The concept of a sentence occupies a central place in the syntax of the Russian language. Distinguishing a sentence from other syntactic units helps to highlight the subject and predicate. This often causes difficulties, because in Russian predicates are divided into three types: simple verbal predicate, compound verbal and compound nominal.
The grammatical basis of the sentence
Secondary members in a sentence are based on a foundation consisting of a subject and a predicate. The predicative basis is the determining factor in the characteristics of the sentence: simple or complex, one-part or two-part.
It is by the presence of the subject and the predicate that they judge what the syntactic unit is: the sentence has them, the phrase does not. For example, I'm walking down the street. Is an offer, because has a grammatical basis: I'm coming(subject and predicate respectively). beautiful table- phrase, because no predictive basis.
A sentence does not always have the entire grammatical basis. There are frequent cases when the subject or predicate is singled out, then the sentence will be called one-part.
When analyzing a sentence, the problem of determining the predicate and its type causes the greatest difficulty.
What is a predicate
The predicate is included in the predicative basis of the sentence and forms a link with the subject in gender, person and number. Thanks to the predicate, the sentence is related to reality and allows native speakers to communicate with each other. It is the bearer of the grammatical meaning of the syntactic unit: it indicates the reality and time of the narrative. The predicate answers questions concerning the actions of the subject, what it is, what happens to it, who it is and what it is.
There are two ways to determine the type of a predicate:
- Morphological. Predicates are distinguished according to their relation to one or another part of speech: verbal (expressed by a verb) and nominal (expressed by a noun or adjective). For example, The lanterns are dimly lit.(predicate are burning verb). We've been friends all our lives(predicate were friends nominal, expressed by a noun with a verb copula).
- Composite. Simple and compound predicates, consisting of one grammatical whole and several words, respectively. For example, Which one of you will betray me?(predicate betray- simple). I was embittered(predicate was embittered- composite).
These two principles for determining predicates formed the basis of their species affiliation:
- Compound verb predicate.
- Compound nominal predicate
Types of predicates: simple and compound
All predicates of the Russian language are divided into simple and compound. This belonging is determined by the number of words in the predicate. If there is more than one word, then the predicate is compound. The presence or absence of a linking verb in their composition will help to distinguish between a simple and a compound verbal predicate.
The role of the link is performed by verbs indicating:
- stages of action (beginning, development, continuation);
- duty;
- desirability;
- state
It can also be short adjectives, words of the category of state and the verb to be.
There are two types of compound predicates: nominal and verbal. Both of them have an auxiliary linking verb in their composition. The verbal predicate includes the infinitive, and the nominal predicate includes the nominal part.
If in a sentence the role of a predicate is played by a verb or its grammatical form, then it will be called a simple verbal predicate.
Simple verbal predicate (PGS): definition of the concept
It consists of a verb in one of three moods: indicative (Emptiness reigned inside the house - the predicate reigned), subjunctive (Emptiness would reign inside the house - the predicate would reign) or imperative (Let emptiness reign inside the house - let the predicate reign).
As can be seen from the last example, the PGS is not always unambiguous. There are cases when there are several of them, but the words are grammatically related: it can be a form of the verb (for example, imperative mood or future tense), an indivisible stable combination, or an increase in expression by repeating a word.
Ways of expression
Ways of expressing a simple verbal predicate are divided into two groups: single-word and non-single-word.
| One-word | Multi-word |
| A verb in one of the moods (indicative, imperative, conditional). | A form of a verb that contains two words:
|
| Infinitive. | A stable combination (phraseologism) in the meaning of a single action ( to beat the buckets - "to be lazy") |
| Interjections in the form of a verb. | A verb reinforced with a modal particle ( a little Not fell). |
| The verb to be, if it has the meaning of presence or existence. | Repetition of single-root verbs in order to give expressive coloring ( waiting-waiting). |
PGS can be agreed with the subject if it has the form of one of the inclinations. There are cases when the subject and predicate are not agreed - then the PGS has the form of an infinitive.
