Glossary of linguistic terms What are synonymous constructions, what does it mean and how is it spelled correctly. The meaning of synonymous constructions in the dictionary of linguistic terms

What are "synonymous constructions"? What is the correct spelling of this word. Concept and interpretation.

synonymous constructions (syntactic synonyms). Constructions that coincide in their meaning with a difference in formal construction, expressed by units of the same syntactic level (word combinations, sentence members, subordinate clauses are synonymous with each other; cf .: parallel syntactic constructions). Stair steps - stair steps. Lermontov's prose - Lermontov's prose. Walk in the evenings - evening walk. Spelling exercises - spelling exercises. Wines from Georgia - Georgian wines. A nine-point storm is a nine-point storm. A tin can is a tin can. Toys for children - children's toys. Swimming underwater - scuba diving. The girl with blonde hair is a blonde girl. Quarterly plan - quarterly plan. Glade e forest - forest glade. Appetite - like a wolf - wolf appetite. The semantic proximity of synonymous constructions, as well as lexical synonyms, does not mean their identity: they differ from each other either in shades of meaning, or in stylistic coloring, or in the degree of usage, figurativeness, etc. So, in the above examples, combinations with controlled nouns express some either a specific meaning (belonging, origin, purpose, etc.), and the adjectives-definitions synonymous with them have the general meaning of a qualitative characteristic, indicate a distinctive stable feature: compare: children's laughter - children's laughter (not necessarily the laughter of a child); shawl from Orenburg (origin) - Orenburg shawl (grade); razor blade (separating relations) - razor blade (defining relations). In pairs: a wool suit - a woolen suit, a bronze candlestick - a bronze candlestick, a leather briefcase - a leather briefcase, etc. - combinations with adjectives-definitions that emphasize the characteristic feature of the object are more common (cf. also: paper for writing - writing paper, a table for work - a desktop, the help of a brother is brotherly help). The combinations of dog barking (cf. dog barking), monkey dexterity (cf. monkey dexterity) are more figurative, since they evoke the idea of ​​a second object - the producer of the action. In such a pair as Tolstoy's stories - Tolstoy's stories, the second option has a colloquial character. Some constructions with adjective-definitions have a figurative meaning (goosebumps, turtle step), are terminological in nature (fish oil, night blindness). see also unprepositional connection, unprepositional phrase, prepositional connection, prepositional phrase.

Samoyedic languages. Languages ​​of the peoples inhabiting the northern and eastern regions of the RSFSR. The most significant of them is the Nenets language.

independent words. The same as significant words.

independent parts of speech cm. parts of speech.

oversegment. Rhythmic-intonation, superimposed on linearly located (segmental) elements of expression following one after another in the flow of speech.

superphrasal(hyperphrasal) unity. The same as a complex syntactic integer.

whistling sounds(sibilants). Anterior lingual dental fricative [h], [h "] and [s], [s"]. When they are formed between the anterior part of the tongue and the hard palate, a narrow gap is formed in the form of a groove, passing through which the air stream produces a sharp noise resembling a whistle.

free base cm. the basis is free (in the article base word).

free phrase. A phrase created in speech according to one of the existing syntactic models, phraseologically unrelated, easily decomposed into its constituent parts. New book, art lecture, listen carefully, very useful.

free stress cm. free stress (in the article accent).

related stem cm. stem bound (in the article the basis words).

associated combination. 1. A phrase that forms a syntactically indecomposable unity (in a sentence it acts as a single member). Three students, several notebooks.

2. A phrase forming a phraseological unit, the meaning of which is not equal to the sum of the meanings of its constituent words. Cm. phraseological turn.

associated root. Same as linked base. Although the first term is used less often, it is more accurate, since the non-derivative basis has a non-free character.

bundle. A service verb or a verb with a weakened lexical meaning, less often a fully-meaning verb, which is part of a compound nominal predicate and expresses its grammatical meaning, i.e. denoting tense, person, number and mood.

The bundle is significant (real, concrete). A verb with the meaning of movement, state, activity, etc., capable of independently acting as a verbal predicate, but in this construction also performing the functions of a link, that is, serving to connect the nominal part with the subject. Onegin lived as an anchorite(Pushkin). I born tumbleweed(Turgenev). She lay dead in the same position in which he had seen her five minutes before.(L. Tolstoy). Fyodor Pavlovich ... went out to her drunk(Dostoevsky). And then Zinaida Fyodorovna walked about all the rooms, pale, with a frightened, indignant face.(Chekhov). Bundle zero cm. zero link. The sheaf is abstract (pure). Verb be in various forms of tense and mood, performing a purely grammatical function. Lizaveta Ivanova was a domestic martyr(P at w-k and n). Infantry is infantry(Perventsev). Grammar and arithmetic are the essence of science(Buslaev). The connection is semi-distracted. A verb with a weakened lexical meaning, connecting the nominal part with the subject and partially expressing the real meaning of the predicate. She seemed like a stranger in her own family(Pushkin). Mind in the grove, the light becomes fire(Krylov). The princess was known as a music lover(Turgenev). He seemed like a chatty, annoying conversationalist(Sh o-l o x o c).

syntactic connection. A connection that serves to express the relationship between the elements of a phrase and a sentence. Communication is subordinating cm. subordination. Communication is coordinative cm. composition.

segment (lat. segmentum - segment). 1. A segment of speech that is singled out as a linear sequence (speech flow) and reproduced without loss of identity in other sequences, which makes it possible to identify the structural units of the language.

