Dictionary of special terms in painting. Art Dictionary

GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS

VISUAL ARTS

outline - linear combinations of the depicted figure, its contours.

abstractionis one of the main ways of thinking. In fine arts, the process of stylization of natural forms.

Watercolor paints- water-adhesive of finely ground pigments. Watercolor can be written on dry and wet paper. Sometimes watercolor is used in combination with gouache, tempera, charcoal. Watercolor paints are usually applied to paper in a transparent layer using the white color of the paper, and this transparency is the main beauty of watercolor. it requires fast precise work, almost does not tolerate corrections, its attractiveness lies in the brightness of color, luminosity, transparency, freshness of impression. Watercolor painting as an independent technique originated later than the pastel technique. The heyday of watercolor came from the second half of the XVIII century. A. Ivanov, K. Bryullov, M. Vrubel, V. Serov and many other artists worked with watercolors. Watercolor occupies an intermediate position between graphics and painting.

Accent - reception of underlining with color, light, line, etc. any detail, subject to which you need to pay attention.

Alla prima - an artistic technique in painting, when a picture is painted without preliminary registration, in one session.

Animal genre- a genre of fine art associated with the image of animals. The animal painter focuses on the artistic and figurative characteristics of the animal, but at the same time conveys its anatomical structure with scientific accuracy.

ancient art- the art of the ancient era; the art of ancient Greece, as well as the countries and peoples of the ancient world, whose culture developed under a certain influence of the ancient Greek tradition: the art of the Hellenistic states, Rome and the Etruscans.

Architecture (lat. architectura from other Greek αρχι - senior, chief, and other Greek τέκτων - builder, carpenter) - the art of designing, building buildings and structures (also their complexes). Architecture certainly creates a materially organized environment that people need for their life and activities, in accordance with modern technical capabilities and aesthetic views of society. Architecture is also called the appearance of buildings and structures, as well as the buildings and structures themselves collectively.

Architectural works are often perceived as cultural or political symbols, as works of art. Historical civilizations are characterized by their architectural achievements. Architecture allows the vital functions of society to be carried out, while at the same time directing life processes. However, architecture is created in accordance with the capabilities and needs of people. The subject of work with space is the organization of the populated place as a whole. It stood out in a separate direction - urban planning, which covers a complex of socio-economic, construction, technical, architectural, artistic, sanitary and hygienic problems. For the same reason, it is difficult to give a correct assessment of an architectural structure without knowing urban planning. Almost all famous city planners had an architectural education.

achromatic colors- white, gray, black, differ only in lightness and are devoid of color tone.

Baguette (from French baguette, lit. stick) - a wooden or plastic plank for making picture frames and decorating walls.

Baroque - an artistic style that prevailed from the end of the 16th to the middle of the 18th centuries. in European art. The main features of the Baroque are splendor, solemnity, splendor, dynamism, life-affirming character. Baroque art is characterized by bold contrasts of scale, light and shadow, color, a combination of reality and fantasy.

glare - an element of chiaroscuro. The lightest place on the illuminated (shiny) surface of the object. With a change in point of view, the glare changes its location on the shape of the object.

household genre - a genre of fine art, defined by a range of topics and plots from everyday human life.

Valer - in the art of painting, a tonal nuance, a subtle difference in lightness of the same color. Valera are achieved by glazing technique. They allow you to achieve rich color relationships, the finest nuances and subtle color transitions.

Vernissage (from the French vernissage, literally - varnishing) - the grand opening of the exhibition, in which specially invited persons participate: artists, critics, people associated with art, etc.

aerial perspective- a change in the color, shape and degree of illumination of objects that occurs as nature moves away from the eyes of the observer due to an increase in the light-air space between the observer and the object.

Gamma color - the colors that prevail in this work and determine the nature of its pictorial solution.

Harmony - communication, harmony, proportionality. In the visual arts, a combination of shapes, interrelationships of parts or colors. In drawing - the correspondence of details to the whole, in painting - color unity.

Gothic - a period in the development of medieval art on the territory of Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe from the 12th to the 15th-16th centuries. Gothic came to replace the Romanesque style, gradually replacing it. The term "Gothic" is most often applied to a well-known style of architectural structures that can be briefly described as "eerily majestic". But Gothic covers almost all works of fine art of this period: sculpture, painting, book miniature, stained glass, fresco and many others. Gothic originated in the middle of the 12th century in northern France, in the 13th century it spread to the territory of modern Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Spain, and England. Gothic penetrated into Italy later, with great difficulty and a strong transformation, which led to the emergence of "Italian Gothic". At the end of the 14th century, Europe was engulfed by the so-called international Gothic. Gothic penetrated into the countries of Eastern Europe later and stayed there a little longer - until the 16th century. For buildings and works of art containing characteristic Gothic elements, but created in the eclectic period (mid-19th century) and later, the term "neo-Gothic" is used. At the beginning of the 19th century, the term "Gothic novel" began to denote the literary genre of the Romantic era - the literature of secrets and horrors (the action of such works often unfolded in "Gothic" castles or monasteries). In the 1980s, the term "gothic" began to be used to refer to the musical genre that arose at that time ("gothic rock"), and then the subculture that formed around it ("gothic subculture").

Engraving - one of the types of graphics that allows you to get printed prints of works of art made in solid material (wood, metal, linoleum, etc.). There are varieties of engraving: print, easel and book engraving, convex and in-depth. Convex engraving: woodcut (woodcut), engraving or linoleum (linocut). In-depth engraving is a cutting engraving made with steel cutters, most often on copper, etching is an impression of a work of art made on a board coated with a special varnish.

Graphic arts - a type of fine art that is associated with an image on a plane. Graphics combine drawing and various types of engravings.

Grattage (from French grattage, from gratter - scrape, scratch) - a way to make a drawing by scratching paper or cardboard covered with ink on wax with a pen or sharp instrument.

Grisaille - technique of execution and a work made with a brush with one paint (mainly black or brown); the image is created on the basis of tonal relationships (tones of varying degrees of lightness) - a monochromatic monochrome painting.

Gouache - water-based paint with great coloring capabilities. Paints after drying quickly lighten and the ability to foresee the degree of change in their tone and color is necessary. They write with gouache paints on paper, cardboard, the works have a matte velvety surface.

Detailing – careful study of the details of the image. Depending on the task that the artist sets himself and his creative manner, the degree of detail may be different.

Detail - an element, a detail that clarifies the characteristic, a less significant part of the work, a fragment.

Deformation - changing the specific form in the image, is used as an artistic technique that enhances the expressiveness of the image.

Diptych (from the Greek diptychos - double, folded in half) - two paintings connected by a single idea.

Dynamism (in the visual arts) - movement, lack of rest. Here it is not always an image of movement - a physical action, which is a movement in space, but also the internal dynamics of the image of both living beings and inanimate objects. Dynamism is achieved by compositional solution, interpretation of forms and manner of performance.

Additional colors- two colors that give white when optically mixed (red with bluish-green, orange with cyan, yellow with blue, violet with greenish-yellow, green with magenta). When these pairs of complementary colors are mechanically mixed, shades with reduced saturation are obtained. Complementary colors are also called contrasting.

Genre - a concept that unites works on the basis of similar themes. In the visual arts, genres are distinguished: still life, interior, landscape, portrait, plot painting. The genre is everyday, historical, battle.

Painting - one of the main types of fine art, conveying the diverse multicolor of the surrounding world. According to the technique of execution, painting is divided into oil, tempera, fresco, wax, mosaic, stained glass, watercolor, gouache, pastel. By genre, easel painting, monumental, decorative, theatrical and decorative, miniature painting are distinguished.

Decorative painting- designed to decorate architecture or products. Acting in unity with their three-dimensional composition, it becomes their element, accentuates the expressiveness of the composition or visually transforms it, introducing new scale relations, rhythm, color. Decorative painting is a planar painting, which should not disturb the plane of the surface with an illusory interpretation of space, it uses a conditional interpretation of color and, most often, an open local color.

Monumental painting- a special kind of paintings on a large scale, decorating the walls and ceilings of architectural structures: fresco, mosaic, panel.

Wet painting- technique of oil and watercolor painting. In watercolor, before starting to work wet, the paper is evenly moistened with water. When the water is absorbed into the paper and dries a little, they begin to write. Strokes of paint, lying on a wet surface, blur, merge with each other, create smooth transitions. So you can achieve softness in the transfer of the outlines of objects, airiness and spatiality of the image.

easel painting- a work of art that has an independent character.

Completeness - the stage in the work on the work, when the completeness of the embodiment of the creative idea is achieved, or in a narrower sense, when a certain pictorial task is completed.

Sketch - a drawing from life, made mainly outside the workshop in order to collect material for more significant work or as an exercise. Unlike a sketch similar in terms of technical means, the execution of a sketch can be very detailed.

Interior - internal view, the internal space of the building, any room, as well as its image in art. The interior is understood as the interior space with all its elements: decoration, draperies, paintings, frescoes, utensils, etc.

Impressionism - the artistic style in the art of the last third of the 19th - early 20th centuries, which had a huge impact on all subsequent art. Their works are characterized by images of random situations, boldness of compositional solutions, apparent imbalance, fragmentary composition, unexpected points of view, angles, cuts of figures by a frame.

historical genre- a genre of fine art dedicated to the depiction of significant historical events, phenomena and military operations, mainly refers to the historical past.

