Message on the theme of the modern philanthropist. The brightest charity stars

Patronage... The word is not quite familiar to us. Everyone has heard it at least once in their life, but not everyone can correctly explain the essence of this term. And this is sad, because Russia has always been famous for the fact that charity and patronage were an integral part of its long traditions.

What is patronage?

If you ask anyone you meet what patronage is, few people will be able to give an intelligible answer like this, right off the bat. Yes, everyone has heard of wealthy people providing financial assistance to museums, children's children's sports organizations, emerging artists, musicians and poets. But is all the assistance provided philanthropy? There is also charity and sponsorship. How to distinguish these concepts from each other? This article will help to understand these difficult questions.

Patronage is a material or other gratuitous support of individuals provided to organizations, as well as representatives of culture and art.

The history of the term

The word owes its origin to a real historical person. Gaius Tsilny Maecenas - that's whose name has become a household name. A noble Roman nobleman, an ally of Emperor Octavian, became famous for helping talented poets and writers persecuted by the authorities. He saved from death the author of the immortal "Aeneid" Virgil and many other cultural figures whose lives were threatened for political reasons.

There were other patrons of art in Rome, besides Gaius Maecenas. Why exactly did his name become a household name and turned into a modern term? The fact is that all other wealthy benefactors would refuse to intercede for a disgraced poet or artist because of fear of the emperor. But Guy Maecenas had a very strong influence on Octavian Augustus, and was not afraid to go against his will and desire. He saved Virgil. The poet supported the emperor's political opponents and fell out of favor because of this. And the only one who came to his aid was the Maecenas. Therefore, the name of the rest of the benefactors was lost in the centuries, and he forever remained in the memory of those whom he unselfishly helped all his life.

History of patronage

It is impossible to name the exact date of the appearance of patronage. The only undeniable fact is that there has always been a need for assistance to representatives of art from people endowed with power and wealth. The reasons for providing such assistance varied. Someone really loved art and sincerely tried to help poets, artists and musicians. For other rich people, this was either a tribute to fashion, or a desire to show themselves as a generous giver and patron in the eyes of the rest of society. The authorities tried to provide patronage to representatives of art in order to keep them in subjection.

Thus, philanthropy appeared in the period after the emergence of the state. Both in the era of antiquity and in the Middle Ages, poets and artists were in a dependent position from representatives of the authorities. It was practically domestic slavery. This situation continued until the collapse of the feudal system.

During the period of absolute monarchy, patronage takes the form of pensions, awards, honorary titles, and court positions.

Charity and patronage - is there a difference?

There is some confusion with the terminology and concepts of patronage, charity and sponsorship. All of them involve the provision of assistance, but the difference between them is still quite significant, and it would be a mistake to draw an equal sign. It is worth considering the issue of terminology in more detail. Of all three concepts, sponsorship and patronage are the most different from each other. The first term means providing assistance on certain conditions, or investing in a cause. For example, support for an artist may be subject to the creation of a portrait of the sponsor or the mention of his name in the media. Simply put, sponsorship involves receiving some kind of benefit. Patronage is a disinterested and gratuitous aid to art and culture. The philanthropist does not prioritize obtaining additional benefits for himself.

The next topic is charity. It is very close to the concept of patronage, and the difference between them is barely noticeable. This is helping those in need, and the main motive here is compassion. The concept of charity is very broad, and patronage acts as its specific type.

Why do people philanthropy?

Russian philanthropists and patrons have always differed from Western ones in their approach to the issue of helping artists. If we talk about Russia, here philanthropy is material support, which is provided out of a sense of compassion, a desire to help without deriving any benefit for oneself. In the West, however, there was a moment of benefiting from charity in the form of tax cuts or exemptions. Therefore, it is impossible to speak of complete disinterestedness here.

Why, since the 18th century, Russian philanthropists are increasingly patronizing art and science, building libraries, museums and theaters?

The main driving force here was the following reasons - high morality, morality and religiosity of patrons. Public opinion actively supported the ideas of compassion and mercy. Correct traditions and religious education led to such a striking phenomenon in the history of Russia as the flourishing of patronage in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Patronage in Russia. The history of the emergence and attitude of the state to this kind of activity

Charity and patronage in Russia have long and deep traditions. They are associated primarily with the time of the appearance of Christianity in Kievan Rus. At that time, charity existed as a personal aid to those in need. First of all, the church was engaged in such activities, opening hospices for the elderly, the disabled and the infirm, and hospitals. The beginning of charity was laid by Prince Vladimir, who officially obliged the church and monasteries to engage in public charity.

The next rulers of Russia, eradicating professional begging, at the same time continued to take care of those who were truly in need. Hospitals, almshouses, orphanages for the illegitimate and the mentally ill continued to be built.

Charity in Russia has successfully developed thanks to women. Empresses Catherine I, Maria Feodorovna and Elizaveta Alekseevna were especially distinguished in helping those in need.

The history of patronage in Russia begins at the end of the 18th century, when it becomes one of the forms of charity.

The first Russian patrons

The first patron of the arts was Count Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov. One of the largest landowners in the country, the count is best known as a generous philanthropist and collector. Traveling a lot, Stroganov became interested in compiling a collection of paintings, stones and coins. The count devoted a lot of time, money and effort to the development of culture and art, provided assistance and support to such famous poets as Gavriil Derzhavin and Ivan Krylov.

Until the end of his life, Count Stroganov was the permanent president of the Imperial Academy of Arts. At the same time, he oversaw the Imperial Public Library and was its director. It was on his initiative that the construction of the Kazan Cathedral began with the involvement of not foreign, but Russian architects.

People like Stroganov paved the way for subsequent patrons who unselfishly and sincerely help the development of culture and art in Russia.

The famous Demidov dynasty, the founders of the metallurgical industry in Russia, is known not only for its huge contribution to the development of the country's industry, but also for its charity. Representatives of the dynasty patronized Moscow University and founded a scholarship for students from them. They opened the first commercial school for merchant children. The Demidovs constantly helped the Orphanage. At the same time they were engaged in the collection of art collections. It has become the largest private collection in the world.

Another famous patron and patron of the XVIII century - Count He was a real connoisseur of art, especially theatrical.

At one time, he was infamous for marrying his own serf, home theater actress Praskovya Zhemchugova. She died early and bequeathed to her husband not to give up the cause of charity. Count Sheremetev complied with her request. He spent part of the capital to help artisans and dowry brides. On his initiative, the construction of the Hospice House in Moscow began. He also invested in the construction of theaters and temples.

The special contribution of the merchants to the development of patronage

Many now have a completely wrong opinion about the Russian merchants of the XIX-XX centuries. It was formed under the influence of Soviet films and literary works, in which the aforementioned layer of society was exposed in the most unattractive way. All merchants without exception look poorly educated, focused solely on making a profit in any way by people, while completely devoid of compassion and mercy for their neighbors. This is a fundamental misconception. Of course, there are always exceptions and there will be, but for the most part merchants were the most educated and informative part of the population, not counting, of course, the nobility.

But among the representatives of noble families, benefactors and patrons could be counted on the fingers. Charity in Russia is entirely the merit of the merchant class.

It has already been briefly mentioned above, for what reason people began to engage in patronage. For most merchants and manufacturers, charity has become almost a way of life, has become an integral character trait. The fact that many wealthy merchants and bankers were descendants of the Old Believers, who were characterized by a special attitude towards money and wealth, played a role here. And the attitude of Russian entrepreneurs to their activities was somewhat different than, for example, in the West. For them, wealth is not a fetish, trade is not a source of profit, but rather a certain duty imposed by God.

Brought up on deep religious traditions, Russian entrepreneurs-philanthropists believed that wealth is given by God, which means that one must be responsible for it. In fact, they believed that they were obliged to engage in the provision of assistance. But it wasn't coercion. Everything was done according to the call of the soul.

Famous Russian patrons of the 19th century

This period is considered the heyday of charity in Russia. The rapid economic growth that began led to the astounding scope and generosity of the wealthy.

Well-known patrons of the XIX-XX centuries - entirely representatives of the merchant class. The brightest representatives are Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov and his lesser-known brother Sergei Mikhailovich.

It must be said that the Tretyakov merchants did not possess significant wealth. But this did not prevent them from carefully collecting paintings by famous masters, spending serious sums on them. Sergei Mikhailovich was more interested in Western European painting. After his death, the collection bequeathed to his brother was included in the collection of paintings by Pavel Mikhailovich. The art gallery that appeared in 1893 bore the name of both remarkable Russian patrons. If we talk only about the collection of paintings by Pavel Mikhailovich, then in his entire life the philanthropist Tretyakov spent about a million rubles on it. An incredible sum for the time.

Tretyakov began to collect his collection of Russian paintings in his youth. Even then, he had a well-defined goal - to open a national public gallery, so that anyone could visit it for free and join the masterpieces of Russian fine art.

We owe the Tretyakov brothers a magnificent monument to Russian patronage - the Tretyakov Gallery.

