Fairy tale by Antony Pogorelsky “The Black Hen, or Underground Inhabitants. Analysis of the fairy tale Black hen, or Pogorelsky's underground inhabitants Analysis of the tale black hen or underground inhabitants

The work "Black Hen or Underground Inhabitants" was written by Pogorelsky in 1829. There are facts that confirm that the tale was written for the nephew of the writer Tolstoy, the future virtuoso of Russian literature. The story of the fairy tale began with the fact that little Tolstoy told his uncle that he once played in the yard with a chicken. These words became the founders of the fairy tale, which is still relevant today.

The author assigned the subtitle "A Magic Story for Children" to the work. But, if we turn to literary criticism, then the story is a work of medium volume, in which there are several plot lines. But, in fact, this is not a story, since the storyline is one and the volume of the work is closer to the story. This work can be attributed to the genre of a fairy tale, because in addition to real events, there are fantastic ones in it.

The author constructed the plot in such a way that it is quite easy to discern the dual world, it is always characteristic of romanticism. The reader reads about events in the real world, this is a boarding house, and also in a fictional one, in the work this is the underworld. Pogorelsky is inclined towards romanticism, perhaps this is due to the fact that he served with Hoffmann. The main theme of the tale is the adventure of Alyosha, who is looking for adventure either in the underworld or in a boarding house. The author in the work is trying to say that it is very important to keep your word, and it is also better to do something yourself. In addition, in the work you can see the idea that you can not put yourself above the rest.

From the very beginning of the work, the reader is immersed in it, because almost from the first lines the author takes the reader to the city of St. Petersburg. In almost two paragraphs, the author describes the city and the boarding house in which the events take place directly. The central character is Alyosha, as well as Chernushka, a chicken. The heroes of the second plan are the teacher, the cook and the grandmothers of Holland. In addition to these characters, there are also teams, such as the students of the boarding house and the inhabitants of the dungeon.

All events occur in a chain, everything is logical. Alyosha meets people in a boarding house, then with a chicken, and soon saves Chernushka. Then the boy gets into the dungeon with the minister and studies with a hemp seed. Then he loses this grain, but in the end Alyosha fixed everything, and everything that was now looked like a vague dream.

Thanks to the "two worlds", the author was able to show with the help of the work many problems that are eternal, and therefore relevant today. This tale is a kind of example of how it is necessary to present eternal problems to the reader. This work is very useful to read to children, but it is equally important to read the work to adults.

Detailed Analysis

The tale of Anton Pogorelsky is not accidentally studied in the school curriculum. This is a wonderful piece of literature. Recognizable, original, Russian.

It seems to be a fairy tale, but it does not resemble any of the known to us. This story contains more real events than fiction.

The action takes place not in the third or ninth kingdom, but in St. Petersburg, on Vasilyevsky Island. Parents give the boy Alyosha to a boarding house, having paid for education several years in advance. For some worldly reasons, they completely forget about their son.

Alyosha yearns and misses his home, his parents. He feels his loneliness and abandonment especially sharply on holidays and weekends, when all his comrades go home. The teacher allows him to use his library. Alyosha reads a lot, especially novels about noble knights.

When the weather is fine and he gets tired of reading, Alyosha goes out into the yard. The space of the courtyard is limited by a fence made of baroque boards, beyond which he cannot go. He likes to observe the life of the alley through the holes made of wooden nails, which, as if specially for him, were drilled into the baroque boards by a kind sorceress.

Alyosha also made friends with chickens, especially with Chernushka. He treated her to crumbs from the dinner table and talked to her for a long time. It seemed to him that she understood him and responded with sincere affection.

Wonderful style and language of the story: detailed, figurative. What is worth, for example, the observation that people grow old over the years, while cities, on the contrary, get younger and prettier.

The characters in the tale are depicted with a few precise strokes. But they appear before the reader's imagination voluminously, realistically, vividly. These are not stereotyped heroes, these are living people, characters, birds, animals, animals.

The action in the story develops logically, sequentially. All the inhabitants of the estate, in which the boarding house is located, are waiting for the arrival of the director of schools on one of the weekends. Especially waiting for his family of teachers. They started cleaning the boarding house in the morning. Preparations are underway in the kitchen.

Alyosha is not happy with these events. He noticed that usually on such days the number of hens with whom he was accustomed to communicate decreases. Not without reason, he assumes that the cook is involved in this. So this time, she went out into the yard with the intention of catching another chicken in order to cook a meat dish from it for the festive table.

The "fighting little chick" filled the boy with horror. She chased the chickens and caught his beloved Nigella. It seemed to Alyosha that the hen was calling him for help. Without hesitation, he rushed to the rescue. The cook, in surprise, let go of the chicken from her hands, and it flew up to the roof of the barn. The angry Chukhonka shouted: “Why bother? He doesn’t make an egg, he doesn’t sit a syplatka!”

To calm the cook, Alyosha gives her a golden imperial, which was very dear to him, because his grandmother gave him a coin as a keepsake.

Then the guests arrived. Alyosha represented the director of schools as a knight in armor with a “feathered helmet” on his head. It turned out that this was a small, puny man with a bald head instead of a helmet, in a tailcoat instead of armor. He arrived in a cab, not on horseback. It was completely incomprehensible why everyone treated him with such respect.

Alyosha was dressed up and forced to portray a capable student in front of the guests. Tired of the events of the day, he finally goes to bed.

This is where the fabulous events begin. The reader can guess whether they happen in reality or in Alyosha's dream.

Nigella appears from under the sheet on the next bed. She speaks with a human voice. In gratitude for the salvation, he wants to show Alyosha a wonderful country with underground inhabitants. He warns you that you will have to go through the rooms of hundred-year-old old Dutch women who lived here, in a boarding house, and about whom Alyosha had heard a lot. When passing through their rooms, nothing can be touched and nothing can be done.

Twice the hen led the boy to the underworld, and both times he disobeyed her. The first time he said hello to the scientific cat for the paw, the second time he nodded to the doll. Therefore, the knights descended from the walls and blocked the path to the underworld, Chernushka had to fight with the knights in order to get to the king.

In gratitude for saving his beloved minister (who turned out to be Chernushka), the king of the underworld gives Alyosha a wonderful hemp seed that can fulfill any desire.

