Dictionary of Ukrainian surnames. What surnames are actually Ukrainian

Surnames beginning with "enko" are known to be considered typically "Ukrainian".

Although they are also common in Belarus, where the number of their carriers is 1 million people, that is, every tenth. However, they are mostly residents of Mozyr, Rechitsa, Gomel, etc. that is, where Ukraine is not far away. Therefore, the influence of the Ukrainian factor is undoubted.

In Russia, the Baltic states, etc. all the more so, almost all carriers of the surname on "enko" are somehow connected with Ukraine.

Where did they come from in Ukraine? Why exactly this form has become characteristic for Ukraine? But for Russia and Belarus, analogues are still rare (-yonok, -onok)

The fact is that, in fact, it was not originally a surname in the current sense of the word, that is, a generic name (nomen in the Roman tradition), that is, a certain proper name, which is passed from father to son identifying the genus as such.

In fact, the form "on enko" is something like the modern concept of "patronymic" only on the contrary "sonship" if I may say so.

That is, someone came to sign up by the nickname Ugrin - it was written by Old Ugrin. And the son was written to Ugrinenko. That is, "ugrenenok" in the vocative case. The letter ё in Russian of the 17th century also did not exist. Even in the time of Pushkin, there were disputes about how to correctly say "immortal" or "immortal".
That is, Ugrenenko is a vocative case from Ugrenenko. In modern Russian for the Magyars, the Polish version of "Hungarians" is used. In traditional Russian - Ugrians, and Hungarian, respectively, Ugrin. That is, "Ugrinenko" is the son of a Hungarian, Ugrin. Moskalenko, respectively, is the son of a Muscovite (Moscow Rusyn). Lyashenko, respectively, the son of a Pole (Pole) Litvinenko, respectively, the son of a Litvin (Belarusian). It is characteristic that the surname "Ukrainchenko" somehow does not occur here. Well, this is so clear.

But the absence of the “Rusinenko” option is much more curious, however, this is quite understandable because the Rusyns were either Muscovites or Litvins. In principle, no other Rusyns existed. Because the names "Litvinenko" and "Moskalenko" are, but "Rusinenko" is not. Zhidenka is also absent for obvious reasons. No one recorded them anywhere in any military registers.

For reasons other than military registers, there was no reason at all to keep records.

That is, when in Ukraine, which was then part of the Commonwealth, they began to register in the register, for example, registered Cossacks, etc. in the 17th century, father and sons often came. Accordingly, the father was recorded "as is" while the sons were recorded by adding the traditional diminutive suffix "enk". (by the way, it is in this form that it is traditionally in Russian, in modern Ukrainian it would be "enk"). The ending "-o" is due to the fact that it is a vocative case.

By type Cook - a cook, Leo - a lion cub. Malets - little boy, etc.

Moreover, for modern literary Ukrainian, this suffix, even in the form "enk", in this meaning is not very typical. For example, instead of "fox" - "fox" instead of "elephant" - "elephant", etc. However, there is a “richenka”, “pisenka”, etc.

Thus it is a traditional Russian suffix, but spread as "sonship" in Ukraine in the 17th century. Especially in the Bratslov Voivodeship, that is, the Podolia region.

However, as a "surname" in the modern sense of the word, it began to spread massively exclusively in the 30s of the XX century during the period of mass Soviet passartization. Most of the peasants did not have any surnames at all in principle.

That is why the passport offices of the Ukrainian SSR, to which such a "tradition" was recommended, without further ado, cling to the nickname or name of the father or grandfather, just this very "enko".

Hence all these Nikolaenki, Efimenki, Fomenki, Pivovarenki and so on. Because it is clear that if these were traditional Ukrainian surnames and not a remake of the Soviet regime, it would be Mykolenko, Yohimenko, Khomenko, Brovarenko, etc.

It is with this Stalinist passportization that the fact is connected that on the territory of the former Ukrainian SSR, which was part of the USSR in the 30s, there is a completely prohibitive number of people bearing the surname "enko". And not by any tradition of the 17th century. In that part of Ukraine that was not part of the USSR, that is, Galicia, Volyn, etc. surnames beginning with "enko" are almost exclusively migrants from more eastern regions.

This explains the incident why the form on "enko" without a soft sign (enko), which is completely not typical for just the modern literary Ukrainian language.

There was nothing like this in Belarus. There was no order to write down all Belarusian peasants in the form of a patronymic, that is, in "ovich". Therefore, in Belarus, surnames with "ovich" are about one and a half million people, which is about 15 percent of the population. Basically, in Belarus, surnames are formed according to the same scheme as in Russia, that is, from the masculine gender, the possessive suffix "ov" "ev" from the female "in".

Well, that is, from "oak" there will be "oaks" from "birch" - birch.

Another thing is that since the Belarusian language was still different from Russian, then, for example, Bochkarev and Kuznetsov are by no means Belarusian surnames. Unlike Kovalev and Bondarev. However, in Russian cooper, too, may well be. As it is possible for a forger, from the word forge and not from the word forge.

Initially, this form is just a middle name. That is, Ivanov is a patronymic, that is, Ivanov's son. While "ovich" is both a patronymic and here is "sonship". "ich" is one of the oldest Slavic suffixes for "sonship".

Example. Tsarevich. That is, the son of the Tsar = the Tsar's son + ich, that is, it is shown that it is the son and not the servant, etc.

However, later the patronymic turned into a surname, and the category of sonship in combination with the patronymic became just a patronymic.

That is, Ivan-ov from a patronymic became a surname, that is, a generic name (nomen)
While Ivan-ov-ich became just a patronymic.

That is, if a person has a surname in "enko", this only indicates that one of his male ancestors most likely lived on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR at least in the 30s of the 20th century. It is clear that ethnically it could be anyone, just as the rest of the ancestors of this person can also be anyone.

