The diary, along with an autobiography, memoirs and notes, is part of memoir literature. This article discusses which features of the diary are genre-forming, necessary, which are auxiliary, which genres that historically preceded the diary are associated with it, and how this genre has been transformed in modern literature. The paper also analyzes the development of the diary genre over the past five centuries. The first diaries that have come down to us date back to the 15th century, but these entries cannot be considered a diary in the modern sense of the word, since they are either court records reproducing the events of various diplomatic missions, or travel notes. In the future, the genre becomes more and more intimate, personal, but in modern literature it also undergoes significant changes. Today, the diary is one of the few living literary genres, the interest of writers, researchers and readers in which does not fade away.
diaries
memoir literature
literary criticism
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In view of the large number of different interpretations of the term "diary" in the literary tradition of various countries, as well as the fact that this genre is becoming increasingly popular in the modern world, it is important to consider what a diary is, what features of a diary are genre-forming, necessary, that is, the most significant , which are auxiliary, secondary, what genres that historically preceded the diary are associated with it, and how it was transformed in the literature of the late XX - XXI century.
aim research is to consistently identify the features of the diary in a number of other literary genres, as well as an analysis of its development over the past five centuries of existence.
Research material: diaries of authors from various countries (mainly England, Germany, Russia, France) and eras (XV-XXI centuries).
Research methods: cultural-historical, comparative-historical.
The diary as a genre, along with autobiography, memoirs and notes, is part of memoir literature. Despite the fact that the appearance of the diary belongs to a relatively late period, it should be considered in the context of all memoir literature, since the genres have been transformed over time, acquiring new features, while the former formative features have faded into the background. The greatest dawn, distribution of the diary reaches at the end of the 17th century, when a special interest in the personality of the author, his inner world, thoughts, feelings is formed. The diary as a kind of literary genre appears a little later, at the beginning of the 18th century (“Diary for Stella” by J. Swift, “Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy” by L. Stern). It should be noted, however, that the genres preceding the diary, the genres without which the appearance of the diary would have been impossible, by this time exist for a rather long period.
It is important to consider what a diary is, what features of the diary are genre-forming, necessary, that is, the most significant, which are auxiliary, secondary, what genres that historically preceded the diary are associated with it, and how it was transformed in the literature of the late XX - XXI century.
There are many definitions of the diary, in many ways similar, but each of them marks one or another feature characteristic of the genre. We can deduce the following features inherent in the diary, the manifestation of which in one or another extraneous genre will bring the latter closer to the diary. A diary is a text written for oneself, and not for prying eyes, describing what has just happened, an event of both personal and global significance, indicating the dates of creation and with periodic replenishment. That is why, as Anna Zaliznyak notes, diary entries are characterized by “fragmentation, non-linearity, violation of cause-and-effect relationships, intertextuality, autoreflection, a mixture of documentary and artistic, fact and style, fundamental incompleteness and lack of a single plan” .
Thus, different formative features give us the opportunity to compare the diary with several other genres. "Sincerity" in creation, a limited number of readers / listeners allows us to compare the diary with a confession. Dating and connection with a specific time of creation, a kind of "hyper-relevance" - with the chronicles and related genres (travels, walks, travel diaries). The limited number of readers also makes it possible to compare diaries and letters; one can often observe how the thoughts that appear in a diary are also developed in letters to various addressees (for example, L.N. Tolstoy or F. Kafka). The peculiarity of creating diaries gives them fragmentation, a property that is also characteristic of the genre of notes (that is why, for example, Lydia Ginzburg's Notebooks are often called diaries). Anna Zaliznyak also speaks about the coincidence of the genres of the diary and notebooks in the work of the “diary writers”: “everything that the writer writes is part of his professional activity, any entry in the diary is a potential “pre-text”, material from which later "text" is made. Therefore, the writer's diary is actually not much different from "notebooks" (notebooks, in one of the meanings of this term, are a specifically "writer's" genre). And precisely because the writer's diary is always to some extent oriented towards the subsequent "artistic" text, it is not a "real" diary, but a text of a different type. Finally, diaries are a personal experience, which brings the genre closer to autobiography and partly its more ancient variety, hagiographic literature.
