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Dictionary of the origin of Ukrainian surnames. Named the most common surnames in Ukraine

Dictionary of the origin of Ukrainian surnames. Named the most common surnames in Ukraine

29.04.2019

With each year of his life, a person expands the choice of communication more and more, getting to know new people. In order for a new acquaintance to make contact with you, you need to make a pleasant impression on him. To avoid uncomfortable situations, it is important to know what nationality the person in front of you is in order to behave in accordance with the moral and ethical standards of his country. By most surnames, you can accurately determine the nationality of your friends, neighbors, business partners, etc.

Russians- use surnames with suffixes -an, -yn, -in, -skikh, -ov, -ev, -skoi, -tskoi, -ih, -ih (Snegirev, Ivanov, Voronin, Sinitsyn, Donskoy, Moskovskikh, Sedykh);

Belarusians- typical Belarusian surnames end in -ich, -chik, -ka, -ko, -onak, -yonak, -uk, -ik, -ski. (Radkevich, Dubrova, Parshonok, Kuharchik, Kastsyushka); many surnames in the Soviet years were Russified and Polished (Dubrovsky, Kosciuszko);

Poles- most of the surnames have the suffix -sk, -tsk, and the ending -ij (-th), indicating masculine and feminine gender (Sushitsky, Kovalskaya, Khodetsky, Volnitskaya); there are also double surnames - if a woman, when getting married, wants to leave her surname (Mazur-Komorovskaya); in addition to these surnames, surnames with an unchanged form are also common among the Poles (Nowak, Sienkiewicz, Wuytsik, Wozniak). Ukrainians with surname endings in -y are not Ukrainians, but Ukrainian Poles.;

Ukrainians- the first classification of surnames of a given nationality is formed with the help of suffixes -enko, -ko, -uk, -yuk (Kreschenko, Grishko, Vasilyuk, Kovalchuk); the second series denotes the kind of any craft or occupation (Potter, Koval); the third group of surnames consists of separate Ukrainian words (Gorobets, Ukrainians, Parubok), as well as a merger of words (Vernigora, Nepiyvoda, Bilous).

Latvians- a feature to the masculine gender is indicated by a surname ending in -s, -is, and to the feminine - in -a, -e (Verbitskis - Verbitska, Shurins - Shurin)

Lithuanians- male surnames end in -onis, -unas, -utis, -aitis, -enas (Pyatrenas, Norvydaitis), female surnames are formed from the husband's surname using the suffixes -en, -yuven, -uven and endings -е (Grynyus - Grinyuvene );

Estonians- Male and female genders are not distinguished with the help of surnames, all foreign surnames (mostly German ones) were Estonianized at one time (Rosenberg - Roozimäe), this process is still in effect today. for example, in order to be able to play for the Estonian national team, football players Sergei Khokhlov and Konstantin Kolbasenko had to change their names to Simson and Nahk;

French people- many surnames are prefixed with Le or De (Le Pen, Mol Pompadour); mostly dissimilar nicknames and personal names were used to form surnames (Robert, Jolie, Cauchon - a pig);

Romanians: -sku, -u(l), -an.

Serbs:-ich.

English- the following surnames are common: formed from the names of the place of residence (Scott, Wales); designating a profession (Hoggart - a shepherd, Smith - a blacksmith); indicating the outward appearance of character and appearance (Armstrong - strong, Sweet - sweet, Bragg - bragging);

Germans- surnames formed from personal names (Werner, Peters); surnames that characterize a person (Krause - wavy, Klein - small); surnames indicating the type of activity (Müller - miller, Lehmann - geomor);

swedes- most surnames end in -sson, -berg, -steady, -strom (Andersson, Olsson, Forsberg, Bostrom);

Norse- are formed from personal names with the help of the suffix -en (Larsen, Hansen), surnames can occur without suffixes and endings (Per, Morten); Norwegian surnames can repeat the names of animals, trees and natural phenomena (Blizzard - blizzard, Svane - swan, Furu - pine);

Italians- surnames are characterized by suffixes -ini, -ino, -ello, -illo, -etti, -etto, -ito (Benedetto, Moretti, Esposito), can end in -o, -a, -i (Conti, Giordano, Costa) ; the prefixes di- and- denote, respectively, the person's belonging to his genus and geographical structure (Di Moretti is the son of Moretti, Da Vinci is from Vinci);

Spaniards and Portuguese - have surnames ending in -ez, -az, -iz, -oz (Gomez, Lopez), surnames that indicate the character of a person are also common (Alegre - joyful, Bravo - brave, Malo - horseless);

Turks- most often, surnames end in -oglu, -ji, -zade (Mustafaoglu, Ekindzhi, Kuindzhi, Mammadzade), Turkish names or everyday words were often used in the formation of surnames (Ali, Abaza - a fool, Kolpakchi - a hat);

Bulgarians - almost all Bulgarian surnames are formed from personal names and suffixes -ov, -ev (Konstantinov, Georgiev);

Gagauz: -oglo.

Tatars: -in, -ishin.

Greeks- the surnames of the Greeks cannot be confused with any other surnames, only they have the endings -idis, -kos, -pulos (Angelopoulos, Nikolaidis);

Czechs- the main difference from other surnames is the obligatory ending -ova in female surnames, even if where it would seem inappropriate (Valdrova, Ivanovova, Andersonova).