Patron Tretyakov was not the only patron of art in Russia. Savva Ivanovich Mamontov, a representative of a famous dynasty, is the founder and builder of the largest railway lines in Russia. He did not strive for fame and was completely indifferent to awards. His only passion was the love of art. Savva Ivanovich himself was a deeply creative person, and entrepreneurship was very burdensome for him. According to contemporaries, he himself could become a great opera singer (he was even offered to perform on the stage of the Italian opera house), and a sculptor.

He turned his Abramtsevo estate into a hospitable home for Russian artists. Vrubel, Repin, Vasnetsov, Serov, and also Chaliapin were constantly here. Mamontov provided financial assistance and patronage to all of them. But the philanthropist provided the greatest support to theatrical art.

Mamontov was considered by his relatives and business partners to be a stupid whim, but this did not stop him. At the end of his life, Savva Ivanovich was ruined and barely escaped prison. He was fully justified, but he could no longer engage in entrepreneurship. Until the end of his life, he was supported by all those whom he had selflessly helped in his time.

Savva Timofeevich Morozov is an amazingly modest philanthropist who helped the Art Theater on the condition that his name would not be mentioned in the newspapers on this occasion. And other representatives of this dynasty provided invaluable assistance in the development of culture and art. Sergey Timofeevich Morozov was fond of Russian arts and crafts, the collection he collected made up the center of the Handicraft Museum in Moscow. Ivan Abramovich was the patron of the then unknown Marc Chagall.

Modernity

The revolution and subsequent events interrupted the wonderful traditions of Russian patronage. And after the collapse of the Soviet Union, a lot of time passed before new patrons of modern Russia appeared. For them patronage is a professionally organized part of their activity. Unfortunately, the topic of charity, which is becoming more and more popular in Russia from year to year, is extremely sparingly covered in the media. Only isolated cases become known to the general public, and most of the work of sponsors, patrons and charitable foundations passes by the population. If you now ask anyone you meet: "What modern patrons do you know?", it is unlikely that anyone will answer this question. And meanwhile such people need to know.

Among Russian entrepreneurs who are actively involved in charity, first of all, it is worth noting the president of the Interros holding, Vladimir Potanin, who in 2013 announced that he would bequeath his entire fortune to charitable purposes. This was a truly stunning statement. He founded the foundation that bears his name, which is engaged in large projects in the field of education and culture. As Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Hermitage, he has already donated 5 million rubles to it.

Oleg Vladimirovich Deripaska, one of the most influential and richest entrepreneurs in Russia, is the founder of the Volnoe Delo charitable foundation, which is financed from the personal funds of a businessman. The Fund has carried out more than 400 programs, the total budget of which amounted to almost 7 billion rubles. Deripaska's charitable organization is engaged in activities in the field of education, science and culture, and sports. The Foundation also provides assistance to the Hermitage, many theaters, monasteries and educational centers throughout our country.

The role of patrons in modern Russia can be played not only by big businessmen, but also by officials and commercial structures. Charity is carried out by JSC "Gazprom", JSC "Lukoil", CB "Alfa Bank" and many other companies and banks.

I would especially like to mention Dmitry Borisovich Zimin, the founder of OJSC Vympel-Communications. Since 2001, having achieved a steady profitability of the company, he retired and devoted himself entirely to charity. He founded the Enlightener Prize and the Dynasty Foundation. According to Zimin himself, he donated all his capital to charity for free. The foundation he created is engaged in supporting the fundamental science of Russia.

Of course, modern patronage has not reached the level that was observed in the "golden" years of the XIX century. Now it is fragmentary, while the benefactors of the past centuries provided systematic support to culture and science.

Does philanthropy have a future in Russia?

On April 13, a wonderful holiday is celebrated - the Day of the Philanthropist and Patron in Russia. The date is timed to coincide with the birthday of Gaius Maecenas, the Roman patron of poets and artists, whose name has become the common word "philanthropist". The initiator of the holiday was the Hermitage, represented by its director M. Piotrovsky. This day also received a second name - Thank You Day. It was first noted in 2005, and I would like to hope that in the future it will not lose its relevance.

Now there is an ambiguous attitude towards patronage. One of the main reasons for this is the ambiguous attitude towards wealthy people in the current conditions of an increasingly strong stratification of society. No one disputes the fact that wealth is often acquired in ways that are not entirely acceptable to the majority of the population. But among the rich people there are those who donate millions to the development and maintenance of science and culture and other charitable purposes. And it would be great if the state took care that the names of modern Russian patrons of art become known to a wide range of the population.

Mercy, charity, good deeds have been characteristic of the Russian people for centuries and constituted a fundamental feature of their way of life, character and life.

Mercy, charity, good deeds have been characteristic of the Russian people for centuries and constituted a fundamental feature of their way of life, character and life. One of the most penetrating Russian historians, Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky, even wrote a whole monograph on this topic, calling it "The Good People of Ancient Rus'", in which he argued that charity is both "an auxiliary means of public improvement" and "a necessary condition for personal moral health" .

Charity or charity, as they said before, was caused by different motives. Here is simple human compassion for one's neighbor, and the consciousness of civic solidarity between members of society, and moral views, and patriotism, and the desire to receive recognition from society and the state. Poverty was taught by the great princes of Kyiv, Russian tsars welcomed and encouraged charity. From time immemorial, there has been church charity in the creation of "wretched houses", "God's houses", almshouses and "poor houses", shelters for "disgraceful" (illegitimate) children at churches and monasteries. Since 1775, with the creation of orders for public charity in the provinces, a state system of charity has been formed. With the introduction of zemstvo institutions in the country in the 1860s-1870s. zemstvo and city charity develops.

But private philanthropy has received a particularly large scale in Russia. Originating in the second half of the eighteenth century, in the next century, especially at the end of the 19th-beginning of the 20th century, it developed into a powerful social movement, in the sky of which original personalities shone, who won the respect of their contemporaries and entered the history of Russia.

There are many Muscovites among these unforgettable names. Charity in Moscow acquired a particularly striking character, since huge industrial and financial capitals were concentrated in the city and their owners had the opportunity to generously donate to public needs. They built hospitals, maternity hospitals, care homes, orphanages, kindergartens, widows' homes, educational institutions, libraries; established scholarships for high school students and students; started free canteens and baths; gave dowries to poor brides.

There were hundreds of different charitable institutions and societies in the city. There were dozens of special magazines devoted to this topic. In 1885-1894, for example, Archpriest G.P. Smirnov-Platonov published the magazine "Children's Help: a magazine for everyone interested in public charity." Department of Institutions of Empress Maria in 1897-1902. had its own "Herald of Charity: A Journal dedicated to all issues related to charity and public charity." Guardianship of the houses of industriousness and work in 1897-1917. contained the journal "Labor Assistance". In 1914, the All-Russian Union of Institutions, Societies and Figures for Public and Private Charity established the journal Charity and Charity in Russia.

In 1909, the All-Russian Union of Founders of Societies and Figures for Public and Private Charity was opened, which set the task of streamlining and uniting charitable activities in Russia. In 1910 and 1914 its congresses were held.

Charity as a form of public service has become a public service, i.e. public cause after 1917. Now Russia is returning to the deep traditions of folk life. Charity should become the norm for modern entrepreneurs. The names of the benefactors of old Moscow are returning from the depths of oblivion. Our memory rewards them with merit for good deeds, and at the same time it can teach: it is not a sin to adopt everything useful from past experience.

Russian Civilization

The Chairman of the Morozov Club, Ph.D. Stolyarov A.S.

For most of the 20th century, the concept of "charity" in socialist Russia left the everyday lexicon. Therefore, it would not be out of place to start an article on charity with encyclopedic definitions of this social phenomenon.

1. DEFINITION OF CHARITY AND PATRONS

• Charity is a manifestation of compassion for one's neighbor and the moral obligation of the possessor to rush to the aid of the have-not. (Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, 1891)
• Charity - actions and deeds of a gratuitous nature, aimed at public benefit or the provision of material assistance to the poor. (Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / Compiled by S. I. Ozhegov, N. Yu. Shvedova. M., 1983).
• Charity is the provision of material assistance to those in need, both by individuals and organizations. Charity can also be aimed at encouraging and developing any socially significant forms of activity (for example, environmental protection, protection of cultural monuments, etc.) (Big Encyclopedic Dictionary, 2000)

The philanthropist Gaius Cilnis, who lived between 74 and 64 BC, was an associate of the Roman Emperor Augustus. He arranged feasts and treats for people of art, patronized the poets Virgil and Horace and supported them financially.

The patronage of poets made the name of Maecenas a household name. Now philanthropy is a direction of charity associated with the support of culture and art.

2. HISTORY OF CHARITY IN RUSSIA

The first historical evidence of charity in Ancient Rus' is considered to be the agreements between Prince Oleg (911) and Prince Igor (945) with Byzantium on the ransom of prisoners, mentioned in The Tale of Bygone Years.

