It is believed that the first saw appeared even before the beginning of chronicle history. The first items that can be considered the progenitors of modern saws were produced more than four thousand years ago. These were jagged stones used to create images on bone or other relatively soft material (some types of stone, wood). The ancient Egyptians, and then the Romans, made bronze saws for sawing stones, with diamonds and other precious stones serving as teeth. The teeth of the Egyptian saws had an inclination towards the handle, which made it possible to make a “pull” cut. Such saws are still used in the East.
The ancient Greeks and Romans believed that the powerful gods were the first to make a saw from the jaws and spines of large fish.
In the Bronze Age, saws began to be made of bronze, and in the Iron Age, of iron, and they were equipped with a relatively convenient “fox tail” handle. Iron saws were the first to be made by Scandinavian artisans, casting them in stone moulds. But the quality of the teeth and their sharpening did not allow such saws to compete with axes. Only centuries later in Ancient Greece in the 50s BC. forged saws appeared. The teeth made by blacksmiths were much sharper and more correctly sharpened, which made them the undisputed leader among the saws of that time.
However, the saws spread slowly, since three people had to use the two-handed saws used on the plot: two sawed, and the third, an assistant, looked and pushed the tree ready to fall in the right direction with a pole. Meanwhile, one lumberjack armed with an ax could have cut down the same tree in the same time. True, sawyers have repeatedly tried to impose the role of an assistant on the instrument itself, often finding simple and ingenious solutions. For example, they made single-handed saws made from a bent trunk of a thin birch, to the ends of which a saw blade was attached.
In the 19th century, "American women" were widely used, representing a combination of a hacksaw and a two-handed saw. With this tool, you can cut down small trees alone. Much more complicated was the saw, equipped with supporting supports, spring-loaded rollers and screws that regulate the pressure of the blade to the trunk. Apparently, because of this very complexity, she was not popular with lumberjacks.
For many years, and not without success, bow saws were used to fell trees. Their thin, alloy steel blades had a feature - the thickness of the back was greater than the cutting part with a complex tooth profile. In the late 20s - early 30s of the XX century. The Swedish company "Sandviken" produced spring-loaded saws "Compis", which worked as follows. First, a bar was rested against a tree trunk, a return spring was attached to it. Its other end was connected to a one-handed hacksaw, which was pulled in one direction by a lumberjack, and in the other by a spring.
In the middle of the 19th century, an intensive development of technology takes place, which is also reflected in the technology of logging, where the first logging mechanisms appear. So, in a device invented by the American engineer Hamilton in 1861, two workers rotated a flywheel with a ring gear with handles, thereby reciprocating the saw blade. Around the same years, the Russian inventor D. I. Zhuravsky was the first to propose a saw, in which a disk with teeth served as a cutting organ. It rotated from a manual drive, through a bevel gear, and was mounted on a frame that moved along two grooves in a horizontal direction.
Naturally, the creators of such mechanisms tried to use, first of all, standard components and parts that had already been tested in technology. Then the most common was the steam engine. It was she who was included in his mobile unit by the English engineer Ransome (1860). From her power plant, steam flowed through long hoses to the cylinders of several working machines, to the rods of which the actual saws were attached. Such units could be found in some places at the beginning of the twentieth century.
But electricity has replaced steam. And already in the first years of the twentieth century in Germany, they invented a way to fell trees with it. The barrel was covered at the bottom with steel wire. Then the electric motor was turned on, the wire began to rotate quickly, like a conveyor belt. Heated by current, as well as from friction, it charred the wood and easily sawed through the trunk. At the same time, the danger of a forest fire was excluded, since the wire did not heat up red-hot.
The advent of electric motors opened up the possibility of creating a variety of options for electric saws. The simplest of them is a mechanism developed in 1936 by the Arkhangelsk mechanic N.F. Kharlamov. An electric motor was attached to the frame, a conical friction roller was installed on its elongated shaft, which came into contact with the saw blade and set the latter in rotation. The Kharlamov saw, which had the disadvantage of being heavy, was usually operated by a minder with an assistant. Later, they tried to lighten this unit by cutting out the middle part of the saw blade - the formed working ring was held from the inside by spacer rollers connected to the friction gear and the engine.