2. According to the definition of some researchers (A. S. Popov), the first part of a segmented construction with a double designation: a segment located at the beginning of a text or sentence and expressed, as a rule, in the nominative case of a noun or a phrase headed by this form (nominative representations, or nominative theme, as well as a similar construction), names a person or thing, which in the next part of the sentence receives a second designation in the form of a pronoun. A segment can form an independent phrase, can be part of a subsequent sentence, but in this case, the statement is divided into two parts, which are separated by a pause, the first part being pronounced with an increase in tone, the second beginning with a decrease in tone. Examples of segmented structures: Earth. No one will touch her ... Just cling to her tighter(Simonov). The devil is the most braggart(L. Tolstoy). . Tears of humiliation, they were caustic(Fedy n). Watches - and those here were deck ...(Kazakevich). Initiative is what we lack the most(Nagibin). The infinitive can also act as a segment, for example: Joke, and joke forever! How will you feel about it?(Griboyedov).

segmentation. The division of the speech stream into its constituent segments or elements. Cm. also segment in 2nd value.

semantization. Identification of the meaning, meaning of a language unit.

semantics(from Greek aemantikos - denoting). 1. The semantic side (the meaning of individual language units: morphemes, words, phrases, as well as grammatical forms). 2. Same as semasiology.

semantic conjunctions cm. subordinating conjunctions (in the article union).

semantic field. 1. A set of phenomena or an area of ​​reality that has a correspondence in the language in the form of a thematically united set of lexical units. The semantic field of time, the semantic field of space, the semantic field of emotional experiences etc.

2. A set of words and expressions that form a thematic range and cover a certain range of meanings. Semantic field of time: year, month, week, day, night, hour etc.; duration, duration etc.; long ago, recently, soon etc.

semasiology(from Greek semasia - designation + logos - concept, doctrine). A branch of linguistics that studies the meanings of words and expressions and changes in these meanings.

semiology(from Greek sema - sign + logos - concept, doctrine). Same as semiotics.

semiotics (gr. semiotice from senieion - a sign, sign). The science of sign systems. Cm. also the sign theory of language.

Semitic(Semitic) languages. Languages ​​that form a number of groups that include dead languages ​​​​(Assyro-Babylonian, or Akkadian; Canaanite, or Hebrew-Phoenician; Aramaic; Assyrian, of which modern Aysor is a descendant), modern Arabic, Amharic (the language of the Abyssinians).

language family. A set of groups (branches) of languages, the similarity of which is explained by a common origin. Indo-European family of languages. Finno-Ugric (Ugro-Finnish) family of languages. Turkic family of languages. Semitic family of languages.

sibilants(from lat. sibilans, sibilantis - whistling). The same as whistling sounds.

significative(from lat. significare - to let know, to discover). Revealing the meaning of a given unit of the semantic level (morphemes, words, etc.) in contrast to other units of the same level.

Significant function of sounds. The function of semantic difference. For example, in the words bot, cat, mot, notes, mouth, that the first sounds are meaningful.

force(intensity) sound. The quality of sound, which depends on the amplitude (range) of oscillations, i.e., on the distance between the highest point of rise and the lowest point of incidence of the sound wave: the stronger the range, the stronger the sound.

syllabic writing. Same as syllabary.

power(dynamic) stress cm. power stress (in the article accent).

strong position cm. a strong position (in the article position), strong phoneme cm. the phoneme is strong (in the article phoneme).

strong management cm. management is strong (in the article control).

strong vowel cm. vowel sounds.

synharmonism(from Greek syn - together + harmonia - connection, consonance) (vowel harmony). Assimilation of subsequent vowels in the affixes of a word to the preceding vowels of the root of the same word (a phenomenon characteristic of the Turkic languages). Thus, the plural affix of the Turkish word oda(room) - lar(with vowel A under the influence of the final vowel of the stem root), i.e. rooms - odalar". affix with the same meaning for a word to her(house) ,- ler(with vowel e under the influence of the same root vowel), i.e. at home - euler. Wed also in Hungarian: leves- soup, levesek- soups; saldto- salad, saldtdk- salads.

singularia tantum. A class of nouns used only in the singular. These include:

1) collective nouns. Rags, game, carrion, debris, youth, foliage, relatives, children, the poor, agents, the peasantry, raw materials, spruce forest, headman etc.;

2) abstract nouns, acting in their main function of expressing abstract concepts. Shine, hunger, fear, laughter, tragedy, briefing, whiteness, cutting, running around, enmity, fame, melancholy, community, academic performance, trembling, laziness, power, health, washing, neighborhood, kindness, beauty(But: beauty of nature - in a specific sense) cold(But: winter cold), noise(But: heart murmurs), etc. d.;

3) proper nouns as names of single objects. Leningrad, Volga, Lobachevsky(But:- family. Lobachevsky), America(But: both Americas) etc.;

4) real nouns in their basic meaning. Milk, silver, tes, halva, beef, strawberries, clay(But: red clays - when designating the types of substances), tobacco(But: strong tobaccos- when designating varieties), etc.;

5) single words: burden, udder, flame, crown.

singulatives(from lat. singularis - singular). Same as singular nouns.