One-word PGS
Most often in Russian there is a one-word simple verb predicate. Sample proposals are shown below:
- I hear the stomping of horses.(PGS hear- expressed by the verb in the indicative mood)
- Daughter, come with me.(PGS let's go to- expressed by the imperative mood of the verb)
- Not going today means waiting until morning.(PGS wait- expressed by the verb in the initial form)
- And a glass of bam - and on the floor.(PGS bam- expressed by verbal interjection)
- There was dew everywhere in the morning.(PGS was- expressed by the verb "to be" in the meaning of "presence")
Multi-word PGS
Such a predicate causes great difficulty for those who study Russian. A simple verbal predicate, consisting of several lexical units, can be characterized by the fact that the words in it are grammatically connected. Sentences with a simple verbal predicate ambiguous:
- We will argue passionately about what happened.(PGS we will argue- expressed by the verb of the indicative mood in the future tense)
- I would go with you, but you need to go somewhere else.(PGS would go- expressed by a conditional verb)
- Let everything be your way.(PGS let it be- expressed by the imperative mood)
- Everyone on the farm worked, except for Stepan. He, as always, beat the buckets.(PGS - beat the buckets- expressed by a phraseological unit in the meaning of "lazy")
- Let me do this job for you.(PGS let's do it- expressed by a verb with a modal particle)
- I can't wait for the cold to end.(PGS can not wait- expressed by repetition of single-root verbs)
Coordination of ASG with the subject
Consider sentences with a simple verbal predicate that agrees with the subject:
- Coordination among: The car is driving on a new highway.(PGS rides- singular) - Cars drive along the new highway.(PGS are going- plural).
- Genus agreement: The tractor was driving.(PGS rode- masculine) - The car was driving.(PGS rode- feminine gender).
- If the subject includes a word that has the meaning of quantity, then PGS can be expressed in the singular or plural: Two clouds float alone across the sky.(subject two clouds, PGS are floating used in the plural) Most students didn't miss class.(Subject most students, PGS did not miss the use of the singular).
- If the subject has the form of a noun with a quantitative or collective meaning (for example, people, youth, society, majority, minority), PGS can only be used in the singular. Youth are building the future.(PGS builds used in the singular) The majority agreed with the director's proposal to improve production.(PGS agreed used in the singular).
There are cases when the ASG does not formally agree with the subject. In such cases, it is expressed:
- Infinitive: He dances - and Vera laughs. PGS laugh expressed by the verb in its initial form.
- Verb interjection: I look - but there are no bags. PGS look- an interjection that resembles a verb in form.
- The imperative mood in some forms: If she broke the vase now, things would end badly. PGS smash in an imperative mood.
Allocation of ASG in the proposal
The problem of how to define a simple verbal predicate is related to its possible ambiguity. Unlike the composite PGS, it contains words of the same grammatical form. It is this feature that distinguishes a simple verb predicate. Sample proposals are shown below:
I started working last week. - I will work from tomorrow. In the first sentence, a compound verb predicate containing an auxiliary verb began and infinitive work. Completely different picture in the second sentence. Here PGS Will work- a form of the future tense.
Use of PGS in speech
To give artistic speech dynamics, a simple verbal predicate is used. Examples: The soldiers, stationed around their cannon, were each busy with their own business. Some were writing a letter, some were sitting on a carriage, sewing a hook to their overcoat, some were reading a small army newspaper. (V. Kataev)- in this passage, the ASG gives dynamics to the events described.
PGS is used in a colloquial style of speech. In the case when it is expressed by an infinitive that does not formally agree with the subject: Senka to dance, to Varka - to laugh.(PGS laugh infinitive form, colloquial style).
To give speech an expressive color, a simple verbal predicate is also used. Examples: I bang her - and broke!(PGS bam indicates conversational style); Thunder bang-bang into the tree!(PGS bang-bang indicates the extreme degree of emotionality of the author).
The predicate is the main member of a two-part sentence, which is associated with the subject. The semantic core of the predicate as a member of the sentence, opposed to the subject, is designation of an action or predicative feature in a broad sense.
In a two-part sentence, it is through the predicate that the main grammatical meanings of the sentence are expressed - objective modality and syntactic tense.