Georgians- Surnames ending in -shvili, -dze, -uri, -ava, -a, -ua, -ia, -ni, -li, -si are common (Baratashvili, Mikadze, Adamia, Karchava, Gvishiani, Tsereteli);

Armenians- a significant part of the surnames of the inhabitants of Armenia has the suffix -yan (Hakopyan, Galustyan); Also, -yants, -uni.

Moldovans: -sku, -u(l), -an.

Azerbaijanis- formed surnames, taking Azerbaijani names as a basis and attaching Russian suffixes -ov, -ev to them (Mamedov, Aliyev, Hasanov, Abdullayev). Also, -zade, -li, ly, -oglu, -kyzy.

Jews- the main group consists of surnames with roots Levi and Cohen (Levin, Levitan Kagan, Koganovich, Katz); the second group originated from male and female Jewish names with the addition of various suffixes (Yakobson, Yakubovich, Davidson, Godelson, Tsivyan, Beilis, Abramovich, Rubinchik, Vigdorchik, Mandelstam); the third classification of surnames reflects the character of a person, the features of his appearance or belonging to a profession (Kaplan is a chaplain, Rabinovich is a rabbi, Melamed is a pestun, Schwarzbard is black-bearded, Stiller is quiet, Shtarkman is strong).

Ossetians: -ti.

Mordva: -yn, -in.

Chinese and Koreans- for the most part, these are surnames consisting of one, less often of two syllables (Tang, Liu, Duan, Qiao, Choi, Kogai);

Japanese- modern Japanese surnames are formed by the merger of two meaningful words (Wada - sweetness and rice field, Igarashi - 50 storms, Katayama - hill, Kitamura - north and village); The most common Japanese surnames are: Takahashi, Kobayashi, Kato, Suzuki, Yamamoto.

As you can see, in order to determine the nationality of a person, it is enough to accurately analyze his last name, highlighting the suffix and ending.

WHAT DO THE SURNAME ON "-IN" MEAN? SURNAMES ENDING IN -IN HAVE RUSSIAN ROOT OR JEWISH?

In the collection of the famous Slavist linguist B. O Unbegaun “Russian Surnames”, one can read that surnames with “in” are mainly the Russian type of surnames.

Why the ending "-in"? Basically, all surnames ending in "in" come from words ending in -а/-я and from feminine nouns ending in a soft consonant.

There are not a few examples of the erroneous addition of -in to the bases with a final solid consonant: Orekhin, Karpin, Markin, where -ov should have been. And in another case -ov turned out to be in place -in: Shishimorov from the basis of shishimora. It is possible to mix formants. After all, among Russians -in and -ov have been semantically indistinguishable for more than a thousand years. The meaning of the difference was lost even in the common Slavic language, the choice of -ov or -in depends only survivingly on the phonetic feature of the stem (Nikonov "Geography of Surnames").

Do you know how the surname of the famous leader of the people's militia of 1611-1612, Minin, came about? Minin had a personal nickname Sukhoruk, he did not have a last name. And Minin meant "son of Mina". The Orthodox name "Mina" was widespread in Rus'.

Another old Russian surname is Semin, also a surname on "-in". According to the main version, the surname Semin goes back to the baptismal male name Semyon. The name Semyon is the Russian form of the ancient Jewish name Simeon, meaning "hearing", "heard by God." On behalf of Semyon in Rus', many derivative forms were formed, one of which - Syoma - formed the basis of this surname.

The well-known Slavic linguist B. O. Unbegaun in the collection “Russian Surnames” believes that the surname Semin was formed from the baptismal Russian name according to the following scheme: “Semyon - Syoma - Semin”.

Let us give another example of a surname, which we studied in detail in the family diploma. Rogozhin is an old Russian surname. According to the main version, the surname keeps the memory of the profession of distant ancestors. One of the first representatives of the Rogozhins could be engaged in the manufacture of matting, or trade in fabric.

Rogozhey was called a coarse woven fabric from bast tapes. A bast hut (bast mat, bast mat) in Rus' was called a workshop where bast mats were woven, and a bast mat was called a bast weaver or a bast mat merchant.

In their close circle, Rogozhnik's household was known as "Rogozhin's wife", "Rogozhin's son", "Rogozhin's grandchildren". Over time, the terms denoting the degree of kinship disappeared, and the hereditary surname - Rogozhins - was assigned to the descendants of Rogozhin.

Such Russian surnames ending in "-in" include: Pushkin (Pushka), Gagarin (Gagara), Borodin (Beard), Ilyin (Ilya), Ptitsyn (Bird); Fomin (from the personal name of Thomas); Belkin (from the nickname "squirrel"), Borozdin (Furrow), Korovin (Cow), Travin (Grass), Zamin and Zimin (winter) and many others

Please note that the words from which surnames are formed on "in" mostly end in "-a" or "-ya". We will not be able to say “Borodov” or “Ilyinov”, it would be more logical and sonorous to pronounce “Ilyin” or “Borodin”.

Why do some people think that surnames ending in "-in" have Jewish roots? Is it really? No, this is not true, one cannot judge the origin of a surname by one ending. The sound of Jewish surnames coincides with Russian endings just by pure chance.

It is always necessary to research the surname itself. The ending "ov", for some reason, does not cause us doubts. We believe that surnames ending in "-ov" are definitely Russian. But there are exceptions. For example, we recently prepared a beautiful family diploma for a wonderful family named Maksyutov.