The beginning of charitable activities in Russia can be considered the year 998 - the year of the baptism of Rus'. With the adoption of Christianity in accordance with one of its main commandments, “Love your neighbor as yourself,” people in Rus' started talking about charity for the poor, which was reflected in the distribution of alms.

Prince of Kyiv Vladimir Svyatoslavovich by the Charter of 996. officially charged the clergy with public charity, defining a tithe for the maintenance of monasteries, churches, almshouses and hospitals.

He generously helped the poor. He called people from everywhere to his feasts, fed, watered all those who came, taking care of those unable to move, ordered food to be delivered on wagons.

The activities of Russian philanthropists and patrons in the XVIII-XIX centuries. was predetermined by state policy, the philosophy of assistance that existed in Russian society.

In 1712, Peter I promulgated a decree “On the establishment of hospitals in all provinces.” The main source of funding for all institutions under Peter was private donations: for example, the tsar himself donated up to a third of his salary for these purposes.

By order of Empress Catherine II in 1775. a system of state assistance was established, including the poor, beggars and orphans. By the end of the 19th century, there were already more than 1,000 charitable institutions and organizations in Russia.

The charitable activity of the state created the basis for a private initiative of a charitable nature. Gradually, following the example of the royal family, charity in Russia became a very common phenomenon among wealthy enterprising Russians.

As for private charity, in Russia the active benefactors were not aristocrats and intellectuals, as in Western Europe. In 19th-century Russia, a different economic basis for charity developed.

nobles after the reform of 1861, having retained their wealth in the form of real estate, they did not have large amounts of money. Russian intelligentsia, imbued with the idea of ​​mercy, could not put it into practice, as she herself needed financial assistance.

Therefore, the history of charity in Russia is closely connected with the entrepreneurial activities of wealthy people, namely merchants. The motive of the Russian merchants was the instinct of practical help to those in need. Charity was perceived by merchants as a charitable deed. A special role was played by the increased religiosity of the merchant class, which formed the desire to find grace in eternal life through virtue in earthly life. The generosity of the Russian merchants for charity amazed contemporaries.

3. THE FLOWERING OF RUSSIAN CHARITY INXIXVEKE.

Speaking of charity, one must understand the driving forces of this phenomenon. The motivation of people to engage in charity and patronage can be determined by four points:

1) religious motif, which is manifested in the manifestation of philanthropy towards the poor and destitute and the construction of Orthodox churches.

Over the course of a thousand-year history, the Russian people have formed an attitude towards wealth as a consequence of a sinful life. Christ said, "Lay not up for yourselves treasures on earth... but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven... for where your treasure is, there your heart will be." And this became for the Orthodox the spiritual basis for non-possessiveness.

Many Russian entrepreneurs built temples, which reflected the idea of ​​redemption for wealth, which is always associated with sin.

2) Personal motive allows a person involved in charity to establish himself as a person.

3) Status motif solves the needs of a person to promote himself in the social hierarchy. (For example, promotions, awards, titles).

4) Memorial motif implies the creation of good in order to preserve a good memory of oneself in the generations of descendants and fellow citizens.

It should be noted that in Russia private charity has always been a compensation for an inefficient state model. Charity made it possible to "darn those social holes" to which the state "did not reach the hands." Understanding this, the state has always encouraged charitable activities.

In the 60-80s of the XIX century, 70% of charitable societies of pre-revolutionary Russia were formed, which helped the development of the Russian people in new historical conditions. So, in 1861-1870. 580 charitable institutions were created in Russia, in 1871-1880. - 809 etc.

With good reason, we can say that Russian merchants and industrialists provided the material basis for the flourishing of national culture, which was observed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The revival of national Russian forms in art at a time when Western European concepts of beauty dominated is associated with the patronage of merchants. The construction of churches in the Russian style, the revival of Russian spiritual painting, the encouragement of masters who created works in the national spirit, were largely carried out with the money of Russian entrepreneurs. The Russian merchants carried out functions that in other countries lay primarily on the intelligentsia and the educated stratum.

4. THE MERCHANT DYNASTY OF THE MOROZOVS IS A BRIGHT EXAMPLE OF CHARITY AND PATRONS IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA.

In the second half of the 19th century, advanced Russian industrialists began to take a comprehensive approach to organizing the activities of their enterprises. Until then, unprecedented attention was paid to the creation of favorable living conditions for factory workers. Stone barracks were built for workers to live with their families, hospitals and schools were built. All this was aimed at a significant improvement in the work and life of workers in industrial enterprises. Such diverse programs for factory personnel and their families are now called "social policies." But at that time this term was not used, and the entrepreneurs themselves preferred to call the institutions they created charitable.

With the arrival of Savva Timofeevich Morozov to the management of the "Partnership of Nikolskaya Manufactory", Orekhovo-Zuyevo began social transformations that improved the working and living conditions of workers. Relations between workers and entrepreneurs after the Morozov strike of 1885 began to be rebuilt. This made it possible to maintain social harmony and stable operation of textile factories for 20 years.

At the insistence of Savva Morozov, significant changes were made to the working conditions of workers at the Nikolskaya Manufactory:

• night work for women and children under 12 was abolished;
• daily work of adolescents from the age of 12 is limited to 8 hours;
• paid absence from work for pregnant workers up to 40 days and paid leave after childbirth for 15 days;
• to care for a child, the employee was provided with additional hours of rest during working hours;
• instead of a 12-hour working day, a 10-hour working day was introduced (the board did not agree with Savva Morozov, who demanded the introduction of an 8-hour working day);
• old-age pensions were introduced for cadre workers who had worked at the factory for 10 years.

Another direction of the social policy of the Morozovs was the provision of free housing for their workers and employees. At the beginning of the twentieth century. The Nikolskaya manufactory, which was led by S.T. Morozov, had 30 barracks, in which a total of 14,441 people lived (data for 1906). At the same time, the vast majority of closets were assigned to one family (91.1%).

Built in Orekhovo-Zuyevo and equipped with the latest medical technology, the hospital (now the 1st city hospital) was recognized as the best in Europe. Non-working family members received medical care here free of charge on an equal basis with workers. All patients were on free portioned meals. On a special account was the maternity ward, which received enhanced nutrition.

In order to create conditions for a healthy lifestyle of workers and their cultural development, S.T. Morozov organized in Orekhovo-Zuevo one of the first sobriety societies in Russia, the first non-professional orchestra, as well as a choir of workers and employees, a theater troupe.

Savva built three public theaters in Russia, two of them in Orekhovo-Zuevo. The summer two-story theater (not preserved) was located in the park of folk festivals (now "May 1 Park") and was very popular with families of workers. In the town of Nikolsky, two libraries were organized: one public, the other - in the Nikolsky school. Both libraries provided books to read for free.

All this activity of S.T.Morozov deserved the high appraisal of his contemporaries. Vladimir gendarmerie colonel N.I. Voronov wrote in his essays: “Better than others, the life of workers in the factories of Savva Morozov is furnished. The workers enjoy healthy comfortable apartments, the premises are exemplary, they satisfy the necessary hygienic conditions, as well as the factories themselves, where the workers spend half their lives.

As a philanthropist and philanthropist, S.T.Morozov fully proved himself in the capital of Russia, Moscow. He helped both individuals and organizations. Donations were always significant: several tens of thousands of rubles for the construction of a maternity hospital at the Staroyekaterininskaya hospital, 10 thousand rubles “for the charity of the mentally ill in Moscow.”

Savva Morozov supported cultural initiatives based on his views. So Morozov did not donate a penny to the Museum of Fine Arts. He had a passion for the theater and often asked that his donations be kept secret. This was the case in the early 90s. 19th century, when he provided funds to the Moscow private theater. “You see,” he said, “commerce has its own catechism. And so I will ask you and your comrades not to say anything about me.

Everyone knows ST Morozov's assistance to the Moscow Art Theatre, to which he not only gave a total of about half a million rubles, but was also the organizer and soul of the team of the creators of this theater. He solved many production problems, gave all his free time during construction, and even lived in the theater under construction.

Widely known among contemporaries for her charity was the mother of Savva Morozov - M.F. Morozov (nee Simonova). Deep religiosity, combined with enormous financial resources, allowed Maria Fedorovna Morozova to distribute hundreds of thousands of rubles to charity every year for decades. According to contemporaries, "... in Moscow there is not a single public educational or charitable institution that would not benefit from large donations from her." In her house in Trekhsvyatitelsky Lane, she built a church in the name of St. Apostle Timothy. Divine services were held there every Saturday and Sunday and on holidays, at which Maria Fedorovna was rigorously present.

The breadth and generosity of M.F. Morozova impressed even well-known Moscow merchants-philanthropists. So, for example, after the death of Timofey Savvich, in his memory, she donated 100 thousand rubles to the Rogozhsky cemetery (for the bell tower, bishop's house, almshouse, school, repair of the temple). Even more significant amounts of M.F. Morozova handed over to the church and charitable purposes by will.