Painting - a painting that is self-contained. Pictures vary by genre. Unlike a sketch, a picture can reflect reality with the greatest depth, in a complete and thought-out form in general and in details.

coloring - a feature of the color and tonal structure of the work. The coloring reflects the color properties of the real world, but at the same time only those of them that correspond to a certain artistic image are selected. Color in a work is usually a combination of colors that has a certain unity. In a narrower sense, color is understood as the harmony and beauty of color combinations, as well as the richness of color shades. Depending on the prevailing color scheme, it can be cold, warm, light, greenish, etc. Color affects the feelings of the viewer, creates a mood in the picture and serves as an important means of figurative and psychological characteristics.

Collage (from the French collage, literally - gluing) - a technical technique in the visual arts, gluing materials that differ from it in color and texture onto a base.

Composition - the structure of the work, the consistency of its parts, corresponding to the content, the search for ways and means of creating an artistic image, the best embodiment of the artist's intention. The work on the composition goes from the initial idea, its general "tie" in plastic-visible forms to the completion of the work. At the same time, on the basis of the chosen theme, the artist develops the plot. The compositional construction includes the placement of an image in space or on the picture plane in the appropriate size, format and materials. This includes: clarifying the center of the composition node and subordinating more secondary parts of the work to it, connecting its individual parts in a harmonious unity, grouping and subordinating them in order to achieve expressiveness and plastic integrity of the image.

At the same time, contrasts and the rhythmic arrangement of the main masses and silhouettes in the picture stand out. In the compositional solution of the work, the choice of the point of view on the depicted is of great importance. When working from nature, the composition also includes the search for a motive for the image, the selection and placement of objects, and the setting of a living model. Work on the composition also includes perspective construction of the image, the coordination of scales and proportions, the tonal and color scheme of the work.

Design - in the fine arts, the essence, a characteristic feature of the structure of any form in nature and in the image, suggesting the relationship of parts as a whole and their relationship.

counterjour - the phenomenon of perception of an object or object standing against the light and perceived as a flat silhouette spot.

Contrast - a common artistic technique, which is a comparison of any opposing qualities that contribute to their strengthening. Color and tonal contrast are of the greatest importance. Color contrast usually consists of juxtaposition of complementary colors or colors that differ from each other in lightness. Tonal contrast is the juxtaposition of light and dark. In compositional construction, contrast serves as a technique, thanks to which the main thing stands out more strongly and greater expressiveness and sharpness of the characterization of images are achieved.

Color Contrast- the tendency to perceive the subject color (its local color) regardless of changing lighting conditions, its strength, spectral composition (day, evening, artificial).

Circuit - a visual means in the form of a line limiting the shape.

Coroplasty - production of female figurines from baked clay, wax, plaster, etc.

Classicism (French classicisme, from Latin classicus - exemplary) - an artistic style and aesthetic trend in European art of the 17th-19th centuries. Classicism is based on the ideas of rationalism, which were formed simultaneously with the same ideas in the philosophy of Descartes. A work of art, from the point of view of classicism, should be built on the basis of strict canons, thereby revealing the harmony and logic of the universe itself. Of interest to classicism is only the eternal, unchanging - in each phenomenon, he seeks to recognize only essential, typological features, discarding random individual features. The aesthetics of classicism attaches great importance to the social and educational function of art. Classicism takes many rules and canons from ancient art (Aristotle, Horace). Classicism establishes a strict hierarchy of genres, which are divided into high (ode, tragedy, epic) and low (comedy, satire, fable). Each genre has strictly defined features, mixing of which is not allowed. As a certain direction, it was formed in France in the 17th century. French classicism affirmed the personality of a person as the highest value of being, freeing him from religious and church influence.

Glaze - an artistic technique in painting, which uses the transparency of colors. Glazes are used in painting to give color new shades, sometimes to create a new (transparent) color, as well as to enhance or muffle the color intensity. Glazing is widespread in watercolor painting.

local color - the color characteristic of the coloring of a given object is constantly changing under the influence of lighting, air, surrounding objects, etc., in painting - taken in the main large ratios to neighboring colors, without a detailed selection of color shades.

Smear - a trace of a brush with paint left on a base (canvas, cardboard, paper, etc.). The technique of painting with strokes is very diverse and depends on the individual style of the artist and the tasks that he sets for himself, on the features and properties of the material in which he works.

Palette knife (from Italian mestichino - spatula) - a tool made of flexible steel in the form of a knife or spatula. A palette knife is used by artists to clean a palette or to partially remove wet paint from a painting. Also, a palette knife is used instead of a brush to apply paint in an even layer or a relief stroke on the picture.

Materiality - the transfer of the material qualities of an object by its tonal and color relationships, the nature of chiaroscuro, glare and reflexes.

Miniature - a work of fine art, characterized by small size and subtlety of artistic techniques.

Maecenas - a person who loves art, knows how to appreciate it and is well versed in it, he can be called a connoisseur. This is a person who patronizes the arts and sciences, who invests his own money in their development. And although this term is known to many, but not everyone knows who the famous Patron really was...

So, Maecenas is the surname of a real person. And the name is Gaius Cylnius. The exact year of his birth has not been established; it is believed that Gaizilniy Maecenas was born around 70 BC. By birth, Maecenas belonged to the highest and wealthiest stratum of Roman citizens - the so-called "horsemen". But even among the riders, he was noticeably distinguished by nobility and wealth. His ancestors are the royal family of the Zilnians, who once ruled in the city of Arrecia.

The youth of Maecenas fell at that moment in the history of Rome, when it was filled with conspiracies, civil wars and repressions. The Roman Republic fell, a new era began - the Roman Empire. But among those who fought for power, there was no Maecenas! His life's work was not politics, but art. I must say that Maecenas was the closest friend of Emperor Octavian, who reigned on the throne. Whenever Octavian left the capital and traveled to the provinces on business, he left Maecenas as vice-ruler. And Octavian never regretted it, because his friend was a talented diplomat, an intelligent and charming person, an excellent conversationalist and generous ... "philanthropist." He helped his friends (and this was a whole circle of poets, philosophers, sculptors) in a royal way. For example, he helped the poet Virgil to return the estate confiscated from him during the civil war; poet Horace 9, the son of a slave who redeemed the will) gave his own estate in Sabina. Historians attribute to Maecenas the famous phrase that once kept Octavian from signing the death warrant for several conspirators: "Come on, butcher!" Virgil wrote in his Georgics, and Horace in his Odes and Epistles, and Propertius in his Elegies, about his simplicity, cordiality and sincere kindness ... To be mentioned in these legendary works is a great honor! And to be their inspirer is a great mission... (Sketch magazine No. 11, 2010)

Modeling - the transfer of the relief of the shape of the depicted objects and figures in the conditions of a particular lighting. In the figure, modeling is carried out in tone (chiaroscuro), while taking into account the perspective change in forms. In painting, the form is modeled by color, since here the tonal and color sides are inextricably linked. The degree of modeling is determined by the content of the work and the intention of the artist.

Model - an object, a subject of the image, mostly living nature, mainly a person.

Mosaic is an independent recognized art form. But in an elusive way, it combines all the best features of other areas: painting and sculpture, architecture and frescoes. Sometimes there is a feeling that some elegant, barely perceptible melody is playing in a skillful drawing. This is not surprising, given that the translation of the mosaic (musivum) sounds like "serving the muses."

Easel (from German, no longer used malbrett - painting shelf) - a wooden or metal painting machine, on which a stretcher with canvas, cardboard or board is fixed at different heights and with different slopes.

Monochrome - one color.

motive - an object of nature chosen by the artist for the image, most often a landscape. A motif is a plot that determines the moment of the color and pictorial-plastic solution of a painting or study; in decorative and applied art, it is the main element of an ornamental composition that can be repeated many times.

sketch - quick drawing. The interpretation of forms in a sketch is usually very general, since its purpose is to give only a general idea of ​​nature. The sketch often has an independent meaning, but there may be preparatory sketches for the picture.

Nature (in fine arts) - objects of reality (a person, objects, landscape, etc.), which the artist directly observes when they are depicted. In the choice of nature and its interpretation, the artist's attitude and his creative task are manifested. Etudes, sketches, sketches are made directly from nature, often - a portrait, landscape, still life.

Still life - a genre of fine arts (mainly easel painting), which is dedicated to depicting the world of things surrounding a person, compositionally organized into one group. In addition to inanimate objects in a still life, objects of nature can be depicted, isolated from natural connections and thus converted into things (fish on the table, flowers in a vase, etc.).

Nuance - a very subtle shade or a very slight transition from light to shadow, etc.

To the fine arts refers to art in which the artist expresses his thoughts and feelings through image man, nature, objects, phenomena visible world and perceived by the viewer with the help of vision. The types of fine arts are: painting, sculpture, graphics, arts and crafts art, architecture.

PAINTING- one of the main types of fine arts. The artist reproduces on canvas, wood, wall planes, etc. objects and phenomena of real or fantastic reality. Images in painting are colored, they are created by applying a layer of paints on a plane.

Painting is also subdivided according to the technique of execution: tempera, oil, fresco, watercolor, pastel, mo z a and k a.

Painting also happens: monumental (large sizes, associated with architecture - this is a fresco and mosaic); with a machine tool (in the picture, limited by a frame, performed on an easel with oil paints, watercolors, pastels); decorating (decorates objects, architectural structures); theatrical (scenery for performances); miniatures (very small sizes, on caskets, medallions).

Color is the main means of expression in painting. Color can be pure (local) and complex, with shades. The method of applying paints is also different - these tangible features of the surface of paintings are called faktura. Thanks to the texture, you can establish the authorship of the picture, because. Each artist has his own style of painting, as well as handwriting.