The surname Maksyutov has the ending "ov", common among Russian surnames. But, if you explore the surname more deeply, it turns out that the surname Maksyutov is formed from the Tatar male name "Maksud", which, translated from Arabic, means "desire, premeditated intention, aspiration, goal", "long-awaited, desired". The name Maksud had several dialect variants: Maksut, Mahsud, Mahsut, Maksut. This name is still widespread among the Tatars and Bashkirs to this day.

“The surname Maksyutov is an old princely surname of Tatar origin. Historical sources speak about the ancient origin of the Maksyutov surname. The surname was first documented in the 16th century: Maksutovs (Maksutovs, obsolete Maksutovs, Tat. Maksutovlar) - the Volga-Bulgarian princely-Murzin family, comes from the Kasimov prince Maksut (1554), in the genealogical legend, Prince Maksut was called a lancer and a descendant of the prince Kashima." Now there is almost no doubt about the origin of the surname.

How to find out if the surname on -in is of Jewish origin or is it a native Russian surname? Always analyze the word that underlies your last name.

Here are examples of Jewish surnames ending in “-in” or “-ov”: Edmin (derived from the name of the German city of Emden), Kotin (derived from the Hebrew קטן- in the Ashkenazi pronunciation “kotn”, meaning “small”), Eventov (derived from Hebrew “even tov” - “precious stone”), Khazin (derived from the Hebrew “khazan”, in the Ashkenazi pronunciation “khazn”, meaning “a person leading worship in the synagogue”), Superfin (translated means “very beautiful”) and a lot others.

The ending "-in" is just an ending by which one cannot judge the nationality of a surname. You always need to research the surname, analyze the word that underlies it and try to search in various books and archival documents for the first mention of your surname. Only when all the information has been collected will you be able to establish with certainty the origin of your surname and find answers to your questions.

SURNAMES ENDING IN SKIY/-SKAYA, -TSKIY/-TSKAYA

Many Russians have a firm and unfounded conviction that surnames in -sky are necessarily Polish. From history textbooks, the names of several Polish magnates are known, formed from the names of their possessions: Pototsky and Zapototsky, Zablotsky, Krasinsky. But from the same textbooks, the names of many Russians with the same suffixes are known: Konstantin Grigoryevich Zabolotsky, roundabout of Tsar John III, late 15th - early 16th centuries; clerk Semyon Zaborovsky, early 16th century; boyars Shuisky and Belsky, close associates of Ivan the Terrible. Famous Russian artists Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Makovsky, Kramskoy.

An analysis of modern Russian surnames shows that forms in -sky (-tsky) exist in parallel with variants in -ov (-ev, -in), but there are fewer of them. For example, in Moscow in the 70s of the twentieth century, for 330 people with the surname Krasnov / Krasnova, there were only 30 with the surname Krasnovsky / Krasnovskaya. But rather rare surnames Kuchkov and Kuchkovsky, Makov and Makovsky are presented almost equally.

A significant part of the surnames ending in -sky / -skaya, -tsky / -tskaya are formed from geographical and ethnic names. In the letters of our readers who want to know about the origin of their surnames, the following surnames are mentioned in -sky / -sky.

Brynsky. The author of this letter, Evgeny Sergeevich Brynsky, himself sent the story of his last name. We give only a small piece of the letter, since it is not possible to publish it in its entirety. Bryn is a river of the Kaluga region, flows into a tributary of the Oka Zhizdra. In the old days, large dense Bryn forests stretched along it, in which the Old Believers took refuge. According to the epic about Ilya Muromets, it was in the Bryn forests that the Nightingale the Robber lived. We add that there are several settlements Bryn in the Kaluga and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. The surname Brynski / Brynska found in Poland is formed from the name of two settlements Brynsk in different parts of the country and also, apparently, goes back to the names of the rivers Bryn, Brynica. There is no uniform interpretation of the names of these rivers in science. If the suffix -ets is added to the name of an inhabited place, then such a word denotes a native of this place. In the Crimea in the 60s - 70s of the XX century, the winegrower Maria Bryntseva was well known. Her surname is derived from the word brynets, that is, a native of the city or village of Bryn.

Garbavitsky. This Belarusian surname corresponds to the Russian Gorbovitsky (in the Belarusian language, the letter a is written in place of the unstressed o). The surname is formed from the name of some settlement of Gorbovitsa. In the materials we have, there are only Gorbov, Gorbovo and Gorbovtsy. All these names come from the designations of the terrain: humpback - hillock, sloping hill.

Dubovskaya. The surname is formed from the name of one of the numerous settlements: Dubovka, Dubovo, Dubovoe, Dubovskaya, Dubovsky, Dubovskoye, Dubovtsy, located in all parts of the country. To find out from which one, it is possible only according to the information preserved in the family, where the ancestors who received this surname lived, or where they came from to their place of further residence. Emphasis in the surname on "o": Dubovsky / Dubovskaya.

Steblivsky. The Ukrainian surname, corresponding to the Russian one, is Steblevsky; formed from the names of settlements Steblivka in the Transcarpathian region or Steblev-Cherkasy. In Ukrainian orthography, i is written in place of the second e.