Where did such surnames as Yushchenko, Khmelnitsky, Gavrilyuk and Shevchenko come from? What do Tyagnibok and Zhuiboroda have in common?

This unique "-enko"

Surnames ending in the suffix "-enko" are considered the most typical for Ukrainians, and not because they make up the largest group, but because they practically do not occur among other Slavic peoples. The fact that such surnames became widespread in Russia is explained by the fact that the Ukrainians, after joining the Muscovite state in 1654, constituted the second largest ethnic group after the Russians.

It should be noted that Ukrainian surnames came into use earlier than Russian ones. The very first mention of a surname with the suffix "-enko" dates back to the 16th century. Their localization was typical for Podolia, a little less often for the Kiev region, Zhytomyr region and Galicia. Later, they began to actively spread to Eastern Ukraine.

Researcher Stepan Bevzenko, who studied the register of the Kyiv regiment of the middle of the 17th century, notes that surnames ending in "-enko" accounted for approximately 60% of the entire list of the regiment's family names. The suffix "-enko" is a diminutive, emphasizing the connection with the father, which literally meant "small", "young man", "son". For example, Petrenko is the son of Peter or Yushchenko is the son of Yusk.

Later, the ancient suffix lost its direct meaning and began to be used as a family component. In particular, it became an addition not only for patronymics, but also for nicknames and professions - Zubchenko, Melnichenko.

Polish influence

For a long time, most of today's Ukraine was part of the Commonwealth, which left its mark on the process of forming surnames. Surnames in the form of adjectives ending in "-sky" and "-tsky" were especially popular. Toponyms - the names of territories, settlements, water bodies - were mainly their basis.

Initially, surnames with similar endings were worn exclusively by the Polish aristocracy, as a designation of the rights to own a particular territory - Potocki, Zamoyski. Later, such suffixes also spread to Ukrainian surnames, adding to the names and nicknames - Artemovsky, Khmelnitsky.

Historian Valentin Bendyug notes that from the beginning of the 18th century, “noble families” began to be assigned to those who had an education, first of all, this concerned priests. Thus, according to the researcher's calculations, over 70% of the clergy of the Volyn diocese bore surnames with the suffixes "-tsky" and "-sky".

The appearance in Western Ukraine of surnames with endings in “-uk”, “-chuk”, “-yuk”, “-ak” also occurred during the period of the Commonwealth. Baptismal names became the basis for such surnames, but later any others. This helped to solve the problem of identification - the isolation of a particular person from society and the separation of a Ukrainian from a gentry. This is how Gavrilyuk, Ivanyuk, Zakharchuk, Kondratyuk appeared, although over time these suffixes became more widely used - Popelnyuk, Kostelnyuk.

Eastern trail

Linguists have established that there are at least 4,000 Turkic words in the Ukrainian language. This is due to the active resettlement of some Turkic and other eastern peoples in the Black Sea and Dnieper region in connection with the increased Islamization of the Caucasus and Central Asian regions.
All this directly affected the formation of Ukrainian surnames. In particular, the Russian ethnologist L. G. Lopatinsky argued that the family ending “-ko”, common in Ukraine, comes from the Adyghe “kyo” (“kue”), denoting “descendant” or “son”.

For example, the frequently encountered surname Shevchenko, according to the researcher, goes back to the word "sheudzhen", which the Circassians called Christian priests. The descendants of the “sheudzhen” who moved to the Ukrainian lands began to add the ending “-ko” - this is how they turned into Shevchenko.
It is curious that surnames ending in “-ko” are still found among some Caucasian peoples and Tatars, and many of them are very similar to Ukrainian ones: Gerko, Zanko, Kushko, Khatko.

Lopatinsky also attributes Ukrainian surnames ending in "-uk" and "-yuk" to Turkic roots. So, as evidence, he cites the names of the Tatar khans - Kuchuk, Tayuk, Payuk. The researcher of Ukrainian onomastics G. A. Borisenko supplements the list with Ukrainian surnames with a wide variety of endings, which, in his opinion, are of Adyghe origin - Babiy, Bogma, Zigura, Kekukh, Legeza, Prykhno, Shakhray.

And, for example, the surname Dzhigurda - an example of the Ukrainian-Circassian anthroponymic correspondence - consists of two words: Dzhikur - the name of the Zikh governor of Georgia and David - the Georgian king. In other words, Dzhigurda is Dzhikur under David.

Cossack nicknames

The environment of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks contributed to the formation of a large number of the most diverse nicknames, behind which serfs and representatives of other classes, who had escaped from dependence, hid their origin for security reasons.
“According to the rules of the Sich, the newcomers had to leave their names behind the outer walls and enter the Cossack world with the name that would best describe them,” writes researcher V. Sorokopud.
Many of the bright and colorful nicknames, consisting of two parts - a verb in the imperative mood and a noun, subsequently turned into surnames without any suffixes: Zaderykhvist, Zhuiboroda, Lupybatko, Nezdiiminoga.
Some of the surnames can be found even now - Tyagnibok, Sorokopud, Vernigora, Krivonos. A number of modern surnames went from one-component Cossack nicknames - Bulava, Gorobets, Bereza.

ethnic diversity

The diversity of Ukrainian surnames is the result of the influence of those states and peoples, under whose influence Ukraine has been for centuries. It is interesting that for a long time Ukrainian surnames were the product of free word creation and could change several times. Only at the end of the 18th century, in connection with the decree of the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, all surnames acquired a legal status, including in the territories of Ukraine, which were part of Austria-Hungary.

Professor Pavel Chuchka points out that one should distinguish between a “Ukrainian surname” and a surname belonging to a Ukrainian. For example, the surname Schwartz, which is still found in Ukraine, has German roots, but its derivative Shvartsyuk (son of Schwartz) is already typically Ukrainian.

Due to foreign influence, Ukrainian surnames often acquire a very specific sound. So, for example, the surname Yovban, according to Chuchka, has always been prestigious, since it comes from the name of St. Job, which is pronounced Yovb in Hungarian. But the researcher sees the surname Penzenik in the Polish word “penzit”, which translates as to scare.