Alyosha wished to know everything from his studies, without preparing for the lessons. At first, he surprised both teachers and his comrades with his abilities, but then he had to admit that he received a wonderful gift from the king of the underworld.

Alyosha loses the grain, and with it his abilities. Nigella and the underground inhabitants do not take offense at him, although they had to leave their favorite places. Alyosha is given a chance to improve.

The tale teaches that the respect of others must be tried to earn. Undeserved success makes a person proud, swaggering, arrogant. One lie leads to another. It is not easy to get rid of vices. But there is always a chance to start a new good life.

GOU VPO "MPGU"

The formation of the character of Alyosha - the main character of the fairy tale "The Black Hen, or Underground Inhabitants"

Work completed

Berdnikova Anna

Checked work:

st.pr. Leontieva I.S.

Moscow 2010

A. Pogorelsky's fairy tale "The Black Hen, or Underground Inhabitants" in the list of works of Russian classical literature for extracurricular reading attracts the attention of teachers because it makes it possible to acquaint students with a truly artistic work addressed to children.

In the history of Russian literature, the emergence of romantic prose in the 20s of the 19th century is associated with the name of A. Pogorelsky. His works affirm such moral values ​​as honesty, disinterestedness, loftiness of feelings, faith in goodness, and thus are close to the modern reader.

Anthony Pogorelsky (pseudonym of Alexei Alekseevich Perovsky) is the maternal uncle and tutor of Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy, a poet, writer, playwright, whose name is closely associated with the village of Krasny Rog and the town of Pochep, Bryansk region.

He was one of the most educated people of his time. He graduated from Moscow University in 1807, was a participant in the Patriotic War of 1812, was a member of the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, where he communicated with Ryleev, N. Bestuzhev, Kuchelbecker, F. Glinka. Pushkin knew and appreciated the stories of A. Pogorelsky. A. Pogorelsky's works belong to Peru: "The Double, or My Evenings in Little Russia", "Monastyrka", "Magnetizer" and others.

A fairy tale "The Black Hen, or Underground Inhabitants" was published by A. Pogorelsky in 1829. He wrote it for his pupil, nephew Alyosha, the future outstanding writer Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy.

The second century lives a fairy tale. L. Tolstoy liked to reread it to his children, our children listen and read it with great pleasure.

Children are fascinated by fantastic events that take place in real life as a little pupil of the private boarding school Alyosha. They vividly perceive his worries, joys, sorrows, while realizing a clear and so important idea for them about the need to cultivate diligence, honesty, selflessness, nobility, to overcome selfishness, laziness, selfishness, spiritual callousness.

The language of the story is peculiar, there are many words in it, for an explanation of the lexical meaning of which students should refer to the dictionary. However, this circumstance does not in the least prevent us from understanding the tale, its main idea.

The uniqueness of the artistic world of the "Black Hen" is largely due to the nature of the creative interaction with the literature of German romanticism.

As sources of the tale, it is customary to name "Elves" by L. Tick and "The Nutcracker" by E.-T.-A. Hoffmann. Pogorelsky's acquaintance with the work of German romantics is beyond doubt. The story of a 9-year-old boy who got into the magical world of underground inhabitants, and then betrayed their secret, dooming the little men to resettlement in unknown lands, is very reminiscent of the plot situation of Tik's Elves - a fairy tale in which the heroine named Marie, who visited surprisingly beautiful world of elves, betrays their secret to her husband, forcing the elves to leave the land.

The lively fantastic coloring of the Underworld makes it related both to the fairy-tale world of the elves and to the candy state in Hoffmann's The Nutcracker: multi-colored trees, a table with all kinds of dishes, dishes made of pure gold, garden paths studded with precious stones. Finally, the author's constant irony evokes associations with the irony of the German romantics.

However, with Pogorelsky, it does not become all-consuming, although it receives many addresses. For example, Pogorelsky frankly mocks the “teacher”, on whose head the hairdresser has piled a whole greenhouse of flowers, with two diamond rings shining between them. “An old, worn-out coat” in combination with such a hairstyle reveals the squalor of the boarding world, occasionally, on the days of the arrival of significant persons, demonstrating the full power of servility and servility.

A striking contrast to all this is Alyosha's inner world, devoid of hypocrisy, "whose youthful imagination wandered through knight's castles, through terrible ruins or through dark dense forests." This is purely romantic.

However, Pogorelsky was not just an imitator: mastering the experience of German romanticism, he made significant discoveries. In the center of the tale is the boy Alyosha, while in the tales - sources there are two heroes - a boy and a girl. The boys (Anders in The Elves, Fritz in The Nutcracker) are sensible, tend to share all the beliefs of adults, so the path to the fairy-tale world is closed for them, where girls discover a lot of interesting things.

German romantics divided children into ordinary, that is, those who are not able to go beyond the limits of everyday life, and the elect.

“Such intelligent children are short-lived, they are too perfect for this world ...” - the grandmother remarked about Elfried, Marie's daughter. Nor does the finale of Hoffmann's The Nutcracker give Marie any hope for happiness in "earthly life": Marie, who marries, becomes queen in a country of sparkling candied groves and ghostly marzipan castles. If we remember that the bride was only eight years old, it becomes clear that the realization of the ideal is possible only in the imagination.

Romance is dear to the world of a child whose soul is pure and naive, unclouded by calculation and oppressive worries, capable of creating amazing worlds in his rich imagination. In children we are given, as it were, the truth of life itself; in them is its first word.

Pogorelsky, placing the image of the boy Alyosha in the center of the tale, demonstrated by this the ambiguity, versatility and unpredictability of the inner world of the child. If Hoffmann was saved by romantic irony, then the tale of L. Tick, devoid of irony, strikes with hopelessness: with the departure of the elves, the prosperity of the region disappears, Elfrida dies, and after her mother.

The fairy tale of Pogorelsky is also tragic: it burns the heart, causes the strongest compassion for Alyosha, and for the underground inhabitants. But at the same time, the fairy tale does not give rise to a feeling of hopelessness.

Despite the outward resemblance: brilliance, unearthly beauty, mystery - Pogorelsky's Underground Kingdom does not look like either a candy-doll state in The Nutcracker, or the country of eternal childhood in Elves.