Tersky. The surname comes from the name of the Terek River and indicates that one of the distant ancestors of this person lived there. There were the Terek region and the Terek Cossacks. So the bearers of the surname Tersky may also be descendants of the Cossacks.

Uryansky. The surname, apparently, is formed from the name of the settlement Urya. In our materials, such a name is recorded in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Perhaps there are similar names in other places, since the name of the inhabited place is associated with the name of the river and with the designation of the Ur ethnic group, as well as with the name of the medieval Turkic people Uryanka. Similar names could be found in different places, since medieval peoples led a nomadic lifestyle and assigned the name of their ethnic group to those places where they lingered for a long time.

Chiglinsky. The surname comes from the name of the settlement Chigla in the Voronezh region, which, apparently, is associated with the designation of the union of the medieval Turkic tribes Chigili.

Shabansky. The surname is formed from the names of the settlements Shabanovo, Shabanovskoye, Shabanskoye, located in different parts of the country. These names come from the Turkic name Shaban of Arabic origin. In Arabic, Sha'ban is the name of the eighth month of the lunar calendar. The name Shaban is also attested in Russian peasant families in the 15th-17th centuries. In parallel with this, the spelling variant Shiban was noted in the Russian language - obviously, by analogy with the Russian shibat, zashibat. In the records of 1570-1578, Prince Ivan Andreevich Shiban Dolgoruky is mentioned; in 1584, the stirrup grooms of Tsar Theodore Ioannovich Osip Shiban and Danilo Shikhman Ermolaevich Kasatkins. The servant of Prince Kurbsky was called Vasily Shibanov - he was executed by Ivan the Terrible in 1564.

In addition, the name of the ethnic group of the Siberian Tatars, the Shibans, and the generic name of the Crimean Tatars, the Shiban Murzas, are known. In the Perm region there is a settlement of Shibanovo, and in the Ivanovo region - Shibanikha.

Different types of proper names are so closely related to each other: personal names, geographical and ethnic names, as well as surnames.

By their origin and meaning, most Ukrainian surnames are closely related to Russian ones. There is nothing surprising in this, since both those and other surnames take their roots in the history of the Slavic peoples. At the same time, Ukrainian surnames are noticeably different from typical Russian surnames.

Surnames formed with suffixes.

The most typical suffix for the surnames of the inhabitants of the Dnieper Ukraine is the suffix -enk-. According to historical documents, the first mention of such surnames dates back to the 16th century. According to historians, the suffix and the ending –enko are of Turkic origin. Over the next centuries, surnames ending in -enko became widespread (more than half of the total number of surnames) among the Cossacks from the Left Bank of the Dnieper, in the Kiev region and some other regions. It was not uncommon to switch from a surname without a suffix to a surname with a suffix. For example, Komar - Komarenko.

Other similar ways of changing surnames into the Ukrainian way are the addition of suffixes -eyk- (Bateyko), -ochk- (Marochko), -ko (Andreiko).

Some suffixes, with which Ukrainian surnames are formed, belong to the category of toponymic suffixes and are common not only among Ukrainians, but also among Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Bulgarians and other Slavic peoples. So, the suffix -sk- or -tsk- was often found among representatives of the Ukrainian nobility, whose surnames were formed according to the name of the family estate. For example, Gorodets - Gorodetsky. Other varieties of toponymic suffixes are -ovsk- (-ivsky), -evsk-. Examples of surnames: Baranovsky, Grinevsky.

Characteristic for Ukrainian surnames are the patronymic suffixes -ich- (-ych-) and -uk- (-yuk-). The latter denote "someone's servant, disciple or son." For example, the meaning of the surname Tarasyuk may sound like "son of Taras." In addition, among immigrants from different regions of Ukraine, there may be various suffixes characteristic of these regions. For example, in the regions that were once part of Little Russia, Russian and related endings -ov, -ev and -iv are common. With the help of these suffixes, Ukrainian surnames were Russified and took on the form, for example, like this: Porechenko - Porechenkov.

You can also list surnames with suffixes that are found mainly among Ukrainians: Paliy (suffix -iy, in Transcarpathia is more common -ey), Shcherbak (suffix -ak), Pasichnyk (suffix -nick) and others.

Surnames derived from other words

The origin of many Ukrainian surnames can be easily traced if you pay attention to what words they are formed from. Often young people were given surnames according to the occupation of their parents, the name of the father or his nickname. So, for example, the surname Kovalenko comes from the word "forger", the translation of which sounds like "blacksmith". Also, surnames formed from the names of professions include Grabar (digger), Kravets (tailor), Rybalko (fisherman), etc.

Surnames formed from first names are very popular among Ukrainians. Usually such surnames appeared when young Cossacks were recorded by the name of their father - Zakharchenko, Yushchenko, Vasyuchenko. It is not uncommon for surnames formed from nouns, from the names of animals, and also made up of several words. For example, Share (fate), Koshara (flock of sheep), Gogol (bird), Shchur (rat), Krasnoshapka (red hat), Ryabokon (speckled horse), etc.

Cossack Sich surnames

These Ukrainian surnames should be taken out in a separate paragraph for their unusualness. As a rule, they consist of two parts - a verb and a noun, and have a pronounced emotional coloring. Surnames such as Zaderikhvist or Lupybatko are designed to tune in a certain way, giving rise to many images in the mind.