In Literature, confession goes a very long way; the genre is named after one of the seven sacraments (along with baptism, chrismation, the Eucharist, marriage, unction and ordination), after the appearance of the book of the same name by St. Augustine, is becoming quite common in literature. Confession is considered "a literary work or part of it, where the narration is in the first person and the narrator lets the reader into the innermost depths of his inner world" .
Early diaries (end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries) are considered by scientists to be closer to the genre of confession. Thus, historian William Haller notes that "for the Puritans, the diary becomes a substitute for confession." At the same time, a confession, unlike a diary, is a genre a priori aimed at subsequent reading. In addition, the diary describes any events and actions that impressed the author, so these are far from always actions that are hidden from society or condemned by it, while confession is a genre that involves repentance for the deed.
Confession is also usually correlated with an autobiography. However, if autobiography is characterized primarily by describing external events, then confession, despite the changes that the genre undergoes over time, describes, first of all, the experiences of the inner world.
An autobiography, along with a diary, is part of memoir literature. However, the "historicity" of what is described, common in diaries and autobiographies, is also their main difference. The genre of the diary implies the duration of the creative process, the creation of the text day by day, the correlation of the event that took place and the record made, which means freshness, “clearness” of perception. The creator of an autobiography, by the very fact of creating such a work, sums up a kind of result of his life, therefore the events described often occur many years before writing.
Another significant difference between a diary and an autobiography is how much their texts are aimed at the reader, that is, they suggest further reading. If in the case of an autobiography the answer to this question is obvious, diaries in this respect cause controversy among researchers.
At the same time, the researchers note that “an autobiography is a review of life, in which the author perceives an autobiography as a kind of training in evaluating one's own life. It is as retrospective as possible, while the diary is created as certain events occur.
One of the most important distinguishing features of the diary is the peculiarity of the organization of the test, the indispensable dating, the description of events that have not yet become the past. This way of structuring the narrative makes it possible to correlate the genre of the diary with the chronicles. However, the system-forming factor in the chronicles is time, while in the diaries it is the life and experiences of the author. It is also significant that the chronicles, like diaries, receive an artistic analogue in the Renaissance, starting with Shakespeare's chronicle plays, and up to the works of Dos Passos, in which many researchers capture the features of the chronicles. However, the chronicles do not receive such a wide literary and artistic distribution, since in the early periods of their development they remain a genre “for the elite”, while the development of the diary genre is due to the gradual “democratization” of the genre, as a result of which an increasing number of people became the authors of diaries.
Finally, another genre that is often compared with a diary is letters. They are brought together primarily by a limited number of addressees. In addition, on the pages of diaries and letters, everyday and world problems are given equal attention. At the same time, the total layer of letters of one or another author is a wider and more diverse material for research, since until the middle of the 20th century letters were the only way of correspondence communication, which means that all literate people wrote them in one format or another. According to letters to different addressees of the same author, one can trace both stylistic shades and features of the relationship with one or another addressee.
However, diaries can also be seen as letters to oneself. If the diary belongs to the writer, the reader has the opportunity to trace the "pure" author's style, which sometimes coincides with the style of the works, and sometimes differs.
One of the varieties of the diary genre is travel diaries, daily recording of the incidents of a particular trip. Travel diaries are a fusion of diary genres, since the travel diary is also often very much personal, subjective rather than objective perception of events, and the travel genre. Travel, which, as noted above, is not an artistic genre, has proved to be very productive for the development of fiction. In addition to the already mentioned travel diary, the travel novel, which had developed by the 18th century, was also widely used, combining the features of philosophical, adventurous and psychological novels. In such works, the journey is the “driving force” of the plot (for example, Robinson Crusoe by D. Defoe, 1719).
So, diaries are formed as a genre of memoir literature relatively late. However, this formation takes some time. Today, more than 300 diaries are available to us, collected by researchers in the book "English Diaries". There are also 20 diaries from the 16th century. The reason for such a sharp increase in the number of diaries, firstly, is that there are more literate people (according to the site http://www.mcsweeneys.net/articles/literacy-rates from 20% of men and 5% of women in the 16th century to 30% men and 10% women in the 17th century). Secondly - growing individualism, interest in one's own self, determined by the era. Thus, the English scientist Roy Porter connects the growth in the number of people keeping diaries with the growing individualism in the European Communities. Other scholars, such as William Heller, also note the significance of diaries for the Puritans of the early 17th century, when the diary "becomes for them an ersatz of confession"
If we turn to the history of the appearance of diaries, then in world literature diaries date back to Japan, where the first diaries date back to the 11th century. In India, such works of an autobiographical nature date back to the 16th century, and in China to the 12th. At the same time, there is no reason to believe that these works were known and therefore had any influence on the Western world. Therefore, the source of autobiographical and diary entries for Europeans lies in ancient Greece and Rome. However, the modern researcher of the diary has the following difficulty. The diary is a genre until recently handwritten, intimate, and therefore not replicated, existing only in one copy. The diary is subject to destruction from any cataclysm, fire, flood, which means that the preservation of records is a task that is possible only if the significance of this document for a historian, literary critic, etc. is realized.