synecdoche (gr. synekdoche - connotation). The transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them: the use of the name of the whole instead of the name of the part, the general instead of the particular, and vice versa. The defense asks for the defendant's acquittal(instead of defender). The bosses are pretty(instead of boss). Discerning Buyer(instead of discerning buyers). A car drove into the yard(meaning "car"). As a trope, synecdoche is a kind of metonymy. In synecdoche it is used;

a) a part instead of a whole. All flags will visit us(Pushkin) (meaning "ships");

b) a generic name instead of a specific one. Well, sit down, luminary(Mayakovsky) (instead of Sun)",

c) specific name instead of generic name. Best of all, save a penny(Gogol) (meaning "money");

d) singular instead of plural. And it was heard before dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced(Lerm about n-t about in);

e) plural instead of singular. We all look at Napoleons(Pushkin).

syncope (gr. synkope - abbreviation). Loss of a sound or group of sounds within a word. Only(from Old Russian just so). Alcohol(from lat. spiritus).

synonymy. 1. Section of lexicology that studies synonyms. Theoretical foundations of synonymy.

2. A set of synonyms for any language. Rich synonymy of the Russian language.

3. Same as synonymy. Synonyms of prepositions.

synonymous constructions(syntactic synonyms). Constructions that coincide in their meaning with a difference in formal construction, expressed by units of the same syntactic level (word combinations, sentence members, subordinate clauses are synonymous with each other; compare: parallel syntactic constructions). Stair steps - stair steps. Lermontov's prose - Lermontov's prose. Walk in the evenings - evening walk. Spelling exercises - spelling exercises. Wines from Georgia - Georgian wines. A nine-point storm is a nine-point storm. A tin can is a tin can. Toys for children - children's toys. Swimming underwater - scuba diving. The girl with blonde hair is a blonde girl. Quarterly plan - quarterly plan. Glade e forest - forest glade. Appetite - like a wolf - wolf appetite.

The semantic proximity of synonymous constructions, as well as lexical synonyms, does not mean their identity: they differ from each other either in shades of meaning, or in stylistic coloring, or in the degree of usage, figurativeness, etc. So, in the above examples, combinations with controlled nouns express some or a specific meaning (belonging, origin, purpose, etc.), and the adjectives-definitions synonymous with them have the general meaning of a qualitative characteristic, indicate a distinctive stable feature: Compare: children's laughter - children's laughter(not necessarily the laughter of a child); scarf from Orenburg(origin) - Orenburg shawl (grade); razor blade(separate relationship) - razor blade(defining relations). In pairs:

wool suit - wool suit, bronze candlestick - bronze candlestick, leather briefcase - leather briefcase etc. - more common combinations with adjectives-definitions that emphasize the characteristic feature of the subject (cf. also: paper for writing - writing paper, a table for work - a desktop, brother's help - brotherly help). Combinations barking dogs(cf. dog barking), monkey bone dexterity(cf. monkey dexterity) more figurative, as they evoke an idea of ​​the second object - the producer of the action. In a couple like stories of Tolstoy - Tolstoy stories, The second option is conversational. Some constructions with adjective-definitions have a figurative meaning (goose bump, turtle step) are terminological (fish oil, night blindness). Cm. See also unprepositional connection, unprepositional phrase, prepositional connection, prepositional phrase.

synonymous line. A number of lexical or phraseological synonyms. Nonsense, nonsense, carelessness, rubbish, nonsense, stupidity, nonsense, nonsense, game, rubbish, nonsense, absurdity, nonsense. Cruel, ruthless, heartless, inhuman, fierce, ferocious. Polite, well-mannered, delicate, correct, courteous, obligatory, tactful, courteous. be afraid, fear, to be frightened, to be timid, to be afraid, to tremble, to be afraid, to be horrified. And he was like that, and the trace caught a cold, remember what his name was, they only saw him. Cm. also dominant.

synonymy. Coincidence in the main meaning (while maintaining differences in semantic shades and stylistic coloring) of morphemes, words, syntactic constructions, phraseological units.

Synonymy of prefixes. The presence of a common real or grammatical meaning for prefixes. Roar - cry(if there is a general meaning of the occurrence of the action, the first verb has an additional shade of intensity). climb a tree climb a tree(a verb with a prefix contributes an obsolete character). forbid - ban(the first verb has a shade of officiality). There is a rich synonymy of prefixes that serve to form the perfect form (without changing the lexical meaning of the verb): scold, frighten, scold, strangle, sharpen, weaken, repair, build, warm, improve.

Synonymy of suffixes. The presence of a common meaning for suffixes. Cutting - cutting, uprooting - uprooting, grinding - grinding, boiling - boiling, melting - melting, drying - drying(suffixes -nij-, -enuj; -k-(a) with the value of the action process). Orange - orange, sapphire - sapphire, canvas - canvas, petrol - petrol(variants of adjectives with synonymous suffixes). cheat - cheat, locksmith - locksmith, freethink - freethink(variants of verbs with synonymous suffixes). Marxov - Further - Pushkin(suffixes of adjectives with a possessive meaning).

Synonymy of endings. The presence of a common grammatical meaning at the endings. Horse - traps(genitive singular endings). We pull - we hurt(endings of the 1st person plural).