These flowery surnames owe their appearance to the tradition, according to which those who arrived in the Sich had to leave the old name outside its borders and pick up a new one that would correspond to their character.

Female Ukrainian surnames

Feminine forms in Ukrainian do not exist for all surnames. As a rule, they are used for those surnames that are morphologically identified as adjectives ending in –sky (Khovansky - Khovanskaya), as well as for surnames that sound close to Russian ones (Shugaev - Shugaeva).

Other surnames common among Ukrainians do not have a separate female form. As an exception, Western Ukrainian surnames ending in -iv or -ishin can be cited. Sometimes you can find female variants of these surnames (for example, Pavliv - Pavliva). In addition, in a colloquial conversation, one can hear how from a surname ending in -yuk, they form a female form ending in -yuchka (Serdyuk - Serduchka). However, this is not a literary norm.

With each year of his life, a person expands the choice of communication more and more, getting to know new people. In order for a new acquaintance to contact you, you need to make a good impression on him. To avoid uncomfortable situations, it is important to know what nationality the person in front of you is in order to behave in accordance with the moral and ethical standards of his country. By most surnames, you can accurately determine the nationality of your friends, neighbors, business partners, etc.

Russians - use surnames with suffixes -an, -yn, -in, -skikh, -ov, -ev, -skoy, -tskoy, -ih, -yh (Snegirev, Ivanov, Voronin, Sinitsyn, Donskoy, Moscow, Sedykh) ;

Belarusians - typical Belarusian surnames end in -ich, -chik, -ka, -ko, -onak, -yonak, -uk, -ik, -ski. (Radkevich, Dubrova, Parshonok, Kuharchik, Kastsyushka); many surnames in the Soviet years were Russified and Polished (Dubrovsky, Kosciuszko);

Poles - most of the surnames have the suffix -sk, -ck, and the ending -y (-th), indicating masculine and feminine gender (Sushitsky, Kovalskaya, Khodetsky, Volnitskaya); there are also double surnames - if a woman, when getting married, wants to leave her surname (Mazur-Komorovskaya); in addition to these surnames, surnames with an unchanged form are also common among the Poles (Nowak, Sienkiewicz, Wuytsik, Wozniak). Ukrainians with surname endings in -y are not Ukrainians, but Ukrainian Poles.;

Ukrainians - the first classification of surnames of a given nationality is formed with the help of suffixes -enko, -ko, -uk, -yuk (Kreschenko, Grishko, Vasilyuk, Kovalchuk); the second series denotes the kind of any craft or occupation (Potter, Koval); the third group of surnames consists of separate Ukrainian words (Gorobets, Ukrainians, Parubok), as well as a merger of words (Vernigora, Nepiyvoda, Bilous).

Latvians - a surname ending in -s, -is denotes a feature for the masculine gender, and -a, -e for the feminine (Verbitskis - Verbitska, Shurins - Shurin)

Lithuanians - male surnames end in -onis, -unas, -utis, -aitis, -enas (Pyatrenas, Norvydaitis), female surnames are formed from the husband's surname using the suffixes -en, -yuven, -uven and endings -e (Grinius - Grinuvene), the surnames of unmarried girls contain the basis of the father's surname with the addition of the suffixes -ut, -polut, -ait and the endings -e (Orbakas - Orbakaite);

Estonians - male and female with the help of surnames do not differ, all foreign surnames (mostly German) were Estonianized at one time (Rosenberg - Roozimäe), this process is still in effect today. for example, in order to be able to play for the Estonian national team, football players Sergei Khokhlov and Konstantin Kolbasenko had to change their names to Simson and Nahk;

The French - many surnames are prefixed with Le or De (Le Pen, Mol Pompadour); mostly dissimilar nicknames and personal names were used to form surnames (Robert, Jolie, Cauchon - a pig);

Romanians: -sku, -u(l), -an.

Serbs: -ich.

English - the following surnames are common: formed from the names of the place of residence (Scott, Wales); designating a profession (Hoggart - a shepherd, Smith - a blacksmith); indicating the outward appearance of character and appearance (Armstrong - strong, Sweet - sweet, Bragg - bragging);

Germans - surnames formed from personal names (Werner, Peters); surnames that characterize a person (Krause - wavy, Klein - small); surnames indicating the type of activity (Müller - miller, Lehmann - geomor);

Swedes - most surnames end in -sson, -berg, -steady, -strom (Andersson, Olsson, Forsberg, Bostrom);

Norwegians - are formed from personal names using the suffix -en (Larsen, Hansen), surnames can occur without suffixes and endings (Per, Morten); Norwegian surnames can repeat the names of animals, trees and natural phenomena (Blizzard - blizzard, Svane - swan, Furu - pine);

Italians - surnames are characterized by the suffixes -ini, -ino, -ello, -illo, -etti, -etto, -ito (Benedetto, Moretti, Esposito), can end in -o, -a, -i (Conti, Giordano, Costa ); the prefixes di- and- denote, respectively, the person's belonging to his genus and geographical structure (Di Moretti is the son of Moretti, Da Vinci is from Vinci);

Turks - most often surnames end in -oglu, -ji, -zade (Mustafaoglu, Ekindzhi, Kuindzhi, Mammadzade), Turkish names or household words were often used in the formation of surnames (Ali, Abaza - fool, Kolpakchi - hat);

Bulgarians - almost all Bulgarian surnames are formed from personal names and suffixes -ov, -ev (Konstantinov, Georgiev);

Gagauz: -oglo.

