beginning of the sentence, and the predicate (or the group of the predicate) is at the end of the sentence. If there is a direct object, it is placed before the control verb - the predicate (in Russian - vice versa): Filia rosas amat daughter loves roses. The indirect object is also placed in front of the control verb - the predicate (in Russian it is usually the other way around: puellis narrare to tell the girls. In the presence of direct and indirect objects that depend on the same verb - the predicate, the indirect object is placed in front of the direct object:
Magistra puellis fabulam narrat the teacher tells the girls a story.
A definition expressed by an adjective or possessive pronoun is usually placed in direct word order after the one being defined: rosa pulchra is a beautiful rose, filia mea is my daughter.
Sample direct arrangement of sentence members
Filia mea filiae tuae rosam pulchram dat. My daughter gives your daughter a beautiful rose. The arrangement of words, in which their more usual order is violated (i.e., with inversion - “permutation”), is called reverse. With the reverse arrangement of words, the special semantic importance of one or another member of the sentence is indicated by its unusual place in the sentence, often by pushing it forward.
Rosas filia amat daughter loves roses (and not any other flowers). Amat filia rosas loves the daughter of the rose. Fabulam magistra narrat the teacher tells the tale (not the true story). Puellis magistra fabulam narrat the teacher tells the tale to the girls (not to the boys).
3. Syntax of the passive construction
The passive construction in Latin is characterized by the same features as in Russian: the subject, standing in the nominative case, denotes the person or object to which the action expressed by the verb in the passive voice is directed. The person performing the action, or the object through which the action is performed, is expressed by the name in the ablative (indirect object).
Victoria (nom. subject) concordia (abl. indirect complement) gignftur victory is generated by consent.
Such an ablatfvus instrument of action is called ablatfvus instrumenti in grammar.
In cases where the indirect object of a passive phrase denotes an actor, the preposition a or (before a word beginning with a vowel) ab is used before it.
Medici aegrotos sanant doctors treat the sick.
Aegroti a medfcis sanantur, patients are treated by doctors.
Amfci vitam ornant friends make life better.
Vita ab amicis ornatur life is adorned by friends.
Such an ablativus of the actor is called ablativus auctoris.
The use of a special preposition before denoting the active with a passive construction is also characteristic of new Western European languages: von - in German (in contrast to durch, which usually denotes the driving force, or cause of the action, and mit, which denotes the instrument of action); by - in English (difference from with); par - in French (as opposed to de, which usually denotes a tool or source of action).
In Russian, the preposition from, which was used as early as the 16th - 19th centuries, had a similar meaning: “defeated from Alexander” (Lomonosov); “... not represented by any writer” (Lomonosov); “The duty bequeathed from God has been fulfilled” (Pushkin) - “entrusted with power from an impostor” (Pushkin).
(From the passive construction, it is necessary to distinguish the passive form of the 3rd l. singular of intransitive verbs used in the neodefinite - personal meaning: itur go, pugnatum est fought.
Practical part
Res mancipi et nec mancipi
Omnes res aut mancipi sun taut nec mancipi. Mancipi res sunt omnia praedia in Italico
solo, tam rustīca - quails est fundus, quam urbāna - qualis est domus, item iura praediōrum rusticōrum(servitūtes), item servi et quadrupědes, velut boves, muli, equi, asīni.
Cetĕrae res nec mancipi sunt. Magna autem differentia est rerum mancipi et nec mancipi.
Nam res nec mancīpi ipsa traditiōne pleno iure alterīus fiunt, si corporāles sunt et ob id
recipient traditionnem. Ităque si tibi vestem vel aurum vel argentum trado sive ex venditiōnis
causa sive ex donatiōnis sive aliā ex causa, statim tua fit ea res.
(Ulpianus, Gaius).
All things can be manipulable and non-mancipable. Mancipated things are plots of land on Italian soil. And besides, both rural, as the estate is considered, and city, what is the house, so are the rights of rural plots (servitudes), so are slaves and quadrupeds. Like bulls, mules, horses and donkeys.
The rest of the things are considered non-manipulable. But there is a great difference between things that are manipulable and those that are not. After all, a non-manipulable thing, transferred with full rights to another, like a corporeal thing itself, and as a result is transferred relentlessly.
Thus, if I donate a garment, or gold, or silver, on the basis of sale, or by gift, or on any other basis, this thing becomes yours.
(Ulpian, Guy).
List of sources used
1. Akhterova O.A. Ivanenko T.V. Latin language and the basics of legal terminology - M.: 2004. - 349 p.
2. Dozhdev D.V. Roman private law. Textbook for high schools. Edited by corresponding member RAS, Professor V.S. Nersesyants. - M.: Publishing group INFRA M - NORMA, 1997. - 704 p.
3. Vinnichuk L. Latin language. Self-tutor for students of humanitarian faculties of universities. M., 2005
4. Zhamsaranova, R.G. Ancient languages and cultures: Latin language: textbook. allowance for students of the humanities. Faculties // R.G. Zhamsaranova. - Chita: ChitGU, 2008. - 133 p.
Simple sentence is a word or a combination of words characterized by semantic and intonational completeness and the presence of one grammatical basis.