With each year of his life, a person expands the choice of communication more and more, getting to know new people. In order for a new acquaintance to contact you, you need to make a good impression on him. To avoid uncomfortable situations, it is important to know what nationality the person in front of you is in order to behave in accordance with the moral and ethical standards of his country. By most surnames, you can accurately determine the nationality of your friends, neighbors, business partners, etc.

Russians - use surnames with suffixes -an, -yn, -in, -skikh, -ov, -ev, -skoy, -tskoy, -ih, -yh (Snegirev, Ivanov, Voronin, Sinitsyn, Donskoy, Moscow, Sedykh) ;

Belarusians - typical Belarusian surnames end in -ich, -chik, -ka, -ko, -onak, -yonak, -uk, -ik, -ski. (Radkevich, Dubrova, Parshonok, Kuharchik, Kastsyushka); many surnames in the Soviet years were Russified and Polished (Dubrovsky, Kosciuszko);

Poles - most of the surnames have the suffix -sk, -ck, and the ending -y (-th), indicating masculine and feminine gender (Sushitsky, Kovalskaya, Khodetsky, Volnitskaya); there are also double surnames - if a woman, when getting married, wants to leave her surname (Mazur-Komorovskaya); in addition to these surnames, surnames with an unchanged form are also common among the Poles (Nowak, Sienkiewicz, Wuytsik, Wozniak). Ukrainians with surname endings in -y are not Ukrainians, but Ukrainian Poles.;

Ukrainians - the first classification of surnames of a given nationality is formed with the help of suffixes -enko, -ko, -uk, -yuk (Kreschenko, Grishko, Vasilyuk, Kovalchuk); the second series denotes the kind of any craft or occupation (Potter, Koval); the third group of surnames consists of separate Ukrainian words (Gorobets, Ukrainians, Parubok), as well as a merger of words (Vernigora, Nepiyvoda, Bilous).

Latvians - a surname ending in -s, -is denotes a feature for the masculine gender, and -a, -e for the feminine (Verbitskis - Verbitska, Shurins - Shurin)

Lithuanians - male surnames end in -onis, -unas, -utis, -aitis, -enas (Pyatrenas, Norvydaitis), female surnames are formed from the husband's surname using the suffixes -en, -yuven, -uven and endings -e (Grinius - Grinuvene), the surnames of unmarried girls contain the basis of the father's surname with the addition of the suffixes -ut, -polut, -ait and the endings -e (Orbakas - Orbakaite);

Estonians - male and female with the help of surnames do not differ, all foreign surnames (mostly German) were Estonianized at one time (Rosenberg - Roozimäe), this process is still in effect today. for example, in order to be able to play for the Estonian national team, football players Sergei Khokhlov and Konstantin Kolbasenko had to change their names to Simson and Nahk;

The French - many surnames are prefixed with Le or De (Le Pen, Mol Pompadour); mostly dissimilar nicknames and personal names were used to form surnames (Robert, Jolie, Cauchon - a pig);

Romanians: -sku, -u(l), -an.

Serbs: -ich.

English - the following surnames are common: formed from the names of the place of residence (Scott, Wales); designating a profession (Hoggart - a shepherd, Smith - a blacksmith); indicating the outward appearance of character and appearance (Armstrong - strong, Sweet - sweet, Bragg - bragging);

Germans - surnames formed from personal names (Werner, Peters); surnames that characterize a person (Krause - wavy, Klein - small); surnames indicating the type of activity (Müller - miller, Lehmann - geomor);

Swedes - most surnames end in -sson, -berg, -steady, -strom (Andersson, Olsson, Forsberg, Bostrom);

Norwegians - are formed from personal names using the suffix -en (Larsen, Hansen), surnames can occur without suffixes and endings (Per, Morten); Norwegian surnames can repeat the names of animals, trees and natural phenomena (Blizzard - blizzard, Svane - swan, Furu - pine);

Italians - surnames are characterized by the suffixes -ini, -ino, -ello, -illo, -etti, -etto, -ito (Benedetto, Moretti, Esposito), can end in -o, -a, -i (Conti, Giordano, Costa ); the prefixes di- and- denote, respectively, the person's belonging to his genus and geographical structure (Di Moretti is the son of Moretti, Da Vinci is from Vinci);

Spaniards and Portuguese - have surnames ending in -ez, -az, -iz, -oz (Gomez, Lopez), surnames that indicate the character of a person are also common (Alegre - joyful, Bravo - brave, Malo - horseless);

Turks - most often surnames end in -oglu, -ji, -zade (Mustafaoglu, Ekindzhi, Kuindzhi, Mammadzade), Turkish names or household words were often used in the formation of surnames (Ali, Abaza - fool, Kolpakchi - hat);

Bulgarians - almost all Bulgarian surnames are formed from personal names and suffixes -ov, -ev (Konstantinov, Georgiev);

Gagauz: -oglo.

Tatars: -in, -ishin.

Greeks - the surnames of the Greeks cannot be confused with any other surnames, only they have the endings -idis, -kos, -pulos (Angelopoulos, Nikolaidis);

Czechs - the main difference from other surnames is the obligatory ending -ova in female surnames, even if where it would seem inappropriate (Valdrova, Ivanovova, Andersonova).

Georgians - common surnames ending in -shvili, -dze, -uri, -ava, -a, -ua, -ia, -ni, -li, -si (Baratashvili, Mikadze, Adamia, Karchava, Gvishiani, Tsereteli);

Armenians - a significant part of the surnames of the inhabitants of Armenia have the suffix -yan (Hakopyan, Galustyan); Also, -yants, -uni.

Moldovans: -sku, -u(l), -an.