Tatars: -in, -ishin.

Greeks - the surnames of the Greeks cannot be confused with any other surnames, only they have the endings -idis, -kos, -pulos (Angelopoulos, Nikolaidis);

Czechs - the main difference from other surnames is the obligatory ending -ova in female surnames, even if where it would seem inappropriate (Valdrova, Ivanovova, Andersonova).

Georgians - common surnames ending in -shvili, -dze, -uri, -ava, -a, -ua, -ia, -ni, -li, -si (Baratashvili, Mikadze, Adamia, Karchava, Gvishiani, Tsereteli);

Armenians - a significant part of the surnames of the inhabitants of Armenia have the suffix -yan (Hakopyan, Galustyan); Also, -yants, -uni.

Moldovans: -sku, -u(l), -an.

Azerbaijanis - formed surnames, taking Azerbaijani names as a basis and attaching Russian suffixes -ov, -ev to them (Mamedov, Aliyev, Gasanov, Abdullayev). Also, -zade, -li, ly, -oglu, -kyzy.

Jews - the main group is made up of surnames with roots Levi and Cohen (Levin, Levitan Kagan, Koganovich, Katz); the second group originated from male and female Jewish names with the addition of various suffixes (Yakobson, Yakubovich, Davidson, Godelson, Tsivyan, Beilis, Abramovich, Rubinchik, Vigdorchik, Mandelstam); the third classification of surnames reflects the character of a person, the features of his appearance or belonging to a profession (Kaplan is a chaplain, Rabinovich is a rabbi, Melamed is a pestun, Schwarzbard is black-bearded, Stiller is quiet, Shtarkman is strong).

Ossetians: -ty.

Mordva: -yn, -in.

Chinese and Koreans - for the most part, these are surnames consisting of one, less often two syllables (Tang, Liu, Duan, Qiao, Choi, Kogai);

Japanese - modern Japanese surnames are formed by the merger of two meaningful words (Wada - sweetness and rice field, Igarashi - 50 storms, Katayama - hill, Kitamura - north and village); The most common Japanese surnames are: Takahashi, Kobayashi, Kato, Suzuki, Yamamoto.

As you can see, in order to determine the nationality of a person, it is enough to accurately analyze his last name, highlighting the suffix and ending.

WHAT DO SURNAMES ON "-IN" MEAN? SURNAMES ENDING IN -IN HAVE RUSSIAN ROOT OR JEWISH?

In the collection of the famous Slavic linguist B. O Unbegaun "Russian Surnames" one can read that surnames beginning with "in" are predominantly the Russian type of surnames.

Why the ending "-in"? Basically, all surnames ending in "in" come from words ending in -а/-я and from feminine nouns ending in a soft consonant.

There are not isolated examples of erroneous attachment of -in to stems with a final solid consonant: Orekhin, Karpin, Markin, where -ov should have been. And in another case -ov turned out to be in place -in: Shishimorov from the basis of shishimora. It is possible to mix formants. After all, among Russians -in and -ov have been semantically indistinguishable for more than a thousand years. The meaning of the difference was lost even in the common Slavic language, the choice of -ov or -in depends only survivingly on the phonetic feature of the stem (Nikonov "Geography of Surnames").

Another old Russian surname is Semin, also a surname with "-in". According to the main version, the surname Semin goes back to the baptismal male name Semyon. The name Semyon is the Russian form of the ancient Jewish name Simeon, meaning "hearing", "heard by God." On behalf of Semyon in Rus', many derivative forms were formed, one of which - Syoma - formed the basis of this surname.

Rogozhey was called a coarse woven fabric from bast tapes. A bast hut (bast mat, bast mat) in Rus' was called a workshop where mats were woven, and a bast weaver was called a bast weaver or a bast mat merchant.

Please note that the words from which surnames are formed with "in" mostly end in "-a" or "-ya". We will not be able to say "Borodov" or "Ilyinov", it would be more logical and sonorous to pronounce "Ilyin" or "Borodin".

"The surname Maksyutov is an old princely surname of Tatar origin. Historical sources speak of the ancient origin of the surname Maksyutov. The surname was first documented in the 16th century: from Prince Maksut of Kasimov (1554), in the genealogical legend, Prince Maksut was called a lancer and a descendant of Tsarevich Kasim. Now there is almost no doubt about the origin of the surname.

How to find out if the surname on -in is of Jewish origin or is it a native Russian surname? Always analyze the word that underlies your last name.

Here are examples of Jewish surnames ending in "-in" or "-ov": Edmin (derived from the name of the German city of Emden), Kotin (derived from the Hebrew קטן- in the Ashkenazi pronunciation "kotn", meaning "small"), Eventov (derived from Hebrew “even tov” - “precious stone”), Khazin (derived from the Hebrew “khazan”, in the Ashkenazi pronunciation “khazn”, meaning “a person leading worship in the synagogue”), Superfin (translated means “very beautiful”) and a lot others.