In addition, painting is divided into genres:

• Household (very common, depiction of everyday scenes, everyday life)
• Historical (image of real historical events)
• Portrait (image of a person; they distinguish - a front portrait, where the main thing is the external similarity and social status of a person and intimate, psychological th, where the main thing is the transfer of the inner state of a person, his spiritual qualities; there are portraits of nudes, which are called nu, but it is naked, and not naked, who are only in a bathhouse or on a beach, and in art always naked or naked).
• Battle (image of hostilities, battles)
• Landscape (image of pictures of nature, the seascape is called "marina")
• Still life (literally translated from French "dead nature", the image of inanimate objects, household utensils, fruits, flowers, fishing and hunting trophies, etc.)
• Mythological (image of fabulous, fantastic plots);
• Animalistic (rare genre, depiction of animals and birds);
• Interior (image of rooms with furniture, paintings, etc.).

Graphic arts- drawing on paper or cardboard with a pen, pencil, charcoal, as well as a drawing reproduced with the help of special devices and machines that print the drawing in large quantities. Graphic works are drawings, engravings, book illustrations, match labels, posters, postage stamps, maps, newspaper cartoons, product packaging, posters, etc.

Sculpture- a three-dimensional form of fine art. Volume - the main means of expression in sculpture. Sculpture happens round and r e l e f. The round sculpture can be viewed and walked around from all sides. A relief is a convex image, partially protruding on a plane. Sculptors use different materials and, accordingly, different performance techniques: from clay - modeling, from stone - carving, from wood - carving, from metal - casting.

Decorative - Applied art (this includes items, mainly household items, executed according to the laws of beauty. These are clothes, furniture, dishes, jewelry, etc.).

Architecture- is not directly fine art, however, conditionally it is still referred to it. Architecture is the art of creating buildings and structures according to the laws of beauty. The main thing in architecture is "Strength. Usefulness. Beauty." And all this is interconnected.

CONCEPTS, TERMS.

self-portrait- artist portrait, made by him.

Abstractionism- direction modernism

Alabaster -gypsum stone used for various crafts.

Empire - ("empire"), an artistic style, originated in the era of Napoleon, as late classicism. He assumes pomposity, the use of military symbols.

Amphora- antique earthenware vessel with narrow neck and two handles; commonly used to store wine and vegetable oil.

Ensemble- designed as whole group of buildings, structures.

antiquity- culture Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.

Arabesque- Arabic ornament

Watercolor- painting with water colors, water dye.

Arch- arcuate overlap openings in the wall (windows, doors, gates).

Arcade- row arched leaning on columns or pillars openings in the wall.

Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic periods in the art of Ancient Greece.

Archaic- ancient.

animalistic- genre of painting, image animals, birds.

Application- decoration, pattern or pattern created by overlays colored pieces of fabric or paper.

Bust- sculptural image of a man: head or upper body without arms.

Biennale- exhibition every two years.

Base- the base, the lower part of the column.

basilica- elongated building of three or more naves, and the average is higher than the others.

bas-relief- sculptural image, slightly protruding on the plane.

Baroque- artistic style, literally from Italian "fancy, quirky" Artistic task - dazzle, amaze with luxury, splendor, sometimes to the detriment of a sense of proportion.

Veduta- rural or urban landscape, accurately reproduced.

stained glass- completed pieces of colored glass decorative plane inserted into windows, doors.

Renaissance (with it. RENAISSANCE)- the greatest progressive coup in the history of mankind.

Volute - average part of the capital with curled corners.

high renaissance- the rise of the Renaissance.

Gallery- a long solemn passage connecting separate palace rooms; art Gallery- location of works of art

Harmony- consonance

Glaze- vitreous coating on ceramic products.

Gem- a stone with a carved in-depth image.

Gothic style- medieval style in architecture, buildings are light, with pointed towers pointing upwards.

Graphic arts

Engraving- printed graphics, the drawing is applied with a knife or a needle on a wooden (woodcut) or metal (etching) board, on stone (lithography), linoleum (linocut).

Doric, Ionic, Corinthian- orders, styles of Ancient Greece.

Drapery- fabric, artistically laid in folds

Painting- a type of fine art.

Impressionism(translated from French "impression") - an artistic direction in art. The artist depicts first impression by using dots and small strokes like commas.

Intaglia- carved stone with embedded image.

intarsia - a mosaic, ornament or picture of wooden plates of different colors, used mainly for decorating furniture

Cameo- carved precious or semi-precious stone with convex image.

Classicism- artistic style, translated from Latin "exemplary", taking tradition as an ideal Antiquity and the Renaissance I. Classicism exalts the heroic, high citizenship, a sense of duty, and condemns vices.

Cornice - ledge along the edge of the roof.

Capital -upper part of the column.

Chapel- a small building for prayer and other religious rites in Catholic cathedrals

Quattrocento- period early Renaissance.

Cubism- direction modernism

Glaze - overlay layers of transparent or translucent paints one on top of the other after drying to deepen the color.

Oil, Oil painting- painting with oil paints.

Mosaic- technique in painting, image from small pieces of stone, glass (smalt).

Netsuke-Japanese miniature sculpture.

still life- genre of painting, image inanimate objects.

Pagoda- Buddhist temple.

Pastel- painting by special colored crayons.

Pylons -powerful pillars supporting the overlap.

pseudo-gothic - false gothic, reviving the architectural forms of the Gothic.

Pop Art- direction modernism

Relief- sculptural image, partially protruding on the plane.

Roman style- medieval style in architecture, buildings heavy, massive.

Romanticism- European art style, suggests depiction of the experiences of a strong personality, rejecting philistine existence, showing the highest tension of creative and spiritual forces.

Code - semicircular ceiling.

Sculpture- volume kind of fine art.

Symbolism- direction in painting modern

Surrealism- direction modernism

Tempera- paint, diluted on egg yolk.

Trecento-Pre-revival.

Gable - triangular detail under the roof on both sides.

Frieze - band decorations along the ceiling.

Fresco- painting on wet plaster

Fauvism - direction modernism

Futurism- direction modernism

Canvas- textile, stretched on a stretcher, primed, for oil painting.

Icon- sacred painting in Orthodox countries.

Nimbus- circle above the heads of the saints, a symbol of the light of eternity.

plowshare(scales) - thin wooden planks, like scales, cover the domes of wooden temples.

Parsuna(person) - portraits early 18th century similar to iconography.

Pastoral- idyllic a picture associated with nature, with rural life.

Aesthetics- the science of beauty

Expressionism- direction modernism

outline(from German abriß - drawing, contour) - the linear outlines of the depicted figure or object.

accent- the technique of emphasizing with color, light, a line or the location in space of a certain figure, face, object, image detail, which needs to be paid special attention to the viewer.

airbrush- a device for thin spraying of paint with compressed air when applying it to paper, fabric, etc.

baguette(from French baguette, lit. stick) - a wooden or plastic plank for making picture frames and decorating walls.

valer(from French valeur - value, dignity) - a shade of tone, expressing (in relation to other shades) any amount of light and shadow.

vernissage(from the French vernissage, literally - varnishing) - the grand opening of the exhibition, in which specially invited persons participate: artists, critics, people associated with art, etc.

scratching(from French grattage, from gratter - scrape, scratch) - a way to make a drawing by scratching paper or cardboard covered with ink on wax with a pen or sharp instrument.

priming(from German grund - base) - a thin layer of a special composition applied over the base in order to give its surface the color or texture properties desired by the artist and limit excessive absorption of the binder.

deformation- an artistic technique that enhances the expressiveness of the image, consisting in changing the visible form of the image.

decorative- a set of artistic properties that enhance the emotional-expressive and artistic-organizing role of fine arts.

diptych(from the Greek diptychos - double, folded in half) - two paintings connected by a single idea.

detailing- Careful study of the details of the image.

duplication- in restoration - strengthening a damaged or dilapidated base of a painting by gluing it onto another base. Usually duplication is used in the field of oil painting.

genre(from French genre, from Latin genus - genus, species) - a historically established internal division in all types of art.

witheredness- changes in the paint layer, due to which part of the surface of the picture or study becomes matte, loses the brilliance and sonority of colors.

carnation- pictorial techniques of multi-layered overlay of paints used in the depiction of human skin, his face and other naked parts of the body.

coloring(from Italian colorito, from Latin color - color, coloring) - a system of correlations of color tones that forms a certain unity and is an aesthetic embodiment of the colorful diversity of reality.

collage(from the French collage, literally - gluing) - a technical technique in the visual arts, gluing materials that differ from it in color and texture onto a base.

composition(from Latin compositio - compilation) - the construction of a work of art, due to its content and character. Composition is the most important element of the artistic form, giving unity and integrity to the work.

counterpost(from Italian contrapposto - opposite) - an image reception in which the position of one part of the body is contrasted with the position of another part.

corpus letter- technical reception in; work with oil, tempera and other paints applied in a compacted, opaque layer.

coroplasty- production of female figurines from baked clay, wax, plaster, etc.

craquelure(from the French craquelure - a small crack) - a crack in the paint layer in paintings.

crackle(from French craquele) - a network of fine cracks on the glazed surface of ceramic products, created for a decorative effect.

glaze(from German lasierung - glaze coating) - a painting technique that consists in applying very thin layers of transparent and translucent paints over a dried paint layer.

chandeliers- a thin transparent film applied to the glazed surface of porcelain and faience products to give them an iridescent metallic sheen after firing.

palette knife(from Italian mestichino - spatula) - a tool made of flexible steel in the form of a knife or spatula. A palette knife is used by artists to clean a palette or to partially remove wet paint from a painting. Also, a palette knife is used instead of a brush to apply paint in an even layer or a relief stroke on the picture.

miniature- a work of fine art, characterized by small size and subtlety of artistic techniques.

modeling(from the French. modeler - to sculpt) - the transfer of the relief, the shape of the depicted objects and figures in the conditions of a particular lighting. In the figure, modeling is carried out by chiaroscuro, taking into account the perspective change in forms.

easel(from German, no longer used malbrett - painting shelf) - a wooden or metal painting machine, on which a stretcher with canvas, cardboard or board is fixed at different heights and with different slopes.

monochrome(from the Greek mono - one and chroma - color) - the monochromaticity of works of arts and crafts, sculpture and architecture.