Synonymy lexical cm. synonyms. Synonymy grammatical (synonymy of categories of parts of speech). Standing with their heads uncovered - standing with their heads uncovered(synonymy of singular and plural forms of nouns with a distributive meaning). Frost hit - frost hit(the second form denotes the intensity of the phenomenon). Around the sand - around the sands(the second form indicates a large amount of matter occupying some space). sit in a chair sit in a chair(the second form has a shade of obsolescence). Two student - two students(synonymy of quantitative and collective numbers: the first form is neutral, the second has a colloquial connotation). I take my book - I take my book(the first form emphasizes the possessive meaning). Tomorrow we leave - tomorrow we leave(synonymy of times; cm. verb tense). You go to him - you would go to him(synonymy of inclinations; cm. verb mood). Carpenters are building a house - a house is being built by carpenters(synonymy of pledges; cm. voice of the verb). I speak to you in Russian - they speak to you in Russian(synonymy of face shapes; cm. face of the verb). Synonymy of prepositions:

a) expressing explanatory relations. Travel talk - about the trip - about the trip - about the trip - about the trip(decreasing concretization of the subject of speech and stylistic differentiation: the neutral nature of the preposition about, colloquial - prepositions about And about, bookish, inherent in old and business speech - prepositions relatively And concerning)",

b) expressing spatial relationships. Talking in the kitchen - talking in the kitchen(the second option under the influence of folk speech). Works in a photo studio -~ works in a film studio(the second option has a touch of professional use). At at home - at the house - near the house - goat at home - near the house - near the house - near the house(the meaning of the closest proximity is expressed by combinations with prepositions at And y; the meaning of the middle proximity - by prepositions about, near, beside; meaning of the least degree of closeness - by prepositions near And near", rare use of prepositions near And near);

c) expressing causal relationships. Due to these events - due to these events - due to these events - in connection with these events - due to these events - due to these events - due to these events(shades associated with the semantics of words because of, because of, due to and etc.);

d) expressing target relationships. go for water - go for water(colloquial nature of the second construction). Union Synonyms:

a) with the final ones. Interested in prose, not poetry - Interested in prose, but not poetry(restrictive shade in the second design). Shchi and porridge - cabbage soup and porridge(the colloquial nature of the second construction);

b) subordinate. When I entered ... - after I entered ... - as soon as I entered ... - I barely entered ... - I just entered ... - I just entered ...(various temporal shades). If he comes ... - if he comes ... - if he comes ... - if he comes soon ... - once he comes ... - he will come ...(neutral nature of the union If, colloquial, colloquial, obsolete, clerical character of other unions). Synonymy syntactic cm. synonymous constructions.

Word-building synonymy (affixal synonymy). Cm. above is the synonymy of prefixes and the synonymy of suffixes.

Phraseological synonymy. The presence of a common meaning in phraseological units. Lose your temper - climb the wall(they differ in style). (talk) with eye to eye - one on one.(Work) rolling up your sleeves - in the sweat of your face - tirelessly(the first combination conveys the meaning of the intensity of work, the second is associated with the meaning of “earn with difficulty”, the third - with the meaning of “work tirelessly, diligently, enthusiastically”), Ordered to live long - expired - went to another world - went to the forefathers - left this vale - at sleep with eternal sleep - gave his soul to God - descended into the grave - stretched out his legs - gave oak - played in the box(they differ in style). Keep your eyes open - look both ways - prick up your ears. One field of berries - two pair of boots - made from the same dough - smeared with one world - both on one block - Siamese twins. To get into a mess - to get a finger in the sky - to sit in a galosh.

synonyms (gr. synonymos - eponymous). Words that are close or identical in meaning, expressing the same concept, but differing either in shades of meaning, or in stylistic coloring, or in both. Synonyms, as a rule, belong to the same part of speech and act as interchangeable elements of a statement. Disgusting, disgusting, disgusting, vile, disgusting.

Synonyms are absolute. Words that completely coincide in meaning and use, with a possible discrepancy in compatibility. Behemoth - hippopotamus. Linguistics - Linguistics: See. lexical doublets (in the article doublets) Wed: linguistics - linguistics (Soviet linguistics, structural linguistics). Ideographic synonyms. Synonyms that differ in shades of meaning. Hot, hot, burning, sultry, burning, scorching. Fast, fast, agile, swift. Timid, timid, timid, cowardly.

Synonyms are contextual. Words that come together in their meanings in context. For example, the homogeneity of the following definitions is due to their contextual convergence: cheerful, good-natured laughter; stuffy, oppressive darkness; proud, brave look; deserted, inhospitable house; a stern, stubborn old man; heavy, angry feeling; hoarse, strangled voice.

Synonyms are single root. Words formed from the same root and usually differing in stylistic coloring and compatibility, Wrestling - wrestling(the second word belongs to the high vocabulary). rebel - rebel(the second word is obsolete). Dwelling - housing(the second word is colloquial). sit - sit down(the second word is obsolete, poetic, now playful). (Wedges) orange - orange(but only orange color).(Happening) similar - similar(The second option is obsolete). (Voice) human - human(the second option has a colloquial connotation).

Synonyms stylistic. Synonyms that coincide in meaning, but differ in belonging to different styles of speech, the degree of usage, expressive coloring, etc. squander(neutral word) - squander(bookish) - squander(colloquial). Chat - talk(the second word is dialectal). Face - erysipelas(the second word is colloquial). Together - Together(the second word is obsolete). Damn - unclean(the second word is a euphemism). Forehead - brow, punishment-retribution, builder - architect(the second word in each pair belongs to the high vocabulary). Finger - finger, hands - hands, cheeks - cheeks, in vain - in vain(the second word in each pair is obsolete, poetic).