The desire to combine the advantages of a bow saw with the capabilities of an electrified drive contributed to the emergence of rather curious designs. Even before the war, an unusual device was tested in Arkhangelsk. From a small portable container that housed the motor, gearbox and chain drive, two long cables came out. They were connected to the ends of the bow cloth. There was an alternating tension of each cable and the movement of the saw blade back and forth.
A new stage of development was the appearance of band saws. It is a round steel band with many teeth along one edge. It is stretched on two vertical pulleys, and the teeth are directed towards the sawn wood. The first patent for this type of saw was issued in England in 1808. In 1834, a certain Etienne received a patent for the same type of saw in France. The first American to patent a band saw was B. Baker, who did so only in 1836. However, for many years it was not possible to achieve an accurate connection of the ends of the band saw, which is why their wide distribution begins only after the 70s of the XIX century. In those days, some of the best band saws were made in France.
And yet, neither the disk nor the band blade, even the ring-shaped one, became the basis of modern portable mechanical saws. She became a cutting chain, first proposed back in 1858 by the American Brown. His contemporaries did not appreciate the invention. The first serial samples of such saws appeared only a few decades later. They were bulky, it was impossible to wield them alone. An example of this is the Sector chainsaw, developed in the 20-30s of the twentieth century by the Swedish engineer Westfelt. On it, the cutting chain, stretched along a triangular contour through sprockets (one leading), was driven by a gasoline engine through a bevel gear and a long shaft.
A significant contribution to sawmilling was made by two people whose creations are now known to many builders who appreciate quality tools. These are Andreas Stihl and Joseph Buford Cox. Andreas Stihl, a German mechanic, patented the first electric chain saw in 1926, and in 1929 the first chainsaw under the Shtihl brand. Now this German manufacturer has several dozen different patents in the field of mechanical engineering, a considerable market share among similar products, as well as the recognition of customers who value the brand for accuracy and reliability.
In the same years, the extremely difficult conditions of logging labor and its low productivity pushed forward engineering thought in the USSR. At the end of 1927, by order of the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR, the Northern Experimental Station for the mechanization and rationalization of logging was established. In order to study foreign technology in 1927, the Sector, Rapid and other chain saws that appeared abroad were brought to the USSR for testing. With this, in fact, the history of chain saws in the USSR began. Time has shown that electric saws are good for bucking, but are of little use for felling. In 1931, the Bureau of Adaptations of Mashinotrest designs and manufactures the first prototypes of the Pioneer gasoline-powered saw, and the Main Military Engineering Directorate of the Red Army organizes the manufacture of MP-300 gasoline-powered saws and the Bolshevik series of electric saws. Following this, the TsNIIME Academic Council approved for implementation the project of lightweight gasoline-powered saws under the brands TsNIIME-1 with a rotary saw unit and TsNIIME-2 of an all-turn design, as well as further modifications - TsNIIME-3 and TsNIIME-4.
The period of the 1930s and 1940s was characterized by an exceptional intensity of experimental work on the creation of portable mechanical chain saws, and the result of this work was the creation of a new model of the TsNIIME electric saw - VAKOPP shortly after the Great Patriotic War. Almost twice as light as its predecessors, the WAKOPP saw has been widely used in the forestry industry since 1946. At the same time, mobile power plants PES-12-50 of normal frequency (50 Hz), with a power of 12 kW, enter the forest.
However, along with a significant reduction in the total weight, the VAKOPP electric saw had an insufficient working length of the bar (500 mm) and low engine power - 1.3 kW.