Painting on architectural structures and other stationary bases. The main techniques of monumental painting are fresco, mosaic, stained glass. Monumental painting is the oldest type of painting, known from the Paleolithic (paintings in caves, etc.). Due to their longevity, works of monumental painting have remained from almost all cultures.

maulstick(from German Maßstab) - a wooden stick with which the right hand of the painter is supported while working on the fine details of the picture.

sketch- a work of painting, drawing or sculpture of small size, fluently and quickly executed by the artist.

nuance(from French nuance - shade) - a very subtle shade of color or a very slight transition from light to shadow.

obscura(from lat. obscurans - dark) - a dark chamber known from the Middle Ages with one miniature hole. The camera obscura is capable of projecting an inverted miniature image of the objects that the hole is pointing at on the wall. The camera obscura was used by 18th century artists when preparing sketches.

the basis- canvas, board, plywood, cardboard, paper, silk, etc., on which a primer and a paint layer of painting are applied.

palette(from French palette) - 1) a small thin wooden board for mixing paints; 2) the nature of the color combinations typical for a given painting, for the works of a given artist or art school.

panel(from French panneau - plane, from Latin pannus - a piece of fabric) - 1) a part of the wall, highlighted by a frame (stucco frame, ornament ribbon, etc.) and filled with a picturesque or sculptural image; 2) paintings of large sizes on canvas, filling the space (usually in the walls).

panorama(from the Greek pan - everything and horama - a spectacle) - 1) a synthetic art form designed to create a visual illusion, the effect of being present at the depicted event; 2) a circular tape-picture and a subject plan located in front of it.

passe-partout(from French passe-partout) - a cardboard frame for drawing, engraving, photography, watercolor or engraving.

pastiness(from Italian pastoso - pasty) - the quality of the paint layer, which occurs due to the uneven application of a thick paint paste to the ground.

perspective(from French perspective, from Latin perspicio - I see clearly) - a system for depicting three-dimensional bodies on a plane, conveying their own spatial structure and location in space, including remoteness from the observer.

pinakothek(from the Greek pinax - picture and theke - receptacle) - a collection of paintings, an art gallery.

pinax(from Greek pinax - picture) - ancient Greek easel painting on boards.

plastic arts- types of art, works of which: exist in space, not changing and not developing in time; have a substantive character; performed by processing material material; perceived by the audience directly and visually.

plastic(from the Greek plastikos - malleable, plastic) - the quality inherent in sculpture, the artistic expressiveness of a three-dimensional form.

plein air(from French plein air, literally - open air) - 1) the transfer in the picture of all the richness of color changes due to exposure to sunlight and the surrounding atmosphere; 2) outdoor painting.

underpainting- the preparatory stage of work on the picture, performed in the technique of multilayer oil painting.

stretcher- a wooden rectangular frame, on which a canvas is stretched, on which a picture is then written. The finished picture on a stretcher is inserted into a baguette.

polychrome(from the Greek poly - many and chroa - color) - multicolor (at least 2 colors) of works of arts and crafts, sculpture and architecture.

penumbra- chiaroscuro element; gradation of chiaroscuro on the surface of an object, occupying an intermediate position between light and deep shadow.

reception- distinctive features of artistic creativity, reflecting the individuality of the artist, his style.

profile(from French profil, from Italian profile - outline) - a side view of a person or object.

blur- a technique of working with a brush with abundant use of water, which makes it possible to achieve complex and rich pictorial effects in drawings with sepia, ink, watercolor, etc.

angle(from French raccourci - reduction, shortening) - a perspective reduction of the depicted objects. It is used for the most effective transmission of movement and space.

shading- rubbing on a sheet of paper lines and strokes drawn with a pencil, sanguine, pastel, etc. Shading is done with a feather, rubber band, bread crumb or finger.

feathering- a short stick made of paper or suede with tapered ends for rubbing a stroke into a stain when drawing with pastels and other soft materials.

replica(from French replique - print, repetition) - the author's copy of a work of art, which differs from the original in size or in individual details of the image.

retouch(from French retouche, from retoucher - to paint on, touch up) - correction of images.

reflex(from Latin reflexus - turned, turned back, reflected) - in painting (less often in graphics) - a reflection of color and light from an object that occurs when this object is illuminated by a reflection from surrounding objects (neighboring objects, sky, etc.).

rhythm- a feature of the compositional construction of works, which is an alternation or repetition of any parts. Rhythm enhances the expressiveness of the artistic image.

socket(from the French rosette, literally - a rosette) - an ornamental motif in the form of a stylized blossoming flower (for example, a rose).

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Choose from the list the word you are interested in:

Abstractionism- the odernist trend in the art of the 20th century, which fundamentally abandoned the depiction of real objects in painting, sculpture and graphics.

Abstract art works are based solely on formal elements: line, color spot, abstract configuration. There are geometric and lyrical abstractionism.
Abstractionism
Gegenstandslose kunst
lat. Abstractus - abstract

avant-garde- A set of experimental, modernist, emphatically unusual, exploratory undertakings in the art of the 20th century.
Avant-garde trends are: fauvism, cubism, futurism, expressionism, abstractionism, surrealism, actionism, pop art, conceptual art.
fr.Avant-garde - forward detachment

Watercolor- Paint, for the manufacture of which water-soluble binders are used, such as gum arabic. Typically, watercolor is dissolved in water to a transparent state and applied to paper in broad patches, known as washes. The unpainted surface of white paper gives the impression of translucence, and watercolor spots flowing on each other create gradations of tone (John Marin). Watercolor dries quickly and is compact, which is why it is traditionally used as an plein air sketching technique.

watercolor paint- These are paints with vegetable glue as a binder. They are distinguished by an extremely fine grinding of the pigment and a large percentage of adhesives (honey, sugar, glycerin are added to the glue). Watercolor happens
- solid (in tiles)
- semi-soft (in ceramic cups)
- soft (in tubes).

watercolor technique- Technique of painting with watercolors. Usually, watercolor is done on paper with round hair brushes, dissolving the paints with water. The characteristic properties of watercolor painting are the transparency and softness of the thinnest layer of paint.

Watercolor paint can create various types of drawings:
- transparent, based on glazes, without the use of white, and
- covering, with the use of whitewash (hull technique).

The main distinguishing property of watercolor is the transparency of the paint, through which the texture of the paper shines through.

At the same time, the artist uses the expressiveness of washes and streaks, which creates the effect of trepidation, lightness and airiness of the image.

There are several methods of watercolor technique:
"watercolor drawing" - the combination of a light, transparent layer with a pencil or pen drawing
"Italian watercolor" - work on dry paper, drawing a contour drawing with a brush and developing shadows with it
"English watercolor" - work on raw paper, for which cloth or flannel is placed under the paper, an eraser is used. The paper is stretched on a stretcher and moistened from below with hot steam. This method gives depth to the watercolor and creates a sense of sunlight and aerial perspective.

Aquatint- Invented in France in the middle of the 18th century to reproduce tone drawing in ink in engraving. With this technique, the heated board is evenly covered with a resinous powder, the individual grains of which adhere to the warm metal and to each other. When etching, the acid penetrates only into the pores between the powders, leaving a mark on the board in the form of a mass of individual dotted depressions. Those places that should be darker on the print are etched longer, light places are covered with liquid varnish after short-term etching. Aquatint gives 500 to 1000 prints.

Acrylic paint, acrylic- Synthetic dye, first used in the 1940s, combining the properties of oil and watercolor. Can be used to obtain different effects - from transparent washes to pasty strokes.

Empire- The style of late classicism in architecture and applied arts of Western Europe, for which:
- strict architectural forms are characteristic: Doric and Tuscan orders; And
- an appeal to ancient Egyptian decorative forms: war trophies, winged sphinxes, etc.
fr.Empire - empire

anti-art- It is believed that this term, denoting new revolutionary forms of art, was first used around 1914 by Marcel Duchamp. An example of anti-art is the obscene inscription he made and the mustache added to the reproduction of the Mona Lisa painting by Leonardo before Vinci. The term also includes most of the anarchist experiments of the Dadaists. Subsequently, the term was used by the conceptualists of the 1960s to denote the work of artists who abandoned the traditional practice of art, or at least the creation of works intended for sale. The exhibition of John Baldessari, which exhibited the ashes of burnt canvases, was perceived as a typical manifestation of anti-art.

Art brut, outsider art- The French term Art Brut, coined by Jean Dubuffet, translates to crude art, but is often applied to the art of outsiders. It is used to refer to art created by non-professional authors, but associated with the artistic environment - children, the mentally ill or criminals (Alfred Wallis, Adolf Wölfli). It is sometimes believed that such art expresses feelings more authentically and directly than many museum works.

Assemblage- The inclusion of three-dimensional non-artistic materials and found objects in the work of art, originating in the technique of collage. The assemblage is rooted in the art of the early 20th century, when Pablo Picasso began to use real objects in Kufist constructions - for example, he added a real spoon to his witty sculpture A Glass of Absinthe. One of the earliest and most famous examples of assemblage was Marcel Duchamp's bicycle wheel on a stool, which he called the term readymade. Later, the Dadaists and Surrealists built their art on amazing juxtapositions of unrelated objects and images. The assemblage technique became especially popular in the late 1950s, when artists such as Armand and Jim Dine extensively incorporated extraneous materials, including food and miscellaneous waste, into painting and sculpture. The spread of assemblage in the 20th century testifies to the growth of rebellious attitudes towards traditional art techniques.

airbrush- A device for thin spraying of paint with compressed air when applying it to paper, fabric, etc. A. of various sizes and designs is used for painting fabrics, in the manufacture of theatrical scenery and large-format wall posters, for retouching photographic negatives, photographic prints and illustrations, etc.