According to the way of expressing the predicative feature, the following are distinguished among the predicates:
1. Simple verb predicate- a typical part of speech for expressing this type of predicate is verb. At the same time, the general meaning of the feature and the grammatical meaning of predicativity are given undivided: real value + grammatical tense, mood, person. The verb predicate can be coordinated with subject ( Train gone ) or can be expressed in uncoordinated forms- infinitive, verbal interjection, some forms of the imperative ( And the queen laugh, and shoulders shake ).
A simple verbal predicate is considered complicated if it is expressed two verbs, of which one is lexically incomplete, or by two repeated verbs ( Take take, but do not put in place. Yermoshka, go and you sit down near. dressed -shod like all people. And here took now one eye closed his eyes ...). Such predicates are characteristic of expressively colored speech.
Simple complicated verbal predicates also include phraseological verb combinations in the function of predicates, which have a single meaning: beat the buckets- "to mess around" sharpen the laces- "chat", etc. For example: Some ancient king sank into a terrible doubt ; Philosopher Homa came to perfect despondency from such words. Such combinations are syntactically inseparable, i.e. act as one member of the proposal.
2. Compound verb predicate- this kind of predicate includes predicates expressed personal form of the verb and adjacent to it infinitive. Real meaning and grammatical are given in such a predicate dissected (analytically).
In a compound verbal predicate with an infinitive, the following can be combined:
- verbs denoting the beginning, continuation or end of an action (start, become, take up, continue, stop, quit)
- modal verbs denoting intention, will, ability, predisposition, desire etc. ( to want, to wish, to be able, to be able, to intend, to contrive, to unlearn, to be able, to prepare, to dream, to hope, to be afraid)
- phraseological combinations (to burn with desire, to have the intention, to express consent, to have the right)
- predicative adjectives (glad, much, intends, must, ready, able, willing)
Sometimes a compound verb predicate can be complicated third component. Such compound predicates differ only in some increase in meaning. Most often, these are predicates in which they combine verb in personal form(indicates the beginning, continuation, end of an action, or has a modal meaning) and two dependent infinitives (I want to start exercising, I decided to quit smoking).
Compound verbal predicates should include differentially: the degree of lexical significance of the components should be taken into account. If the main meaning of the predicate is conveyed only by the last infinitive, and the first two verbs denote only the beginning, end, continuation of the action in combination with modal meanings, then such predicates should not be divided, since they denote one action (verbal form + subjective infinitive). Otherwise, the first two verbs (or one verb in a personal form, if the predicate is two-component) should be considered the predicate, and the third one should be considered a secondary member of the sentence - a circumstance or addition ( object infinitive). Wed: decided start treatment And decided go be treated; He wanted to study- his forced study. In the first combination decided to start lexically defective, since the process itself is named only in the third verb; in the second - decided to go for treatment- both verbs go And be treated lexically meaningful: verb be treated denotes the purpose of the action, called an independent combination of verbs decided to go(cf.: decided to go to the Crimea).
3. Compound nominal predicate- comprises verb copula in private and nominal part (linking part). In this case, the verb link can be:
A) abstract- verb be in various forms of tense and mood; the link is called abstract because it has a purely grammatical meaning and is devoid of material content (there is no procedural sign). From a bunch be verb should be distinguished be, which has two meanings: 1) "to be present, to be" ( We were in the cinema. Yes, there were people in our time) and 2) “have” ( My brother had a boat).
Bundle be(There is) does not have the form of the present indicative mood, the sign of this kind of copula is a significant zero - zero link. In this case, in some classifications, the predicate is defined as simple name, For example: ElephantØ gray - Elephant was grey. Elephant will grey.
b) semi-abstract (semi-significant)- verb with weakened lexical meaning; such a verb not only conveys grammatical meanings, but also partially introduces lexical meaning - naming, transition from one state to another ( become, to appear, to become, to remain, to be known, to be considered, to be called);
V) significant (real)- a verb that fully retains its lexical meaning, denoting a state, movement ( None be born a hero. We broke up big buddies ), attaching an adjective in I.p. or T.p., or a noun with a qualitatively characterizing meaning in T.p. ( He came tired / tired). Such verbs are only conditionally considered connectives, since they can also be freely used as independent predicates.