On the day of Maria Feodorovna's funeral, according to her dying will and in accordance with Orthodox customs, charitable distributions of money and food to the poor were made, including paid dinners on the day of the funeral for a thousand people in two Moscow free canteens. More than 26 thousand workers of Morozov factories received money (approximately in the amount of a day's wage) and "commemoration grubs"...

The Morozovs are millionaires, philanthropists, public figures... Many of them have become examples of active charitable work in various fields of culture. Alexey Vikulovich created the Museum of Porcelain, Ivan Abramovich collected impressionists (now the collection of the Pushkin Museum), Mikhail Abramovich sponsored the Greek Hall of the Pushkin Museum, was the director of the Russian Musical Society; Varvara Alekseevna created a library reading room named after. Turgenev, Sergey Timofeevich - a museum of handicraft art. There are also numerous "Morozov" hospitals and schools built in Moscow, Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Tver, Bogorodsk.

5. SITUATION WITH CHARITY ACTIVITIES IN MODERN RUSSIA AND POSSIBILITIES FOR ITS IMPROVEMENT.

The present modern stage of development of charity has no more than 2 decades. We see that there is no need to talk about the restoration of Russian charity in its traditional form for pre-revolutionary Russia.

Traditional charity was based on emotions - the attraction of the heart, compassion, the consciousness of sin, the fear of God's judgment, etc. Now much of what is listed in the structure of the personality of modern people has either been crossed out or has changed significantly. The religious motive, which previously dominated, is now often only an external entourage of other motives. It is often used in PR politics to achieve a certain status.

In modern Russian charity, it is the status motive that occupies a leading position. “Charity” becomes a prerequisite for getting into power structures. And here there are differences from the operation of the status motive in pre-revolutionary Russia.

Rice. Motives for charitable activities

Previously, a person who had already reached a certain social status was engaged in charitable activities. By his actions, he simply strengthened it and sought to realize the memorial motif. currently practical a Russian uses charity as a tool for occupying a status position and career growth.

Unfortunately, the Russian state failed to ensure a fair distribution of the Soviet economic legacy among the citizens of the country. Therefore, it must create economic and political prerequisites for the voluntary motivation of the propertied classes to solve the social problems of society. Some work is being done in this direction.

According to the State Duma newspaper, about 2/3 of commercial structures are now engaged in corporate charity. Basically, these are representatives of small and medium-sized businesses, which, by definition, are closer to the people. But corporate charity has not yet become an effective tool for smoothing out the monstrous stratification of our society.

Rice. 2. Forms of charity of commercial enterprises.

It should be noted that the legislative base of all levels of government is not sufficiently developed to take into account all the motives for citizens' participation in charitable activities and does not encourage them enough. Ideally, we should strive for a model in which all sectors of society would benefit from the provision of charitable assistance.

Rice. 3. Negative conditions for the development of charity in modern Russia

Thus, as scientific research shows, there are several serious obstacles to the effective development of philanthropy in the country. The main ones are:

1. unfavorable taxation system for philanthropists and beneficiaries;
2. distrustful, often negative attitude towards charity and its representatives on the part of the Russian society.

To create favorable conditions for the development of philanthropy in Russia, it is necessary:

Improving the legislative and regulatory framework in the field of charity;

Introduction of a favorable tax regime for donors and recipients of charitable funds;

Ensuring guarantees of property rights and creating conditions for the development of entrepreneurship;

Increasing the openness and transparency of donor structures for society and government

Formation of a culture of charity, ethical standards, high professionalism and responsibility of donors;

Formation of a positive attitude towards philanthropic activities and institutions of philanthropy;

Formation of a system of state incentives.

Wealth obliges
(a proverb remade by P.P. Ryabushinsky from French "nobility obliges" into Russian)

The origins of Russian charity

The history of Russian charity goes back to the times when the church was the basis of statehood. The monasteries gave shelter to the orphaned and the sick, shared grain for sowing with poor peasants, and taught literacy. It was at the monasteries that the first almshouses and hospitals began to be built. In Moscow, in the Novospassky, Novodevichy and Donskoy monasteries, buildings of the 17th century, which once housed hospitals, have been preserved.

For the Slavs, support for one's neighbor, compassion and human kindness were traditional character traits at all times. The most common act of charity at that time was almsgiving, accompanying prayer and repentance. Regardless of the amount of assistance, whether it was a contribution of a royal person to a monastery or a penny to a holy fool, the main concern was not the support of the poor, but the moral improvement of the giver.

By the end of the 17th century, state policy gradually began to replace the dominant role of the church in caring for the needy.

An important milestone in this period was the opening under Peter I (in 1715) of the first educational homes for foundling children.

Under Catherine II, for the Orphanage she opened in Moscow in 1764, a special educational program was already developed, which absorbed the best ideas of the Enlightenment. The Empress allocated 100,000 rubles for the new institution. personal capital, the rest of the money came from voluntary donors. The orphanage became the first collective business of wealthy Muscovites.

The wife of Emperor Paul I, Maria Fedorovna, was already in charge of all educational houses in Russia, managing them for more than 30 years. She was recognized by contemporaries as the most generous and cheerful benefactor. The empress donated to five metropolitan institutes during her lifetime and left up to 4 million rubles in her will. Under her rule, children in the Orphanage were taught crafts, trained teachers and even actors from them. And in 1806, the first educational institution in Russia for disabled children, the school for the deaf and dumb, appeared.

At the beginning of the 19th century, Maria Feodorovna opened the Widow's House in St. Petersburg for the widows of officers, officials and ladies serving in the court department and state educational institutions. Widowed children were sent to study in various educational institutions depending on their origin. This house gained particular popularity after the abolition of serfdom, when many applications were received from bankrupt landowners. It existed until 1917. The empress did a lot for women's upbringing and education.

Until the end of the 19th century in Russia, the care of the needy was concentrated in the hands of the state itself or the imperial family, which in the eyes of the people was the main intercessor.

Among the members of the royal families there were many people who did good from the bottom of their hearts, giving a huge part of their souls to the cause of care. So the wife of Alexander I, Elizaveta Alekseevna, out of 200 thousand rubles. used only 15 thousand rubles for personal maintenance, giving the rest to benefits for the needy. Moreover, many of her good deeds became known only after her death.

In Russia, between 1860 and 1914, the charitable movement acquired a truly grandiose scope, such as no other European state knew. The great reforms of Alexander II gave impetus to the internal activity of the whole society.

The rapid growth of the population of cities due to newcomers peasants, the increase in the number of poor and unemployed became serious socio-economic and psychological problems that the state could no longer cope with.

By this time, the most solvent segment of the population turned out to be the merchant class, which gradually entered the historical arena.

Everything came from business

The famous Russian historian M.N. Pogodin, in his speech in Moscow in 1856, spoke of the Moscow merchants: "... they faithfully serve the Fatherland with their labors ... If we counted all their donations for the current century alone, they would amount to a figure that Europe should bow to."

Turning to the history of charity in Russia, we find a lot of evidence that the path to charity lies through entrepreneurship. These two activities are inextricably linked.

We can say that big business is the basis of charity. First, a lot of capital is made, and then there is an opportunity to donate.

Without opposing good and benefit, it should nevertheless be emphasized that charity often helped to develop and strengthen the cause. Having built factories and factories, their owners were forced to build housing for workers. From a worker who had walked 5 6 km to the factory in the morning, there was less sense; sick need hospital; a woman with children could work only if there was a nursery.

Large entrepreneurs did a lot of social work. It was both a benefit and a moral duty. When asked why the residential barracks for workers are free, the owners replied that they were able to cover the costs from the profits from the sale of goods, without touching the already small salary of their staff. They built houses for workers, artel canteens, maternity hospitals, nurseries for children, almshouses for the elderly and crippled workers, etc. In this way, entire industrial towns appeared, where there were even theaters and libraries, not to mention primary schools and vocational schools for workers and their children. The Konovalovs, Krasilshchikovs, Morozovs, Ryabushinskys and other industrialists had small towns. The capitalists needed to create conditions for their business, which at that time had no basis. To make a profit, they needed healthy, literate, non-drinking workers. The calculation was accurate by improving the conditions of their work and life, the capitalists contributed to the emergence of working dynasties, the children of the workers went to the same factory.

By the end of the 19th century, hundreds of factory towns arose in Russia, which became industrial centers with a developed infrastructure: these are Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Yegorievsk, Kostroma and many others. By the way, modern Presnya is a former factory settlement of the famous Prokhorovskaya manufactory, which is still called Trekhgornaya. From such workers' camps, which became a model of charitable activity, the industrialization of Russia began.

Many industrialists, through philanthropy, acquired both in their own circles and in society a wide reputation and a good reputation. Tens, hundreds of thousands and even millions of rubles spent for good purposes were a strong evidence of the prosperity of the business. At the same time, they were interested in the origin of capital in Moscow, for example, they did not like either usurers or tax-farmers. A fortune acquired by one's own labor was considered honorable.

Charitable affairs were conducted thriftily and economically. All contributions went through the accounting department of the firm and were carefully controlled.