Aerography- The technique of painting with an airbrush on a stencil. Airbrushing is used: - in decorating ceramics; - in the painting of fabrics and theatrical scenery; - in book graphics; - in the production of large-format posters. Stencil for airbrushing: - made in the form of a plate of lead foil or cardboard with holes that reproduce the pattern; and - is placed on the surface of the object.

Here is a brief interpretation of the most commonly used special terms, names and expressions found in the literature on fine arts, in catalogs of art exhibitions, in programs, methodological and teaching aids of the faculty.

The words in the directory are in alphabetical order. If in the text explaining this or that term, there is a word typed in discharge, this means that you will find its explanation for the corresponding letter of the alphabet. Foreign words are followed in brackets by the language (abbreviated, for example: German German, French French, Latin Latin, etc.) from which they originate.

ABRIS(German drawing) linear outlines of the depicted figure or object. Same as outline.

SELF-PORTRAIT(Greek himself) a portrait in which the artist depicts himself. In this case, the creator of the work and the model (see) are combined in one person (see. Portrait).

ACCENT(lat. stress) in the visual arts, the technique of emphasizing with color, light, line or location in space of some figure, face, object, image detail that the viewer needs to pay special attention to.

ALLA PRIMA(lat. from the first time) an artistic technique in painting, consisting in the fact that the picture is painted without preliminary registration and underpainting.

ANATOMY PLASTIC a branch of anatomy that studies the proportions of the human body, the dependence of the external forms of the body on their internal structure and changes that occur as a result of movement. The main attention in A. p. is drawn to the structure of the skeleton and muscles of the body, to the features of the connection of bones and muscles.

ANIMALISM(lat. animal) depiction of animals in art.

ANIMAL PAINTER an artist working in this genre.

FULL FACE see face.

APPLICATION(lat. attachment) an image composed of multi-colored pieces of paper or fabric, glued or sewn to paper, canvas, etc. A. The very method of performing these works is also called.

ASYMMETRY see Symmetry.

ACHROMATIC COLORS see Chromatic colors.

BLIK(German look) element of chiaroscuro (see). The lightest spot on an illuminated, mostly glossy or shiny surface. Usually this spot differs extremely sharply in its brightness from the general tone of the object.

VALER(fr. value, dignity) a concept associated in painting with the luminosity (see) of color. This term usually refers to the subtlest transitions of chiaroscuro (halftones), which are determined by specific lighting conditions and the air environment.

OPTION(lat. changing) the author's repetition of the work or any of its parts (details) with some changes. Including: changes made to the composition or color scheme of the picture, or to the gestures and postures of the people depicted; in the setting of a living model or objects; a change in point of view on a particular object, etc. In the plot composition, there is also a complete change in the image while maintaining the same content. Under all conditions, the variant assumes the presence of similarity with the original (see) to some extent.

STAINED GLASS(fr. glass). Painting on glass with transparent paints or a picture (composition, ornament) made up of pieces of multi-colored glass, fastened with a metal (usually lead) binding. Stained-glass windows one of the types of monumental and decorative art primarily serve to fill window and door openings.

The artistic effect is created by light rays penetrating the glass. They give increased brightness to colors and cause the play of color and light reflections in the interior. These decorative properties of stained-glass windows were valued in the Middle Ages, mainly in the design of Gothic cathedrals. The art of stained-glass windows occupied a large place in Soviet architecture, primarily in the Baltics. In contemporary art, not only color combinations are used, but also the texture of glass.

AIR PERSPECTIVE see perspective.

COLORS the main relationships of color tones (see) that prevail in this work and determine the nature of its pictorial solution (for example, the picture is painted in cold colors, etc.).

HARMONY(Greek harmony, unity, consistency of parts) in the visual arts: combinations of shapes or colors, or the relationship of parts of the image that have the greatest consistency and, therefore, are most favorable for visual perception.

MAIN VANISHING POINT see perspective.

HORIZON see perspective.

ENGRAVING(fr. cut out). One of the types of graphics (see), which allows you to get printed prints of works of art made on solid material (wood, metal, linoleum, etc.). There are many types of engraving. An engraving is an engraving in which the entire process of its production is carried out by the artist from beginning to end with his own hand. Along with this, there are engravings in which the drawing and its prints are made by different masters. Distinguish between easel engraving and book engraving. Two main types of engraving convex And advanced. In convex engraving, the surface of the engraving board around the drawing being covered with paint is cut away. Areas that remain unpainted on the print are cut out. In an in-depth engraving, recesses in the board are filled with paint, made in various ways (scratching, cutting, etching). In the engraving technique, special cutters are used.

Types of convex engraving.

1) Woodcut (woodcut). There are longitudinal and end engravings in the direction of the wood fibers. End engraving provides great opportunities, more convenient for engraving technique. 2) Engraving on linoleum (linocut) in terms of execution technique is close to woodcut, but more than the latter, it uses the expressiveness of large spots. Types of in-depth engraving: 1) Incisive engraving is one of the most common. It is performed with steel cutters, most often on copper. Gives the ability to transmit chiaroscuro transitions. Most often used for reproduction. 3) Etching (fr. strong vodka). A print of a work of art made on a board coated with a special varnish. The image is obtained by scratching the varnish and etching with acid. Etching technique allows you to achieve great ease and freedom of stroke in the drawing. Color engraving is done from several boards, each of which is covered with one specific paint.

An engraving is also called a separate work made in one of these indicated techniques.

GRAPHIC ARTS(Greek descriptive) a type of fine art. It is characterized by the predominance of lines and strokes, the use of contrasts of white and black, and less use of color than in painting. G. includes the actual drawing and various types of its printed reproductions (engraving (see), lithography (see), etc.).

Depending on the content and purpose, printmaking is subdivided into: easel (not associated with a literary text) easel drawing, printmaking (see), popular print; preparatory sketch (see), sketch sketch; book and magazine-newspaper illustration; applied certificates, stamps, labels, advertisements, etc.; technical-G. industrial, associated with the work of designers.

GRISAILLE(fr.) technique of performance and a work made with a brush in one color (mainly black or brown); the image is created on the basis of tonal relationships (tones of varying degrees of lightness).

ART AND APPLIED ARTS a form of fine art. Artistic means and D. p. and. are usually subordinated to the practical purpose of the object and are due to the characteristics of the material and technology. This art is more conventional than, for example, easel painting. D. p. and. is closely connected with the life of the people, so it is characterized by the use of folk traditions.

DETAILS meticulous attention to detail (see) images. Depending on the task that the artist sets himself and his creative manner, the degree of detail may be different.

DETAIL(fr. detail): 1) element; 2) a detail that clarifies the characteristics of the image; 3) a less significant part of the work; 4) fragment (see).

DEFORMATION(lat.) changing the visible form in the image. D. in art is often used as an artistic technique that enhances the expressiveness of the image. It is widely used in caricature (see), but is also found in easel painting and sculpture.

DESIGN(designer) see Technical aesthetics.

DYNAMIC(Greek power) in the visual arts: movement, lack of rest. Here it is not always an image of movement - a physical action, which is a movement in space, but also the internal dynamics (dynamics) of the image, both in living beings and inanimate objects. D. is achieved by a compositional solution, an interpretation of forms, and a manner of execution (the nature of a stroke, stroke, etc.).

GENRE(fr. genus) a concept that unites works on the basis of the similarity of themes. The works of one Zh. reflect a certain area of ​​human life or nature. In the visual arts (mainly in painting), a distinction is made between painting: still life, interior painting, landscape painting, portrait painting, and story painting (casual painting, historical painting, battle painting, etc.).

PAINTING one of the main types of fine arts. Zh.'s works are made on the plane of canvas, cardboard, on paper, etc. with various colorful materials. A decisive role in painting as an artistic medium is played by color, which makes it possible to give the most complete, in comparison with other types of fine art, a figurative reflection of the objective world.

According to the colorful materials used, painting is subdivided into: watercolor - water paints; oil Zh.; tempera; encaustic wax paints; pastel dry paint; glue painting, gouache, etc.

According to their purpose, Zh. easel (see), monumental (see. Fresco) and decorative and applied (see. panel).

STRICTLY in painting changes in the paint layer, as a result of which part of the surface of the picture or sketch becomes matte, loses the brilliance and sonority of colors. G. Arises from a lack of a binder in the paint - oil that has soaked into the ground, or from excessive dilution of paints with a solvent, as well as from applying paints to a paint layer that is not completely dry.

COMPLETENESS such a stage in the work on the work, when the greatest completeness of the embodiment of the creative idea is achieved, or, in a narrower sense, when a certain pictorial task is completed.

IDEA(Greek concept, representation) the main idea of ​​the work, which determines its content and figurative structure, expressed in the appropriate form.

FINE ARTS painting, graphics (see), sculpture. They also include decorative and applied arts (see). All of them reflect reality in visual visual images. I. and. sometimes called spatial, as they recreate visible forms in real or conditional space. Unlike the temporal arts (music, theater, cinema), in which the action develops over time, in the works of I. and. in each case, it is possible to depict only one specific moment. Ever since antiquity, artists have sought to overcome the limitations of I. and. in this regard (for example, depicting several episodes from the life of a person in one picture at the same time). This also includes “brands” in icons, triptychs, showing various moments of one movement in several figures, or dynamism (see) of compositional construction. With sufficient skill, the artist manages, even by conveying one moment, to give an idea of ​​\u200b\u200bwhat happened before and what will happen later. In each of types And. and. there are artistic means inherent only to him (see).

