The role of Russian literature is very difficult to overestimate. This role is multifaceted, like literature itself. Gorky wrote: "Our literature is our pride."
"The pinnacle of world humanism" - they call Russian literature. Classical Russian literature is a model for many people. The same Maxim Gorky wrote: “The giant Pushkin is our greatest pride and the most complete expression of the spiritual forces of Russia, and Gogol, merciless to himself and people, yearning Lermontov, sad Turgenev, angry Nekrasov, the great rebel Tolstoy, ..., Dostoevsky, the sorcerer of the language Ostrovsky - not similar to each other, as it can be in Russia, ”and we will add that they are our prophets, teachers, the conscience of the nation.
A person turns to their work, to the work of other Russian writers all his life: he is looking for answers to questions that concern his soul, comprehends the science of the relationship between people, gender, learns to live.
The great writers-psychologists are F. Dostoevsky, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov. Using the example of their literary heroes, we understand what good and evil are, what helps a person to develop and move on. We understand what temptation is that leads to the moral fall of a person. Reading their works, we learn to make the right choice in life, to understand people and ourselves, to objectively evaluate the world around us.
About Turgenev, Belinsky wrote that he was a writer in whose soul "all the sorrow and questions of the Russian people." And yet, according to the same Belinsky, this writer has the ability to unusually depict pictures of Russian nature. The landscapes described by him bring up love for the Motherland, a sense of patriotism. The socio-psychological novels of Turgenev reveal the subtle soul of a Russian woman.
Speaking of Russian literature, one cannot help but recall Russian poetry, because the work of many Russian poets is famous all over the world.
Pushkin... Who doesn't love his work? Children love his fairy tales, for the first time a girl in love, wiping her tears, reads the poet's love lyrics, and lovers of contemplating Russian landscapes quote one or another of his poems by heart. True, they have accuracy in the choice of words and therefore we find ourselves in his work. Reading his works - we believe him, we become better, we correct our mistakes, we learn to love.
But how not to recall the work of Fet, Tyutchev? They are poets-artists of Russian nature. Their work plays an important role in the aesthetic education of a person. They awaken in him observation, attentiveness, a feeling of love for nature. “I love a thunderstorm in early May, When the first thunder of spring, As if frolicking and playing, Rumbles in the blue sky,” Tyutchev wrote simply, but you can’t say better. You not only hear, but also see the timid peals of thunder and even smell the first spring thunderstorm. Or “There is in the original autumn. A short but marvelous time - The whole day stands as if crystal, And the evenings are radiant ... ”, - well, how more precisely to say about the warm period of autumn, “Indian summer”.
Let's remember the work of Nekrasov. His understanding of the simple Russian soul, the soul of a Russian woman, is incomparable to anything. The lines of his works are imbued with anxiety for the fate of the Russian people, awaken in us a sense of compassion.
All Russian literature teaches to be human. Man - Personality! Russian literature is our invaluable asset, it is a textbook of life, according to which our parents studied, we study.
It includes the ability to correctly and competently write texts. Do you know the situation when you realize with horror that you cannot write anything? Or thoughts spin in the head, but do not pour out on paper? Sometimes writing an essay becomes a real nightmare. We will show you how to make life better and successfully pass the exam in literature.
In order to successfully complete the most insidious version of the Unified State Examination in literature or write a good essay, you need not only to know the standard set of definitions like “kinds, genres and types of literature” or “the image of the author”, “literary-historical process”, etc., but also be able to navigate the themes of literary works.
The bulk of the texts from the school curriculum are works by Russian classics of the 19th century. We mean Pushkin, Lermontov, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky and other masters of the word. Speaking about their thematic originality, it should be noted that classical literature mainly touches on the so-called "eternal themes". And if you learn to understand this and think properly, then, consider, you have passed the half-examination.
Most of the works touch upon traditional problems, stable eternal themes that have interested a person from the very moment of his appearance. And new generations of writers endow reasoning with their own meaning.