Marie in Hoffmann's The Nutcracker dreams of Drosselmeier's gift - a beautiful garden, where "a large lake, miraculous swans with golden ribbons around their necks swim on it and sing beautiful songs." Once in the candy kingdom, she finds just such a lake there. A dream during which Marie makes a journey into a magical world is a real reality for her. According to the laws of the romantic dual world, this second, ideal world is the real one, since it realizes all the powers of the human soul. Pogorelsky's double world takes on a completely different character.

Among the underground inhabitants, Pogorelsky has military men, officials, pages and knights. In Hoffmann, in the candy-puppet state, there is "every people that can be found in the world."

The marvelous garden in the Underworld is arranged in the English style; the gemstones strewn across the garden paths gleam from the light of specially installed lamps. In The Nutcracker, Marie “fell into… a meadow that sparkled like glittering gems, but turned out to be candy as a result.

The walls of the richly decorated hall seem to Alyosha made of “labrador, which he saw in the mineral room in the boarding house.

All these rationalistic features, unthinkable in romanticism, allowed Pogorelsky, following the German romantics, to embody in the fairy-tale kingdom the child's understanding of all aspects of life, Alyosha's ideas about the world around him. The underworld is a model of reality, according to Alyosha, a bright, festive, reasonable and fair reality.

A completely different kingdom of elves in the tale of Tika. This is a country of eternal childhood, where the hidden forces of nature reign - water, fire, treasures of the earth's interior. This is the world to which the soul of a child is originally related. For example, nothing but a fire, the rivers of which “flow under the earth in all directions, and because of this, flowers and fruits grow, and there is wine,” nothing more than a friendly smiling Marie, laughing and jumping creatures “as if from a ruddy crystal." The only imbalance in the carefree world of eternal childhood is the underground room, where the prince of metals, “an old, wrinkled little man,” commands ugly dwarfs carrying gold in bags, and grumbles at Tserina and Mari: “Forever all the same pranks. When will this idleness end?"

For Alyosha, idleness begins when he receives a magic seed. Having gained freedom, now making no effort to study, Alyosha imagined that he was "much better and smarter than all the boys, and became a terrible rascal." The loss of judgment, the rejection of it, Pogorelsky concludes, lead to sad consequences: the rebirth of the child himself and the suffering that Alyosha doomed the underground inhabitants with his rebirth. The “Elves” shows the fatal incompatibility of the beautiful world of childhood with reality, its inexorable laws, growing up turns into degeneration, the loss of everything that is bright, beautiful and valuable: “You people are growing too fast and rapidly becoming adults and reasonable,” the elf argues Tserina. An attempt to pair the ideal and reality leads to disaster.

In The Black Hen, Alyosha's word not to reveal the secrets of the underground inhabitants means that he owns the happiness of an entire country of little men and the ability to destroy it. The theme of a person's responsibility not only for himself, but also for the well-being of the whole world, one and therefore fragile, arises.

This opens one of the global themes of Russian literature.

The inner world of the child is not idealized by Pogorelsky. Prank and idleness, poeticized by Tick, lead to a tragedy that is prepared gradually. On the way to the Underworld, Alyosha commits many reckless acts. Despite the numerous warnings of the Black Hen, he asks for a paw from a cat, cannot resist bowing to porcelain dolls ... The disobedience of an inquisitive boy in a fairy-tale kingdom leads to a conflict with the wonderful world, awakens the forces of evil in him.

Russian prosaic literary tale of the first half of the 19th century

Plan:

1. Fairy tale by A. Pogorelsky "The Black Hen, or Underground Inhabitants". Problems, ideological meaning, plot, image of the protagonist, originality of style, genre specificity.

2. The main aspects of V.F. Odoevsky.

3. Further development of the literary fairy tale in Russia

Literature

1. Mineralova I.G. Children's literature. - M., 2002, p. 60-61, 72-76, 92-96

2. Sharov A. Wizards come to people. - M., 1979

Romantic writers opened the fairy tale genre to "high" literature. In parallel with this, in the era of romanticism, childhood was discovered as a unique, inimitable world, the depth and value of which attracts adults.

The researcher of Russian romanticism N. Verkovsky wrote that romanticism established the cult of the child and the cult of childhood. In search of the ideal of romance, they turned to the uncomplicated children's view of the world, opposing it at times to the egoistic, grossly material world of adults. The world of childhood and the world of a fairy tale are ideally combined in the work of A. Pogorelsky. His magical story "The Black Hen, or Underground Dwellers" has become a classic work, originally addressed to young readers.

Anthony Pogorelsky is the pseudonym of Alexei Alekseevich Perovsky, the late son of the noble Catherine's grandee A.K. Razumovsky. As a child, A. Perovsky received a versatile home education, then in a little over two years he graduated from Moscow University. He left the university with the title of Doctor of Philosophy and Literary Sciences, received by him for lectures on the natural science content. During the war of 1812, Perovsky was a military officer, participated in the battles of Dresden, Kulm, served in Saxony. Here he met the famous non-German musician and romantic writer T. Amadeus Hoffmann. Communication with Hoffmann left an imprint on the nature of Perovsky's work.

The ironic pseudonym "Anthony Pogorelsky" is associated with the name of the estate of the writer Pogoreltsy in the Chernigov province and the name of St. Anthony of the Caves, who once retired from the world in Chernigov. Anthony Pogorelsky is one of the most enigmatic figures in Russian literature. Friends called him the St. Petersburg Byron: he was just as smart, talented, recklessly bold and even outwardly resembled the famous English poet.

A. Pogorelsky wrote poetry, articles on literature, in prose he largely anticipated the appearance of Gogol, stood at the origins of a fantastic trend in Russian literature. The collection of short stories The Double, or My Evenings in Little Russia (1828) attracted the mystery of sometimes mysterious, sometimes touching stories told with a fair amount of clever irony; the novel "Monastyrka" (1 hour - 1830, 2 hours - 1833) was at one time noticed as the first successful work about the Russian provincial nobility, and finally, the magic story for children "The Black Hen, or Underground Residents" (1829) For more than a hundred years, it has been captivating children with a fairy tale plot, without edification convincing them of the true value of kindness, truth, honesty and diligence. Pogorelsky contributed to the development of Russian literature by contributing to the upbringing and literary development of his nephew, Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy.

"The Black Hen, or Underground Dwellers" (1828).