Azerbaijanis - formed surnames, taking Azerbaijani names as a basis and attaching Russian suffixes -ov, -ev to them (Mamedov, Aliyev, Gasanov, Abdullayev). Also, -zade, -li, ly, -oglu, -kyzy.

Jews - the main group is made up of surnames with roots Levi and Cohen (Levin, Levitan Kagan, Koganovich, Katz); the second group originated from male and female Jewish names with the addition of various suffixes (Yakobson, Yakubovich, Davidson, Godelson, Tsivyan, Beilis, Abramovich, Rubinchik, Vigdorchik, Mandelstam); the third classification of surnames reflects the character of a person, the features of his appearance or belonging to a profession (Kaplan is a chaplain, Rabinovich is a rabbi, Melamed is a pestun, Schwarzbard is black-bearded, Stiller is quiet, Shtarkman is strong).

Ossetians: -ty.

Mordva: -yn, -in.

Chinese and Koreans - for the most part, these are surnames consisting of one, less often two syllables (Tang, Liu, Duan, Qiao, Choi, Kogai);

Japanese - modern Japanese surnames are formed by the merger of two meaningful words (Wada - sweetness and rice field, Igarashi - 50 storms, Katayama - hill, Kitamura - north and village); The most common Japanese surnames are: Takahashi, Kobayashi, Kato, Suzuki, Yamamoto.

As you can see, in order to determine the nationality of a person, it is enough to accurately analyze his last name, highlighting the suffix and ending.

WHAT DO SURNAMES ON "-IN" MEAN? SURNAMES ENDING IN -IN HAVE RUSSIAN ROOT OR JEWISH?

In the collection of the famous Slavic linguist B. O Unbegaun "Russian Surnames" one can read that surnames beginning with "in" are predominantly the Russian type of surnames.

Why the ending "-in"? Basically, all surnames ending in "in" come from words ending in -а/-я and from feminine nouns ending in a soft consonant.

There are not isolated examples of erroneous attachment of -in to stems with a final solid consonant: Orekhin, Karpin, Markin, where -ov should have been. And in another case -ov turned out to be in place -in: Shishimorov from the basis of shishimora. It is possible to mix formants. After all, among Russians -in and -ov have been semantically indistinguishable for more than a thousand years. The meaning of the difference was lost even in the common Slavic language, the choice of -ov or -in depends only survivingly on the phonetic feature of the stem (Nikonov "Geography of Surnames").

Do you know how the surname of the famous leader of the people's militia of 1611-1612, Minin, came about? Minin had a personal nickname Sukhoruk, he did not have a last name. And Minin meant "son of Mina". The Orthodox name "Mina" was widespread in Rus'.

Another old Russian surname is Semin, also a surname with "-in". According to the main version, the surname Semin goes back to the baptismal male name Semyon. The name Semyon is the Russian form of the ancient Jewish name Simeon, meaning "hearing", "heard by God." On behalf of Semyon in Rus', many derivative forms were formed, one of which - Syoma - formed the basis of this surname.

The well-known Slavic linguist B. O. Unbegaun in the collection “Russian Surnames” believes that the surname Semin was formed from the baptismal Russian name according to the following scheme: “Semyon - Syoma - Semin”.

Let us give another example of a surname, which we studied in detail in the family diploma. Rogozhin is an old Russian surname. According to the main version, the surname keeps the memory of the profession of distant ancestors. One of the first representatives of the Rogozhins could be engaged in the manufacture of matting, or trade in fabric.

Rogozhey was called a coarse woven fabric from bast tapes. A bast hut (bast mat, bast mat) in Rus' was called a workshop where mats were woven, and a bast weaver was called a bast weaver or a bast mat merchant.

In their close circle, Rogozhnik's household was known as "Rogozhin's wife", "Rogozhin's son", "Rogozhin's grandchildren". Over time, the terms denoting the degree of kinship disappeared, and the hereditary surname - Rogozhins - was assigned to the descendants of Rogozhin.

Such Russian surnames ending in "-in" include: Pushkin (Pushka), Gagarin (Gagara), Borodin (Beard), Ilyin (Ilya), Ptitsyn (Bird); Fomin (from the personal name of Thomas); Belkin (from the nickname "squirrel"), Borozdin (Furrow), Korovin (Cow), Travin (Grass), Zamin and Zimin (winter) and many others

Please note that the words from which surnames are formed with "in" mostly end in "-a" or "-ya". We will not be able to say "Borodov" or "Ilyinov", it would be more logical and sonorous to pronounce "Ilyin" or "Borodin".

Why do some people think that surnames ending in "-in" have Jewish roots? Is it really? No, this is not true, one cannot judge the origin of a surname by one ending. The sound of Jewish surnames coincides with Russian endings just by pure chance.

It is always necessary to research the surname itself. The ending "ov", for some reason, does not cause us doubts. We believe that surnames ending in "-ov" are definitely Russian. But there are exceptions. For example, we recently prepared a beautiful family diploma for a wonderful family named Maksyutov.

The surname Maksyutov has the ending "ov", common among Russian surnames. But, if you explore the surname more deeply, it turns out that the surname Maksyutov is formed from the Tatar male name "Maksud", which, translated from Arabic, means "desire, premeditated intention, aspiration, goal", "long-awaited, desired". The name Maksud had several dialect variants: Maksut, Mahsud, Mahsut, Maksut. This name is still widespread among the Tatars and Bashkirs to this day.

"The surname Maksyutov is an old princely surname of Tatar origin. Historical sources speak of the ancient origin of the surname Maksyutov. The surname was first documented in the 16th century: from Prince Maksut of Kasimov (1554), in the genealogical legend, Prince Maksut was called a lancer and a descendant of Tsarevich Kasim. Now there is almost no doubt about the origin of the surname.

How to find out if the surname on -in is of Jewish origin or is it a native Russian surname? Always analyze the word that underlies your last name.