Sometimes pointing particles can play the role of a predicative link This, Here, Means, this means: Like - This the work of youths. Or comparative words How, like, as if, exactly, as if, What: The clouds have become as if thinner and more transparent...
A compound nominal predicate, like a compound verb, can be complicated by a third component - in this case it consists of a predicative adjective + a bunch + a nominal part: Speeches should be brief ! ; Glad to be helpful .
The role of the nominal part can be:
1. Noun- in the forms I.p., T.p.: Marina was high dark-skinned girl – Marina was high dark-skinned .
Sometimes a noun may appear in the form of R.p., but the range of words in this case is limited and the predicate itself always has the meaning of either a qualitative characteristic or an internal state, and with a noun an adjective is necessarily used, which contains an indication of a qualitative feature: Hands were plump, small, but immaculate form . Other cases of nouns in the role of a predicate are used less frequently, these are always prepositional combinations.
2. Phraseological combinations nominal type - And you seem to him don't like it very much.
3. Adjective- in full and short forms, in forms of different degrees. The full form is characterized by I.p. and so on. ( I'm local . Was I young, hot, sincere, not stupid ).
Full adjectives can be combined with fully significant verbs of motion and state. The linking verb here has a full-fledged predicative meaning, and therefore adjectives are complicated by a definitive meaning and refer simultaneously to both the subject and the verb-predicate ( Trees stood yellow. He is back pleased ). Such an adjective with a double syntactic link in Czech grammar stands out as a special member of the sentence - doplnek, and in Russian grammar are sometimes called - predicative definitions or verb-nominal determiners, but traditionally they are included in the compound predicate.
4. Participle- in short or full form, passive or real. Full participle can be in the form T.p. ( Glasses with tea stand intact ).
5. Pronoun- a variety of pronouns in the forms I.p. and R.p. (- She my! he said sternly), as well as other cases with prepositions.
6. numeral – Building it was two floors . earring It was the first who saw them. The nominal part can also be an expression one of (one of): He was one of the comrades my brother Gregory.
4. Mixed predicate- such predicates combine the features of a compound verb and a compound nominal predicate.
In this chapter:
§1. The main members of the sentence are subject and predicate
Subject
The subject is the main member of the sentence, independent of the other members of the sentence. The subject answers the questions I.p.: who? What?
In a sentence, the subject is expressed in different ways.
How is the subject expressed?
The subject can be a word or phrase.
Most often the subject is expressed:
1) noun: mother, laughter, love;
2) words that have the function of a noun: nouns derived from adjectives or participles: sick, manager, meeting, ice cream, canteen;
3) pronouns: we, nobody, anything;
4) numerals: three, five;
5) indefinite form of the verb: Smoking is harmful to health;
6) a phrase, if it has a meaning:
a) compatibility: husband and wife, duck with ducklings, me and my girlfriend;
b) uncertainty or generality: Something unfamiliar seemed in the distance. One of the guests covered the window;
c) quantities: 2 million people live in the city;
d) selectivity: Any of them could become the first. Most of the students coped with the control;
e) phraseological unit: The white nights have come.
Predicate
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting what is being said about the subject that is the subject. The predicate depends on the subject and agrees with it. It answers different questions: what does the object do? what happens to him? what is he? who is he? what it is? what is the subject? All these questions are varieties of the question: what is being said about the subject? The choice of a specific question depends on the structure of the sentence.
The predicate contains the most important grammatical characteristic of the sentence: its grammatical meaning.
grammatical meaning- this is a generalized meaning of the sentence, which characterizes its content in terms of two parameters:
- reality-irreality,
- time.
reality-irriality expressed by the mood of the verb.
- Verbs in the indicative mood are typical for statements that reflect the real situation: It's raining., It's getting light.
- Verbs in the imperative and in the conditional mood are characteristic of sentences that reflect not a real, but a desirable situation. Don't forget your umbrella! If only it didn't rain today!