SURNAMES ENDING IN √ SKIY/-SKAYA, -TSKIY/-TSKAYA

Many Russians have a firm and unfounded conviction that surnames in -sky are necessarily Polish. From history textbooks, the names of several Polish magnates are known, formed from the names of their possessions: Pototsky and Zapototsky, Zablotsky, Krasinsky. But from the same textbooks, the names of many Russians with the same suffixes are known: Konstantin Grigorievich Zabolotsky, roundabout of Tsar John III, late 15th - early 16th centuries; clerk Semyon Zaborovsky, early 16th century; boyars Shuisky and Belsky, close associates of Ivan the Terrible. Famous Russian artists Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Makovsky, Kramskoy.

Brynsky. The author of this letter, Evgeny Sergeevich Brynsky, himself sent the story of his last name. We give only a small piece of the letter, since it is not possible to publish it in its entirety. Bryn - the river of the Kaluga region, flows into the tributary of the Oka Zhizdra. In the old days, large dense Bryn forests stretched along it, in which the Old Believers took refuge. According to the epic about Ilya Muromets, it was in the Bryn forests that the Nightingale the Robber lived. We add that there are several settlements Bryn in the Kaluga and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. The surname Brynski / Brynska found in Poland is formed from the name of two settlements Brynsk in different parts of the country and also, apparently, goes back to the names of the rivers Bryn, Brynica. There is no uniform interpretation of the names of these rivers in science. If the suffix -ets is added to the name of an inhabited place, then such a word denotes a native of this place. In the Crimea in the 60s - 70s of the XX century, the winegrower Maria Bryntseva was well known. Her surname is derived from the word brynets, that is, a native of the city or village of Bryn.

Steblivsky. The Ukrainian surname, corresponding to the Russian one, is Steblevsky; formed from the names of settlements Steblevka in the Transcarpathian region or Steblev-Cherkasy. In Ukrainian orthography, i is written in place of the second e.

Chiglinsky. The surname comes from the name of the settlement Chigla in the Voronezh region, which, apparently, is associated with the designation of the union of the medieval Turkic tribes Chigili.

Shabansky. The surname is formed from the names of the settlements Shabanovo, Shabanovskoye, Shabanskoye, located in different parts of the country. These names come from the Turkic name Shaban of Arabic origin. In Arabic, sha "ban is the name of the eighth month of the lunar calendar. The name Shaban was also attested in Russian peasant families in the 15th-17th centuries. In parallel with this, the spelling variant Shiban was noted in Russian - obviously, by analogy with the Russian shibat, zashibat. In the records Prince Ivan Andreevich Shiban Dolgoruky is mentioned in 1570-1578, Osip Shiban and Danilo Shikhman Yermolaevich Kasatkin, the stirrup grooms of Tsar Feodor Ioannovich, were mentioned in 1584. Vasily Shibanov, the servant of Prince Kurbsky, was executed by Ivan the Terrible in 1564.

Different types of proper names are so closely related to each other: personal names, geographical and ethnic names, as well as surnames.

The origin of surnames.

History of Ukrainian surnames is one of the oldest in Europe. Already in the 17th century, almost all Ukrainians had hereditary generic names. For example, the common people of France began to receive surnames at the beginning of the 19th century, Russian peasants - after the abolition of serfdom in 1861. However, for a long time, Ukrainian surnames were not legalized and could change several times. Only at the end of the 18th century did they acquire a legal status like all the surnames of Austria-Hungary, which then included Ukraine.

Methods of formation of surnames.

List of Ukrainian surnames alphabetically testifies to their great diversity in the way they were formed. One enumeration of the suffixes with which they were created will take up considerable space. Here the undisputed leader is the suffix -enko. Initially, he emphasized the connection with his father and meant "the son of someone." Petrenko is the son of Peter, Romanenko is the son of Roman. Later, he lost his ancient meaning and served as an addition to nicknames and professions - Zubchenko, Melnichenko.

If you look dictionary of Ukrainian surnames, then you can notice a certain number of surnames with suffixes -sky, -tsky, which indicates Polish influence (Artemovsky, Khmelnitsky). Usually such surnames were assigned to priests. At the same time, in Western Ukraine, in order to distinguish a Ukrainian from a gentry, surnames are formed on -uk, -yuk. At first, baptismal names served as the basis for them, then any others - Gavrilyuk, Zakharchuk, Popelnyuk.

Among Ukrainian surnames, there are often those in which a trace of other peoples and languages \u200b\u200bis visible, for example, the German roots of Shvartsyuk or Schwartz. And in such surnames as Babiy, Bogma, Kekukh, Prikhno, Shakhrai, experts see the Adyghe origin.

No less varied and interpretation of Ukrainian surnames. Many Ukrainians received surnames according to the profession they were engaged in - Zvarych (salt maker), Shvets (shoemaker), Stolyarenko, Koval (blacksmith). Often, surnames are associated with the place of residence, nature, the names of rivers, lakes and even buildings - Lugovoi, Ozirny, Zaklunny (klunya barn), Dniprenko, Rostavets.

The meaning of Ukrainian surnames, associated with the names of animals, birds and fish, can be attributed to ancient surnames. They were born from the nicknames of their first carriers - Vovk, Zaichuk, Orlenko, Karpenko. Plants, household items, food were also not forgotten - Skovoroda, Birch, Bulba, Borsch. Moreover, they had different education options - Skovorodchenko, Borshevsky, Berezovsky.

Surnames of the Cossacks.