Problematic, ideological meaning. The story is subtitled "A Magical Tale for Children". There are two lines of narration in it - real and fabulous-fantastic. Their bizarre combination determines the plot, style, imagery of the work. Pogorelsky wrote a story for a ten-year-old nephew. Alyosha he calls the main character. Translated from Greek, Alexei means intercessor, so happily coincided the dedication to his nephew, the literary character's own name and his essence. But in the fairy tale, echoes are felt not only of Alyosha Tolstoy's childhood, but also of the author himself (also Alexei). As a child, he was briefly placed in a closed boarding school, suffered from separation from home, fled from it, broke his leg. The high wooden fence enclosing the boarding yard, the living space of his pupils, is not only a realistic detail in The Black Hen, but also a symbolic sign of the author's "Childhood memory".

“The gates and gates that led to the lane were always locked, and therefore Alyosha never managed to visit this lane, which greatly aroused his curiosity. Every time they allowed him to play in the yard during rest hours, his first movement was to run up to the fence.

The round holes in the fence are the only connection to the outside world. The boy is lonely, he feels this especially bitterly in "vacant time", when he is separated from his comrades.

A sad, poignant note pervades Pogorelsky's story. The narration is conducted on behalf of the author-narrator, with frequent reference to imaginary listeners, which gives special warmth and confidence. The time and place of the events that took place are specified: “Forty years ago, in St. Petersburg on Vasilevsky Island, in the First Line, there lived the owner of a men's boarding school ...” a teacher with curls, a toupee and a long braid, his wife, powdered and pomaded, with a whole greenhouse of different colors on her head. Alyosha's outfit is detailed.

All descriptions are bright, picturesque, convex, given taking into account children's perception. The child is important in the overall picture detail, detail. Once in the realm of the underground inhabitants, “Alyosha began to carefully examine the hall, which was very richly cleaned. It seemed to him that the walls were made of marble, which he saw in the mineral room of the boarding house. The panels and doors were solid gold. At the end of the hall, under a green canopy, on an elevated place, there were chairs made of gold. Alyosha admired this decoration, but it seemed strange to him that everything was in the smallest form, as if for small dolls.

Realistic objects, everyday details in fairy-tale episodes (tiny lit candles in silver chandeliers, porcelain Chinese dolls nodding to the goalkeeper, twenty little knights in golden armor, with crimson feathers on their hats) bring the two narrative planes together, make it natural Alyosha's transition from the real world to the magical fantasy one.

Everything that happened to the hero makes the reader think about many serious questions. How to deal with success? How not to be proud of unexpected big luck? What can happen if you do not listen to the voice of conscience? What is word loyalty? Is it easy to overcome the bad in yourself? After all, "vices usually enter through the door, and out through the crack." The complex of moral problems is posed by the author, condescending neither to the age of the hero, nor to the age of the reader. Children's life is not a toy version of an adult: everything in life happens once and seriously.

Is The Black Hen Didactic? The educational pathos is obvious. If we ignore the artistic fabric of the narrative, it can be expressed in words: be honest, hardworking, modest. But Pogorelsky managed to clothe the educational idea in such a romantically elevated and at the same time vitally convincing, truly magical and fabulous form that the child reader perceives the moral lesson with his heart.

The plot of the story. The serious problems of Pogorelsky's story are easily assimilated by children thanks to the fascinating fairy tale plot and the very successful central image of the hero, the reader's peer.

An analysis of the plot of the story convinces us that in terms of genre the work is not so unambiguous, which additionally informs its content of artistic completeness and pedagogical depth.

The story begins with exposure (prehistory of events unfolding directly within the framework of the artistic time of the work).

tie- Alyosha's intercession for Chernushka.

climax(the highest point of tension of all problematic lines), a kind of eventful "knot" of the conflict - the choice of Alyosha in the magical gardens of the underground inhabitants of the hemp seed , and not other cultivated beautiful flowers and fruits . This choice is accompanied by seduction(it's hard to resist the temptation to easily know everything perfectly). But, having once yielded to his thought, which seems harmless to others, already a small person embarks on the path at first of a very small, and then of an ever-growing lie. So, it seems, forgetfulness of the rules also magically comes to him. and promises. Then, in a kind and compassionate boy, pride begins to speak, an unjustified feeling of superiority over others. From a magical remedy - hemp seeds, dope grass - this pride grows.

Moreover, the loss of a hemp seed by the hero is not yet the denouement, the boy is twice given a chance to get out of this situation without moral losses, but, having again found a hemp seed, he embarks on the same disastrous path.

denouement there will be an exposure of deceit, a “betrayal” of the underground inhabitants, and their departure is already an epilogue (events that will surely follow, and no one can change them). Lyrically, the denouement is Alyosha's repentance, a bitter, irreplaceable feeling of loss, pity for the heroes with whom he must part, and nothing can be changed either in his actions or in the actions of others. The event side is the reason for the beginning of the “work of the soul.

Intuitively, the reader comes to the conclusion, albeit not verbally formalized: pride, arrogance are defeated by repentance, repentance, complicity, compassion, pity for others. Moral conclusions sound aphoristic: “people correct the wicked, angels correct the evil ones, and the Lord GOD himself”(St. John of the Ladder)

The image of the main character

The image of Alyosha, a nine-year-old pupil of an old St. Petersburg boarding school, was developed by the writer with special attention to his inner life. For the first time in a Russian children's book, a living boy appeared here, each mental movement of which speaks of the author's deep knowledge of child psychology. Alyosha is endowed with features characteristic of a child of his age. He is emotional, impressionable, observant, inquisitive; reading old chivalric romances (a typical eighteenth-century boy's reading repertoire) developed his naturally rich imagination. He is kind, brave, responsive. And at the same time, nothing childish is alien to him. He is playful, restless, easily tempted not to learn a boring lesson, to be cunning, to hide his childhood secrets from adults.

Like most children, fairy tale and reality are merged into one in his mind. In the real world, the boy clearly sees traces of the miraculous, elusive for adults, and he himself continuously creates a fairy tale every minute in everyday life. So it seems to him that the holes in the fence, knocked together from old boards, were made by a sorceress, and, of course, there is nothing surprising if she brings news from home or a toy. An ordinary chicken, escaping from the persecution of the cook, suddenly can easily speak and ask for help. Therefore, so naturally enter the life of the hero, and at the same time the plot of the story, and magic knights, and resurrecting porcelain dolls, and the mysterious underworld with its peaceful and kind people, and a grain with magical powers, and other wonders of a fairy tale with all rights and laws.