ILLUSION(lat. delusion) the similarity of the image with nature, bordering on an optical illusion. Sometimes used as an artistic device. For example, in the monumental paintings of ceilings and walls to create the impression of a greater depth of space or a larger size of the room. Often, illusory nature is manifested in an unusually accurate transfer of the material qualities of objects. Due to the illusory nature, the artistic expressiveness of the work and the depth of its content may be lost. This happens in those cases when in a work that is sufficiently serious and deep in design, the desire for external similarity obscures the main thing.

ILLUSTRATION(lat.) a shallow, superficial or one-sided reflection of reality in art, the transfer of purely external features of a phenomenon without penetrating into its essence. I. also arises in the case when the features of the plot chosen by the artist cannot be fully conveyed by means of fine art, or these artistic means and techniques do not adequately correspond to the disclosure of the topic.

ILLUSTRATION BOOK a kind of graphic art (see), embodying the images of a literary work, its content. I. to. is also a part of book design, so its features are determined not only by the content of the book, but also by external qualities: page format, typeface, etc.

CARICATURE(Italian exaggerate) deliberately exaggerated or distorted depiction of any characteristic features of a person, object or event. K. serves to ridicule and expose the negative phenomena of reality. Being a powerful weapon of criticism, it is of great social and political importance.

PAINTING a painting, independent by purpose. To. happen various genres (see). Unlike an etude (see), a picture can reflect reality with the greatest depth, in a complete and thought-out form in general and in details.

CERAMICS(Greek clay, pottery). Works of arts and crafts, sculptures and utilitarian items made of fired clay of different grades and different processing. Clay the main material of ceramics has high plastic qualities, due to which it is used in easel sculpture and small plastic. Ceramics include porcelain, faience, terracotta, etc. Majolica - glazed clay products.

Ceramics, glazed, painted, painted (underglaze and overglaze painting) are distinguished by great decorative merits and excellent coloristic possibilities.

Ceramics serves not only to decorate interiors, it is an indispensable architectural and building material and a means of decorative design of a building. In recent decades, it has been increasingly used in Soviet architecture.

COLORITY(lat. color) a feature of the color and tonal structure of the work. K. reflects the color properties of the real world, but only those of them are selected that correspond to a certain artistic image. K. in the work is usually a combination of colors that has a certain unity. In a narrower sense, K is understood as the harmony and beauty of color combinations, as well as the richness of color shades. Depending on the color scheme prevailing in it, it can be cold, warm, light, reddish, greenish, etc. K. affects the feelings of the viewer, creates a mood in the picture and serves as an important means of figurative and psychological characteristics.

COMPOSITION(lat. composition, connection) the construction of a work, the consistency of its parts, corresponding to its content. In the compositional solution of a work, the choice of the best point of view on the depicted, the selection and staging of a living model or objects are of great importance.

Compositional construction includes the placement of an image in space (three-dimensional in sculpture, on a plane in painting and graphics).

Work on the composition continues from the initial idea to the completion of the work. These are the search for ways and means of creating an artistic image, the search for the best embodiment of the artist's intention.

These include: the clarification of the center, the K. node and the subordination of other, more secondary parts of the work to it; unification of separate parts of the work in harmonic unity; subordination and grouping in order to achieve expressiveness and plastic integrity of the work.

Work on K. also consists in choosing a theme, developing a plot, finding the format and size of a work, building a perspective, coordinating scales and proportions, and in the tonal and color scheme of a work.

DESIGN(lat.) in the visual arts: the essence, a characteristic feature of the structure of any form in nature and in the image, suggesting the interconnection of parts as a whole and their relationship.

CONTRAST(fr. sharp difference, opposite) in the visual arts, a widespread artistic technique, which is a comparison of any opposing qualities, contributing to their strengthening. Color and tonal K. Color K. usually consists in comparing additional colors or colors that differ from each other in lightness.

Tonal K. juxtaposition of light and dark. In compositional construction, k. serves as a technique, thanks to which the main thing is emphasized more strongly and greater expressiveness and sharpness of the characterization of images is achieved.

CIRCUIT see outline.

BODY PAINTING painting, made with dense, thick strokes: its colorful layers are opaque and often have a relief texture (see).

SHAPING FORMS see Modeling.

LINEAR PERSPECTIVE see perspective.

LITHOGRAPHY a printing method in which prints from a flat (non-relief) printing form (stone limestone) are transferred under pressure to paper. The drawing is applied with oily ink (brush, pen) or lithographic pencil and, before printing, it is subjected to chemical treatment, covered with water and paint.

L. Invented in Germany by A. Zenefelder in 1798. E. Delacroix, O. Daumier, V. Serov and Soviet graphics G. Vereisky, V. Lebedev, E. Kibrik.

LOCAL COLOR(fr. local) 1) a color characteristic of the color of a given object. L. c. constantly changes somewhat under the influence of lighting, air, surrounding colors, etc .; 2) color in painting, taken in the main large ratios to neighboring colors, without a detailed identification of color shades.

SMEAR a brush mark with paint left on a base (canvas, cardboard, etc.). The technique of painting with strokes is very diverse and depends on the individual style of the artist, on the task that he sets for himself, on the features and properties of the material in which he works.

SIMULATION(Italian to heal) in artistic practice: the transfer of relief (see), the shape of the depicted objects and figures in the conditions of a particular lighting. In the figure, M. is carried out in tone (chiaroscuro) (see), and the perspective change in forms is also taken into account. In painting, the form is modeled by color, since here the tonal and color side are inextricably linked. In sculpture, molding refers to the very process of sculpting and processing three-dimensional forms.

The degree of M. is determined by the content of the work and the intention of the artist.

MODEL(fr. object, subject of the image) mostly living nature, mainly a person.

MOSAIC(fr.) one of the types of monumental painting. The image is made up of many multi-colored pieces of natural stones, colored glass (smalt), ceramic tiles and other solid materials, tightly fitted to each other and attached to the base (wall, ceiling, etc.) using special mastic, cement and other binders substances.

Mosaic particles are selected by color and tone in accordance with the idea (sketch) of the artist. The mosaic takes into account the effects that occur at a distance due to the optical mixing of colors of individual particles and the position of the mosaic cubes at an inclination with respect to the light source and to each other.

In addition to the mosaic, which is composed of small particles, mostly of the same size - the Byzantine mosaic, there is another type of it - the Florentine mosaic. In it, the image is usually composed of larger pieces, most often natural stones. These pieces are cut in accordance with the parts of the drawing on which the work is made, and have a different shape and size.

Mosaic is also called a separate work made in this technique.

An important quality of the mosaic is not only its decorative possibilities, but the fact that it does not lose its original color strength over the centuries. Widespread in ancient times (in Ancient Greece and Rome) and in the Middle Ages (in Byzantium), the mosaic technique is becoming increasingly important in modern art in the design of buildings.

MONOCHROME(Greek) one-color. Cm. Grisaille.

MOTIVE(fr.): 1) an object of nature chosen by the artist for the image, most often a landscape. M. plot, defining the moment, color and pictorial-plastic solution of a picture or sketch; 2) in arts and crafts, the main element of an ornamental composition, which can be repeated many times.

MULAGE(fr.) an exact cast taken directly from nature or from any sculptural work. Painted wax (or papier-mâché) masks of fruits, vegetables, and other items are sometimes used as visual aids.

OBSERVATIONAL PERSPECTIVE see perspective.

NEUTRAL BACKGROUND see Background.

NUANCE(fr.) a very thin shade of color or a very easy transition from light to shadow, etc .; see Hue.

IMAGE(artistic) a form of reflection of the phenomena of reality in art, a form of artistic reproduction of reality. In the visual arts, O. is a sensually concrete, visual expression of an idea (see).

A realistic artistic image always involves generalization, highlighting the most essential aspects of life. Through this typification, the artist reveals the truth and meaning, the inner regularity of life phenomena.

ORIGINAL(lat. the same as the original) 1) in the visual arts: a work that is a creative creation of the artist; 2) any work of art from which a copy has been made.

ORNAMENT(lat. decoration) a pattern, usually distinguished by a rhythmic arrangement (see Rhythm) of the same decorative motifs (see), which is created by processing and stylizing images of various objects of the real world or from combinations of geometric shapes. O. can be made in various techniques. It always serves as a decoration for objects, interiors, etc.

RELATIONSHIP the relationship of image elements that exists in kind and is used in the creation of works. For example, visualization of colors and shades (in painting), tones of different lightness (tonal visualization in a drawing), visualization of sizes and shapes of objects (proportions), spatial visualization, etc. comparison method.

Tonal and color eyewear can be contrasting, sharp, or light and nuanced. Moreover, these or those elements taken in O. always turn out to be influencing each other to a certain extent, since they are perceived depending on one another. For example, practically the features of color and tone are perceived only when they are considered in O. to other colors or tones, and not in isolation from the environment.

All the variety of features and properties of the objective world is conveyed in the visual arts with the help of O. However, the artist is not able to achieve full compliance with nature in color and tonal O., to convey it adequately, literally, since his artistic means are more limited than the phenomena of nature. For example, whitewash and white paper can never accurately convey the power of sunlight. But, observing the correct, proportional ratios within the available limits, it is possible to make the image convincing enough and life-like.

HUE 1) a change, sometimes hardly noticeable, in the color of nature under the influence of its environment; 2) a slight difference in colors in terms of aperture ratio, saturation, color tone (see). For example, the red color of kraplak has a colder, and cinnabar a warmer shade, etc .; 3) the difference in any color during its transition from cold to warm and vice versa.