Interest in diary entries appeared in many countries in different periods. This work began earlier than anything else in England, where already at the beginning of the 19th century William Matthews compiled a bibliography of diary entries created in England, Scotland and Ireland from the 15th to the end of the 17th century. We can also trace the history of the creation of various German-language diary entries from the 16th century. The main layer of diary entries created in Russian belongs to a rather late period, starting from the second half of the 18th century. However, even here the researcher is often disappointed. Many documents were destroyed, many are stored in archives, not always accessible to the general reader.
Thus, the history of the creation of diaries has 5 centuries, from the 16th century to the present. It is interesting to trace the structural and semantic change in the form and content of the diary over this period. As mentioned earlier, speaking of diaries, we are based on rather scarce material. At our disposal today there are several (no more than ten) diaries of the 15th century, about 30 diaries of the 16th century, and, starting from the 17th century, the genre has become increasingly popular, English-language sources already have more than 300 texts, a similar trend can be traced in others. countries. Speaking of texts preceding the 17th century, one should not forget that the modern word "diary" in this period is denoted by various terms. So, along with the usual "Diary" in English sources, the German "Tagebuch" is also less common, and more often the French "Journal" and the Latin "Diurnal". All four words refer to a diary, each referring to the fact that the text is being written on a daily basis. However, these designations can appear in the same text as synonyms. These words are synonymous, however, perhaps they indicate the characteristic features of certain records. Here it is also necessary to mention that the authors themselves attribute to their texts the belonging to the Diary genre, and this definition can often be erroneous.
The diaries of the 15th - 16th centuries that have come down to us cannot be called diaries in the modern sense of the word, since they are based on either court records reproducing the events of various diplomatic missions, or travel notes from travels (Albrecht Dürer's diary "Family Chronicles. Diary from a trip to the Netherlands 1520 - 1521").
By the 17th century, the trend changed somewhat. Diary entries acquire a more “intimate”, personal character, turning from a document of the era into an “imprint” of a person. In addition, the diary, like all literature, is gradually ceasing to be a genre of only the highest social circles. In addition to the fact that the level of literacy in Europe in the 17th century is increasing significantly, paper is gradually becoming more accessible to the "middle class", which causes an increased interest in the genre among more and more people. A typical example here would be the famous diary of Samuel Pipes.
One of the few monuments of diary creativity in Russian also belongs to the 17th century - these are the diaries of Marina Mnishek, as well as a monument of Armenian history, the diary of Zakaria Akulissky, describing trade trips to the east (Iran, Turkey) and European (Italy, France, Holland) countries, their customs, nature, natural disasters experienced by the author in these countries. This diary was kept in the period from 1647 to 1687. However, in these examples the personality of the creator of the text is not affected, even his attitude to the events. Therefore, the book is more likely to belong to the genre of chronicles or travel notes.
The next few centuries are the heyday of the diary genre. During this period, the whole variety of diaries appears. Texts are created both to be read by the reader as soon as they are created (The Diaries of the Goncourt brothers, The Diary of a Writer by Dostoevsky), and, on the contrary, in order to be destroyed (The Diaries of Kafka, The Diary of Soren Kierkegaard in the period from 1840 - 1850), personal diaries are kept by most writers (L. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, Lewis Carol, Walter Scott, etc.), politicians (Theodore Roosevelt, Queen Victoria, Nicholas II), actors, musicians, artists (then there are representatives of art who are not directly related to the creation of texts (P.I. Tchaikovsky, Vaclav Nijinsky, Frida Kahlo).It is noteworthy that in the 20th century it seems impossible that a famous political figure did not keep a diary, so fake diaries appear, such like the Diary of Adolf Hitler.This is the period when the above-mentioned gap between the surviving diaries in different countries is significantly reduced (we are talking about European material), the amount of material for the researcher is quite large. During this period, the trend that began in the 17th century continues, when writing diaries gradually ceases to be the prerogative of high society.