A real technical revolution in the mechanization of felling was made by the TsNIIME-K5 saw. An electric motor of increased current frequency (200 Hz) was used in it. Instead of 3000 rpm, the electric motor shaft developed 12000 rpm, which made it possible to more than halve the weight of the engine without reducing its power (1.3 kW).
In the future, scientific organizations and individual inventors, using electric motors of increased current frequency, created a number of designs for lightweight electric saws. At the same time, mass production of the PEP-3 electric saw began.
In the post-war period in 1947, lumberjack Joseph Buford Cox improved the chain saw chain, optimizing its operation and increasing the efficiency of the tool. While observing a bark beetle larva during a break in work, he drew attention to the ease with which it gnaws its way through the wood of a strong stump, moving in any direction, regardless of the direction of the fibers. Having repeated the C-shaped jaws of the larva from steel, the lumberjack made a new chain. He then formed the Oregon Company with his wife to manufacture the chains and bars that are now used in most chain saws. It is believed that the details of this particular company speak of the effectiveness and relative simplicity of the tool.
In 1949, in our country, mass production of gas-powered saws began, which turned out to be much more efficient in cutting areas, more convenient to operate than electric saws. For decades, the Druzhba chainsaw reigned on the plots, so named by the creators in honor of the 300th anniversary of the reunification of Ukraine with Russia.
A new muffler, a single-strand removable starter were introduced into its design, the ignition system was improved, many components and parts of the saw were strengthened. In the Druzhba-60 modification, the power on the saw chain engine reached 3.5 hp. Druzhba was subsequently replaced by more advanced saws Ural and Taiga.
Saw far from a "young" instrument. The first items that can be considered the progenitors of modern saws were produced more than 4 thousand years ago. These were jagged stones, used to create images on bone or other relatively soft material (certain types of stone, wood). Such saws were made by sharpening the edge of a stone, or found ready-made.
The ancient Egyptians, and later the Romans, began to make copper saw blades with diamond teeth for cutting stones. Steel saws Scandinavian artisans were the first to learn how to make them, casting them in stone molds. However, the quality of the teeth and their sharpening did not allow such saws to compete with axes. Only centuries later in Ancient Greece in the 50s BC. appeared forged saws. The teeth made by blacksmiths were much sharper and more accurately sharpened, which made them the undisputed favorite among saws of that time.
the first mechanical sawmill invented in 1322 in Germany. It was driven by a hydraulic mechanism. This revolutionized the way logging was done in Germany. Similar saws were used over time in Great Britain, Scotland, Portugal. As a result, lumberjacks began to lose their jobs. This led to uprisings, during which such "innovations" were destroyed. Later in the United States, the 1st in history suffered from similar protests. steam sawmill, which became the progenitor of such currently widespread chainsaws.
A new step in the development was the emergence band saws. This is a round iron band with an abundance of teeth located along the 1st edge. It is stretched on 2 vertical pulleys, and the teeth are oriented towards the sawn tree species. The first patent for this type of saw was issued in the UK in 1808. In 1834, a certain Etienne received a patent for this type of saw in France. The first American to patent a band saw was B. Baker, who did it exclusively in 1836. But for long and long years it was not possible to achieve a clear connection of the ends of the band saw, which is why their extensive distribution begins only after the 70s of the XIX century. During those periods, some of the best band saws were made in France. At the moment, this country is one of the global favorites for band saws.
Apart from classic and band saws, many companies claim their own superiority in the development chain saw. They refer to the chain saw mechanism, which was invented in the 20s of the twentieth century. In fact, the 1st chain saw was invented by the German prosthetist Bernard Hein for cutting bones. However, his invention was not widely used, as the saws came out very languid and awkward. Only a century later, the population of the earth could nevertheless take a step forward.
A great contribution to sawmilling was made by two people whose creations are now known to many builders who appreciate high-quality tools. Andreas Stihl, a German mechanic, patented the first electronic chain saw in 1926, and in 1929 the first chainsaw under the Shtihl brand. At the moment, this German manufacturer has a few 10 different patents in the field of mechanical engineering, a large market share among similar products, as well as the recognition of customers who appreciate the brand for accuracy and reliability.