How easily the fairy tale intrudes into the life of the hero Pogorelsky, how freely, in turn, the methods of realistic writing are introduced into the narration about the mysterious: accuracy in the description of everyday details and elements of psychological analysis unusual for a fairy tale.

The details of everyday life in the fairy-tale episodes of the story seem to be prompted to the artist by a child filled with a naive faith in the reality of everything wonderful. Tiny lit candles in silver chandeliers, the size of Alyosha's little finger, appear on the chairs, the washstand and on the floor of the dark room, the hen Chernushka comes for Alyosha; a large couch made of Dutch tiles, on which people and animals are painted with blue glaze, is found on their way to the underworld. They also see old beds with white muslin curtains. It is not difficult to see that all these objects came into the story not from an unknown magical land, but from an ordinary St. Petersburg mansion of the 18th century. Thus, the writer together with the hero, as it were, “revive” the fairy tale, convincing the reader of the authenticity of the plot fiction.

The further Alyosha and Chernushka go into the mysterious world of underground inhabitants, the less historical and everyday flavor becomes in the text. But the clarity of a child's vision, child's vigilance and concreteness of ideas remain: twenty knights in gold armor, with crimson feathers on armor, silently march in pairs into the hall, twenty small pages in crimson dresses carry the royal mantle. The clothes of the courtiers, the decoration of the palace chambers - everything was written out by Pogorelsky with a thoroughness that captivates the child, creating the illusion of "realness", which he appreciates so much both in the game and in the fairy tale.

Almost all the events of a fairy-tale plan can be explained, say, by the propensity of the hero to daydreaming, to fantasizing. He loves chivalric romances and is often ready to see the ordinary in a fantastic light. The director of schools, for whose reception the boarding school is anxiously preparing, in his imagination appears to be “a famous knight in brilliant armor and a helmet with brilliant feathers”, but, to his surprise, instead of a “feathered helmet”, Alyosha sees “ just a small bald head, white powdered, the only decoration of which ... was a small bun. But the author does not seek to destroy the delicate balance between fairy tales and life, leaving unsaid, for example, why Chernushka, being a minister, appears in the form of a chicken and what connection the underground inhabitants have with the old Dutch women.

Developed imagination, the ability to dream, fantasize make up the wealth of the personality of a growing person. Therefore, the main character of the story is so charming. This is the first living, non-schematic image of a child, a boy in children's literature. Alyosha, like any ten-year-old child, is inquisitive, mobile, and impressionable. His kindness and responsiveness were manifested in the rescue of his beloved chicken Chernushka, which served as the plot of a fairy tale plot. It was a decisive and courageous act: the little boy threw himself on the neck of the cook, who inspired him with "horror and disgust" with her cruelty (the cook at that moment, with a knife in her hands, grabbed Chernushka by the wing). Alyosha parted without hesitation with the imperial, precious to him, presented by his kind grandmother. This episode would have been quite enough for the author of a sentimental children's story to reward the hero a hundredfold for his kind heart. But Pogorelsky draws a living boy, childishly direct, playful, who could not resist the temptation of idleness and vanity.

Alyosha takes the first step towards his troubles unintentionally. To the tempting offer of the king to name his desire, Alyosha “hurried to answer” and said the first thing that could come to the mind of almost any schoolchild: “I would like that, without studying, I always knew my lesson, no matter what I was asked.”

The denouement of the story - the scene of Chernushka's farewell to Alyosha, the noise of the small people leaving their kingdom, Alyosha's despair from the irreparability of his rash act - is perceived by the reader as an emotional shock. For the first time, perhaps, in his life, he experiences the drama of betrayal together with the hero. Without exaggeration, one can speak in catharsis - the exaltation of the enlightened soul of a young reader who succumbed to the magic of Pogorelsky's story-tale.

Style Features

The originality of the thinking of the child, the hero of the story, through whose eyes, as it were, many events of the story are seen, prompted the writer to select visual means. Therefore, each line of The Black Hen resonates with readers who are the same age as the hero.

The writer, inventive in fantastic fiction, is attentive to the careful re-creation of real life. The landscapes of old Petersburg, more precisely, one of its oldest streets, the First Line of Vasilyevsky Island, with its wooden sidewalks, small mansions covered with Dutch tiles, and spacious courtyards fenced with baroque boards, are accurate, full of details, as if drawn from nature. Pogorelsky described in detail and carefully Alyosha's clothes, the decoration of the festive table, and the complicated hairstyle of the teacher's wife, made in the fashion of that time, and many other sub-6s of everyday life in St. Petersburg in the 18th century.

Everyday scenes of the story are marked by a slightly mocking smile of the author. This is how the pages are made, depicting a funny bustle in the teacher's house before the arrival of the headmaster.

The vocabulary and style of the story is extremely interesting. The syllable of the "Black Hen" is free, varied. In an effort to make the story entertaining for the child, Pogorelsky does not allow simplification, does not strive for such accessibility, which is achieved by impoverishing the text. Encountering in the work with thoughts and images that are complex and not fully understood, the child learns their context in a generalized way, not being able to approach them analytically. But the assimilation of a text that requires certain mental efforts from the reader, calculated "for growth," is always more fruitful than light reading.

"Black Hen" is easily perceived by the modern reader. There is practically no archaic vocabulary, obsolete turns of speech. And at the same time, the story is built stylistically diverse. There is an epic leisurely exposition, an emotional story about the rescue of Chernushka, about miraculous incidents associated with underground inhabitants. Often the author resorts to a lively, unconstrained dialogue.

In the style of the story, a significant role belongs to the writer's reproduction of children's thoughts and speech. Pogorelsky was one of the first to draw attention to its specificity and used it as a means of artistic representation. “If I were a knight,” Alyosha reflects, “I would never ride a cab.” Or: "She (the old Dutch woman) seemed to him (Alyosha) as if wax." So children's intonation is used by Pogorelsky both for the speech characterization of the hero, and in the author's speech. Diversity in style, a bold appeal to lexical layers of varying degrees of complexity, and at the same time attention to the peculiarities of the perception of a child reader made Pogorelsky's story a classic children's book.