Time- an indicator of the correlation of the situation with the moment of speech. Time is expressed by the verb forms of the present, past and future tense.
Simple and compound predicate
The predicate in two-part sentences can be simple and compound. Compounds are divided into compound verbal and compound nominal.
Simple predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word. A simple predicate is always a verb. It is expressed by the verb in the form of one of the moods. In the indicative mood, verbs can stand in one of three tenses: present - past - future.
He knows the verses by heart.
indicative mood, present. time
He knew the verses by heart.
indicative mood, past time
He will learn the verses by heart.
indicative mood, bud. time
You will memorize these verses.
imperative mood
In a circle, you would learn poems by heart.
conditional mood
Compound predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
If in a simple verbal predicate the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word, then in a compound one they are expressed in different words. For example:
Suddenly, the baby stopped singing and started laughing.
Stopped singing, started laughing - compound predicates. The words sing, laugh are called action, while expressing the lexical meaning. The grammatical meaning is expressed by the words: stopped, started
Compound predicates are verbal and nominal.
Compound verb predicate
A compound verbal predicate is a predicate consisting of an auxiliary word and an indefinite form of the verb. Examples:
He finished working.
I want to help you.
Auxiliary words are divided into two groups:
1) verbs with the meaning of the beginning-continuation-end of the action, for example: start, finish, continue, stop, stop;
2) verbs and short adjectives with the meaning of possibility, desirability, necessity: to be able, to be able, to want, to want, to desire, to strive, to try; glad, ready, must, obligated, intends.
In a compound verbal predicate, auxiliary words express the grammatical meaning, and the indefinite form of the verb expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.
In the event that a short adjective serves as an auxiliary word, then it is used with a bunch. The link is the verb to be. Here are the relevant past tense examples:
I was so glad to meet you!
In the present tense, the word is is not used, it is omitted: the link is zero, for example:
I'm so glad to meet you!
In the future tense, the link to be is put in the future tense. Example:
I will be glad to meet you.
Compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal is a predicate consisting of a linking verb and a nominal part. Linking verbs express the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the nominal part expresses its lexical meaning.
1. The linking verb to be expresses only grammatical meaning. She was beautiful yesterday. In the present tense, the link is zero: She is beautiful.
2. Linking verbs to become, to become, to become, to be, to be considered, to seem, to be called, to appear: The house from afar seemed like a point.
3. Linking verbs with the meaning of movement or location in space: come, arrive, sit, lie down, stand: Mother returned tired from work., Mother sat thoughtful, sad.
In all these cases, linking verbs can be replaced by the verb to be. The sentences will be synonymous, for example:
Mother sat pensive, sad. Synonymous: Mother was thoughtful, sad.
He was considered the most talented of us. Synonymous: He was the most talented of us.
With such a replacement, of course, all the nuances of the meaning are not transmitted. Therefore, the language offers various linking verbs that emphasize different shades of meaning.
Combinations of a linking verb with auxiliary words are possible: She dreamed of becoming an actress.
The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate
The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is expressed in Russian in different ways, and, paradoxically, not only by names. Although the most common and characteristic is the use of names as a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Naturally, names can be replaced by pronouns. And since the role of adjectives and participles is similar, participles can also act along with adjectives. Adverbs and adverbial combinations are also possible in the nominal part. Examples:
1) noun: Mother is a doctor., Anastasia will be an actress.,
2) adjective: He grew up strong and handsome.,
3) numeral: Twice two four.,
4) pronoun: You will be mine., Who was nobody, he will become everything ("International"),
5) communion: The composition turned out to be lost., The daughter was finally cured.,
6) adverb and adverbial combination: The shoes were just right., The trousers turned out to be just right.
The nominal part can contain not only separate words, but also syntactically indivisible phrases. Examples:
She ran into the room with a cheerful face.
She sat with thoughtful eyes.
It cannot be said: She ran in with a face., She sat with her eyes., Because phrases with a cheerful face and thoughtful eyes are syntactically indivisible - this is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate.
test of strength
Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.