Here are examples of Jewish surnames ending in "-in" or "-ov": Edmin (derived from the name of the German city of Emden), Kotin (derived from the Hebrew קטן- in the Ashkenazi pronunciation "kotn", meaning "small"), Eventov (derived from Hebrew “even tov” - “precious stone”), Khazin (derived from the Hebrew “khazan”, in the Ashkenazi pronunciation “khazn”, meaning “a person leading worship in the synagogue”), Superfin (translated means “very beautiful”) and a lot others.

The ending "-in" is just an ending by which one cannot judge the nationality of a surname. You always need to research the surname, analyze the word that underlies it and try to search in various books and archival documents for the first mention of your surname. Only when all the information has been collected will you be able to establish with certainty the origin of your surname and find answers to your questions.

SURNAMES ENDING IN √ SKIY/-SKAYA, -TSKIY/-TSKAYA

Many Russians have a firm and unfounded conviction that surnames in -sky are necessarily Polish. From history textbooks, the names of several Polish magnates are known, formed from the names of their possessions: Pototsky and Zapototsky, Zablotsky, Krasinsky. But from the same textbooks, the names of many Russians with the same suffixes are known: Konstantin Grigorievich Zabolotsky, roundabout of Tsar John III, late 15th - early 16th centuries; clerk Semyon Zaborovsky, early 16th century; boyars Shuisky and Belsky, close associates of Ivan the Terrible. Famous Russian artists Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Makovsky, Kramskoy.

An analysis of modern Russian surnames shows that forms in -sky (-tsky) exist in parallel with variants in -ov (-ev, -in), but there are fewer of them. For example, in Moscow in the 70s of the twentieth century, for 330 people with the surname Krasnov / Krasnova, there were only 30 with the surname Krasnovsky / Krasnovskaya. But rather rare surnames Kuchkov and Kuchkovsky, Makov and Makovsky are presented almost equally.

A significant part of the surnames ending in -sky / -skaya, -tsky / -tskaya are formed from geographical and ethnic names. In the letters of our readers who want to know about the origin of their surnames, the following surnames are mentioned in -sky / -sky.

Brynsky. The author of this letter, Evgeny Sergeevich Brynsky, himself sent the story of his last name. We give only a small piece of the letter, since it is not possible to publish it in its entirety. Bryn - the river of the Kaluga region, flows into the tributary of the Oka Zhizdra. In the old days, large dense Bryn forests stretched along it, in which the Old Believers took refuge. According to the epic about Ilya Muromets, it was in the Bryn forests that the Nightingale the Robber lived. We add that there are several settlements Bryn in the Kaluga and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. The surname Brynski / Brynska found in Poland is formed from the name of two settlements Brynsk in different parts of the country and also, apparently, goes back to the names of the rivers Bryn, Brynica. There is no uniform interpretation of the names of these rivers in science. If the suffix -ets is added to the name of an inhabited place, then such a word denotes a native of this place. In the Crimea in the 60s - 70s of the XX century, the winegrower Maria Bryntseva was well known. Her surname is derived from the word brynets, that is, a native of the city or village of Bryn.

Garbavitsky. This Belarusian surname corresponds to the Russian Gorbovitsky (in the Belarusian language, the letter a is written in place of the unstressed o). The surname is formed from the name of some settlement of Gorbovitsa. In the materials we have, there are only Gorbov, Gorbovo and Gorbovtsy. All these names come from the designations of the terrain: humpback - hillock, sloping hill.

Dubovskaya. The surname is formed from the name of one of the numerous settlements: Dubovka, Dubovo, Dubovoe, Dubovskaya, Dubovsky, Dubovskoye, Dubovtsy, located in all parts of the country. To find out from which one, it is possible only according to the information preserved in the family, where the ancestors who received this surname lived, or where they came from to their place of further residence. Emphasis in the surname on "o": Dubovsky / Dubovskaya.

Steblivsky. The Ukrainian surname, corresponding to the Russian one, is Steblevsky; formed from the names of settlements Steblevka in the Transcarpathian region or Steblev-Cherkasy. In Ukrainian orthography, i is written in place of the second e.

Tersky. The surname comes from the name of the Terek River and indicates that one of the distant ancestors of this person lived there. There were the Terek region and the Terek Cossacks. So the bearers of the surname Tersky may also be descendants of the Cossacks.

Uryansky. The surname, apparently, is formed from the name of the settlement Urya. In our materials, such a name is recorded in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Perhaps there are similar names in other places, since the name of the inhabited place is associated with the name of the river and with the designation of the Ur ethnic group, as well as with the name of the medieval Turkic people Uryanka. Similar names could be found in different places, since medieval peoples led a nomadic lifestyle and assigned the name of their ethnic group to those places where they lingered for a long time.

Chiglinsky. The surname comes from the name of the settlement Chigla in the Voronezh region, which, apparently, is associated with the designation of the union of the medieval Turkic tribes Chigili.

Shabansky. The surname is formed from the names of the settlements Shabanovo, Shabanovskoye, Shabanskoye, located in different parts of the country. These names come from the Turkic name Shaban of Arabic origin. In Arabic, sha "ban is the name of the eighth month of the lunar calendar. The name Shaban was also attested in Russian peasant families in the 15th-17th centuries. In parallel with this, the spelling variant Shiban was noted in Russian - obviously, by analogy with the Russian shibat, zashibat. In the records Prince Ivan Andreevich Shiban Dolgoruky is mentioned in 1570-1578, Osip Shiban and Danilo Shikhman Yermolaevich Kasatkin, the stirrup grooms of Tsar Feodor Ioannovich, were mentioned in 1584. Vasily Shibanov, the servant of Prince Kurbsky, was executed by Ivan the Terrible in 1564.

In addition, the name of the ethnic group of the Siberian Tatars, the Shibans, and the generic name of the Crimean Tatars, the Shiban Murzas, are known. In the Perm region there is a settlement Shibanovo, and in the Ivanovo region - Shibanikha.

Different types of proper names are so closely related to each other: personal names, geographical and ethnic names, as well as surnames.