Pogorelsky Anthony, the fairy tale "The Black Hen or the Underground Inhabitants"

The main characters of the fairy tale "Black Hen" and their characteristics

1. Alyosha, a 10-year-old boy, is a kind and compassionate, cheerful comrade. but having received a magic seed, he becomes proud, arrogant. mischievous. Alyosha betrays the trust of the underground inhabitants and is tormented by shame. He's on the mend again.
2. Chernushka, at the same time a chicken and a minister. Kind, gentle, fair, grateful. At the same time, he is a wise and attentive politician. Punished for Alyosha's misdeed.
3. The teacher believed that Alyosha was deceiving him and flogged the boy with rods. However, it was the norm back then.

1. Old boarding house in St. Petersburg
2. Boy Alyosha and his Chernushka
3. Saving Chernushka, golden imperial
4. Director is not a knight
5. Chernushka's first visit
6. Alyosha's carelessness and the black knights
7. Chernushka's second visit
8. Underworld
9. King
10. hemp seed
11. Garden and menagerie
12. Rat hunting
13. Alyosha's character is changing
14. seed loss
15. The return of the seed and the censure of Chernushka
16. Betrayal and spanking
17. Farewell to Chernushka
18. Illness and recovery.

1. Alyosha saves the chicken Chernushka from the cook, and the cook calls him in gratitude
2. The first time the knights do not let them pass, but on the second night Alyosha finds himself in the underworld
3. The king thanks Alyosha for saving the minister and gives a hemp seed
4. Alyosha sees the wonders of the underworld and takes part in the rat hunt
5. Alyosha becomes disobedient, proud, and his comrades stop loving him, and the teacher threatens to flog him.
6. Alyosha tells about the underground inhabitants and they are forced to go to distant lands, Alyosha gets sick, recovers and corrects himself.

What does the fairy tale "Black Hen" teach
There are many lessons hidden in this tale. First of all, about the fact that you need to be honest, kind, diligent, so that your comrades love you. You must be able to keep your word and not let down those who trusted you. You have to be able to endure pain, but do not become a traitor. You can't be angry, proud, arrogant, you can't boast of your superiority.

Review of the fairy tale "Black Hen"
This is a very beautiful and instructive story about the boy Alyosha, who was kind and sweet, but became angry and proud, having received a magical opportunity not to learn lessons. The boy made a wrong wish, and its fulfillment harmed both Alyosha himself and the underground inhabitants. But nevertheless, I sympathized with Alyosha and sincerely rejoiced when he corrected himself. Of course, it is a pity that Chernushka and his comrades left Petersburg, but I believe that they found an equally good place in another city.

Proverbs to the fairy tale "Black Hen"
Having given the word, hold on, and not having given it, be strong.
From the word salvation, from the word and death.
Debt good turn deserves another.

Summary, brief retelling of the fairy tale "Black Hen"
There was an old boarding school in St. Petersburg in which 30-40 boys studied, including ten-year-old Alyosha. Alyosha was brought to the boarding school by his parents from afar and paid for several years in advance.
Alyosha was loved in the boarding school, he was a sweet and obedient boy. Only on Saturdays did he really miss when his comrades were taken apart by their parents.
Alyosha liked to stand by the fence and look through the holes into the street, waiting for the sorceress. The boy also loved to feed the chickens, and especially among them he loved Chernushka.
Once, during the New Year holidays, Alyosha saw how the cook caught Chernushka, and in tears he rushed to her, begging her to leave Chernushka. Nigella escaped from the hands of the cook and Alyosha gave her the imperial so that she would not tell the teacher anything.
At this time, the director arrives and Alyosha thinks to see the knight, but he sees a bald old man.
All day Alyosha plays with Chernushka, and then goes to bed. Suddenly the boy heard someone call his name, and Nigella came out from under the sheet.
Chernushka turned to Alyosha in a human voice and called the boy to follow her. Chernushka told Alyosha not to touch anything, but he wanted to take the cat by the paw. She meowed, woke up the parrot, the parrot screamed loudly. Blackie said that it must have woken up the knights.
They went down to the great hall and two knights attacked Chernushka. Alyosha was frightened and came to his senses in his bed.
The next evening, Chernushka again came to Alyosha. Alyosha did not touch anything along the way, and Chernushka led him into a low hall. Little men came out of the side door, followed by the knights, and finally the king.
The king thanked Alyosha for saving the minister, and the boy was surprised to recognize Chernushka in the minister.
The king asks Alyosha to make a wish and the boy wishes him to know all the lessons that have been given.
The king gave Alyosha a hemp seed, but warned him to keep quiet about everything he saw.
After the king left, the minister began to show Alyosha the underworld. There were gems everywhere. They toured a garden of moss trees and a menagerie of rats and moles.
Then they went hunting. Alyosha sat on a stick with a horse's head and everyone galloped along the passages. The hunters rounded up a few rats.
After the hunt, the boy asked about who the underground inhabitants were. Chernushka said that they used to go upstairs, but have been hiding from people for a long time. And if people find out about them, they will have to go to distant lands.
Alyosha woke up in his bed.
After that, he began to easily answer all the lessons, using the help of hemp seeds. Alyosha gradually began to get used to praise, became proud and disobedient. Alyosha began to play pranks a lot. Once the teacher asked him to learn 20 pages, Alyosha opened his mouth, but did not say a word. Alyosha lost the seed and for a long time desperately searched for it, calling for Chernushka's help.
Alyosha was left on bread and water, because he could not learn the text. At night, Chernushka came to him, gave him a seed and said that she did not recognize the boy.
Alyosha boldly went to the lesson and answered all 20 pages. The teacher was surprised and demanded to tell how Alyosha managed to learn everything. One of the students said that Alyosha did not pick up a book. The teacher decided that Alyosha was deceiving him and punished him. They brought rods and Alyosha, beside himself with fear, began to talk about the underground inhabitants. The teacher decided that the boy was cheating and became furious. Alyosha was flogged.
Alyosha no longer had a seed. In the evening Chernushka came, reproached the boy, forgave him and said that he must go with the people to distant lands. Blackie's hands were chained.
In the morning Alyosha was found in a high fever. When the boy recovered, he again became quiet and kind, obedient and diligent. His friends loved him again.