PALETTE(Italian) 1) a board, most often wooden, on which the artist lays out and mixes paints; 2) the nature of the color combinations typical for a given painting, for the works of a given artist or art school. They say: a rich palette, a faded palette, a monotonous palette.

PANNO(fr.) 1) A work of painting or sculpture (bas-relief) of a decorative nature. It is intended for a specific and permanent place in the interior or on the facade of a building. The panel usually serves to decorate walls, ceilings, etc. The close connection with architecture brings the panel closer to monumental painting. But unlike the latter, the panel is painted on canvas attached to a stretcher like an ordinary easel painting. The shape of the panel is subject to the shape of the place chosen for it. 2) A panel is also called a flat section of the wall devoid of an image, delimited from the rest of its surface and framed by a border (sculptural or pictorial). 3) Panels and temporary panels are created, which serve to decorate the streets of the city on holidays.

PASTOSITY(Italian doughy) reception of pictorial writing, when the paint is applied in thick, embossed strokes. Used in oil and tempera painting.

PERSPECTIVE(fr.) 1) an apparent change in the shape and size of objects and their color at a distance; 2) a science that studies the features and patterns of perception by the human eye of forms located in space, and establishes the laws of the image of these forms on a plane. The use of P.'s laws helps to depict objects as we see them in real space. Depending on the task that the artist sets for himself, various uses of perspective are possible. It can be used creatively as one of the artistic means (see), enhancing the expressiveness of images (angles (see), deformations (see), etc.).

Linear P. determines the optical distortions of the shapes of objects, their sizes and proportions, caused by their perspective contraction. In artistic practice, the so-called observant P. is widespread, that is, the image "by eye" of all kinds of changes in the shape of objects.

The main, most important terms of P. include: the horizon line is an imaginary straight line, conditionally located in space at the level of the observer's eyes; point of view the place where the drawing eye is located; central vanishing point a point located on the horizon line directly opposite the observer's eyes; angle of view (see "Perspective" in the appendix).

P. aerial determines the change in color, shape and degree of illumination of objects that occurs as nature moves away from the eyes of the observer, due to an increase in the light-air gap between the observer and the object.

SPATIAL PLANS 1) when observing nature, conditionally divided sections of space located at different distances from the observer; 2) parts of the picture, different in degree of remoteness in the depth of the space depicted in it. Usually there are several plans: first, second, third or front, middle, far. Their number can be different and depends on the object that is depicted, and on the creative idea; 3) when modeling (see) the form, the parts of the form, differently located in space, are called plans.

PLASTIC(Greek sculpture) -1) the art of molding forms in drawing, painting and sculpture; 2) expressiveness of painting techniques, artistry, freedom and ease in working with a brush in painting; 3) expressiveness of form in sculpture and in graphic and pictorial representations; 4) the same as sculpture. P. most often includes works of sculpture made of soft plastic materials clay, wax, plasticine, etc. P. is also called the technique of working in these materials.

PLASTIC in works of different types of art: special beauty, integrity, subtlety and expressiveness of the modeling and color scheme of forms, the richness of color and tonal transitions, as well as the harmonic interconnection and expressiveness of masses, forms, their lines and silhouettes (see) in the composition.

PLENAIR(fr. full air) work in the open air, in natural conditions, and not in the walls of the workshop. The term P. is usually used in relation to the landscape, as well as to refer to works of any kind of painting, distinguished by the variety and complexity of color and tonal relationships and well conveying the light and air environment.

PENUMBRA one of the elements of chiaroscuro (see). P., both in nature and in works of art, is a gradation of chiaroscuro on the surface of an object, intermediate between light and deep shadow.

SEMITONE transitional tone between two adjacent low-contrast tones in the illuminated part of the subject, In works of art: a means of expressiveness of the artistic image. P.'s use promotes greater subtlety of modeling (see) forms, greater softness of tone-to-tone transitions.

PORTRAIT(fr.) a genre of fine art, as well as a work dedicated to the image of a certain person or several people (pair, group P., etc.).

PROPORTION(lat.) measure of parts, the ratio of the sizes of parts to each other and to the whole. In the visual arts, P. are diverse. The artist deals with various types of painting. They determine not only the construction of the forms of figures and objects, but also the compositional construction of works. This includes finding the appropriate sheet plane format, the ratio of image sizes to the background, the ratio of masses, groupings, shapes to each other, etc.

SPATIAL ARTS see Fine Arts.

PROFILE(fr.) in a broad sense: the view of any living being or object in a lateral position.

ANGLE(fr.) a perspective reduction of living and objective forms, significantly changing their appearance. R. is due to the point of view of nature (view from above, from below, at close range, etc.), as well as the very position of nature in space.

RELIEF(fr.) type of sculpture. In contrast to the round sculpture, the volume of the R. partially protrudes above the plane. There are various types of relief: bas-relief ("ba" in French - low), in which the figures protrude beyond the plane by no more than half of their volume; high relief (“go” in French high), in which the figures can almost completely protrude above the plane; in-depth, or anchor, in which the image is embedded deep into the plane, below its surface.

Relief image vigorous modeling of a three-dimensional form in tone or color. See Modeling.

REFLEX(lat. reflection) 1) in painting a shade of color of a more strongly illuminated object on the surface adjacent to it. Color R. arise as a result of the reflection of light rays from surrounding objects. For example, a red drapery may give a reddish reflection on the surface of a brown jar next to it; 2) in the figure, the reflection of light from the surface of one object in the shaded part of another.

RHYTHM(Greek) one of the features of the compositional construction of works. The simplest type of R. is a uniform alternation or repetition of any parts (objects, shapes, pattern elements, colors, etc.); most often manifested in monumental, arts and crafts and architecture.

In works of painting, graphics, and sculpture, the manifestation of R. is more complex. Here he often contributes to the creation of a certain mood in the picture, thanks to him a greater integrity and coherence of the parts of the composition is achieved and its impact on the viewer is enhanced.

R. is often manifested in variants (see) of gestures, movements and compositional groupings of figures, in repetitions and variants of light and color spots, as well as in alternation when larger parts of the image are placed in space, which are significant elements of the composition.

LIGHT in the visual arts, the element of chiaroscuro (see). Both in nature and in works of art, the term is used to designate the most illuminated parts of the surface.

LIGHT POWER a term related to chiaroscuro (see). In painting, the degree of color saturation with light, the comparative degree of lightness of a color in relation to other adjacent color tones. In a graph, the degree of lightness of one tone in relation to another, located next to it.

chiaroscuro gradation of light and dark, the ratio of light and shadow on the form. S. is one of the means of compositional construction and expression of the idea of ​​the work. Thanks to S., the plastic features of nature are perceived visually and transmitted in the work. In nature, the nature of S. depends on the features, shape, and material of the object. In works of art, S. is subject to a general tonal solution.

Gradations of chiaroscuro: light, shadow, penumbra, reflex, highlight (see).

SESSION(fr.) time spent on any occupation, the period of continuous work of the artist on one work. This work can take place in different periods of time, take a different number of hours. An artist may spend one, two or more sessions to complete a work.

SILHOUETTE(fr.) the general outlines of a figure or object in nature. In works of art: a kind of figures or objects in which their shape is perceived without details and a pronounced three-dimensionality, or even looks completely flat (a solid spot on a dark or light background). Thus, the silhouette becomes a figure placed against the light. S. are also called all profile dark images in the graphics.

SYMMETRY(Greek proportionality) such a structure of an object or composition of a work in which homogeneous parts (or objects) are parallel to each other, at the same distance from the central axis of any object that occupies a central position in relation to them.

A similar composition is often found in arts and crafts. In painting and sculpture, sometimes too strict (not corresponding to the living nature of the image) S. can make works dry and boring.

Violation of the symmetrical structure of objects that are characterized by the presence of S. is called asymmetry.

EASEL ART the name comes from the machine on which the works are created (the machine for the sculptor, the easel for the painter). The works of S.i. always have their own meaning. Their ideological and artistic features do not depend on the environment in which they are located. Unlike works of monumental and decorative art, they are not intended for a specific place (indoors, in space) or for decorative purposes. In this regard, when creating them, slightly different artistic means are used. For example, a more subtle and detailed rendering of color and tonal relationships is often given (q.v.) and a more complex and more elaborate psychological characterization of the characters.

STATIC(Greek standing) as opposed to dynamism (see) a state of rest, immobility. S. may correspond to the idea of ​​the figurative solution of the work. But sometimes S. is caused by the inability of the artist to convey movement, to give a more expressive image. In works of fine art, S. is not always frozen. For example, a static posture in itself, characteristic of a standing figure: tilting the shoulders and hips (upper and lower parts of the body) in opposite directions (the so-called contraposto), does not make the human figure stiff and has no less rich linear rhythm than a figure in motion.

STYLE(fr.) 1) the commonality of the ideological and artistic features of works of different types of art of a certain era. The emergence and change of S. are determined by the course of the historical development of human society, but at the same time there may be several heterogeneous or even opposite styles (for example, classicism and baroque); 2) the national peculiarity of art (Chinese style, Moorish style, etc.); 3) the concept of S. sometimes defines individual specific artistic features of works of art or monuments of material culture (for example, black-figure S. in Greek painting); 4) one also speaks of S. of a group of artists or one artist, if their work is distinguished by bright, individual features.

PLOT(fr.) 1) in a plot picture: a specific event or phenomenon depicted in a work. One and the same theme can be conveyed in a set of S. In the visual arts, the plots are primarily works of everyday, historical and battle genres; 2) in a broader sense, S. means any object of living nature or the objective world, taken for the image, including a single object. Often, S. replaces the concept of motive (see), which is the basis of the work (especially the landscape).