The classification of simple sentences in modern Russian can be carried out for various reasons:
1. Depending on the purpose of the statement, sentences are divided into narrative, interrogative and incentive.
Declarative sentences
contain a message about some asserted or denied fact, phenomenon, event, etc. or a description of them. For example: Both boring and sad, and there is no one to give a hand in a moment of spiritual adversity (Lermontov).
Interrogative sentences
include a question. Among them are: a) actually interrogative: What did you write here? What it is? (Ilf and Petrov); b) rhetorical questions (i.e., not requiring an answer): Why are you, my old woman, silent at the window? (Pushkin).
Incentive Offers
express various shades of will (incitement to action): an order, a request, an appeal, a plea, advice, a warning, a protest, a threat, consent, permission, etc. For example: Go to sleep! Here the conversations are adults, it's none of your business (Tendryakov); Quicker! Well! (Paustovsky); Russia! Rise and rise! Thunder, the general voice of enthusiasm! .. (Pushkin).
2. According to the emotional coloring, simple sentences are divided into exclamatory and non-exclamatory.
exclamation mark is called a sentence emotionally colored, pronounced with a special intonation. For example: No, look at the moon!.. Oh, how lovely! (L. Tolstoy).
All functional types of sentences (narrative, interrogative, incentive) can be exclamatory.
3. By the nature of the grammatical basis, segmented sentences are divided into two-part, when both the subject and the predicate are included in the grammatical basis: The lonely sail turns white in the blue fog of the sea! (Lermontov), and one-part, when the grammatical basis of sentences is formed by one main member. For example: I am sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon (Pushkin).
4. By the presence or absence of secondary members, simple sentences can be common and uncommon. A common sentence is a sentence that has, along with the main secondary members of the sentence. For example: My sadness is sweet! (Bunin). A proposal consisting only of the main members is considered not widespread. For example: Life is empty, crazy and bottomless! (Block).
5. Depending on the completeness of the grammatical structure, sentences can be complete and incomplete. In complete sentences, all the members of the sentence necessary for this structure are verbally presented: Labor awakens creative forces in a person (L. Tolstoy), and incomplete ones lack certain members of the sentence (main or secondary) necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence. The missing members of the sentence are restored from the context or from the situation. For example: Prepare a sleigh in summer, and a cart in winter (proverb); Tea? - Half a cup for me.
6. A simple sentence may have syntactic elements that complicate its structure. These elements include isolated members of the sentence, homogeneous members, introductory and plug-in constructions, appeals. By the presence / absence of complicating syntactic elements, simple sentences are divided into complicated and uncomplicated. For example, In all you, darling, outfits are good.
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Syntax of a phrase and a simple sentence
Syntax - a bridge across the abyss Syntax (from the Greek "order", "structure") - a section of the science of language that studies the structure of coherent speech, shows a system of syntactic units, connections and relationships between them, by what means they are combined into a syntactic whole.
Ways of connecting words in a sentence Coordination is a type of connection in which the dependent word is put in the same forms as the main one (luxurious bouquet, second number). Management is a type of connection in which the dependent word is in a fixed form, when the main word changes, it does not change itself (come to the house, love you). Adjacency - a type of connection in which the dependent word is connected with the main one only in meaning (it's hard to say, very interesting)
Secrets of a sentence A sentence is a syntactic unit, the structure of which includes at least one grammatical basis. It expresses a complete thought.
A simple sentence is one that has one grammatical basis. It can consist of two main members of the sentence - the subject and the predicate: Where does the Motherland begin? (M. Matusovsky); ════════ ───── from one subject: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy; ─── ───── ───── ───── from one predicate: It is getting dark. It got cold. It's dark outside. ═══════ ═════════ ════
Simple sentences are One-part Two-part Main member predicate Main member subject
The main members of the sentence The subject is the main member of the sentence, denoting the subject referred to in the sentence, and answers the question: who? What? According to its structure, the subject can be simple (expressed in one word) and compound (several words). The predicate is the main member of the sentence, denoting the action, state or attribute of the subject and is grammatically related to it. Answers the question: what does the object do? what is done with it? what is he? who is he? what is he?
Isolation is the semantic and intonational separation of the members of a sentence in order to give them a certain semantic and syntactic independence in the sentence. Separate members of the sentence
Separate definitions are expressed by participial phrases, single and homogeneous participles and adjectives, as well as phrases consisting of adjectives or nouns with dependent words. Separate circumstances can be expressed by adverbial phrases, single adverbs, as well as nouns with prepositions despite, according to, thanks to, contrary to, because of, etc. Separate objects are most often expressed by nouns with prepositions except, in addition to, over, except for, including, etc.
The role of address is usually performed by a noun in the nominative case (with or without dependent words) or another part of speech in the meaning of a noun (adjective, participle, etc.). Appeal can be at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of a sentence Appeal Appeal is a word or a combination of words that names the person to whom or what the speech is addressed to.
Introductory words are words and phrases that express the speaker's attitude to the content of the sentence or to the way of expressing this content, which are not members of the sentence and are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence. Introductory words In oral speech, they are distinguished intonation, in writing - punctuation: commas.
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