So, for centuries, people have been worried about the topics of life, death, love, hatred, humility, pride, etc. For example, Dostoevsky in "Crime and Punishment" shows the restless Rodion Raskolnikov, who cannot find harmony with the outside world and commits a crime. His “I am a trembling creature or I have a right” touches on the eternal theme of morality, the problem of a person’s choice of one path or another.
Another question of interest to the classics is the search for a "hero of time", an image of a person who reflects spiritual quests in the 19th century. In this context, writers are concerned about the problem of a special person, a lone hero who is not accepted by society. It is affected, for example, by Lermontov's novels A Hero of Our Time, Turgenev's Fathers and Sons, and Pushkin's Eugene Onegin.
Literature in the 19th century was generally fixated on the search, the desire to find not only the hero of the generation, but also moral ideals, to understand the meaning of life, to get closer to the foundations of the existence of the universe, etc. Thus, the classics tried to answer the fundamental questions of human existence.
Therefore, we recommend that you first immerse yourself in these problems, and then learn to think. Then the speedy memorization of the plots of school classics may disappear altogether, because in any exam in literature, the Unified State Examination or an essay, the main thing after all is knowledge not of the content, but of the problems of the texts. In other words, their essence.
Composition on the topic: Eternal motives in world literature
Each nation has its own books, originating from distant and ancient folklore. National literatures reflect the specifics of life - the way of thinking of people from different countries, their culture, way of life and traditions. The art of the word of each nation is original and original.
But there are problems that concern all people at all times, regardless of their nationality, living conditions, social status. Each generation again and again raises deep philosophical questions: what is life and death, what is love, how the world and man work, what is the meaning of life, what values are above everything that God is ... These questions are reflected, including , and in the literature and are called "eternal motives".
One of the universally recognized geniuses of world literature, who revealed the depths of the human soul, is the Englishman W. Shakespeare, who lived in the 16th century. His plays are deeply philosophical works that touch upon important issues of life. Thus, Shakespeare's tragedy "Hamlet" depicts an eternal conflict, a confrontation between man and the surrounding world.
The hero of the tragedy, the young prince Hamlet, discovers a terrible thing: he learns that his father, in the struggle for the throne, was poisoned by his own brother. Hamlet's mother, Queen Gertrude, also participated in this crime.
The young hero is terrified and completely at a loss. He is disappointed in the whole world and all people - what can be expected from them if the closest ones turned out to be insidious and cynical traitors?
Thus, Hamlet finds himself face to face with an unjust world, or rather, with his own illusions about this world. He begins to doubt the value and expediency of life in general - if evil is so strong and irresistible, is there any point in living?
But gradually Hamlet understands and accepts his mission - to "set" the dislocated joints of "Time". He enters the fight against Evil, wishing to restore justice, the "course of Time" and the ratio of Light and Darkness. As a result of this confrontation, the hero solves many questions for himself, the main of which is the question of the essence of death. As a result, he comes to the realization that death turns a person into nothing, and life is an eternal contradiction between reality and ideals.
The hero of another classic of world literature - I.V. Goethe - the scientist Faust - also sought to know the essence of life and death, as well as to learn all the secrets of the universe. What is the meaning of human life? What is the purpose of beauty and what is beauty? What is creativity and inspiration? What is love? Where does good end and evil begin? What is the human soul and is there any value more precious than it?
All these questions arise before Faust in the process of his research. The hero experiences everything on himself: he sinks to the very bottom, communicating with the devil, and rises to the very heights, experiencing love for Margarita. In the course of his life path, he makes many mistakes, but in the end he comes to realize the meaning of his life - creative work for the benefit of people.
In another tragedy by Shakespeare - "Romeo and Juliet" - the author decides what love is, what is its strength and significance in life. Using the example of his heroes, the great Englishman shows that this feeling is wonderful in all its manifestations.
Love can be experienced by all people, regardless of age and social status, it has different incarnations and guises (the love of the Nurse for Juliet, the love of parents for their children, the love of a man and woman, the love of friends, the love of a duke for his people, the love of a priest for his flock, Finally, God's love for people). Moreover, this feeling is vital for everyone, because the whole world is based on it.