A remarkable feature of the entrepreneurs of the past was the attitude towards the object of their charity. Building a new institution, they considered it as if it were another workshop of their own factory, while taking into account the lack of future profit. And they were directly involved in the construction itself: they found designers, bought equipment, and equipped the interior. After the opening of the institution, the industrialists were members of its board of trustees for life, feeling their responsibility for the life of the new offspring.

People with special moral qualities

Large Russian entrepreneurs from the merchant class, actively involved in charity work at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, were people of a special breed, with special moral qualities. First of all, many of them were peasants and preached the Old Believers.

Strict upbringing in the family required strict observance of the will of the parent, who introduced male children to the business from early childhood, without making them any concessions. From the age of 7 8, the boys already helped in the store, not only doing the menial work of cleaning, minor repairs, delivering goods, but also keeping records in the granary books. Quickly delving into the intricacies of technology and accounting, already at the age of 16 17, young people could occupy quite serious posts in the family enterprise. So, the son of the manufacturer V.I. Prokhorov Timofey took over the management of his father's factory at the age of 16. For 2 years, he managed to increase capital by 10 times. Standing firmly on his feet, Timothy began to do charity work.

Each generation also tried to instill in children moderation in needs, modesty and prudent attitude to the capital acquired in the family. The children knew that in addition to the allotted they would have to earn money themselves.

The next generations of entrepreneurs were already highly educated people. The grandson of a serf, Savva Timofeevich Morozov, one of the most famous representatives of the Morozov dynasty of benefactors, spoke three foreign languages ​​at the age of 13, subsequently helping his father to negotiate abroad and draw up contracts. He received his higher education at Moscow University, and at the age of 25 he defended his dissertation at Cambridge, receiving patents for inventions in the field of varnishes and dyes. The son of the famous Moscow merchant A.V. Buryshkina P.A. Buryshkin received an excellent education, graduating from the Katkov Lyceum, the Faculty of Law of Moscow University and the Moscow Commercial Institute, at the age of 25 he took the post of director on the Board of the family firm.

Savvy, grasping, receptive to everything new, Russian merchants conducted their business on a grand scale, but diligently. Setting as their goal the increase in hereditary fortune, entrepreneurs felt a huge responsibility for the acquired capital. They passionately wished that the capital would work even after their death. Honesty and decency, respect for the cause of a competitor, a strong merchant's word, having the force of a document, helped entrepreneurs to find a common language in social work as well. Working on the boards of trustees of charitable organizations, they encouraged each other in every possible way to make donations for good deeds.

Brought up in Christianity, entrepreneurs considered charity to be natural and necessary. Growing rapidly, charitable capital often played a decisive role in solving the problems of the state.

Extensive charitable activities brought galleries and theaters, schools and libraries, universities and scientific institutions, hospitals and shelters to the state. I recall the famous statement of the main ideologist of this movement, Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov. He wrote that from a young age he dreamed that "acquired from the society (the people) would also return to the society (the people) in some useful institutions."

The complexity of nature and special thinking are demonstrated to us by the brightest representative of Russian benefactors Gavrila Gavrilovich Solodovnikov (1826 1901). A merchant of the first guild, a hereditary honorary citizen, a large landlord, a landowner, a banker, earned his millions thanks to extraordinary talent and business acumen.

There were legends and anecdotes about his stinginess in everyday life. It was rumored that he saves on food and gives a penny tip. But Solodovnikov did not spare money for charity. Unfading glory came to him after death. According to his spiritual will, he left over 20 million rubles to Moscow for charitable purposes. Relatives received a little more than 800 thousand rubles from his inheritance.

Charity in its manifestations and by its nature is extremely diverse.

The motives for charity could be a variety of circumstances, for example, family ones. Serious illness or death of loved ones caused a desire to donate to good deeds. So sanatoriums, hospitals, shelters appeared, educational institutions were established.

The impetus for the manifestation of beneficence for a Russian person could be a strong emotional impression.

In 1862, Tsar Alexander II and his wife Maria Alexandrovna visited the house of the mayor, shoemaker Mikhail Leontyevich Korolev. The impression of the event was so strong that the brothers Mikhail and Ivan Korolev wished to commemorate it with a donation of 8,000 rubles. on scholarships to petty schools. The Moscow merchant society immortalized the memory of visiting crowned persons by opening the Alexander-Mariinsky Zamoskvoretsky School across the Moskva River for the education of poor children of both sexes. The board of trustees of the institution included the most influential people in Moscow. Subsequently, M.L. Korolev bequeathed a capital of 50,000 rubles to strengthen the school's funds.

Contributions were also made on the occasion of significant dates or events in the royal family. So, for example, on the occasion of the birth of the daughters of Nicholas II, Tatyana and Olga, 25 additional scholarships were established in women's educational institutions. And in 1907, 50 scholarships named after the heir of the sovereign Alexei in male educational institutions. The 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty was marked by an allocation of 300,000 rubles for charitable purposes.

The strongest motive for donations was concern for the happiness of children. The clearest example of parental charity was left in history by Vasily Fedorovich Arshanov. Realizing that none of his sons would be able to continue trading at the behest of his soul, he decided to give them the opportunity to do what they love. For his son, who was fond of music, a conservatory was built in Saratov. Its building is still striking in its beauty, and it is considered one of the best in the world. Another son, who studied geology, was presented with a Research Institute for the study of rocks and minerals. Today it is the Research Institute of Mineral Raw Materials in Staromonetny Lane in Moscow.

Even science and technological progress were an incentive for charity. D.P. In 1904, at the age of 20, Ryabushinsky built the world's first aerodynamic laboratory for the development of aeronautics and a hydrodynamic laboratory, later transformed into the Aerodynamic Institute, and became widely known for his work on the theory of aeronautics.

F.P. Ryabushinsky, having a penchant for natural history and geographical knowledge, became the initiator and organizer of a scientific expedition to study Kamchatka in 1908.

He allocated 200 thousand rubles for the Kamchatka expedition. a significant part of his fortune. He was inspired by the most sincere desire to benefit the Fatherland. The expedition was crowned with success, science and the Russian Geographical Society received the richest data from the great Kamchatka expedition.

The charitable movement in Russia at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries developed in two directions: support for the social sphere, culture for the broad masses of the people and patronage of the sciences and high art.

Representatives of different classes the rich and the poor gave to the needy what they had: some condition, others strength and time. These were ascetics who received satisfaction from the consciousness of their own benefit, from serving their Fatherland through philanthropy. Our task is to remember them and follow their example.

By the beginning of the 20th century, there were 628 charitable institutions in Moscow, 427 of them for adults, 201 for children, including almshouses, 239 shelters.

A philanthropist is a person who contributes to the development of science and art on a voluntary and gratuitous basis, providing them with material assistance from personal funds. The name comes from the name of the Egyptian Gaius Cylnius Maecenas, who was the patron of the arts under Emperor Augustus.

“His name became a household name for a reason - for the first time in history, a powerful state policy was implemented, the conductor of which was the Maecenas. With the support of the emperor, Patron sent a significant share of the funds accumulated by the Roman Empire to encourage and support the creative industry. Thus, a system of state financial support for culture or the world of arts was created.

With the help of investments in art, the political tasks of great Rome were solved, the position and power of the Roman Empire and its power were strengthened. Therefore, it cannot be considered that a philanthropist is an unmercenary who does good to people for free. A philanthropist is one who, by supporting art, develops the spirituality of society as a necessary condition for the realization of the tasks facing it.” (Magazine "World of Arts")

The word "charity" in the old days meant compassion for one's neighbor, mercy. For the needy, various charitable institutions were built - hospitals, shelters, schools, colleges, almshouses. Charity was one of the main virtues of Christianity.

In pre-revolutionary Russia, charity was usually not included in government programs to help the poor, it was done by private individuals and societies for helping the needy. State assistance was designated by the term "charity" (public charity). Charity was widespread in the state and public life of Russia.

The 19th century is the heyday of philanthropy in Russia. The rapid growth of the economy has led to the emergence of a large number of rich people. Among them were those who possessed not only big money, but also amazing spiritual qualities - generosity, a sense of compassion and, at the same time, an understanding of beauty.

Who are they - the most famous patrons in the history of Russia?

In modern Russia, the same names are always heard: Tretyakov, Mamontov, Morozov. But there were other philanthropists, whose names are undeservedly forgotten. This article is dedicated to them.

Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov

Sergei Stroganov (1794-1882) - count, statesman, archaeologist, general, Moscow governor.

All his life he was in military service, showed considerable courage in the Battle of Borodino, took part in the Crimean War. However, the most striking and fruitful was his activity in a purely civilian field. Russian enlightenment owes a lot to him. In addition, Sergei Grigorievich was also a great benefactor.

Despite the fact that he was in the rank of adjutant general and held high positions, Stroganov was indifferent to his career. He was distinguished by a strong and independent character, he knew how to firmly defend his convictions, even if they contradicted the opinion of the highest officials in the state.