However, the increased amount of material displaces the diaries of ordinary people from the field of scientific interest of researchers. If the diaries of the 15th-17th centuries are a material for studying not only and not so much a literary critic, but one of the few sources of information for a historian, sociologist, linguist, then there is a number of other evidence about the later period, so more and more attention of researchers (and therefore readers ) concentrates on the diaries of people who have become famous in a particular field. At the same time, in the 20th century, during the Second World War, one can observe the reverse process, when Anne Frank, Etti Hilsam, Otto Wolf, Nina Lugovskaya become known to the general reader only thanks to their diaries describing their experiences during the war.
The diaries of the 18th - 20th centuries are distinguished from the previous periods by another feature. At the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century, a new genre appeared in literature; diary entries are so popular that they become an object for imitation of writers, the first art diaries appear. From now on, the creators of private diaries have another resource to follow, artistic diaries.
Since diaries, as mentioned earlier, are an intimate genre, it is still too early to talk about private diaries written in recent years, little has already been published. However, in recent decades, a new type of diary entries has appeared, web diaries, blogs. Everyone can create their own diary-blog, add entries there, determine for themselves who they allow to be their readers. A significant difference between this genre and the diary genre is that it is no longer an intimate genre, since a large number of blog readers is an indicator of its success. In recent years, even a new profession "blogger" has appeared. The new diaries continue the trend of previous centuries towards the maximum democratization of the genre, now any owner of Internet access can blog. Thus, the diary is currently one of the few living literary genres; over time, it undergoes certain changes, but the interest of researchers and readers in the genre does not fade away.
conclusions
A diary is a text written for oneself, and not for prying eyes, describing what has just happened, an event of both personal and global significance, indicating the dates of creation and with periodic replenishment. Various formative features make it possible to consider the diary as an evolution of a number of other genres that are part of memoir literature.
Reviewers:
Kling OA, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Theory of Literature, Faculty of Philology, Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow;
Lipgart A.A., Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of the Department of English Linguistics, Faculty of Philology, Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow.
Bibliographic link
Romashkina M.V. DIARY: EVOLUTION OF THE GENRE // Modern problems of science and education. - 2014. - No. 6.;URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=15447 (date of access: 01.02.2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"
Every day a person has to wear masks: a strict teacher, but a kind father; an insecure middle manager by day, but a great stand-up comedian by night. It is very easy to get confused in your hypostases. Self-knowledge is considered an excellent way of psychotherapy, and one of its powerful tools is a personal diary. Keeping it will help you find out your strengths and weaknesses, avoid repeating past mistakes, and learn how to express your thoughts.
What is a personal diary?
A personal diary is a way of expressing one's thoughts, helping to convey the events taking place in a person's life, give them an emotional coloring, analyze them, and draw conclusions. It is created on paper or electronically. Some psychologists recommend doing it by hand, but in the age of electronic technology it doesn’t matter, the main thing is that the person is comfortable.
It is not necessary to make notes every day, but it is desirable to write down all important events, triumphs and defeats, experiences and joys, even insignificant ones. Keeping a personal diary is at the same time a confession, a session,.
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What is a personal diary for?
1. Memory games.
2. Dump for negative emotions.
There is a useful psychological technique. You need to write by hand everything that angers, upsets, spoils, prevents you from moving forward. And then tear, crumple, throw away, burn or destroy the sheet in any other way. So a person is freed from negativity. The diary has almost the same function, with the only difference being that it is not worth destroying.
Most often, having splashed out emotions on paper, even electronic, relief comes. It is not always appropriate to express your point of view in the face of offenders. This most often happens in time with superiors, partners, clients. The diary will take everything.
3. Getting to know yourself.
Sometimes a person does not know himself completely. No wonder Fyodor Dostoevsky wrote: “The main thing is not to lie to yourself.” On the pages of the diary, you can be yourself - weak, nasty, evil,. The more honest, the better. At first it will be difficult, because this can lead to disappointment in oneself, one's goodness, correctness. The writing can be intimidating.