Final test
What members of the proposal are considered the main ones?
- subject and object
- definition, circumstance and addition
- subject and predicate
Can the subject be expressed by words derived from adjectives or participles: head, sick, in love?
Can the subject be expressed in phrases, for example: we are with friends?
What is the subject of the sentence: Any of you can prepare for the exam and successfully pass it.?
- any
- any of you
What characteristics are included in the grammatical meaning of the sentence?
- reality - unreality and time
- type and time
Is it true that a simple verbal predicate is a predicate whose lexical and grammatical meaning is expressed by one verb?
Is it true that a compound predicate is a special type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words?
I can't help you.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
What is the predicate in the sentence: He was always taken seriously.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
What is the predicate in the sentence: Two by two is four.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article subject: | Predicate. |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Connection |
Predicate - ϶ᴛᴏ the main member of a two-part sentence, which is associated with the subject. The semantic core of the predicate as a member of the sentence, opposed to the subject, is designation of an action or predicative feature in a broad sense.
In a two-part sentence, it is through the predicate that the main grammatical meanings of the sentence are expressed - objective modality and syntactic tense.
According to the way of expressing the predicative feature, the following are distinguished among the predicates:
1. Simple verb predicate- a typical part of speech for expressing this type of predicate is verb. At the same time, the general meaning of the feature and the grammatical meaning of predicativity are given undivided: real value + grammatical tense, mood, person. The verb predicate can be coordinated with subject ( Train gone ) or can be expressed in uncoordinated forms- infinitive, verbal interjection, some forms of the imperative ( And the queen laugh, and shoulders shake ).
A simple verbal predicate is considered complicated, if it is expressed two verbs, of which one is lexically incomplete, or by two repeated verbs ( Take take, but do not put in place. Yermoshka, go and you sit down near. dressed -shod like all people. And here took now one eye closed his eyes ...). Such predicates are characteristic of expressively colored speech.
Simple complicated verbal predicates also include phraseological verb combinations in the function of predicates, which have a single meaning: beat the buckets- ʼʼto mess aroundʼʼ, sharpen the laces- ʼʼchatʼʼ, etc. Eg: Some ancient king sank into a terrible doubt ; Philosopher Homa came to perfect despondency from such words. Such combinations are syntactically inseparable, ᴛ.ᴇ. act as one member of the proposal.
2. Compound verb predicate- this kind of predicate includes predicates expressed personal form of the verb and adjacent to it infinitive. Real meaning and grammatical are given in such a predicate dissected (analytically).
In a compound verbal predicate with an infinitive, the following can be combined:
- verbs denoting the beginning, continuation or end of an action (start, become, take up, continue, stop, quit)
- modal verbs denoting intention, will, ability, predisposition, desire etc. ( to want, to wish, to be able, to be able, to intend, to contrive, to unlearn, to be able, to prepare, to dream, to hope, to be afraid)
- phraseological combinations (to burn with desire, to have the intention, to express consent, to have the right)
- predicative adjectives (glad, much, intends, must, ready, able, willing)
Sometimes a compound verb predicate can be complicated third component. Such compound predicates differ only in some increase in meaning. Most often, these are such predicates in which verb in personal form(indicates the beginning, continuation, end of an action, or has a modal meaning) and two dependent infinitives (I want to start exercising, I decided to quit smoking).
Compound verbal predicates should include differentially: the degree of lexical significance of the components should be taken into account. If the main meaning of the predicate is conveyed only by the last infinitive, and the first two verbs denote only the beginning, end, continuation of the action in combination with modal meanings, then such predicates should not be divided, since they denote one action (verbal form + subjective infinitive). Otherwise, the first two verbs should be considered the predicate (or one verb in the personal form, if the predicate is two-component), and the third - a secondary member of the sentence - a circumstance or addition ( object infinitive). Wed: decided start treatment And decided go be treated; He wanted to study- his forced study. In the first combination decided to start lexically defective, since the process itself is named only in the third verb; in the second - decided to go for treatment- both verbs go And be treated lexically meaningful: verb be treated denotes the purpose of the action, called an independent combination of verbs decided to go(cf.: decided to go to the Crimea).