Drawings and illustrations for the fairy tale "The Black Hen"

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Lesson Objectives:

1. Reveal the ideological content of the tale through text analysis.
2. The development of monologue and dialogic speech of students.
3. The development of the mental activity of students: the ability to analyze, synthesize, generalize.
4. Developing the ability to compare different types of art.
5. Development of skills of expressive reading of the text.
6. Formation of moral orientations for the recognition of true and false values.
7. Identification of the relevance of the work for modern schoolchildren.
8. Creation of psychological and pedagogical conditions for the personal growth of each student.

Methods and techniques: verbal, visual-illustrative, problematic.

Equipment:

1. Computer.
2. Projector.
3. Presentation “Moral lessons of life. Analysis of the fairy tale "The Black Hen, or Underground Inhabitants".
4. Animated film "Black Chicken".
5. Exhibition of students' drawings based on A. Pogorelsky's fairy tale “The Black Hen, or Underground Inhabitants”.

Teacher's word:

1. Setting goals and objectives for students.

2. For correct answers in the lesson and additions, students will receive tokens, according to the number of which they will receive marks at the end of the lesson. A score of “5” is given for 6 or more tokens, a score of “4” for 5 tokens.

A carriage rides along the cold streets of winter Petersburg. Her passenger - a gray-haired man with surprisingly kind and somehow childish eyes - thought deeply. He thinks about the boy he is going to visit. This is his nephew, little Alyosha.

The carriage stops, and the passenger, with a slightly sad, but boyishly courageous face, thinks about how lonely his little friend is, whom his parents sent to a closed boarding house and even rarely visit. Only his uncle often visits Alyosha, because he is very attached to the boy and because he remembers well his loneliness in the same boarding school many years ago.

Who is this person?

This is Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky. The son of a nobleman, a rich and powerful Count Alexei Kirillovich Razumovsky, who owned the village of Perovo near Moscow and the village of Pogoreltsy, Sosnitsky district, Chernigov province, 53 thousand serfs. The count himself was the grandson of the registered Cossack Grigory Rozum, the son of the last Ukrainian hetman, an influential nobleman of Catherine and a prominent Russian freemason.

The son of such a man might have been a prince, but Alexei was illegitimate. Although, being in the house of his father in the position of pupils, the Perovskys received an excellent education. There is evidence that Count Alexei Kirillovich especially favored the eldest - Alexei. But he was a hot-tempered man, capable of terrible outbursts of anger. And in one of these evil moments, he sent his son to a closed boarding school.

How lonely Alyosha was in the cold government rooms! He was very homesick and one day he decided to run away from the boarding house. The memory of the escape remained for the rest of his life lameness: Alyosha fell from the fence and injured his leg.

Then Alyosha grew up. In August 1805, Alexei entered Moscow University and in October 1807 he graduated with a doctorate in philosophy and literature.

In the same 1807, he made his literary debut: he translated N.M. Karamzin's story "Poor Lisa" into German and published his translation with a dedication to his father.

For two years he led the life of a diligent official: he served in the Senate, traveled with revisions to the Russian provinces, and then, having settled in Moscow, he became a good friend of V.A. Zhukovsky, P.A. Vyazemsky, V.L. Pushkin, I.A. Krylov and other writers of the "friendly artel" and one of the founders of the "Society of Lovers of Russian Literature". He was friends with Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, who greatly appreciated his kind soul.

The year 1812 came, and Anthony Pogorelsky fought against Napoleon as the headquarters captain of the Third Ukrainian Regiment, even his lameness did not prevent him from being a brave military officer.

He returned to St. Petersburg in 1816 and changed his military uniform to an official one - a court adviser. However, soon circumstances developed in such a way that his sister with a one and a half month old nephew was in his care, whom he took to his hereditary Little Russian estate Pogoreltsy.

Here, being engaged in gardening, supplying ship timber to the Nikolaev shipyards, acting as a trustee of the Kharkov educational district and - most of all - raising his nephew Alyosha, Perovsky composed the first fantastic stories in Russia.

First, in 1825, in the St. Petersburg magazine "News of Literature", he published - under the pseudonym "Antony Pogorelsky" - "Lafertov's poppy flower". Three years later, the book "The Double, or My Evenings in Little Russia", the fairy tale "Black Hen, or Underground residents”, and then the novel “Monastyrka” will be added to the creative baggage.

The literary heritage of the writer is small, however, and it is hardly studied. His archive almost disappeared without a trace, carelessly left by the writer to the will of fate and the play of chance. In the last years of his life, having completely abandoned literary activity, indifferent to literary glory, Pogorelsky cared little about him. According to legend, the manager of his estate, a passionate gourmet, exhausted the papers of his patron for his favorite food - cutlets in papillots. ( papilotka - a paper tube worn on the legs of chickens, turkeys, game, as well as on the bones of chops when they are fried. (Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova))

Pogorelsky wrote several books for adults, but one of his books was especially important for him - this is his fairy tale "The Black Hen". He wrote it for his nephew. Little Alyosha told Pogorelsky how, walking in the boarding house yard, he made friends with a chicken, how he saved her from a cook who wanted to make broth. And then this real case turned under the pen of Pogorelsky into a fairy tale, kind and wise.

In the summer of 1836, A.A. Perovsky went to Nice for the treatment of "chest disease" (ischemic heart disease) and died in Warsaw on the way there. His sister Anna and nephew Alexei were with him.

Perovsky's nephew, the one to whom the fairy tale “The Black Hen, or Underground Inhabitants” is dedicated, having matured, became a remarkable and famous writer himself. This is Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy.

- Tell us about Alyosha's life in a boarding school (word drawing or text retelling)

(“... in that boarding school there was one boy named Alyosha, who was then no more than 9 or 10 years old. Alyosha was a smart, nice boy, he studied well, and everyone loved and caressed him. However, despite the fact that he was often bored it happened in a boarding school, and sometimes even sad ... The days of teaching passed quickly and pleasantly for him, but when Saturday came and all his comrades hurried home to their relatives, then Alyosha bitterly felt his loneliness. On Sundays and holidays, he remained alone all day, and then his only consolation was reading books. Alyosha already knew by heart the deeds of the most glorious knights. His favorite pastime on long winter evenings, on Sundays and other holidays, was mentally transported to ancient, bygone centuries ... Alyosha's other occupation was to feed chickens who lived near the fence. Among the chickens, he especially loved the black crested one, called Chernushka. Chernushka was more affectionate towards him than others; she even sometimes allowed herself to be stroked, and therefore Alyosha brought the best pieces to her, "pp. 46-49).