Thanks to his spiritual qualities and deep education, Sergei Grigorievich was chosen as the educator of the emperor's sons, Grand Dukes Nikolai, Alexander, Vladimir and Alexei Alexandrovich.

He managed to do a lot for the fatherland. He founded the first free drawing school in Russia. It was available to all talented children, regardless of their class origin. The “School of Drawing in Relation to Arts and Crafts” (now the Moscow State Art Academy named after S.G. Stroganov) was opened in Moscow on October 31, 1825. The Stroganov family continued to finance the school until 1917.

From 1835 to 1847 he was a trustee of the Moscow educational district and Moscow University. This period was called by contemporaries "Stroganov's time". In 1840, Stroganov showed all his characteristic hardness of character and progressive thinking, sharply protesting against a secret government circular recommending that representatives of the lower classes be limited access to university education.

For more than 37 years, Count S. G. Stroganov was the chairman of the Moscow Society of Russian History and Antiquities, founded at Moscow University. Every year he equipped with his own money scientific archaeological expeditions to the south of Russia. The result of these excavations in the Crimea were rich Kerch treasures and "Scythian gold", now stored in the Hermitage.

In 1859 he founded the Moscow Archaeological Society. He was the chairman of the Imperial Archaeological Commission, located in his St. Petersburg palace for 23 years. On the highest order, the count supervised the multi-volume edition of Antiquities of the Russian State, which was published in 1837-1874. At the expense of the count, the Dmitrievsky Cathedral in Vladimir was restored. Stroganov was the author of a number of published works on the history of ancient Russian architecture and archeology.

He was a member of the commission for the construction of the Cathedral of the Savior in Moscow.

He was engaged in numismatics, left rich collections of Russian coins and ancient icons.

The son of Sergei Grigorievich, Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov, was also fond of history and archeology, was a member of the St. Petersburg Archaeological Society and was a famous numismatist. His collection of 35,000 medieval European coins is now in the Hermitage. And the breeding stud farm founded by him is still operating and is known as the "Pskov stud farm".

Unfortunately, fate has prepared a bitter fate for this noble and illustrious family. Today there is no one left of the Stroganov family, except for Helen Stroganova. Baroness Helene de Ludinghausen is the only representative of this glorious and ancient family. She is the great-grandniece of Count Sergei Grigoryevich Stroganov.

Helen was born on August 20, 1942 in Paris. Her grandmother, Princess Sophia Vasilchikova (daughter of Olga Stroganova, granddaughter of Sergei Grigorievich) left Russia at the end of 1917 with her four daughters. In 1942, one of the daughters of Xenia and Baron Andrei de Ludinghausen, a descendant of Russified Germans (who lived in Russia in the 16th century), had a daughter, Helen.

For many years she worked for Yves Saint Laurent as the director of his Fashion House. Now retired. Lives in France, in Paris. Engaged in a large social and charitable activities.

Alexander Ludwigovich Stieglitz

Alexander Ludwigovich Stieglitz at various times held senior positions in the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Empire.

Talented financier, banker, entrepreneur, Baron A.L. Stieglitz was the richest man in Russia at the end of the 19th century, one of the founders of the Main Society of Russian Railways, as well as the director of the State Bank. The baron built the Nikolaev, Peterhof and Baltic railways.

He inherited his capital and the title of court banker from his father, through whose mediation Nicholas I concluded agreements on foreign loans for more than 300 million rubles, for which the Russified German received the title of baron. With an annual income of 3 million, he remained just as unsociable (the hairdresser who cut his hair for a quarter of a century never heard the voice of his client) and painfully modest.

His father, a millionaire and a zealot for education, intended his son to the scientific field, to which he felt an inclination. Having received an excellent classical education at home, Stieglitz graduated from Dorpat University, where he showed great ability in science. He was fond of ancient languages, painting, literature. After graduating from the university, the young man traveled a lot around Europe, and after returning to Russia, he entered the civil service in the Ministry of Finance.

Alexander Lyudvigovich dealt with financial issues all his life, but understanding the problems of ordinary people was not alien to him. During the Crimean War, he donated large sums for the needs of the Russian army: in 1853 - in favor of the Chesme military almshouse and in 1855 - in favor of naval officers who lost their property in Sevastopol. Considerable funds were also spent on education, on the maintenance of pupils of educational institutions, on maintaining the shelter in Kolomna, founded by his father.

On January 1 (13), 1853, on the day of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Stieglitz and Co. trading house, the young owner of the company generously rewarded and provided for the future of all his employees, and no one was forgotten, including artel workers and watchmen.

In 1858, simultaneously with a donation for the construction of a monument to Emperor Nicholas I in the exchange hall, Stieglitz contributed a significant amount to the maintenance of pupils in educational institutions of the capital in memory of the late emperor.

After taking office as Governor of the State Bank, Stieglitz took care of the needs of his colleagues. With his closest assistance, in 1862, a savings and loan bank for employees was established in the State Bank, then for 3 years he supported the funds of the cash desk with donations (leaving part of his salary in her favor). In the 1880s, the deputy meeting of the cash desk gave this amount the name "capital named after Baron A. L. Stieglitz." From its percentage, benefits were annually given to widows and orphans of members of the fund.

In addition to the listed institutions, Stieglitz at various times also benefited many others, including the orphanage in Kolomna, founded by his father, continued to exist on his donations.

Undoubtedly, Alexander Ludwigovich loved the beautiful, although all his life he was engaged only in making money. And if his son-in-law Alexander Polovtsov, the husband of his adopted daughter, had not convinced him that the Russian industry could not survive without “scientific draftsmen”, we would not have had either the Stieglitz School or the first Museum of Decorative and Applied Arts in Russia (the best part of the collections of which later went to the Hermitage) .

“Russia will be happy when merchants donate money for teaching and educational purposes without the hope of getting a medal around their neck,” said A. A. Polovtsov, state secretary of Emperor Alexander III.

In 1876, the baron presented his most valuable gift to St. Petersburg and Russia, giving 1 million rubles. to create in his hometown a school of industrial design - the Central School of Technical Drawing (St. Petersburg State Art and Industry Academy named after A.L. Stieglitz, from 1953 to 1994 the institute was called the Leningrad Higher Art and Industrial School named after V.I. Mukhina, "Mukhinskoye school"). Thus, a building in the Neo-Renaissance style appeared in Solyany Lane, erected according to the project of architects R.A. Gedike and A.I. Krakau, which in itself was already a work of art.

An integral part of the St. Petersburg State Art and Industry Academy is the Museum of Applied Arts. The halls of the museum became the cultural, educational, educational and exhibition center of the academy.

The fact is that the industrialist Stieglitz gathered in these halls the best examples of applied art from around the world, for which he spent a fortune. Antique furniture, household items, tapestries were bought up at auctions all over Europe. The baron exhibited all the masterpieces in the halls of the museum so that future artists could study only the best examples of art of all times and peoples, thus adopting the experience of recognized masters. Almost all historical eras and styles are reflected in the artistic decoration of thirty-two halls of the museum.

Now the St. Petersburg State Academy of Art and Industry. A.L. Stieglitz is one of the most famous art universities in the country. The Academy has graduated from many artists who have made a significant contribution to the art and culture of Russia and other countries. Among the famous graduates are Adrian Vladimirovich Kaplun, Anna Petrovna Ostroumova-Lebedeva, Kuzma Sergeevich Petrov-Vodkin.

Baron Stieglitz until the end of his days regularly allocated funds for the maintenance of the school and after his death bequeathed a large sum of money for its needs, which contributed to its further development.

On October 24 (November 5), 1884, Stieglitz died of pneumonia and was buried, of his own free will, in Ivangorod in the Church of the Holy Trinity, which he personally built over the grave of his wife, for the spiritual needs of the local factory population.

The testament left by Stieglitz, in general, is an example of caring for the institutions he created and the persons who were in any more or less close relationship with him.

So, by the way, in favor of employees of the State Bank, they were bequeathed 30,000 rubles; his personal employees were not forgotten either: his favorite valet, for example, received 5,000 rubles. The total amount distributed according to Stieglitz's will among different persons and institutions was rumored to reach 100 million rubles (excluding real estate), but in reality it was more modest - about 38 million rubles.

It is curious to note that, being a completely independent person, whose capitals were willingly accepted in all countries, Stieglitz placed his huge fortune almost exclusively in Russian funds and once remarked to a skeptical remark of one financier about the imprudence of such trust in Russian finances:

“My father and I have amassed our entire fortune in Russia; if she turns out to be insolvent, then I am ready to lose all my fortune with her.

Solodovnikov Gavrila Gavrilovich

Gavrila Gavrilovich Solodovnikov (1826, Serpukhov - May 21, 1901, Moscow) - one of the richest Moscow merchants and homeowners, multimillionaire, owner of a shop and theater in Moscow, philanthropist; donated more than 20 million rubles to charity. With his funds, a theater on Bolshaya Dmitrovka (later the Moscow Operetta Theater), a clinic at the medical faculty of Moscow State University, a number of houses for the poor in Moscow, an orphanage, and several schools in four provinces of Russia were built.