CREATIVE PROCESS(creativity) the process of creating a work of art, from the birth of a figurative idea to its embodiment, the process of translating observations of reality into an artistic image. In the visual arts, the artist's creativity always consists in creating a work in directly visible forms. In the work of each artist there is a lot of individual, peculiar only to him alone. However, there are some general patterns here. Usually the work begins with a compositional search for a visual solution and the selection of material. After this preparatory period, the artist completes work on the work. It happens that the artist, even at the final stage of the work, makes significant changes and amendments to the work, or even starts looking again for a more successful embodiment of the creative idea.

SUBJECT(Greek) the range of phenomena chosen by the artist to depict and reveal the idea of ​​his work.

SHADOW chiaroscuro element (see), the most dimly lit areas in nature and in the image. Distinguish T. own and falling. T., belonging to the object itself, is called proper. The placement of these lamps on its surface is determined by the shape of the given object and the direction of the light source. Falling is T., thrown by the body onto surrounding objects.

WARM COLOR see Color.

TECHNICAL AESTHETICS(SEE AESTHETICS) the area of ​​artistic creativity associated with the design and production of industrial products. In this creative process, design artists (see Designers) co-author with design engineers and technologists.

TONE(fr.) the degree of lightness inherent in the color of an object in kind and in a work of art. The tone depends on the intensity of the color and its luminosity (see).

1) T. in drawing the drawing is usually one-color (monochrome), therefore, T. in it is one of the leading artistic means. With the help of the relations of various t., the volume of the form, the position in space, and the illumination of objects are conveyed. T. also conveys the difference in lightness of objects, which is due in nature to the variety of their color and material.

2) T. in painting this concept means the aperture ratio (see) of the color, as well as the saturation of the color (see). In painting, color and light and shade relationships are inextricably linked. You should not confuse the concept of T. with the concept of shade (see) and color tone (see), which determine other qualities of color. Colors different in T. (lightness) can have the same color shade, for example, a blue-green color can be darker or lighter, but its shade remains the same.

3) Color T. one of the qualities of color (see).

4) General color T. of the work this term coincides in meaning with the concepts of color gamut (see) and tonality (see).

5) General chiaroscuro tone of the work see Tonality.

6) In everyday life, T. is used to designate the color of paints (blue T., green T. paint, etc.).

7) In a broader sense, in everyday speech, tone often replaces the concepts of color (see), shade (see), color scheme (see), color (see).

KEY a certain ratio of colors or tones characteristic of a given work, one of its artistic features. In the schedule T. it is defined by degree of contrast (see) dark and light tones. In painting, the concept of color has the same meaning as the color scheme (see), since it determines the features of the color structure of the work, along with color nuances (see).

TORSO(Italian) human torso.

VANISHING POINT see perspective.

TEXTURE(lat. processing) 1) characteristic features of the material, the surface of objects in nature and their image in works of art (for example, the shiny surface of a glass jar in nature or in a picture);

2) features of the processing of the material in which the work is made, as well as the characteristic qualities of this material (for example, the F. of a painting is the nature of the paint layer, strokes. It can be smooth, rough, embossed, etc.; in sculpture the nature of the processing of stone, wood, etc.). F. The work largely depends on the properties of the material used by the artist, on the characteristics of the nature he depicts, as well as on the task and manner of execution. The artist's individual handwriting, his "hand", is manifested in the fine arts of his works. F. is one of the artistic means that contribute to the emotional impact of the work.

FAS(fr.) front view.

FIXING, FIXING OR FIXING(fr.) fixing the pattern with special compounds to give it better preservation.

BACKGROUND(fr. bottom, deep part) in nature and in a work of art any environment behind an object located closer, the background of the image. In works of fine art, the background may be neutral, devoid of images, or include images (pictorial).

FORM(lat.) 1) appearance, outline. In this sense, F. presupposes the presence of three-dimensionality, a clear design, and proportion; 2) in the visual arts, F. refers to the volumetric-plastic features of an object; 3) in all types of art - artistic means that serve to create an image, to reveal the content of a work (see Content and Form). In the creative process (see) they find the form that best suits the idea. In any form of art, the form largely determines the artistic merit of the work. In the visual arts, artistic photography is a compositional construction, a unity of means and techniques implemented in artistic material and embodying an ideological and artistic design (see Content and Form).

FORMAT(fr.) the shape of the plane on which the image is made (rectangular, oval, round-rondo, etc.). It is due to its general outlines and the ratio of height to width. The choice of F. depends on the content and on the mood expressed in the work. F. paintings should always match the composition of the image. It is essential for the figurative structure of the work.

FRAGMENT(lat. fragment, fragment) part of the work of the existing or surviving remnant of the deceased.

FRESCO(Italian fresh). One of the main types of monumental painting (see). The binder in the paints here is an aqueous solution of lime or water. In combination with the plaster substance on the wall (ceiling), they form a durable paint layer. The fresco technique is very complex, because it does not allow corrections in the process of work. Only later are they brought in with tempera. When working on a fresco, the artist must also take into account some lightening of the colors when they dry. The fresco is painted in parts, each of which is completed in one session. Its individual parts are performed on cardboard (cardboard is in this case an auxiliary material intended for copying), in which the drawing, composition and size fully correspond to the future work.

There are the following types of frescoes:

1) painting on wet plaster with tempera correction (“a fresco”); 2) painting on wet plaster without corrections (“buon fresco”); 3) painting on dry plaster (“a secco”); 4) casein-lime painting. The latter is the most durable and allows you to diversify the manner of performance more than others. The valuable quality of this technique is that it is less sensitive to changes in the atmosphere than others. Therefore, it is often used for outdoor work.

COLD COLOR see Color.

ARTISTIC MEDIA all figurative elements and artistic techniques that the artist uses to express the content of the work. These include: composition, perspective, proportions, chiaroscuro, color, stroke, texture (see), etc.

CHROMATIC COLORS(Greek) colors that have a special quality (color tone see) that distinguishes them from one another. X. c. the colors of the solar spectrum created by the refraction of the sun's ray (red, yellow, etc.). Conventionally, the colors of the spectrum are located on the "color wheel". This color scale contains a large number of transitions from cold to warm colors (see Color). Achromatic colors white, gray, black. They are devoid of color tone and differ only in luminosity (lightness).

COLOR one of the main artistic means in painting (see). The image of the objective world, various properties and features of nature in painting are transmitted through the relationship of color and color shades. The main qualities of color are: color tone, a feature of color that distinguishes it from other colors of the spectrum (red, blue, green, and other colors have different color tones); luminosity C. the ability of one or another C. to reflect light rays. There are lighter and darker colors; saturation (intensity) C. the amount of a certain color tone in a given C. The saturation of C. paint can change as a result of diluting it with water (in watercolor) or by adding white to it in oil or gouache painting.

In pictorial practice, any color is always considered in relation to the colors surrounding it, with which it is in interaction. This dependence is based on the ratio of cold and warm colors and shades. The idea of ​​cold color in nature and in works of art is usually associated with the color of ice, snow, lilac, dove-colored color of thunderclouds, etc., and of heat - with the color of fire, sunlight, etc. Large Relationships of complementary colors and shades also have significance in painting. These colors and shades, taken in comparison, mutually reinforce each other. Additional colors include the following pairs of colors: red and grass green, lemon yellow and purple, orange and blue. These same C. contrast with each other. Contrasts of additional, cold and warm colors are an integral element of the color scheme of the paintings, serving for a more truthful.

C. one of the most important means of creating an artistic image. The strength of the influence of color on a person's feelings, the ability of different colors to influence his mood in different ways, play a crucial role in painting. Here C. is an element of the composition of the work. Not only the distribution of color and light in the picture, but also the selection of color helps to more clearly express the content of the work, to create a certain mood in it. In addition, color in painting also has aesthetic significance. A picture with its colors, the beauty of color should evoke a feeling of aesthetic pleasure in the viewer. This quality is possessed by the works of painters of different eras.

HATCH(German) one of the visual means in a drawing. Each Sh. is a line drawn with one movement of the hand. Sh.'s methods of work are varied. Sh. are used in different strengths, lengths and frequencies, laid in different directions. At the same time, depending on the nature of the work, sh. may look like separate lines, or merge into a continuous spot.

EXPRESSION(lat. expression) increased expressiveness of a work of art. E. is achieved by the totality of artistic means and also depends on the manner of execution, the nature of the artist's work in a particular material. In a narrower sense, it is the manifestation of the artist's temperament in his creative style, in the texture, drawing, and color scheme of the work.

SKETCH(fr.) a preparatory sketch for a work, reflecting the search for the best embodiment of a creative idea. E. can be made in various techniques. In the process of working on a painting, sculpture, etc., the artist usually creates several E. From his point of view, he uses the most successful ones in the future, developing and supplementing the previously found solution. In e., the image can be significantly developed (see details).

SKETCH speed of execution and significant generalization of image details. E. can be dictated by artistic intent, but it can also manifest itself as a flaw in the work. In this case, E. is understood as insufficient clarity in the transfer of content, in the expression of the ideological and artistic conception, paintings, and negligence in execution.

AESTHETICS(Greek) the science of beauty in life and art.

E. studies the foundations and patterns of artistic creativity, the relationship of art to reality, and the role of art in social life. In a broad sense, aesthetic beautiful, beautiful.

ETUDE(fr. study) work done from nature. Quite often E. has independent value. Sometimes it is an exercise in which the artist improves his professional skills and masters a deeper and more truthful depiction of nature. E. They also serve as auxiliary and preparatory material in the creation of works. With the help of E., the artist concretizes the idea of ​​the work, which was originally more generalized, works out the details, etc.