For example, hatred of parents, envy of the best friend. But this must be done without fail, because only in this way can you see your shortcomings and correct them. Praise yourself too! It helps to discover hidden abilities.
4. Himself a psychologist.
They go to psychologists to deal with their problems. But the therapist never gives answers, he helps the person to ask himself the right questions and answer them on his own. The diary does the same, only the person himself acts as a psychologist.
Having dealt with the previous point and got to know yourself, you can begin to analyze. What exactly causes anger, why does it happen, at what moments, what becomes a catalyst? This will allow you to get to the bottom of the true source of negativity.
It's worth taking a look at the positives as well. What taste does victory have, what feelings does it evoke, what does it push? What causes a good mood, what brings it? Sources need to be nurtured and maintained in a "working" state.
5. Goal achiever.
6. Defender against old rakes.
Not all people are able to learn from mistakes. But if, it will be much easier. Life is arranged in such a way that events in it repeat themselves. We can say that this is how the Universe checks how much a person has learned a lesson in the past, and how he will behave now.
For example, a girl complains that she constantly comes across the same type of guys. If she already has experience with them, she knows what to expect from them. Yes, and besides, she was a clever diary all this time, it will not be difficult for her to analyze the recorded experience and do everything differently in a new relationship. First, it may turn out that it's not always the "bad guy". Secondly, it will help not to get involved in an initially failed relationship.
7. Future memoirs.
It does not matter at all whether the records become public or remain a secret forever. Writing a diary will help you learn how to structure your thoughts and express them correctly. To do this, you need to periodically re-read the diary, you can even make editorial changes to it, the main thing is not to change the essence of what is written, because the value of thoughts is precisely in their relevance at the time of writing.
8. Back to the past.
Sometimes it is very nice to plunge into memories and read old records with a smile. You can be surprised to notice dramatic changes in your personality, just nostalgic, re-feeling the emotions that were experienced in the past.
A personal diary will become an assistant, friend, psychologist. This is the secret door to the world. You need to lead it, only in this case it will be useful.
Inga Mayakovskaya
Reading time: 4 minutes
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Why keep a diary? Keeping a diary helps you understand yourself, your desires and feelings. When a huge amount of thoughts accumulates, which are in disarray, it is better to “splash out” them on paper. In the process of keeping a diary, remembering and describing this or that situation, you begin to analyze your actions, think about whether you did the right thing under these circumstances, draw conclusions.
If these thoughts are for work, then most women write them down briefly - with abstracts and record them in a diary.
Why do you need a personal diary?
For a woman who finds it difficult to keep all the experiences in herself, you just need to keep a personal diary , where you can describe absolutely everything: your thoughts about your colleagues, how you feel about the recently appeared persistent boyfriend, what does not suit you in your husband, thoughts about children and much more.
Yes, of course, you can tell all this to a close friend, but it’s not a fact that the information she received will remain only between you. A personal diary will endure everything and won't tell anyone anything , unless, of course, it will be inaccessible to others. Therefore, it is better to conduct it electronically. , and, of course, set passwords.
Usually a personal diary is started girls still in puberty when the first relationship with the opposite sex occurs. There they describe experiences about first love, as well as relationships with parents and peers. personal diary you can entrust the most intimate thoughts and desires , because he will never give publicity to the secrets of his author.
What is a diary for anyway? What does he give? At the moment of an emotional outburst, you transfer your emotions into a diary (paper or electronic). Then, over time, after reading the lines from the diary, you remember those emotions and feelings, and see the situation from a completely different angle .
The diary takes us back to the past, makes us think about the present and avoids mistakes in the future. .
For example, a pregnant woman keeps a diary and writes down her experiences, feelings and feelings, and then, when her daughter is pregnant, she will share her notes with her.
To see the changes in your thoughts day by day, a diary needs a chronology . Therefore, it is better to put the day, month, year and time with each entry.
What are the benefits of keeping a personal diary?
- The benefits of keeping a diary are obvious. Describing events, remembering the details, you develop your memory. By writing down daily events and then analyzing them, you develop the habit of remembering the details of episodes that you did not pay any attention to before;
- There is an ability to structure your thoughts. And also to choose the right words for certain emotions and feelings that arise when reproducing the described situation;
- In the diary you can write your desires, goals, as well as identify ways to achieve them;
- Reading the events described in the diary will help you understand yourself. in their internal conflicts. It is a kind of psychotherapy;
- By writing in your diary your victories from any sphere of life (business, personal), you you can draw energy in the future rereading the lines. You will remember what you are capable of and the thought will flash through your head: “Yes, I - wow! I can't do that either."