It is impossible to ignore the nicknames of the Cossacks, which later became surnames. According to the unwritten laws of the Sich, the Cossacks had to leave their names behind the fence and enter the Cossack world with a new name that would accurately characterize them. Often here the verb in the imperative mood merged with the noun - Zhuiboroda, Lupibatko. Of course, these were nicknames, but many of them have survived to this day already as surnames - Tyagnibok, Podoprigora, Krivonos.

Declension of Ukrainian surnames in Russian.

Most Ukrainian surnames do not have a female form, with the exception of surnames ending in -skaya, -tskaya, -ovskaya, -evskaya (Vishnevskaya, Savitskaya). declination such Ukrainian women's surnames obeys the general rules of the Russian language. The rest of the female surnames do not change by case, like all Ukrainian surnames in -ko.

Top Ukrainian surnames shows which ones are the most popular.

Ukrainian names are very common, not to mention family names. When Kievan Rus converted to Christianity, beautiful words began to emerge, which later became Ukrainian. The Christian church calendar says that it is the basis of all data. So what is the magic of the Ukrainian language?

Ukrainian names and surnames

The origin of Ukrainian surnames is a long story that goes back several centuries. There is one very curious fact: Ukrainian data came into use much earlier than Russian or English. The first surnames were with the suffix -enko-, which is now already known and even familiar. But few people know that this is one of the most ancient suffixes, which dates back to the 16th century.

Each word was given to people for a reason, it meant something. So, for example, the common surname Maistrenko has the translation “freedom”, i.e. someone in the family was not a serf, but had the right to be a master. An ethnic Ukrainian may belong to a group with a long history, due to the presence of some specific signs of the formation of a surname.

Men's

Ukrainian surnames for men depend on endings and suffixes - this is the most important indicator of construction. They were formed for a long time, based on the nicknames of people, their professions, appearance and region of residence, so they could receive them based on the specifics of their activities. Common alphabetical suffixes that play a major role in the formation of data are:

-eyk-;
-ko-;
-points-;
-nickname-;
-ar (ar) -;
-shin-;
-ba-.

Women's

Ukrainian surnames for women are formed in the same way as for men. Here the endings change a little, they have a declination, but only thanks to this it can be understood that we have a woman in front of us. Also, forms for girls do not exist for everyone. There is also data that does not change, i.e. suitable for both sexes at once. The examples of suffixes are the same as given above. But it is best to disassemble in a visual version.

Pilipenko. It applies equally to both men and women.
Serdyukov - by the mention in this case, it is clearly visible that this is a man. Serdyukov - the declension with the addition of the letter "a" can no longer be thought that this is the male sex. For a woman, this consonance is much more suitable.

Funny Ukrainian surnames

The dictionary of Ukrainian surnames is replete with unusual, funny data, which are even strange to consider as names. No, it's not about ridicule. It's just that they are really very funny, funny, few people will have the courage to give their child a similar name. Although, for Ukraine, such names are considered the best of all:

Ladle;
Golka;
Do not shoot;
Nedaikhleb;
Thinness;
chicken coop;
Fear;
Pipko the Possessed;
Cattle;
Kochmarik;
Grivul;
Gurragcha;
Surdul;
Bochard;
Zhovna.

The list is endless, there are not the most successful options that do not sound very aesthetically pleasing. But what to do, such is the Ukrainian language, and we must respect it.

Beautiful Ukrainian surnames

Beautiful Ukrainian surnames, the list of which is extensive. There is familiar data here that is often encountered. The data is really very interesting, well-known, and most importantly, consonant.

Tkachenko;
Stepanenko;
Plushenko;
Leshchenko;
Skripko;
Goncharenko;
Sobchak;
Tishchenko;
Vinnichenko;
Timoshenko;
Romaniuk;
Onishchenko;
Gouzenko.

Western Ukrainian

Western Ukrainian surnames are the owners of the suffix -iv-, it is found absolutely everywhere. For example, Illiv, Ivaniv, Ivantsiv. In general, in Western Ukraine there are not so many endings and suffixes, so the people limited themselves to the main additions to the data, without declension: -vich-, -ych-, -ovich-, -evich- and -ich-. That's all diversity. If the word ends in one of these suffixes, then it should immediately be determined that this is exclusively Western Ukraine. So, for example, here are a number of well-known names that refer to the Western Ukrainian addition system:

Mishkevich;
Koganovich;
Mrych;
Enukovich;
Gorbatsevich;
Krivich;
Bekonovich;
Vinich;
Stroganovich;
Strarovoitovich;
Gudzevich;
Bykovich;
Kpekych.

Common

There are also a dozen - the most common Ukrainian surnames, which are not only found on every corner, but are also considered the most popular of all. A large number of famous people have real surnames of Ukrainian origin, for example, astronauts, politicians, etc. List of Ukrainian surnames:

Strelbitsky.
Kravets.
Kravchenko.
Koval.
Kravchuk.
Kovalchuk.
Pridius.
Butko.
Khrushchev.
Matvienko.

How Ukrainian surnames are inclined

Do Ukrainian surnames decline? In general, the male surname will always fit this rule. But there is also another weighty rule: non-Russian surnames that end in a consonant are necessarily inclined, and foreign data related to non-Slavic traditions ending in a vowel remain unchanged. The feminine side is not as flexible as there are some suffixes that just fall out. So, women have to walk all their lives with male data, but this does not upset them in any way, because in most cases these surnames are very concise and beautiful.