Shakespeare, in the spirit of the traditions of the Renaissance, says that all manifestations of love, both spiritual and bodily, are beautiful. By denying any of these components, people deliberately impoverish themselves.
Using the example of the feelings of Romeo and Juliet, we understand that love is the most powerful force that can reconcile irreconcilable enemies (the Montague and Capulet families) and overcome any intrigues, even death itself.
Another classic of world literature - the Frenchman J. B. Moliere (18th century) - in his comedy "Tartuffe" deeply revealed another "eternal" theme - the theme of Hypocrisy and its destructive power.
The writer shows that lies are an integral part of human nature and human society. But if there is an innocent lie or a lie for the good (Elmira's tricks, Dorina's speeches), then there is also a destructive lie, crippling destinies, encroaching on the most sacred. The bearer of just such a lie and its other manifestations (hypocrisy, hypocrisy) is the holy man Tartuffe in the comedy.
This man, skillfully deceiving and hypocrisy, achieves his own, purely selfish, goals - to get the wealth of Orgon, have fun with his wife Elmira, and so on. For Tartuffe, there is nothing sacred or inviolable - he is ready to slander, humiliate, destroy everything in his path, ruthlessly and methodically. Thus, this hero is the embodiment of absolute Evil. But the characters of Molière, unlike Shakespeare's Hamlet, defeat Tartuffe, and therefore, albeit temporarily, defeat Evil itself. Of course, Good helps them in this, which is interpreted by the playwright in the spirit of the Enlightenment - in the person of the state and the enlightened monarch.
Thus, the eternal motifs in world literature help to illuminate the important aspects of human existence associated with deep philosophical problems. It has always been important for a person to understand who he is, where he is and where he is going. World classics answer these questions, helping the reader find their place in life, understand and assimilate enduring values, and set their priorities.
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The term "literary tradition" is used in literature when it comes to a succession that unites successive literary phenomena.
The concept of literary tradition
In its meaning, the concept of literary tradition is identical to the concept of borrowing, influence and imitation. The following components of poetics can serve as the constituent elements of the literary tradition: style, composition, rhythm and subject matter. These components are often transmitted by the literary tradition not separately, but in combination with each other.
The area of literary tradition is also quite wide: it can be both international creativity and creativity of one people. For example, Gogol created a literary tradition in Russia, which eventually spread far beyond its chapels. The literary tradition does not differ in intensity, so we see that Pushkin's traditions at different times are either strengthened in literature or disappear almost completely.
At first glance, an extinct tradition can not only be revived, but also take a dominant place in the literary process, thanks to the influence of suitable historical conditions.
In the literary process, there is the concept of parody of the literary tradition. A striking example of this is Dostoevsky's work "The Village of Stepanchikovo", in which the author parades Gogol's style and ideology.
Eternal themes in literature
traditional problems. Literary works, in their absolute majority, have stable eternal themes, the peculiarity of which is that they are practically inexhaustible, as they will always be relevant in any society. No matter how many options for their disclosure would be, anyway, each time something remains unsaid, as well as something that lends itself to a completely different interpretation in the new historical conditions.
Getting acquainted with various literary works, we are amazed at how the same theme is seen by different writers. By and large, many literary works that have come down to us describe the same plot, but separated and corrected over the centuries.
The eternal themes of literature can be divided into the following categories:
1. ontological- themes of unidentified eternal phenomena: space, light, darkness.
2. Anthropological themes:
- the concept of being - sin, involvement, pride, human life, death.
- epochal events - wars, revolutions, peace, civil activity.
- the sphere of social instincts - love, friendship, family, zeal for power, social transformations of a person.
Reasoning about eternal problems is also very characteristic of the literary process. The main eternal problem that is discussed in literary works is the questions and problems of the morality of man and society. Along with the description of this problem, the literature also indicates ways to solve it - for society this is a revolution or reform, for a person - moral improvement.
Another traditional eternal problem is the question of society's rejection of an individual, the so-called lone hero. A special place in the literary process is occupied by the clarification of universal human problems - the search for the meaning of life, the understanding of good and evil, internal torment, etc.