3. Compound nominal predicate- comprises verb copula in private and nominal part (linking part). In this case, the verb link should be:
A) abstract- verb be in various forms of tense and mood; the link is usually called abstract because it has a purely grammatical meaning and is devoid of material content (there is no procedural sign). From a bunch be verb should be distinguished be, which has two meanings: 1) ʼʼ to be present, to beʼʼ ( We were in the cinema. Yes, there were people in our time) and 2) ʼʼhaveʼʼ ( My brother had a boat).
Bundle be(There is) does not have the form of the present indicative mood, the sign of this kind of copula is a significant zero - zero link. In this case, in some classifications, the predicate is defined as simple name, For example: ElephantØ gray - Elephant was grey. Elephant will grey.
b) semi-abstract (semi-significant)- verb with weakened lexical meaning; such a verb not only conveys grammatical meanings, but also partially introduces lexical meaning - naming, transition from one state to another ( become, to appear, to become, to remain, to be known, to be considered, to be called);
V) significant (real)- a verb that fully retains its lexical meaning, denoting a state, movement ( None be born a hero. We broke up big buddies ), attaching an adjective in I.p. or T.p., or a noun with a qualitatively characterizing meaning in T.p. ( He came tired / tired). Such verbs are only conditionally considered connectives, since they can also be freely used as independent predicates.
Sometimes pointing particles can play the role of a predicative link This, Here, Means, this means: Like - This the work of youths. Or comparative words How, like, as if, exactly, as if, What: The clouds have become as if thinner and more transparent...
A compound nominal predicate, like a compound verb, can be complicated by a third component - in this case it consists of a predicative adjective + a bunch + a nominal part: Speeches should be brief ! ; Glad to be helpful .
The role of the nominal part can be:
1. Noun- in the forms I.p., T.p.: Marina was high dark-skinned girl – Marina was high dark-skinned .
Sometimes a noun may appear in the form of R.p., but the range of words in this case is limited and the predicate itself always has the meaning of either a qualitative characteristic or an internal state, and an adjective is necessarily used with a noun, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ contains an indication of a qualitative feature: Hands were plump, small, but immaculate form . Other cases of nouns in the role of a predicate are used less frequently, these are always prepositional combinations.
2. Phraseological combinations nominal type - And you seem to him don't like it very much.
3. Adjective- in full and short forms, in forms of different degrees. The full form is characterized by I.p. and so on. ( I'm local . Was I young, hot, sincere, not stupid ).
Full adjectives can be combined with fully significant verbs of motion and state. The linking verb here has a full-fledged predicative meaning, and therefore adjectives are complicated by a definitive meaning and refer simultaneously to both the subject and the verb-predicate ( Trees stood yellow. He is back pleased ). Such an adjective with a double syntactic link in Czech grammar stands out as a special member of the sentence - doplnek, and in Russian grammar are sometimes called - predicative definitions or verb-nominal determiners, but traditionally they are included in the compound predicate.
4. Participle- in short or full form, passive or real. The full participle must be in the form T.p. ( Glasses with tea stand intact ).
5. Pronoun- a variety of pronouns in the forms I.p. and R.p. (- She my! he said sternly), as well as other cases with prepositions.
6. numeral – Building it was two floors . earring It was the first who saw them. The nominal part must also be an expression one of (one of): He was one of the comrades my brother Gregory.
4. Mixed predicate- such predicates combine the features of a compound verb and a compound nominal predicate:
5. Predicate expressed by adverb and interjection- the function of the predicate is acquired by qualitative and qualitatively adverbial adverbs. Οʜᴎ are used without a copula or with semi-significant verbs, for example: After all, I told her a few akin ; ...vestibule door costs wide open .
The predicate must be expressed predicative adverb (state category word). They are usually used subject-infinitive: Judge a man in disfavor easily .
predicate, expressed interjection, found in colloquial speech, denotes the action of a person or object, or emotionally evaluates the object. Such interjections are functionally close to names or verbs, for example: ... Away from you. No you gentlemen Oh oh oh !