- In the future, it will revive the emotions and memories of long-forgotten events.. Imagine how in 10 - 20 years you will open your diary, and how nice it will be to plunge into the past and remember the pleasant moments of life.
Briefly to the question - why keep a diary? - you can answer like this: to become better, wiser and make fewer mistakes in the future.
The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, just enter the desired word, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-building dictionaries. Here you can also get acquainted with examples of the use of the word you entered.
The meaning of the word diary
diary in the crossword dictionary
diary
Dictionary of medical terms
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
diary
diary, m.
Notes of a personal nature, kept from day to day (book). Keep a diary.
Daily records of scientific observations made during expeditions and explorations.
The name of various kinds of periodicals (book literature). Diary of the Society of Physicians. Writer's diary.
A book in which official operations performed during the day are recorded; magazine (stationary).
A student's notebook for recording assigned lessons and for marking progress (pre-revolutionary).
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.
diary
Records of daily affairs, current events are kept from day to day. Lead d.d. expeditions.
A student notebook for recording assigned lessons and for marking progress and behavior.
adj. diary, -th, -th (to 1 value).
New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
diary
Records of a personal nature, kept from day to day; notebook for such notes.
Records of observations, events, etc., kept from day to day while working, traveling, etc.
A notebook for recording the lessons given to the student at home and grading.
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
diary
records of a personal, scientific, public nature, kept day after day. As a literary form, it opens up specific opportunities for depicting the inner world of a character ("Notes of a Madman" by N. V. Gogol) or an author ("Not a Day Without a Line" by Yu. K. Olesha); distributed from con. 18th century (literature of pre-romanticism).
Diary
daily records of one person or team, kept synchronously with the events of their life (cf. Memoirs). An external, but more than others, obligatory sign of D. is the designation of dates. Real D. (which first became widespread in England in the 17th century) can be considered as a kind of historical, historical-biographical, or historical-cultural documents: for example, the ship D. of the navigator J. Cook, the lyceum D. of the Decembrist V.K. censor A. V. Nikitenko, publicist A. S. Suvorin, numerous writers D. (W. Scott, Stendhal, the Goncourt brothers, T. G. Shevchenko, L. N. Tolstoy, etc.).
D. can also act as a form of artistic narration. In Russian and European literature of the 18th century. sentimentalism, which aroused interest in the inner world of the individual, cultivates D. as a form of "self-observation"; “Sentimental Journey” by L. Stern, “Letters from a Russian Traveler” by N. M. Karamzin are designed as travel letters. writers transfer the diary form of narration to a fictional character for the sake of in-depth study of the “history of the human soul” (M. Yu. Lermontov); for example, Pechorin's Journal in A Hero of Our Time. At the same time, there are possibilities for stylization, a complex speech game associated with the increasing separation of the author from the character (“Notes of a Madman” by N.V. Gogol). Realists of the 19th century resort to genre varieties close to artistic D. - “notes” (“The History of Yesterday” by L. N. Tolstoy), “letters” (“Poor People” by F. M. Dostoevsky), “confessions” (Ippolit’s notebook in the novel Dostoevsky "The Idiot"). Examples of the use of the D. form in Soviet literature: “The Diary of Kostya Ryabtsev” by N. Ognev, “The Village Diary” by E. Dorosh.
The middle place between fiction as a document and fiction as a literary genre is occupied by writer's journals, intended for publication in advance (J. Renard's Diary, V. V. Rozanov's Fallen Leaves, Yu. K. Olesha and others); autobiography is deliberately combined in them with a breadth of observations and reflections. Dostoevsky’s “Diary of a Writer” (70s of the 19th century), addressed to the modern reader, is an example of the use of the form of discourse in the field of artistic journalism. Sometimes the artistic interest is acquired by D. "private persons", thanks to sincerity and truthfulness ("Anne Frank's Diary", "Nina Kosterina's Diary").
I. B. Voskresenskaya.
Wikipedia
Diary (disambiguation)
Diary :
- Diary - daily records of one person or team, kept synchronously with the events of their lives.