- Watch a fragment of the animated film and try to determine if there is a difference in the image of saving Chernushka by Antony Pogorelsky and the creators of the cartoon.

(The difference is that Antony Pogorelsky in the fairy tale shows how Alyosha asks the cook Trinushka not to cut the chicken. In the cartoon, the rescue scene is presented differently: a kite suddenly swoops in, Alyosha boldly rushes at him with a stick and beats off Chernushka).

- Why do you think Chernushka decided to tell Alyosha her secret?

(Alyosha was a kind boy. Chernushka wanted to thank the boy for saving her life. Chernushka probably wanted to make Alyosha's life more interesting and informative).

- Watch a fragment of an animated film. What interesting trees grew in the fairy garden?

(There were trees whose fruits could make a person wise; seeds of goodness ripened on another tree; a tree of health grew).

- Watch a fragment of an animated film. What changed in Alyosha himself, around him, when he received a hemp seed?

(“He approached the teacher with trepidation, opened his mouth, still not knowing what to say, and - unmistakably, without stopping, said the assignment. For several weeks, the teachers could not praise Alyosha. He knew all the lessons without exception, all the translations from one language to another were without mistakes, so that they could not be surprised at his extraordinary success. He began to think a lot, put on airs in front of other boys and imagined that he was much better and smarter than all of them. Alyosha's temperament completely deteriorated from this: from a kind, sweet and a modest boy, he became proud and disobedient. Alyosha became a terrible rascal. Not having the need to repeat the lessons that were assigned to him, he, at the time when the other children were preparing for classes, engaged in pranks, and this idleness spoiled his temper even more. Then, when he was a kind and modest child, everyone loved him, and if he happened to be punished, then everyone regretted him, and this served him as a consolation.But now no one paid attention to him: everyone looked at him with contempt and did not didn't say a word to him." Page 75-80)

- Why didn’t Alyosha get pleasure from praise for excellent answers at the beginning?

(“An inner voice told him that he did not deserve this praise, because this lesson did not cost him any trouble. Alyosha was inwardly ashamed of these praises: he was ashamed that they set him up as an example to his comrades, while he did not deserve it at all. Conscience she often reproached him for this, and an inner voice said to him: "Alyosha, don't be proud! Don't ascribe to yourself what doesn't belong to you; thank fate for bringing you benefits against other children, but don't think that you are better." If you do not correct yourself, then no one will love you, and then, with all your learning, you will be the most unfortunate child!” P. 75-76)

- What advice does Chernushka give to Alyosha until the boy has completely lost himself?

(“Do not think that it is so easy to correct oneself from vices when they have taken over us. Vices usually enter through the door and go out through the crack, and therefore, if you want to correct yourself, you must constantly and strictly look after yourself.” P. 81 )

- Do Chernushka's advice match the teacher's conclusions?

(Yes. Both Chernushka and the teacher agree that idleness corrupts a person, labor is a condition for a person’s moral beauty. “The more abilities and talents you have by nature, the more modest and obedient you should be. Not for this God gave you mind, so that you use it for evil.” P. 84)

Why did Alyosha betray Chernushka?

(He was afraid of punishment). Watching a fragment of an animated film.

The story ends tragically. The inhabitants of the underground kingdom left, Alyosha is punished for betrayal. Watch a fragment of the animated film. Does Chernushka believe that Alyosha will improve?

(Yes. Only a believer can say this: “I forgive you; I can’t forget that you saved my life, and I still love you ... One thing you can console me in my misfortune: try to improve and be again the same kind boy as you were before". pp. 86-88)

Has Alyosha recovered?

(Yes. He “tried to be obedient, kind, modest and diligent. Everyone loved him again and began to caress, and he became an example for his comrades.” P. 88)

- Conclusions. Notebook entry.

The book reminds us of the main thing: we are all pure and noble in our souls, but we must educate the Good in ourselves. To be able to be grateful, responsible, earn the love and respect of others - all this requires effort. Otherwise, there is no way, and trouble can threaten not only us, but also those whom we love and who trust us. A real Miracle can happen only once, and you have to be worthy of it...

Moral lessons of life

• You can not put yourself above other people, even if you know a lot and can do it.
• It is necessary to develop modesty, diligence, diligence, a sense of duty, honesty, respect for people, kindness.
• You have to be strict with yourself.

Guys, imagine that you are in the fairy-tale world of the underworld. And the king offers you a reward for saving Chernushka. What Alyosha asked you already know. What would you ask?

Student responses:

I would ask for a grain of health, because this health is the most important thing. (3 persons).

I would ask that it never be winter.

I would ask Chernushka to be honest, not to lie to other people, to study well.

1. Fill in the table “True and False Values ​​of Life”

(The task should be completed approximately as follows:

2. Compose your own version of the continuation of the fairy tale “What could happen next?

Alyosha became a sweet, modest boy. And then one day the garden appeared again, the underground inhabitants returned. Upon learning of this, Alyosha immediately ran to look for Chernushka. He found her. He was so happy that he even cried and said: “I thought I would never see you!” To which Chernushka replied: “Well, what are you, I’m back, don’t cry!” This is how this instructive story about the boy Alyosha ended. (Malygina Svetlana).

- ... A few years later, Alyosha's parents came. For exemplary behavior, his parents took him on a trip to different countries. Of course, no one told the parents about this story. Then Alyosha grew up, entered a famous university, studied only perfectly well. His parents were happy for him. (Koval Oksana).

9. Evaluation of student work.

Literature:

1. Children's fairy tale magazine "Read it," article "Author of" Black Hen "Anthony Pogorelsky (1787-1836). 2000. http://www.coffee.ru
2. Korop V. Anthony Pogorelsky (1787-1836). http://www.malpertuis.ru/pogorelsky_bio.htm
3. Malaya S. Anthony Pogorelsky. http://www.pogorelskiy.org.ru
4. Pogorelsky A. Black chicken, or underground inhabitants. Moscow: Rosman. 1999. S. 45-90.