The son of a paper merchant, due to lack of time, he learned to write poorly and express his thoughts in a coherent way. At 20 he became a merchant of the first guild, at 40 he became a millionaire. He was famous for his frugality and prudence (he ate yesterday's buckwheat and rode in a carriage, on which only the rear wheels were shod with rubber). He did not always conduct business honestly, but he made up for it with his will, writing off almost all millions to charity.

He was the first to make a contribution to the construction of the Moscow Conservatory: a luxurious marble staircase was built with his 200 thousand rubles. He built on Bolshaya Dmitrovka a "concert hall with a theater stage for extravaganzas and ballets" (the current Operetta Theatre), in which the Private Opera of Savva Mamontov settled. It was here that the young Fyodor Chaliapin, who had already established himself in provincial operas, performed for the first time in Moscow. Since 1961 this house has been known as the Moscow Operetta Theatre.

In the same years, Gavrila Gavrilovich decided to become a nobleman. For a person with such a state as Solodovnikov had, it was not difficult. Everyone knew very well how it was done. Those who wished to come to the city government and directly asked how he could help the city. He was given a task, he carried it out, and the city wrote a petition to the highest name, and this petition was usually granted. So did Solodovnikov.

Appearing in 1894 at the council, he declared that he would like to build some useful institution for the city. There were people with a sense of humour. They explained to the merchant that the city now needed nothing more than a venereal hospital. The subtlety of the situation was that, according to the tradition of that time, an object donated to the city was given the name of the donor. Consequently, the hospital built by Gavrila Gavrilovich should have been called "Clinic of skin and venereal diseases of the merchant Solodovnikov". The millionaire immediately realized what the fun was, and refused the offer. Three more times he applied to the council, and each time he was offered the same thing.

It ended with the fact that the desire to go to the aristocrats won. The clinic was built and equipped according to the latest science and technology of the time. In return, Gavrila Gavrilovich graciously asked the authorities not to name the hospital after him. The authorities agreed.

After some time, Solodovnikov received an order around his neck for a gift to the city and was registered in the noble book. Now it is the Clinic of Skin and Venereal Diseases at the 1st Moscow Medical Institute; since 1990, the institute has a different status and a different name - the Moscow Medical Academy named after I.M. Sechenov. Since nothing else was built in all subsequent years, the case of Gavrila Gavrilovich Solodovnikov exists to this day.

He died on May 21, 1901, after a long illness. After the death at the beginning of the last century of the richest of Russian millionaires and after the announcement of his will, the artist Mikhail Lentovsky recalled: “I asked him, after all:“ Well, where are you going to put your millions, old man? What are you going to do with them?” And he told me: “When I die, Moscow will find out who Gavrila Gavrilovich Solodovnikov was! The whole empire will talk about me"

At the time of his death, his fortune was estimated at 20,977,700 rubles. Of these, he bequeathed 830,000 rubles to his relatives.

Most of all, 300,000, was received by the eldest son and executor, member of the board of directors of the Nizhny Novgorod-Samara Land Bank Pyotr Gavrilovich, and the least of all - the dress and underwear of the deceased - the youngest son, ensign of the tsarist army Andrei. So the father punished his son for refusing to go "on the commercial line."

It is worth saying that in his will the merchant did not forget about anyone. Sister Lyudmila was allocated 50,000 rubles, cousin Lyubov Shapirova - 20,000, her daughters - 50,000 each, Passage's artel worker Stepan Rodionov - 10,000, the same amount for clerk Mikhail Vladchenko. In addition, a huge number of relatives, friends, acquaintances and even just countrymen of the merchant were mentioned in the will, and each was marked with a rather large sum.

However, the real sensation was the second part of the will. Gavrila Gavrilovich ordered the remaining 20,147,700 rubles (about $200 million in today's account) to be divided into three equal parts. He ordered the first part to be spent on "developing zemstvo women's schools in the Tver, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Vyatka provinces."

The second - "to give to the device of vocational schools in the Serpukhov district for the training of children of all classes and ... to the device there and the maintenance of a shelter for homeless children." The third part should have been released "for the construction of houses of cheap apartments for poor people, single and family." Solodovnikov wrote in his will: "The majority of these poor people are the working class, living by honest labor and having the inalienable right to protection from the injustice of fate."

The eldest son, Pyotr Gavrilovich Solodovnikov, was appointed manager.

The Moscow City Council undertook to fulfill the will of the deceased. Houses for the lonely and the poor gradually nevertheless began to be built - in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe 2nd Meshchanskaya. The first home for singles, called "Free Citizen", opened on May 5, 1909, and two days later - a house for families - "Red Diamond".

House of cheap apartments. Solodovnikov "Free Citizen"

The first had 1152 apartments, the second - 183. The houses were a complete sample of the commune: each of them had a developed infrastructure with a shop, a canteen, a bathhouse, a laundry, a library, and a summer shower. In the house for families on the ground floor there were a nursery and a kindergarten. All rooms were already furnished. Both houses were lit by electricity, which the residents had the right to use right up to 11 pm.

Moreover, the houses had elevators, which at that time was considered almost fantastic. And housing was really unthinkably cheap: a one-room apartment in "Grazhdanin" cost 1 ruble 25 kopecks a week, and in "Rhombus" - 2 rubles 50 kopecks. This despite the fact that the average Moscow worker then earned 1 ruble 48 kopecks a day.

In the Solodovnikovsky family house there were 183 pre-furnished one-room apartments, each with an area of ​​16 to 21 square meters; on the floor there were 4 kitchens with cold and hot water, with separate tables for each family, with cold pantries, a Russian stove, rooms for drying outerwear, and a room for servants who cleaned the house; the tenants used the common library, nursery, consumer shop.

It is known that, in accordance with the Russian tradition, officials were the first to enter the “houses for the poor”. True, quite soon the turn came to the ordinary inhabitants - the working people: workers, teachers, etc.

It must be said that Pyotr Gavrilovich himself was in no hurry and did not show any zeal to say goodbye to his father's millions. His polite correspondence with the Moscow authorities about the legacy he left was long, many years old and did not stop until 1917.

In 1918, houses and bank accounts were nationalized and Solodovnikov's charitable millions were dissolved in the general money supply of the young revolutionary state. Soviet and public organizations entered the houses of cheap apartments of the merchant Solodovnikov. In the 1930s, the Red Diamond was occupied by Rospotrebsoyuz. There was a very cheap and high-quality dining room, but ordinary people were not allowed into it.

Yuri Stepanovich Nechaev-Maltsov

Portrait of Yuri Stepanovich Nechaev-Maltsev. 1885 Painter Kramskoy II

Yuri Stepanovich Nechaev-Maltsov (11 (23) October 1834 - 1913) - Russian philanthropist, manufacturer, diplomat, owner of glass factories, honorary citizen of the city of Vladimir (1901), honorary member of the Moscow Archaeological Society, honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Arts (1902). Civil rank - secret adviser.

In 1880, at the age of 49, Yu. S. Nechaev received an inheritance from his uncle Ivan Sergeevich Maltsov (1807-1880), which included several factories and factories in various provinces of Russia, the largest of which was the Gusev Crystal Factory in the Vladimir Region. Entering into inheritance rights, Yu. S. Nechaev also took on the surname of his uncle (mother's brother) and became Nechaev-Maltsov.

Uncle-diplomat Ivan Maltsov was the only one who survived the massacre perpetrated in the Russian embassy in Tehran, during which the diplomat-poet Alexander Griboedov died. Having hated diplomacy, the diplomat Maltsov continued the family business, setting up glass factories in the town of Gus: he brought the secret of colored glass from Europe and began to produce profitable window glass. All this crystal-glass empire, along with two mansions in the capital, painted by Vasnetsov and Aivazovsky, was received by an elderly bachelor official Nechaev.

The years lived in poverty left their mark: Nechaev-Maltsov was unusually stingy, but at the same time a terrible gourmet and deli. Professor Ivan Tsvetaev (Marina Tsvetaeva’s father) struck up a friendship with him (eating delicacies at receptions, he regretfully calculated how many building materials he could buy with the money spent on lunch), and then convinced him to give about 3 million, which are missing for the completion of the Moscow Museum of Fine Arts (The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts) By the way - a million royal rubles - a little less than one and a half billion modern dollars!

Yu.S. Nechaev-Maltsov, I. I. Rerberg, R. I. Klein and I. V. Tsvetaev at the construction of the museum. August 2, 1901

Fourteen years of construction and orders for casts in different countries were a true epic in the life of I.V. Tsvetaev and his associate - a major entrepreneur and philanthropist Yu.S. for the transportation of expensive casts from Europe to Russia. Suffice it to say that Ural white marble, Italian marble from Carrara, dark pink marble from Hungary, light green marble from Belgium, black Norwegian marble, Finnish granite and other valuable colored rocks, extraction and delivery which were resignedly paid for by Yu.S. Nechaev-Maltsov.