- School diary - a journal in which the grades of a student of a school are recorded.
- Training diary - records of athletes that allow you to track progressions in loads (powerlifting), muscle mass (bodybuilding) or adaptations, analyze and compose more effective training, taking into account your physiology and training.
Diary
Diary- a set of fragmentary records that are made for oneself, are kept regularly and are most often accompanied by an indication of the date. Such records organize individual experience and, like a written genre, accompany the formation of individuality in culture, the formation of the “I” - in parallel with them, the forms of memoirs and autobiography develop.
Diary (newspaper, Skopje)
"Diary" is a daily newspaper in the Republic of Macedonia.
The newspaper was founded by Mile Jovanovski, Branislav Gjeroski and Alexander Damovski. The newspaper is published every day except Sunday. The first issue of the Diary was published on March 20, 1996.
The circulation of the newspaper is 25 thousand copies (2015), the editor-in-chief is Sasho Kokalanov.
On Fridays, the Antena supplement is published for the newspaper, and on Saturdays, the Weekend.
Diary (novel)
"Diary"(2003, eng. Diary ) is a novel by Chuck Palahniuk. The plot revolves around Misty Wilmot, a promising young artist who drinks heavily and works as a waitress in a hotel. Her husband, a contractor, is in a coma after a suicide attempt, and his clients are threatening Misty with legal action through a series of disgusting messages she found on the walls of houses her husband has remodeled. Suddenly, artistic talent returns to Misty. Perplexed by a surge of inspiration, she soon finds herself a pawn in a larger conspiracy that threatens hundreds of lives. The Diary falls short of the genre of modern horror books, preferring psychological stunts with fear and black humor, and almost no use of violence and shock tactics as a means of influencing the reader.
Examples of the use of the word diary in the literature.
Anna Pavlovna sat next to Samokhin and wrote down a message in a thick blue notebook - emergency diary.
Of course, memories diaries, confessions are autobiographical in genre and in essence, but Grigoriev's ordinary stories also have a deeply personal, autobiographical character.
But I had no idea that not only an autobiography would turn out, but also diary.
Besides, diary was an impeccably composed routine of life, and the Autocrat never deviated from it one iota.
IN diary entrepreneur of this troupe, Philip Henslow, beginning in 1591, the production of Marlowe's play is mentioned for the first time on September 30, 1594, i.e.
The name of Jean-Paul Antoine enters into his diary already injected with morphine.
When Richard had finished, Arnold said, "Are you sure that Sarah diary did not read?
Published fragments diaries did not violate the already established image of an ascetic eccentric scientist who lived a modest and calm life.
I have a great many duplicates and freaks, - the graduate student continued reading diary.
Discovered in the Atacama Desert, the find was something like diary, which was led by one of the aliens.
From diary It turned out that on the third day of the flight, due to icing of the valve and shell, the balloon became so heavy that the lifting force was insufficient.
Despite the mistreatment of diaries, it was possible to restore several love poems addressed to the popular film singer, whom Babur Shakil had never seen in his eyes, Poorly rhymed lines expressing fiery love for an inaccessible beauty, praising her angelic voice, nearby, not very out of place, there was already a verse white, distinctly pornographic.
Having taken refuge in the Unthinkable Mountains, Babur began to grow a beard, studied the intricate structure of mountain communities-clans, wrote poetry, rested between raids - either to military posts, then to the railway, then to reservoirs - and, since an isolated life dictated its conditions , could reason in his diary on the virtues of mating with sheep and goats.
In early diaries Olga Bergholz mentions him quite often - and how he strictly follows their studies, and how he walks with them - 21.
So Olga Berggolts wrote about her father at the end of the 50s, that is, about 30 years after the real events noted by her in diary those years.
Diary it periodically updated text, consisting of fragments with a specified date for each entry. Usually, this or that work in the form of diary entries belongs to one of the well-known genres (novel, story, reportage), and “diary” only gives it additional specificity. The diary form of entry is characterized by a number of features that can be implemented to a greater or lesser extent in each diary:
- periodicity, regularity of keeping records;
- the connection of records with current, and not with long-past events and moods;
- the spontaneous nature of the recordings (the time between the events and the recording was too short, the consequences have not yet manifested themselves, and the author is not able to assess the degree of significance of what happened);
- literary rawness of records;
- addresslessness or uncertainty of the addressee of many diaries;
- the intimate and therefore sincere, private and honest nature of the recordings.