Synonyms grammatical, syntactic, derivational, phraseological cm. synonymy.

synsemantic(from Greek syn - together + semantikos - denoting). Service, not having an independent meaning. Synsemantic sentence(a sentence that does not have communicative completeness, grammatically related to other sentences). Wed: autosemantic.

syntagma (gr. syntagma - something connected). 1. By the theory of F. de Saussure, a two-term structure, the members of which are related as defined and defining. Such members, according to some researchers, may be:

a) morphemes in a derived word. Table-ik (table- - defined, -uk - defining; the general meaning of the syntagma is “small table”). Such a syntagma is called "internal", since both of its members are contained in one word, considered as a juxtaposition of morphemes;

b) the constituent parts of a compound word, of which one determines the other. Water-cart(the general meaning of this “inner syntagma” is “carrying water”);

c) components of a subordinating phrase. New textbook, read a book, run fast. Such syntagmas are called "external", constituting a syntactic unity;

d) whole phrases, for example, isolated members of a sentence. Children playing in the yard. He walked without looking around;

e) predicative parts of a complex sentence It is necessary to find out the errors that are typical for the entire class.

2. Semantic-syntactic unit of speech, formed by a group of words as part of a sentence, united in semantic and rhythmic-melodic relations. Troyekurov's usual occupations / consisted of traveling / around his vast possessions(Pushkin) (three syntagmas). The noise was like / as if the whole room 1 was filled with snakes(Gogol) (three syntagmas). Do you like to ride - / love to carry sleds(proverb) (two syntagmas). A syntagma can also consist of one word, it can coincide with a whole sentence. Where / where there used to be a lonely rock, / lay a pile of debris(Arseniev) (three syntagmas). All is well at the factory.(Kuprin) (one syntagma). The syntagma may or may not coincide with the phrase, but significant differences remain between them: the syntagma stands out in the sentence, is the result of its division and exists only in it, while the phrase not only stands out in the sentence, but along with the word serves as a ready-made “building material” for a sentence and is the result of a non-decomposition on elements, but the synthesis of elements. The division of the same sentence into syntagmas can be different depending on the context, the situation, the expressive coloring given to the utterance by the speakers, the different understanding of the content of the sentence, etc. This mobility of syntagmatic articulation, which is the object of consideration of stylistic syntax, is opposed by a stable certain models for the construction of phrases.

syntagmatics. The study of language, which consists in the sequential division of the text into all the less extended juxtaposed units that coexist, combine with each other, but differ from one another; their inclusion in rows “horizontally” (a word within an utterance, a morpheme within a word, a sound within a sound combination). Wed: paradigmatics.

syntax (gr. syntaxis - compilation). 1. A section of grammar that studies the structure of coherent speech and includes two main parts: 1) the doctrine of the phrase and 2) the doctrine of the sentence. The syntax of the phrase. The syntax of the sentence.

2. The doctrine of the functioning in speech of various lexical and grammatical classes of words (parts of speech). Syntax of a noun. Verb syntax.

The syntax is dynamic (the dynamic aspect of syntax). Syntax, the object of study of which is a sentence as a communicative unit associated with a speech situation, having a certain intonational characteristic and word order as a means of expressing actual articulation.

The syntax is communicative. Syntax, the object of study of which are such problems as the actual and syntagmatic division of a sentence, the functioning of phrases in a sentence, the communicative paradigm of sentences, the typology of statements, etc.

The syntax is static. (static aspect of syntax). Syntax, the object of study of which are structures that are not related to the context and situation of speech; a sentence (as a predicative unit) and a phrase (a non-predicative unit).

Text syntax. Syntax, the object of study of which is not the structural schemes of a phrase, a simple and complex sentence, a complex syntactic whole, but various kinds of statements related to the situation of speech, as well as the structure of a text that goes beyond the complex syntactic whole. The study of these phenomena is of great importance for the linguistic and stylistic analysis of the text.

The syntax is functional. 1. Syntax, the object of study of which is to clarify the role (function) of all syntactic means (units, structures) in the construction of coherent speech. 2. Syntax that uses the “from function to means” approach as a research method, that is, finding out by what grammatical means spatial, temporal, causal, target, etc. relations are expressed (cf. the traditional “from means to function” approach, that is, finding out what functions a certain grammatical unit performs).

syntactic construction. A grammatically united whole, consisting of words, phrases, sentences. The structure of the phrase. The construction of a simple sentence. Complex sentence structure. Cm. also construction.

syntactic pause cm. syntactic pause (in the article pause).

syntactic link. A connection of words that serves to express the interdependence of the elements of a phrase and a sentence. Subordinating relationship. Writing connection.

syntactic categories. Linguistic categories expressing the dependence of some forms in the statement on others. Case of nouns; case, number and gender of adjectives; person and number of the verb, etc.

syntactic relationship. The relationship between the components of the phrase and the relationship between the members of the sentence. In a phrase, these are attributive, object and adverbial relations, and in a sentence, in addition to them, they are predicative, semi-predicative and appositive relations. (cm. corresponding terms in alphabetical order).

syntactic synonyms cm. synonymous constructions.

parsing cm. syntactic parsing (in the article parsing).

synthetic(from Greek synthetikos from synthesis - connection, compilation) form. A simple form formed by merging a stem and formative affixes (cm. analytic form). Synthetic form of the comparative degree of adjectives. More beautiful. Synthetic superlative form of adjectives. The most beautiful. Synthetic form of the future tense. I will.