By their origin and meaning, most Ukrainian surnames are closely related to Russian ones. There is nothing surprising in this, since both those and other surnames take their roots in the history of the Slavic peoples. At the same time, Ukrainian surnames are noticeably different from typical Russian surnames.

Surnames formed with suffixes.

The most typical suffix for the surnames of the inhabitants of the Dnieper Ukraine is the suffix -enk-. According to historical documents, the first mention of such surnames dates back to the 16th century. According to historians, the suffix and the ending –enko are of Turkic origin. Over the next centuries, surnames ending in -enko became widespread (more than half of the total number of surnames) among the Cossacks from the Left Bank of the Dnieper, in the Kiev region and some other regions. It was not uncommon to switch from a surname without a suffix to a surname with a suffix. For example, Komar - Komarenko.

Other similar ways of changing surnames into the Ukrainian way are the addition of suffixes -eyk- (Bateyko), -ochk- (Marochko), -ko (Andreiko).

Some suffixes, with which Ukrainian surnames are formed, belong to the category of toponymic suffixes and are common not only among Ukrainians, but also among Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Bulgarians and other Slavic peoples. So, the suffix -sk- or -tsk- was often found among representatives of the Ukrainian nobility, whose surnames were formed according to the name of the family estate. For example, Gorodets - Gorodetsky. Other varieties of toponymic suffixes are -ovsk- (-ivsky), -evsk-. Examples of surnames: Baranovsky, Grinevsky.

Characteristic for Ukrainian surnames are the patronymic suffixes -ich- (-ych-) and -uk- (-yuk-). The latter denote "someone's servant, disciple or son." For example, the meaning of the surname Tarasyuk may sound like "son of Taras." In addition, among immigrants from different regions of Ukraine, there may be various suffixes characteristic of these regions. For example, in the regions that were once part of Little Russia, Russian and related endings -ov, -ev and -iv are common. With the help of these suffixes, Ukrainian surnames were Russified and took on the form, for example, like this: Porechenko - Porechenkov.

You can also list surnames with suffixes that are found mainly among Ukrainians: Paliy (suffix -iy, in Transcarpathia is more common -ey), Shcherbak (suffix -ak), Pasichnyk (suffix -nick) and others.

Surnames derived from other words

The origin of many Ukrainian surnames can be easily traced if you pay attention to what words they are formed from. Often young people were given surnames according to the occupation of their parents, the name of the father or his nickname. So, for example, the surname Kovalenko comes from the word "forger", the translation of which sounds like "blacksmith". Also, surnames formed from the names of professions include Grabar (digger), Kravets (tailor), Rybalko (fisherman), etc.

Surnames formed from first names are very popular among Ukrainians. Usually such surnames appeared when young Cossacks were recorded by the name of their father - Zakharchenko, Yushchenko, Vasyuchenko. It is not uncommon for surnames formed from nouns, from the names of animals, and also made up of several words. For example, Share (fate), Koshara (flock of sheep), Gogol (bird), Shchur (rat), Krasnoshapka (red hat), Ryabokon (speckled horse), etc.

Cossack Sich surnames

These Ukrainian surnames should be taken out in a separate paragraph for their unusualness. As a rule, they consist of two parts - a verb and a noun, and have a pronounced emotional coloring. Surnames such as Zaderikhvist or Lupybatko are designed to tune in a certain way, giving rise to many images in the mind.

These flowery surnames owe their appearance to the tradition, according to which those who arrived in the Sich had to leave the old name outside its borders and pick up a new one that would correspond to their character.

Female Ukrainian surnames

Feminine forms in Ukrainian do not exist for all surnames. As a rule, they are used for those surnames that are morphologically identified as adjectives ending in –sky (Khovansky - Khovanskaya), as well as for surnames that sound close to Russian ones (Shugaev - Shugaeva).

Other surnames common among Ukrainians do not have a separate female form. As an exception, Western Ukrainian surnames ending in -iv or -ishin can be cited. Sometimes you can find female variants of these surnames (for example, Pavliv - Pavliva). In addition, in a colloquial conversation, one can hear how from a surname ending in -yuk, they form a female form ending in -yuchka (Serdyuk - Serduchka). However, this is not a literary norm.

They have a very branched formation morphology. Of the large number of suffixes that form Ukrainian surnames, only a few can be divided into regions. However, even this division has its exceptions and ambiguities.

Most Ukrainian surnames are formed with suffixes from the following groups:

So, suffixes -uk, -yuk, -shin, -in, -ov often from others they are found in Volhynia, Polissya, Podolia, Bukovina, partially in Galicia and Transcarpathia. Their exceptions in general do not require detailed consideration.

II) Regarding suffixes -enko and -enko it is generally accepted that the surnames formed from them are traditional for the Dnieper region, since it is in this region that they are most common. However, their "feature" needs to be considered in more detail than in the first group, since their exceptions are radically different.

Origin itself suffixes -enko and -enko from the Dnieper region is mainly mentioned from the time of the Cossacks. Therefore, the popularization of surnames with such suffixes was caused by poetic creativity and fiction based on historical texts. Despite this, the region itself - the Dnieper region - did not occupy the "first and exclusive" place in this issue. According to the study of M. L. Khudash, personal names with suffix -enko for the first time fix Latin-Polish written monuments from the western territory in the first half of the 15th century [ ].

Surnames with suffix -enko are documented in the Lemkivshchyna on both sides of the Carpathians, both in modern Poland and in modern Slovakia back in the 18th century, when the process of surname stabilization in Ukraine had not yet been completed, but about the "transfer" of the carriers themselves or the "borrowing" of such surnames from this suffix was out of the question.

After a significant part of the Ukrainian lands came under the rule of the Habsburgs (later the Austrian Empire) - Subcarpathian Rus from the 16th century, Galicia from 1772 and Bukovina from 1774, a government patent was issued on April 12, 1785 on the procedure for compiling a description by local commissions, which put the beginning of the creation of the land cadastre, known in the historical literature under the name "Yosifinska metric (1785-1788)" .