Outside of fiction, a diary usually gravitates towards either an official document (the "documentary" diary) or a private record (the so-called "everyday" diary). In both cases, the diary satisfies the human need for observation and is determined by the need to record current changes, which is the reason for the emergence of a variety of scientific diaries, protocols, case histories, ship's journals, school diaries, diaries of court duties - chamberfurier ceremonial journals. In ancient literature, since the time of Plato, the so-called hypomnemas have been known - various kinds of protocols of a private and official nature. At the courts of the Eastern and late Hellenistic monarchs, for example, at the headquarters of Alexander the Great, reports were kept on current events - ephemeris (possibly for propaganda purposes; their reliability in modern times is being questioned). Documentary diaries are of significant interest to the historian. In "everyday" diaries, the writer is also an observer, but he watches more for himself, for changes in the circumstances of his private life, his inner world. "Everyday" diaries became widespread in the era of sentimentalism, when interest in private life, and especially in the field of feelings, was very high. "Everyday" diaries can be of significant value if the writer was famous or participated in the political life of the country ("Diary of a member of the State Duma Vladimir Mitrofanovich Purishkevich", 1916), communicated with interesting people (E. A. Shtakenshneider "Diary and notes". 1854 -86). Diaries become not only a historical but also an aesthetic value if the writer has a literary talent (The Diary of Maria Bashkirtseva, 1887; The Diary of Anne Frank, 1942-44).
The texts recorded "by the day" are closely related in various respects to a wide range of the most diverse forms of documentary. Like a memoir diaries tell about real events that took place in the past outer and inner life. As in an autobiography, in a diary the writer talks primarily about himself and his immediate environment and is also prone to introspection. As a confession, the diary often speaks of a secret, hidden from prying eyes, but a confession, unlike a diary, memoirs and autobiographies, is sometimes devoid of a chronologically sequential narrative. And in memoirs, and in autobiographies, and in confessions, unlike diaries, the text is carefully built, only the essential is selected from all the information. In this respect, the diary is closer to letters, especially to regular correspondence, where the current is also reported, the material is not selected and the news is recorded "in hot pursuit." The proximity of correspondence and diaries is clearly visible in the "Diary for Stella" (1710-13) by J. Swift and in the "Diary for Eliza" (1767) by L. Stern. The first was written twice a day (although the mail was sent much less often), the letters included questions that were meaningless in ordinary correspondence (“Do you think I should wear a camisole today?”). Reminiscent of the diaries written in the form of letters "The Suffering of Young Werther" (1774) JW Goethe: Werther is little interested in his correspondent Wilhelm, whose answers have almost no effect on the nature of Werther's letters. Diaries and travel literature have something in common: constantly moving, unable to comprehend what is happening, the traveler, like the author of the diary, grasps events on the fly and writes down without separating the important from the accidental. The traveler usually marks the place where the meal was recorded; if the date of the entry is indicated in the journey, then it is already difficult to distinguish it from the diary.
Telling about events in chronological order and fixing any change, regardless of its significance, the diary resembles a chronicle, however, the time of entry in it is indicated more precisely (days, not years), and the range of events covered is limited. The diary reveals a certain affinity with periodicals, which also follow the events, but are intended for public reading, devoid of intimacy. Often creative people call their notebooks a diary. So, the "Diary" of Jules Renard is characterized by artistic images, and only the dates make it possible to read unrelated entries as diary entries. The features of the diary (confessional character, fixation of "little things", introspection, exact date) can be traced in the works of many poets (M.Yu. Lermontov, N.A. Nekrasov, A. Akhmatova, A.A. Blok). "The Diary of a Writer" by F. M. Dostoevsky becomes a periodical; subscribed to it. At the same time, Dostoevsky does not write about everything that excites him, but only about what, in his opinion, is of public interest. Sometimes the confinement of a diary entry to a certain date, the frequency of entries turns out to be a constructive moment in the narrative. In N.V. Gogol's Notes of a Madman, entirely built in the form of a diary, the count and order of days gradually eludes the writer. But usually the indication of the date is not so important. The meaning of Pechorin's Journal in Lermontov's Hero of Our Time (1840) will change little if all dates are removed.