Sometimes adverbial and interjectional predicates are conditionally referred to nominal ones, such assignment is based on functional proximity with names in the role of a predicate.
As we can see, there are two principles for distinguishing types of predicate:
1) by morphological nature- verbal and nominal predicates;
2) by composition- simple and compound.
These groups, based on different principles, intersect: the verbal predicate must be simple and compound, the nominal predicate is always compound.
Predicate. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Predicate." 2017, 2018.
The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which is usually associated with the subject and answers the questions “what does the object do?”, “What is the object?”, “What is the object?”, “Who is it?”, “What is happening?”.
The structure distinguishes between simple verbal, compound verbal and compound nominal predicates.
A simple verbal predicate is a predicate in which both lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed by one verb form.
A simple verbal predicate can be expressed:
1) by a verb in any conjugated form and in the infinitive form: It was a dark night.
2) phraseology or a combination of words with a single meaning: Petya realized that he was in a mess;
3) combinations of words, characteristic mainly for colloquial and artistic styles of speech, for example:
An infinitive with a personal form of the same verb and a “not” particle between them: She didn’t do anything, she didn’t undertake anything;
Two single-root verbs with a particle "not" between them: We are waiting, we will not wait for your return;
4) with interjection verbs: Only I go up the stairs, and he dives towards me.
The compound predicate consists of two parts, one of which expresses the grammatical meaning of mood, time, number, etc., and the other carries the main lexical meaning.
Depending on which part of speech is the carrier of lexical meaning, compound verbal and compound nominal predicates are distinguished.
A compound verb predicate consists of an auxiliary component and an infinitive: Writers cannot give up even for a minute before adversity.
An auxiliary component can be:
1) verbs denoting the beginning, continuation, end of the action (phase verbs): start, stop, continue, become, accept, finish, etc.
2) verbs denoting desirability, possibility, impossibility, necessity of action (modal verbs): to be able, to want, to be able, to desire, etc.
3) verbs denoting thought processes, emotional evaluation of actions (modal verbs): think, hope, love, hate.
4) short adjectives glad, should, ready, inclined, capable, etc. (in the past and future tenses in combination with the verb copula "to be")
5) syntactically indivisible combinations such as to burn with desire (to wish), to be able (to be able), to be able (to be able), etc.
D: Unfortunately, I am unable to help you;
6) predicative adverbs necessary, impossible, possible, necessary, necessary, etc. (in the past and future tenses in combination with the verb copula "to be")
7) noun such as master, amateur, etc.
The compound nominal predicate consists
from a linking verb and a nominal part: The family was friendly.
Links can be:
1) the verb to be in various forms of mood and tense.
This link is called abstract and performs only a grammatical role: it expresses a connection with the subject and denotes the categories of time, mood, number, etc.
In the present tense, this link can be zero, that is, not formally expressed: Everything is quiet, calm.
2) verbs with a weakened lexical meaning, used to express both grammatical meaning and partially lexical meaning: become, become, seem, be called, be considered, become, etc. Such a bunch is called semi-abstract: All objects have become distinct.
3) verbs with a full lexical meaning, denoting movement, the state of an object: stand, live, walk, sit, be born, etc. Such a bunch is called significant:. We left happy.
The nominal part can be expressed:
1) noun
2) adjective
3) adverb
4) a numeral or a combination of a numeral and a noun
5) pronoun
6) communion
7) syntactically indivisible combination
Complicated predicate
The complication of compound verbal and nominal predicates is usually carried out due to the use of an additional phase or modal verb in their composition. A complicated predicate (it is also called a compound predicate) includes three (or more) words and may consist of:
a) from several verbs and represent a complicated compound verb predicate: I decided to start playing sports;
b) from verbs and names and represent a complicated compound nominal predicate: Yes, I confess, gentlemen, I really want to be a general.
More on the topic TYPES OF PREDICIALS AND WAYS OF ITS EXPRESSION:
- 17. Types of the predicate and ways of expressing it in a two-part sentence. Questions of coordination of the subject and the predicate.