Strange as it may seem, in particular for the modern belief regarding the "origin" suffix -enko, however, this Land Cadastre documents that in the northern (Galician) part of the Lemkivshchyna out of 353 villages in 35 villages there were carriers of surnames with suffix -enko up to twenty "five varieties. More varieties of surname with suffix -enko are found in the eastern part of the Galician Lemko region, while only two varieties in its western part. The most remote settlement in the west of the Galician Lemkovshchina, where the surname meets suffix -enko XVIII century is the village of Wojkowa (Wojkowa) in the modern Novosanchevsk (Nowosądecki) county of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship on the current Polish-Slovak border. The document, in particular, submits that during the census (until 1788) two families with the surname "Stesenko" lived in the village of Voikova, and in one of the villages close to it - Tilicz (Tylicz) of the same county, three families are mentioned by the name of "Senko".

These two types of surnames suffix -enko in such a remote western part is a rare manifestation of those exceptions to that general belief-norm, the area of ​​​​used surnames, even in the historical past, does not always come down to one generally accepted region.

The nearest settlement to the villages of Voykova and Tilich, where bearers of surnames with suffix -enko in the western part of the entire Lemkivshchyna is the village of Grabske (Hrabsk?) in the modern Bardiivsky district (okres Bardejov) of the Pryashevsk region (Pre?ovsk? kraj) near the current Slovak-Polish border.

Another "atypical" for common belief location of the bearers of the surname with the same suffix is ​​already the extreme northern border of Podlasie - the Ukrainian ethnic territory in modern Poland. In a village called Dzięciołowo in the modern Moniecki county of the Podlaskie Voivodeship at the end of the 18th century, a family named "Semenenko" is mentioned. The parents of this Ukrainian family had a son in 1814, who later became a famous philosopher and theologian of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland, co-founder of the monastic congregation oo. Voskresintsev (Congregatio a Resurrectione Domini Nostri Iesu Christi (CR) - Peter Semenenko (Piotr Semenenko), who died in Paris in 1886 in the opium of holiness. After the Second World War, the process of his beatification began.

To prove that the origin suffix -enko found much more likely from the time of the Cossacks and outside the traditionally accepted region - the Dnieper region is the actual Polish historiographic material. In the modern borders of Poland, already from the middle of the XIV century, there were settlements with ending-suffix-enko. An example of this is the villages: Korostenko (Krościenko) Korostenko Upper (Krościenko Wyżne) Korostenko Lower (Krościenko Niżne - now within the city limits of Korosno / Krosno) - Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Korostenko nad Dunajce (Krościenko nad Dunajcem) - Lesser Poland Voivodeship. Also at the event of modern Poland, in the Lubuskie Voivodeship, there is the city of Drezdenko (Drezdenko, from the German Driesen), which, despite being part of Germany for many centuries, remains in the historical past a kind of reference point for tension in Polish-German relations, mutual claims and at the same time the growth of the power of the Polish state. In order, in particular, to "dot all the i" and indicate the city's belonging to Polish history and culture, it was renamed, which is considered appropriate for the Polish perception.

In addition, it should be borne in mind that the surnames with suffix -enko, predominantly have the meaning of "son", like a nominal or other kind of form: Vasilenko - the son of Vasily, Gritsenko - the son of Grigory, Stetsenko - the son of Stetsko, Goncharenko - the son of Gonchar, etc., refer to three or more constituent surnames due to some exceptions . Prior to this exception, there are three components of less or less common surnames of a non-nominal form according to the model: Zelenko, Stesenko, etc. To such surnames, as well as to two-syllable surnames such as Senko, Benko, etc. the meaning of "son" does not apply. In these cases suffix -enko has a diminutive for a larger or affectionate meaning. Less or rare surnames do not always find their unambiguous explanation, in contrast to those that do not raise objections regarding the meaning.

Regarding the surnames from the category "students" and "place of residence": Miroshnichuk, Shevchuk, Palamarchuk, Selyuk (village resident), Mishchuk (city resident), they could be formed in the area of ​​formation of surnames with suffixes -enko, -enko

It should also be added that suffixes -enko, -enko and -uk, -yuk, is balanced, because the alternation of sounds was formed through various endings of the bases, to which the suffix was attached. For example:

Peter V- Peter e NCO, Petra To- Petri h enco, Gordy And- Gordy There is NCO

Mikhailovsky V- Mikhailovsky Yu to (for the sake of euphony, it is more often used suffix -yuk, A no-uk), The battle To oh - Fight h uk.

But in the folk language, these suffixes with received equal meaning, so the surnames that were formed from the same name are found in different versions, for example: Denisenko (Denis + enk + v), Denishchenko (Deniska + enk + v), Romanyuk (Roman + yuk ), Romanchuk (Romanko + uk). Here we are dealing with the alternation of consonants. Sometimes the suffixes -chenko / shchenko and -chuk / pike are mistakenly considered. The fact is that patronymic markers - chuk and -chenko are formed from stems ending in -ko: Fedya, Vasya, Vanya, and patronymic markers - shchenko and -shuk are formed due to the alternation of consonants in stems that end in -ko: Deniska, Borisko, Feska.

1. Historical information

Currently, surnames predus are understood as a generic surname, which is transmitted from father to son. Initially, only nicknames were used in Rus', which can be found in the naming of ancient Russian princes and which were inherited. They began to use generic surnames in official office work because of the need to indicate ownership of something only later. Massive tribal surnames are found in written sources relating to Ukrainian lands in the XIV-XVI centuries. At first, family surnames were predominantly rich people who had a fortune (merchants, boyars, magnates, land owners). However, already in the XVII century. almost all Ukrainians had their own surnames, although surnames were often transformed, new surnames could be created on their basis, for example, the son of a person with the surname Koval could receive the surname Kovalenko (son of Koval). Many surnames appeared during the time of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, because when entering the Sich, the Cossack changed his old surname to a new one. Surnames received stability only in the 19th century. It was also common to replace old surnames with an aristocratic (noble-lordly) order, although the gentry and pans in a number of periods tried to counteract this because of the ban on the adoption of certain surnames by commoners. In parallel, official surnames and unofficial nicknames coexisted, which were reflected in Ukrainian business and fiction. .