synthetic languages. Languages ​​in which grammatical meanings are expressed within the word itself (affixation, internal inflection, stress, suppletivism, etc., i.e., by the forms of the words themselves; compare: analytic languages). To express the relationship between words in a sentence, elements of the analytical system (functional words, order of significant words, intonation) can also be used. Synthetic languages ​​include Ancient Greek, Latin, Old Slavonic, Russian, German, Lithuanian, etc.

synchrony(from Greek, syn - together + chronos - time, i.e. simultaneity). The state of the language at a certain stage of historical development as an integral system of lexical, grammatical and phonetic elements as a subject of linguistic study. Wed: diachrony.

system. 1. A set of elements connected by stable relationships with each other and forming an internally organized whole. language system. vocabulary system. The system of word formation. 2. The set of forms that form a given grammatical category. Case system. View system. Time system. Collateral system. Inclination system.

situation. The conditions under which the act of speech is carried out that affect the utterance (cf. situationally incomplete sentence, dialogical incomplete sentences in the article incomplete sentence).

predicate-unsubjective sentence cm. single sentences.

predicate. The main member of a two-part sentence, grammatically dependent on the subject, denoting an active or passive sign of the subject that is expressed by the subject. Simple verbal predicate. Compound verb predicate. Nominal compound predicate. Compound predicate. Predicate minor cm. gerund.

The predicate is grammatical. The predicate in the proper sense of the word, in contrast to the logical and psychological predicates.

Predicate logical cm. logical predicate.

Predicate psychological cm. psychological predicate.

The question of the role of the predicate in the sentence was solved by many scientists unambiguously: they saw the main center of the sentence in the predicate. “The predicate is an unlimited ruler, the king of the sentence,” wrote G. Pavsky. The same idea was expressed by D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky: “The most important part of the sentence is the predicate, otherwise called the predicate. It is precisely this that is the bearer and exponent of predicativity (predication, predicate), without which the sentence is impossible "Such a view of the role of the predicate would be largely.” connected with the fact that the verb as a morphological category and the predicate as a syntactic category were identified. "Since the verb constitutes the predicate in the sentence, the doctrine of the syntactic use of the verb will also be the syntax of the predicate" (F. I. Buslaev). it was pointed out that in the language there are sentences consisting only of a verb-predicate, but there is not a single sentence that would consist only of a subject (about the interpretation from this point of view of the nature of nominative sentences cm. verbal and monosyllabic sentences). It is more legitimate, however, to speak of two organizing centers of a two-part sentence - the subject and the predicate, correlative with each other. “For us, a sentence is unthinkable without a subject and a predicate” (A. A. Potebnya).

predicability. The property of the predicate to designate a sign attributed to the subject. Sometimes predicativity is understood in a broad sense (as predicativity) and in a narrow sense (as verbality). Predicativity is inherent in any type of sentence (two-part and one-part), and predicativity is inherent only in a two-part sentence; the expression of a predicative feature necessarily implies the presence of a carrier of this feature in the sentence. As for the inequivalence of the concepts of “predicability” and “verbalness”, it follows from the fact that a sentence can contain a predicate in the absence of a verb (cf. a simple nominal predicate of the type My father is a doctor in which not all grammarians see a zero connective, believing that predicativity in it is created by the sentence as a whole).

declination. 1. Change of nouns by cases (for most names and by numbers), and for adjectives and other agreed words also by gender. 2. The paradigm of inflection of inflected words. First, second and third declension of nouns. Declension types of adjectives.

brackets. A pair of punctuation mark that is put! a) to highlight words inserted into a sentence in order to clarify or supplement the thought expressed, as well as to make any additional comments (cm. insert structures). Caesar (so avali the lion in the menagerie) sleeps and squeals softly in his sleep(Kuprin);

b) to highlight words expressing the attitude of listeners to someone's speech. (Applause.) (Movement in the hall.);

c) when indicating the source of the quote. I recalled the words of Bazarov: “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it”(Turgenev);

d) to highlight remarks in dramatic works. [E p and x o d o v:] I I'll go. (Bumps into a chair, which falls over.)(Chekhov).

cursive. A quick handwritten letter in medieval manuscripts, which replaced the ancient charter and semi-charter and is characterized by the continuity of writing adjacent letters, an abundance of abbreviations, and the absence of mandatory pressure rules.

crossover of languages. The interaction of languages, as a result of which one language wins, and the other leaves its traces in the form of a substrate in the vocabulary of the winning language, in its phonetic structure, word formation, syntactic constructions. An example of crossover is the English language, which is basically Germanic, but has a significant admixture of Romance elements.

weak position cm. position in the 1st value. weak phoneme cm. the phoneme is weak (in the article phoneme).

weak management cm. management is weak (in the article control),

weakly controlled members of the sentence. Dependent members of a sentence that are in a weak syntactic relationship with dominant words (cm. weak management). Such members are expressed by nouns without a preposition or with a preposition. Notebook student, sleep all the way, a book with illustrations, a house with three floors, a folder for music, a club at the factory. Common weakly controlled members that have a circumstantial or attributive meaning can be isolated, which gives them the character of an additional message or a passing explanation (such groups of words are pronounced at an accelerated pace with an intonation of explanation or attachment). Suddenly, somewhere in the distance, there was a lingering, ringing, almost groaning sound(Turgenev). I, with breathtaking bated breath, I follow the movement of Philip's black fingers(L. Tolstoy). Even the old man, with all his kindness, was with the doctor at knives(Pismsky). I also, at dinner and hunting, he taught how to live, how to believe, how to rule the people(Ch e x about v). In the morning chill, with a kind, quick step, we, without noticing how, waved eighteen kilometers(Soloukhin).

weak vowel cm. vowel sounds.