In the post-war period in 1947, lumberjack Joseph Buford Cox improved the chainsaw chain, optimizing its operation and increasing the efficiency of the tool. Watching the larva of the bark beetle during a break in work, he drew attention to the ease with which it gnaws its way through the tree species of a strong stump, while moving in any direction, regardless of the direction of the fibers. Having repeated from steel the C-shaped jaws of the larva, the lumberjack made the newest chain. Then he and his wife formed the Oregon Company for the production of chains and bars, which are currently used in most chain saws. It is believed that the details of this particular company speak of the effectiveness and relative simplicity of the tool.
Sources:
SAW - manual or machine tool multi-blade tool for cutting (ras-pi-li-va-nia) of various ma-te -ria-lov.
The cutting part of the saw is usually you-half-nya-is-sya in the form of wedge-shaped incisors (teeth), but-to-su-shche-st- vu-yut saws (for example, for cutting stone, glass) with a cutting part from an ab-raz-ziv-no-go ma-te-ria-la (for example, al- smear disc) or representing a steel ka-nat (ka-nat-naya pi-la).
According to the ha-rak-te-ru of the ra-bo-che-go movement, the saws are different: but-zho-voch-nye, or but-zhov-ki, - a long knot some steel-noe-on-lot-but co-vert-sha-et return-gate-but-on-transitional movements; round (dis-co-vy, cir-ku-lyar-nye) - in the form of a dis-ka with an external cutting edge, rotating on the va -lu; flax-accurate - in the form of a devil-to-nech-noy (closed) flexible tape, on-the-well-that me-f-du two-m-rotating-shchi- mi-sya shki-va-mi; chain - ra-bo-whose part is a chain (from pro-lo-ki with a special notch instead of a hundred teeth or from shar-nir- but-connected-nyon-nyh-cutting links), lock-well-thaw in the ring and re-re-me-changing-schaya on the right-lying-shi- Not. Circular saws would-va-yut solid, from-go-to-lya-mye from coal-le-ro-di-stand in-st-ru-men-tal-noy steel, and with -we-mi-teeth-i-mi, you-full-nen-us-mi on the basis-but-ve would-st-ro-re-zhu-steel or hard alloys. At but-zho-voch-nyh and flax-toch-ny saws, the teeth are usually on-se-che-na on the very best way.
By the way, they drank-but-the-lot-on-time-whether-cha-yut saws are not-at-the-well-thing and at-the-well-thing. To not-na-cha-well-ty saws from-no-syat-sya, for example, various types of no-jo-wok (except for me but-jo-wok on metal-tal-lu), dis-co -new and ordinary two-handed saws (not-about-ho-di-maya hard-bone or must-to-chi-vost-on-lot-on when working dos-ti- ga-et-sya due to its thickness or os-on-sche-niya with two hands-ka-mi); to na-cha-well-thym - beam-to-vye (thin steel-noe-on-lot-but on-cha-well, between the two-mother-mother-te-la-mi ) and linen saws. At the na-cha-well-tykh he drank in a lot-but thinner, so he drank in-lu-cha-et-sya more narrow.
In za-vi-si-mo-sti from na-zna-che-niya you-de-la-yut two main classes of saws - de-re-woo and metal-lu. The teeth of the saw for metal have the appearance of a right-angled triangle-no-ka (with an acute angle at the top) with a front her cutting edge. The de-re-vu saw also has triangular-shaped teeth, but their con-fi-gu-ra-tion and cutting edges are for-vis-syat from the right-le-niya pi-le-niya: in-trans-rek or along the lo-con dre-ve-si-ny. At saws on metal-lu, the size of the teeth usually does not exceed 1-1.5 mm in height with a width-ri-not (according to the -va-nyu) 1.2-2 mm; for saws according to de-re-woo, you have teeth 1-18 mm, shi-ri-na at the base 1.5-12 mm. Efficiency of pi-le-niya su-shche-st-ven-but depends on the size of the teeth of the saw, the state of their cutting edge ki (for-point-ki) and times-water-ki.