2. Grammatical features are inherent in Ukrainian surnames

2.1. Meaning of suffixes

Most of the suffixes that form Ukrainian surnames can be divided into groups according to their meaning.

2.1.1. First group

The first and most common group is patronymic, there are suffixes that indicate the father (ancestor) of the person. These are the suffixes:

• • -enk, -enk(Danilenko)
  • -Uk, -yuk(Danilyuk)
  • -Ovic, -ich(Danilovich)
  • -ov(Danilov)
  • diminutives suffixes -ets, -ets, -s, -ko(Danilko)

You can also add a patronymic to this group suffix-tire, applied to the female nickname by the name of her husband. For example: Vasily's son (Vasily's woman) - Vasilishin. Such surnames, most likely, were formed through the leading role of a woman in the family, or (as the reason for this) the early death of the father, and the patronymic suffix did not have time to gain a foothold in the children.

2.1.2. Second group

• The second group are suffixes indicating the profession or characteristic action of the person who gave her a nickname. For example:
  • -th(Paly)
  • -ay(thrust)
  • Lo(shaking)
  • -ylo(Minyailo)
  • -un(Tikhun)
  • -An(Movchan)
  • -ik, -nick(Beekeeper)
  • -Ar(Kobzar)

Before these nicknames (or already surnames), new suffixes could subsequently be added, which formed a new surname, for example: Paliy chuk, Kobzar enko.

2.1.3. Third group

• The third group is suffixes that indicate the place of residence or origin of a person.
  • -Sky, cue. Gentry surnames (Vishnevetsky, Ostrozhsky, Khmelnitsky) indicated a family estate, property, and among ordinary people - where they came from or where they were born (Poltavsky, Khorolsky, Zhitomirsky). This type of surname is also common among Poles and Jews.
  • In some cases -ets, -ets(Kanivets - from Kanev, Kolomiets - from Kolomyia)
  • In some cases th, if the root is a geographical object (Spring, Lanovoy, Gaevoy, Zagrebelny)

2.2. Typical Ukrainian suffixes and surname endings

• -Co: Sirko, Zabuzhko, Tsushko, Klitschko, Danilko, Khoroshko, Prikhodko, Boyko
• -enk, -enk(meaning "someone's son"): Gritsenko, Demyanenko, Shevchenko, Vdovichenko, Potapenko, Tkachenko, Kovalenko, Bondarenko, Kirilenko, Kozubenko, Simonenko, Zlenko, Lukyanenko, Ivanenko, Petrenko, Pavlenko, Parkhomenko, Ogienko, Saenko, Tarasenko , Posvyatenko, Kosenko
• -Yenk: trinkets, Openenko, Potebenko
• - Point (less often - point, - point, - point): Semochko, Tolochko, Marochko (Kiselichka, Osmachka)
• -Ovsky, -ovsky: Baranovsky, Gladkovsky, Stakhovsky, Shovkovsky, Yavorivsky
• - Evsky, - Evskoi(mostly gentry): Alchevsky, Miklashevsky, Mogilevsky, Grinevsky, Trublaevsky
• -Sky, -ky: Kotsiubinsky, Skoropadsky, Saksagansky, Boguslavsky, Staritsky, Boretsky, Kropyvnytsky
• -Ovic, -ich(sometimes of Belarusian origin): Davydovich, Andrukhovich, Shukhevych, Shufrich, Zvarych, Stankovich, Tobilevich
• -ov: Stetskyv, Kaskiv, Petrov, Ivanov, Pavlov, Bartkiv
• -Y: Paly, Crybaby, Povaliy, Red
• -ay: Pull, Mamai, Nechai, Kitsay
• -Y: Mnohosinny , Mirny , Poddubny , Red , Spring , Lanovoy , Inanimate
• -Uk, -yuk: Goncharuk , Dmitruk , Tarasyuk , Palahniuk , Mikhailyuk , Romanyuk , Gnatyuk , Momotyuk
• -Chuk: Shinkarchuk, Kovalchuk, Kravchuk, Shevchuk, Korniychuk, Boychuk, Yaremchuk. The origin of the surname from the type of activity: Koval - Kovalchuk, Shvets - Shevchuk.
• -Pike: Polishchuk (from Polissya), Voloshchuk - Valakh by nationality, Grischuk - son of Grishko;
• -Look: Gorbach, Kosach, Derkach, Filin, Golovach
• -A, -chuck, -how: Shcherbak, Barbazyak, Burlak, Grabchak, Matchak, Rubchak, Zaliznyak, Andrusyak, Prishlyak Chumak
• -ik, -nick: Bilyk, Bortnik, Linnik, Skripnik, Petryk, Berdnik, Pasechnik
• -Ets-ets: Kolomiets, Baranets, Vorobey, Vasylets, Stepanets
• -Su(form of the name, without further attachment of the suffix): Vanya, Romas, Mikitas, Petrus, Andrus
• La: Pritula, Gamula, Gurgula
• Lo: Mazila, Shumilo, Tall, Shaking
• -ylo(from Lithuanian): Mazailo, Tyagailo, Minyailo, Bodailo
• -Ba: Shkraba , Dzyuba , Kandyba , Skiba , Kotsyuba , Zhurba
• -Yes: Bad Weather , Mayboroda , Injustice , Adventure , Baida , Preview
• -Ra: Bandera, Magera, Petliura, Sosyura
• -Ar:(mainly professions):