Slavism. 1. The same as Old Slavism.

2. A derivative word formed in the Old Russian book language on the basis of the Old Church Slavonic word or according to its model (Church Slavonicism).

3. Word-building element, ascending to the Old Slavonic source. Volgograd, pre-revolutionary, slaughterhouse(non-vowel combinations in morphemes).

Slavic languages. The languages ​​included in the Indo-European family and forming a branch in it with a number of subgroups:

1) the eastern subgroup, which includes the languages ​​Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian;

2) the western subgroup, which includes the languages ​​​​Polish, Czech, Slovak, Kashubian, Lusatian, Polabian (dead);

3) the southern subgroup, which includes the languages ​​​​Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian (Croatian-Serbian), Slovenian, Macedonian, Old Church Slavonic, or Old Church Slavonic (dead).

slang. Words and expressions used by persons of certain professions or social strata. Artist slang. Sailor slang. Wed: slang, jargon.

It has a huge stock of syntactic synonyms, that is, parallel turns of speech, which differ in subtle shades in meaning and can in some cases replace one another: She was sad. - She was sad. She felt sad. She was sad! Or: Ivanov, having made a decision, set to work. - Ivanov, after he made a decision, got down to business. - After the decision was made, Ivanov got down to business. - Ivanov, who made the decision, got down to business.
In the following examples, the synonymy of syntactic constructions is represented by a comparison expression in Russian: took off like a falcon; took off like a falcon; took off like a falcon; took off like a falcon; flew like a falcon.

Two-part simple sentences with different types of predicates are synonymous: He was sick (compound nominal predicate). - He was sick (simple verb). - He began to get sick (compound verb predicate); He's glad. - He rejoices. He became gray. - He is quite gray.

Syntactic synonyms also include real and passive turns: The student read the book. - read by a student The plant overfulfilled – The plan was overfulfilled by the plant. The difference between these sentences is that in the actual turnover, the subject of the action (student, plant) is put in the foreground, and in the passive, the object becomes the main one in the message. Wed See also: The director called the master. The master has been summoned by the director. In the first sentence, the message refers to the director and his activities, and in the second, the master is the main character.
Sentences with isolated turns and complex sentences are synonymous: Fascinated by the game, the children did not pay attention to those who came up. - Since the children were passionate about the game, they did not notice the approachers; The boy sitting by the window stood up. The boy who was sitting by the window got up; As she left the porch, she dropped her crutch and stood helplessly on the steps. - When she came down from the porch, she dropped her crutch and stood helplessly on the steps; I stepped aside, not knowing what to do. I stepped aside because I didn't know what to do.

A single gerund, denoting an accompanying action, can be replaced by a predicate verb, but at the same time, the shade of minority, additionality disappears: She smiled affectionately, nodding her head several times. She smiled kindly and nodded her head several times.

Synonymous relationships also appear in compound sentences, when parts are connected by synonymous connecting unions: Only somewhere the wheel rattles, and the nightingale whistles in the garden (and the nightingale whistles in the garden); The birches had blossomed, but the oaks stood bare. - The birches blossomed, the oaks stood bare; The soloist was not very good, but the choir was excellent. – The soloist was not good, but the choir was great.

Some semantic relations can be expressed both by compound and complex sentences. This is how syntactic synonyms arise, differing in stylistic shades or in the scope of use. Compound sentences are distinguished by liveliness, lightness, immediacy and therefore are more characteristic of colloquial speech: It became stuffy in the sakla, and I went out into the air to freshen up. - Since it became stuffy in the sakla, I went out into the air to freshen up.

There is a synonym for non-union complex sentences, compound and subordinate sentences: Winter will come - the pond will be covered with ice (union-free). - Winter will come, and the pond will be covered with ice (compound). - When winter comes, the pond will be covered with ice (complex). Another example: It will be a good day - we will go out of town. It will be a good day, and we will go out of town. When it's a good day, we'll go out of town.
So, syntax has rich synonymic possibilities. In colloquial speech, the use of one- and two-part sentences is most common: I propose to start work. - I suggest you get started. The second sentence is more dynamic, categoricalness is emphasized.

Synonymous constructions: Lightning split the tree. - Lightning split the tree. - The tree is split by lightning. (If the doer is emphasized, it is expressed by the subject; if the action is important, an impersonal phrase is used, in a passive construction, attention is focused on the object.)

We can talk about the synonymy of participial phrases and subordinate attributive clauses, about the synonymy of compound and non-union sentences. Writers and poets skillfully use these means.

Synonymous constructions

(syntactic synonyms). Constructions that coincide in their meaning with a difference in formal construction, expressed by units of the same syntactic level (word combinations, sentence members, subordinate clauses are synonymous with each other; cf.: parallel syntactic constructions). Stair steps - stair steps. Lermontov's prose - Lermontov's prose. Walk in the evenings - evening walk. Spelling exercises - spelling exercises. Wines from Georgia - Georgian wines. A nine-point storm is a nine-point storm. A tin can is a tin can. Toys for children - children's toys. Swimming underwater - scuba diving. The girl with blonde hair is a blonde girl. Quarterly plan - quarterly plan. Glade e forest - forest glade. Appetite - like a wolf - wolf appetite.