See also “Stone-not-carved-machine”.
Historical reference. Pi-le-ing of a stone-nya in a lu-chi-lo shi-ro-some kind of race-pro-country-non-nie is already in non-oli-those. For organic ma-te-ria-lovs, they used not-large stone saws, having teeth, but other where (what to-ka-for-but tra-so-logic. ana-li-za-mi) and without them. With shi-ro-kim, the races-pro-stra-no-no-thing of bronze are connected-for-but-yav-le-nie of bronze saws. For Egypt-ta-na-chi-naya from the Ancient-not-go-king-st-va for-fic-si-ro-va-ny tya-go-vye (with a tooth-tsa-mi, a-ra-puppy- us to the handle) saws up to 40 cm long, with an iso-bent wooden handle on a che-ren-ke, spread along the axis along the lot- on the.
When-me-not-nie saws ob-slo-vi-lo you-so-ci level-ven about-ra-bot-ki de-re-va, bone and other materials (dos-ki, thin-ki to cheeks and plates, fi-gur-nye from de-lia). From the West, but the use of the saw and as a tool for the sharp executions (2 Kings 12:31). On the territory of Russia, saws from the West from the late Bronze Age. Ras-pro-country-non-nie-le-for-call-whether-lo from-go-tav-li-vat more different-but-about-different types of drank, including large sizes (including two-handed teas).
"Saw: Survival Game" American-Australian thriller Leigh Whannell And James Vann. Starred in the film Danny Glover, Tobin Bell, Ken Leung, Carrie Elwes, Leigh Whannell and others.
In different countries, the film "Saw: The Game of Survival" was released under different slogans:
"Each part was a mystery..."
"How much blood will you shed for her?"
"How much blood will you shed to stay alive?"
"There will be a lot of blood"
"Live or Die"
According to the plot of the film, two unfamiliar men wake up in some kind of abandoned toilet, chained to pipes. One of them is called Adam (Leigh Whannell) he is a photographer. Another man named Lawrence Gordon (Carrie Elwes) works as an oncologist. In addition to them, in the middle of the toilet, a corpse lies in a pool of blood. In their pockets, they find audio cassettes with a recorded voice explaining the reasons for their current condition. Adam he is charged with the fact that, by the nature of his service, he is forced to follow people, violating their rights. Lawrence he constantly tells people that they will die, which means that the concept of death has depreciated for him.
Lawrence realizes that they were kidnapped Jigsaw (Tobin Bell)- a maniac who forces his victims to go through terrible trials so that they again begin to appreciate their lives. For example, one of the victims Jigsaw was Mark. He constantly pretended to be sick, although he himself was healthy. Jigsaw introduced a slow-acting poison into his blood, applied a flammable substance to his body, placed him in a dark room, the only source of light in which was a candle. The antidote was in a safe, the code for which was written on the wall. When Mark tried to find him, then from one careless movement burned alive, but nevertheless he had a chance to survive.
The message to the prisoners also said that Gordon gotta kill Adama before 18:00, otherwise his daughter and wife will die. The photographer finds a pair of hacksaws in the toilet, but the chains cannot be cut with them. There is only one thing left - to saw off the legs chained with a chain ...
Film idea authors Leigh Whannell And James Wan We met at Melbourne Film School. Scenario "Saws" they came up with as a test work and even filmed one of the scenes. Their teacher liked the idea so much that he sent the blanks to Hollywood. Some time later, producers approached the nuggets and offered them a low-budget ($1.2 million) thriller.
The original plan was to release the film exclusively on video, but after its premiere screening at the Sundance Film Festival, Saw: The Game of Survival received so much critical acclaim that the producers decided to release it theatrically.
Leigh Whannell And James Wan waived the film's royalties in favor of a percentage of the box office.