“... It was mostly craftsmen commissioned from Italy who worked on marble. On granite - our Tver. Imagine this Babylon. Light, sky-colored eyes, so you can drown, Tver residents, Vladimirians, and dark-skinned Italians with black eyes ... ”Valery Tsvetaeva.

In 1901 alone, 90 wagons of marble were delivered from the Urals to Moscow, and another 100 wagons were supposed to be sent from there the following year. A glass manufacturer, a wealthy donor to the museum, Yu.S. Nechaev-Maltsov, unbeknownst to himself, became the main builder of the museum and a supplier of expensive casts to the museum. Today, his real role in the creation of the museum is revealed by the published extensive correspondence with I.V. Tsvetaev. If it were not for Yu.S. Nechaev-Maltsov, the museum would remain an empty dream of the university professor I.V. Tsvetaev.

Surprisingly, the completion of the construction of the museum was also the beginning of the end of its creators: in September 1913, I.V. Tsvetaev died, and forty days after him, Y.S. Nechaev-Maltsov. Having fulfilled their vital duty, they summed up the whole era when the idea, barely born, found a real embodiment in the grandiose museum building that adorned Moscow.

Grand opening of the museum. Nicholas II with family. 1912

“... And there was a quiet triumph of joy: it’s not the powers that be giving something to dad now, but he gives everyone who is here now, all of Russia, the museum he created! ..” (A. Tsvetaeva).

Apart from the museum (for which the sponsor received the title of chief chamberlain and the Order of Alexander Nevsky with diamonds), the I.S. ).

During the construction of the building of the Historical Museum in Vladimir, he donated glass for the manufacture of museum showcases.

He erected in the center of the city of Gus, which became known under him as Gus-Khrustalny, the majestic church of St. George, and in the village of Berezovka - the church of Dmitry Thessalonica in memory of the soldiers who fell in the Battle of Kulikovo. The temples were painted by V. M. Vasnetsov. Following the temples-monuments in Gus-Khrustalny, an almshouse named after I.S. Maltsov was built, and in Moscow, on Shabolovka 33, in 1906 a complex of a noble almshouse named after Yu.S. Nechaev-Maltsov was built.

In St. Petersburg, Yuri Stepanovich patronized the Maritime Charitable Society, the Nikolaev Women's Hospital, the Sergius Orthodox Brotherhood, helped the House of Charity and the Handicraft Education of Poor Children, and from 1910 was a trustee of the School of the Imperial Women's Patriotic Society named after Grand Duchess Ekaterina Mikhailovna.

For a long time he was a member of the Board of Trustees of the Sisters of the Red Cross, on the basis of which in 1893, under the auspices of Princess E. M. Oldenburg, the Community of the Sisters of Mercy of St. Eugenia arose. Becoming vice-president of the Community, he donated money for the construction under its auspices of two hospital pavilions and the building of the Refuge for the Elderly Sisters of Mercy named after Emperor Alexander III. He financed the activities of medical institutions.

Nechaev-Maltsov was vice-chairman of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts and subsidized the journal Artistic Treasures of Russia, which was edited by Alexander Benois and Adrian Prakhov. Currently, in the St. Petersburg house of Yu. S. Nechaev-Maltsov, the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the North-Western Federal District is located.

According to the will of the childless Yu. S. Nechaev, his fortune in 1914 passed to his distant relative, Count P. N. Ignatiev. In 1918 the enterprises were nationalized.

Soldatenkov Kozma Terentyevich

Soldatenkov Kozma is an entrepreneur, one of the largest Russian philanthropists. According to official figures, donated more than 5 million rubles.

Soldatenkov belonged to a dynasty of textile manufacturers, immigrants from the village of Prokunino, Kolomna (later Bogorodsky) district, Moscow province.

Charitable activities Kozma Soldatenkov began in the 1850s. By his order, in the village of Prokunino, in memory of grandfather and grandmother, they began to give out benefits: until 1917, every girl who got married and every recruit received 50 rubles. With this money, a rural girl could arrange a wedding for 20 people and prepare a dowry: a bed, bed linen, three or four dresses. And the family of a soldier, in the absence of a breadwinner son, had the opportunity to spend the allowance on material needs - to repair a hut, buy a horse or a cow.

In 1866, the Almshouse of Commerce of adviser K.T. Soldatenkov in memory of February 19, 1861. Being a descendant of serfs who bought themselves free, Soldatenkov in the name of the almshouse immortalized the most important historical event - the day of the abolition of serfdom. The merchant built the establishment at his own expense and maintained it for 30 years. In a two-story stone building (construction cost 60 thousand rubles), 100 people found shelter. Preference, according to the Charter, was given "permanent residents of the city and visitors of all classes and confessions, but mainly from former courtyard people." Soldatenkov bequeathed 285 thousand rubles for the maintenance of the institution.

Almshouse of Commerce Councilor K.T. Soldatenkov in memory of February 19, 1861

In 1870-1882, Soldatenkov donated 1000 rubles annually. for the maintenance of the Nikolaev charity house for widows and orphans of the merchant class. With this money, the residents were provided with improved nutrition: poultry, game, veal, red fish. In 1889-1900 he donated 10 thousand rubles. for the construction of the Alekseevskaya psychiatric hospital and 5 thousand rubles. for the construction of an almshouse for the city guardianship of the poor in the Yauza part.

Soldatenkov is known not only as a businessman, but also as a book publisher. For 45 years, more than 200 historical and artistic works have been released at his expense. The newspaper Russkoye Slovo (May 20, 1901) noted that the merchant "spent big money on the publication of major works."

Soldatenkov's great passion was collecting paintings. Its collection consisted of 269 paintings by Russian and European artists, including paintings by Vasily Tropinin, Alexander Ivanov, Nikolai Ge, Sylvester Shchedrin, Ivan Aivazovsky, Pavel Fedotov. The merchant bequeathed the collection to the Rumyantsev Museum on the condition that it be placed "in a separate room with the name ... "Soldatenkovskaya"". For decades, the generous philanthropist has invested in the development of the Rumyantsev Museum and Moscow University.

Kozma Soldatenkov died in 1901. The newspaper Russkoye Slovo wrote: “The whole of Moscow knew the good-natured figure of an old man white as a harrier with softly glowing intelligent eyes.”

From the Kuntsevo estate (in the 1860s, Soldatenkov bought it from the Naryshkins) to the Rogozhsky cemetery, the peasants carried the coffin in their hands, having traveled ten kilometers. The funeral was attended by Moscow University professors Ivan Tsvetaev and Sergei Muromtsev, Russkiye Vedomosti editor Vasily Sobolevsky, deputies of the Moscow City Duma from eminent merchant class Savva Morozov, Pyotr Botkin, Vladimir Sapozhnikov. The Iskra weekly noted:

"The deceased was known as an ideological publisher, an outstanding financier, and most of all as a person remarkable for his moral qualities."

The philanthropist bequeathed a significant part of his fortune to charitable purposes. So, 1.3 million rubles. Soldatenkov left the Moscow merchant society to create a vocational school "for free education in it of male children, without distinction of their condition and religion, in various crafts related to technical production." 300 thousand went to the construction of the building, and 1 million rubles. amounted to inviolable capital, on the interest from which the educational institution was maintained.

The school with electrical and foundry departments for 320 students opened on November 1, 1909 in a three-story mansion on Donskaya Street (now in the building of the Faculty of Chemical Technology and Ecology of the Moscow State Textile Institute named after A.N. Kosygin). The term of study was five years: the first two years were taught general education subjects, the next three - special ones.

More than 2 million rubles. Soldatenkov donated to the construction of a free hospital for the poor "without distinction of ranks, estates and religions." The Soldatenkovskaya Hospital, as Muscovites called it, was opened on December 23, 1910.

Also, the philanthropist left 100 thousand rubles. Almshouse at the Rogozhsky cemetery, 20 thousand rubles. Arnold School for the Deaf and Dumb, 85 thousand rubles. for scholarships and tuition fees for poor students of Moscow University, 40 thousand rubles. on scholarships for students of Moscow gymnasiums, 20 thousand rubles. for scientific awards of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In total, the will mentions about 20 charitable, educational and medical institutions - recipients of assistance. The amount of donations amounted to 600 thousand rubles.

Buried at the Rogozhsky cemetery. In the Soviet years, the grave of Kozma Terentyevich Soldatenkov, as well as the large burial vault of the Old Believer merchants Soldatenkov, were destroyed.

In 1901, according to Soldatenkov's will, his library (8 thousand volumes of books and 15 thousand copies of magazines), as well as a collection of Russian paintings (258 paintings and 17 sculptures) passed to the Rumyantsev Museum and, as a national treasure, was stored in a separate room with the name "Soldatenkovskaya". After the closure of the Rumyantsev Museum in 1924, they replenished the funds of the Tretyakov Gallery and the Russian Museum. Part of the icons from his collection was bequeathed to the Pokrovsky Cathedral of the Rogozhsky cemetery.

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