The semantic proximity of synonymous constructions, as well as lexical synonyms, does not mean their identity: they differ from each other either in shades of meaning, or in stylistic coloring, or in the degree of usage, figurativeness, etc. So, in the above examples, combinations with controlled nouns express some or a specific meaning (belonging, origin, purpose, etc.), and synonymous adjectives-definitions have the general meaning of a qualitative characteristic, indicate a distinctive stable feature: cf.: children's laughter - children's laughter (not necessarily the laughter of a child); shawl from Orenburg (origin) - Orenburg shawl (grade); razor blade (separating relations) - razor blade (defining relations). In pairs: a wool suit - a woolen suit, a bronze candlestick - a bronze candlestick, a leather briefcase - a leather briefcase, etc. - combinations with adjectives-definitions that emphasize the characteristic feature of the object are more common ( cf. See also: writing paper - writing paper, work table - desktop, brother's help - fraternal help). Combinations of barking dogs ( cf. dog barking), monkey bone dexterity ( cf. monkey dexterity) are more figurative, as they evoke the idea of ​​a second object - the producer of the action. In such a pair as Tolstoy's stories - Tolstoy's stories, the second option has a colloquial character. Some constructions with adjective-definitions have a figurative meaning (goosebumps, turtle step), are terminological in nature (fish oil, night blindness). cm. See also non-prepositional connection, non-prepositional phrase, prepositional connection, prepositional phrase.

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what "synonymous constructions" are in other dictionaries:

Constructions that are close in meaning, but expressed by different syntactic units (cf .: synonymous constructions). Usually, parallel syntactic constructions are formed by subordinate clauses and members of a simple sentence, more often ... ...

Coincidence in the main meaning (while maintaining differences in semantic shades and stylistic coloring) of morphemes, words, syntactic constructions, phraseological units. Synonymy of prefixes. The presence of a common real or grammatical meaning in ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

See synonymous constructions ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Non-prepositional and prepositional management- 1. When choosing variant non-prepositional and prepositional constructions such as stretch out in a line - stretch out in a line, gather in heaps - gather in heaps, the difference in semantic shades is taken into account: prepositional combinations in a line, indicate in heaps ... ... A guide to spelling and style

Synonyms- (from the Greek synônymia - same name) - identical or similar in meaning (but different in sound) language units of the same level (morphemes, words and phrases, syntactic constructions). S. is most often called close or identical in ... ...

SYNONYMS- (from Greek synōnymos eponymous), units of the same language level (words, morphemes, syntactic constructions), different in form, but close or identical in meaning. S. are most characteristic of vocabulary and develop within ... ... Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary

neutral style- - a style characteristic of texts devoid of stylistic marking, and distinguished in the series: high - neutral - reduced styles. It goes back to the concept of style (calm), which appeared in Russian. language in the 17th century, when the system of styles was born ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

Resource style- (structural, building the language, stylistic means of the language, analytical, practical, traditional) - the direction of stylistics that studies the stylistic resources of the language. This is the most traditional area of ​​​​stylistics, the object of which is the composition ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

- (from Greek synönymia eponymous) binary Relation, in which there are any two equivalent, but not identical expressions; equivalence is understood as correlation either with the same denotation (fact, object, etc.), ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

(syntactic synonyms). Constructions that coincide in their meaning with a difference in formal construction, expressed by units of the same syntactic level (word combinations, sentence members, subordinate clauses are synonymous with each other; cf.: parallel syntactic constructions). Stair steps - stair steps. Lermontov's prose - Lermontov's prose. Walk in the evenings - evening walk. Spelling exercises - spelling exercises. Wines from Georgia - Georgian wines. A nine-point storm is a nine-point storm. A tin can is a tin can. Toys for children - children's toys. Swimming underwater - scuba diving. The girl with blonde hair is a blonde girl. Quarterly plan - quarterly plan. Glade e forest - forest glade. Appetite - like a wolf - wolf appetite.

The semantic proximity of synonymous constructions, as well as lexical synonyms, does not mean their identity: they differ from each other either in shades of meaning, or in stylistic coloring, or in the degree of usage, figurativeness, etc. So, in the above examples, combinations with controlled nouns express some or a specific meaning (belonging, origin, purpose, etc.), and synonymous adjectives-definitions have the general meaning of a qualitative characteristic, indicate a distinctive stable feature: cf.: children's laughter - children's laughter (not necessarily the laughter of a child); shawl from Orenburg (origin) - Orenburg shawl (grade); razor blade (separating relations) - razor blade (defining relations). In pairs: a wool suit - a woolen suit, a bronze candlestick - a bronze candlestick, a leather briefcase - a leather briefcase, etc. - combinations with adjectives-definitions that emphasize the characteristic feature of the object are more common ( cf. See also: writing paper - writing paper, work table - desktop, brother's help - fraternal help). Combinations of barking dogs ( cf. dog barking), monkey bone dexterity ( cf. monkey dexterity) are more figurative, as they evoke the idea of ​​a second object - the producer of the action. In such a pair as Tolstoy's stories - Tolstoy's stories, the second option has a colloquial character. Some constructions with adjective-definitions have a figurative meaning (goosebumps, turtle step), are terminological in nature (fish oil, night blindness). cm. See also unprepositional connection, unprepositional phrase, prepositional connection, prepositional phrase.

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