The film "Saw: The Game of Survival", like the subsequent parts, was released on the screens on the eve of Halloween, October 29, 2004.
With a budget of $1.2 million, the tape grossed $18 million on its first weekend alone. The total amount of fees exceeded 103 million dollars, and the picture was in the top ten most profitable films of all time.
Critics also praised the idea of young Australians, in addition to positive reviews, the film collected almost all genre awards in 2004-2005, including the Saturn Award for Best Film.
Initially, the film received an NC-17 rating (under 17s are not allowed), which practically equated the film with pornography with all the consequences. After the creators cut out some particularly bloody scenes, it was decided to give the film an R rating (under 17 years old only accompanied by parents) at a second review.
The prototype of the modern saw was created by man more than 4 thousand years ago. These objects were stones with notches on one edge. Such saws were used for processing wood, bone, soft rocks. They sharpened stone saws on the corners of rocks or picked up ready-made pieces. Similar tools were used by ancient sculptors when creating statues of the gods.
The ancient Romans and Egyptians made their saws out of copper. With such a tool, they sawed even a stone, pouring abrasive materials into the saw cut. Iron saws first appeared among the Scandinavians. They cast their tools in stone molds. However, the quality of these saws was poor and they were not competitive with axes. And only many centuries later, the ancient Greeks guessed to make saws by forging, which made it possible to achieve high hardness of the metal and, as a result, improve the quality of products. The teeth of these saws were sharper and, due to more correct sharpening, cut the material better.
Power saws first appeared in Germany in 1322. They were installed at the sawmill and were driven by water. This invention turned the idea of the Germans about the methods of wood extraction. Subsequently, similar sawmills appeared in Scotland, England and other countries. But there was a downside to the mechanization of the deforestation process. Lumberjacks could not compete with mechanized sawmills and went bankrupt. As a result, having lost their jobs, they began to take revenge on the perpetrators, destroying their mechanical competitors. So, in the USA, it was for the above reasons that the first steam sawmill, the prototype of future chainsaws, was liquidated.
The next step in the history of the creation of the saw was the invention of tape specimens. They were closed steel bands with teeth located at one end. Such a tape was stretched on two vertical pulleys. In 1808, such a saw design was first patented in England. It is interesting that 26 years later a patent was obtained for the same saw in France by a man named Etienne, and after another 2 years by B. Baker in the USA. But band saws were widely used only by the end of the 19th century. This delay was due to the fact that manufacturers could not achieve an accurate connection of the ends of the band saw. The best instruments of this class in those days were made in France, which has retained its leadership in the production of this product to this day.
The chain saw was invented in the first third of the 20th century. However, a hundred years earlier, the German doctor Bernard Hein used a chain saw to cut bones. But his invention did not become widespread due to the large weight of the product and dubious ease of use. This type of saw was recognized only in the 20th century.
A breakthrough in the history of the creation of saws was the patented inventions of Andreas Shtihl - an electric chain saw (1926) and a Shtihl brand chainsaw (1929). The name "Shtihl" among professionals is associated with the quality and reliability of the instrument. At present, Shtihl has a large number of patents in the field of mechanical engineering, its products occupy a significant niche in the tool market and are very popular due to their excellent accuracy and exceptional reliability.
After the war, in the middle of the 20th century, the efficiency of the chain saw was significantly improved by improving the chain of the tool and optimizing its operation. This was done by lumberjack Joseph Buford Cox. Once, while resting, he watched a larva of a bark beetle, which with extraordinary ease gnawed its way through a hard tree, while the direction of its movement and speed did not depend on the direction of the fibers of the tree. Having examined closer the jaws of this beetle, Cox repeated their shape in the steel teeth-cutters of the chain saw. The effect was not long in coming. The form turned out to be so successful that his instruments began to be actively bought. Subsequently, Cox and his wife formed Oregon, a company specializing in the production of tires and chains used in most tools to this day.
