For years, for a long time it developed mainly in the USA. After Sauer, the greatest contributions to the development of cultural geography were made by Richard Hartshorne and Wilbur Zelinsky. Sauer mainly applies the methodology of qualitative and descriptive analysis, the limitations of which in the 1930s Richard Hartshorne, and later supporters of the quantitative analysis revolution, sought to overcome in regional geography. In the 1970s there was increasing criticism of positivism in geography and an over-enthusiasm for quantitative methods.
Since the 1980s, such a trend as "new cultural geography" has become known. It draws on the critical theories of Michel de Certeau and Gilles Deleuze, which reject the traditional notion of a static space. These ideas were developed in the non-representational theory.
The two main branches of cultural geography are behavioral and cognitive geography.
Areas of study
- Globalization, explained as cultural convergence,
- Westernization or similar processes of modernization, Americanization, Islamization and others,
- theories of cultural hegemony or cultural assimilation through cultural imperialism,
- cultural regional differentiation - the study of differences in lifestyle including ideas, social attitudes, language, social practices, and power structures and the full range of cultural practices in a geographic region,
- study of the cultural landscape,
- other areas including spirit of place, colonialism, post-colonialism, internationalism, immigration and emigration, eco-tourism.
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Literature
- Kagansky V.L.// Observatory of Culture. - 2009. - No. 1. - S. 62-70.
- Kalutskov V.N. Landscape in cultural geography. - M.: New Chronograph, 2008. - 320 p. - ISBN 978-5-94881-062-1
- Novikov A.V. Cultural geography as an interpretation of the territory // Issues of economic and political geography of foreign countries. Issue. 13. - M.: MGU, ILA RAN, 1993. - S. 84–93.
- Streletsky V.N. Cultural geography in Russia: features of formation and ways of development // Izvestiya RAN. Ser. geographical. - 2008. - No. 5.
- Zelinsky W. A Prologue to Population Geography. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: PrenticeHall. 150 pp., 1966.
- Zelinsky W. The Cultural Geography of the United States. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. 1973.
- Zelinsky W. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of North American Society and Cultures. (with John F. Rooney, Jr., Dean Louder, and John D. Vitek) College Station: Texas A&M University Press. 1982.
see also
An excerpt characterizing Cultural Geography
"Yeah, well, I'm so...- Well, so am I.
- Goodbye.
- Be healthy…
... and high and far,
On the home side...
Zherkov touched his horse with his spurs, which three times, getting excited, kicked, not knowing where to start, coped and galloped, overtaking the company and catching up with the carriage, also in time with the song.
Returning from the review, Kutuzov, accompanied by an Austrian general, went to his office and, calling the adjutant, ordered to give himself some papers relating to the condition of the incoming troops, and letters received from Archduke Ferdinand, who commanded the forward army. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky with the required papers entered the office of the commander in chief. In front of the plan laid out on the table sat Kutuzov and an Austrian member of the Hofkriegsrat.
“Ah ...” said Kutuzov, looking back at Bolkonsky, as if by this word inviting the adjutant to wait, and continued the conversation begun in French.
“I only say one thing, General,” Kutuzov said with a pleasant elegance of expression and intonation, forcing one to listen to every leisurely spoken word. It was evident that Kutuzov listened to himself with pleasure. - I only say one thing, General, that if the matter depended on my personal desire, then the will of His Majesty Emperor Franz would have been fulfilled long ago. I would have joined the Archduke long ago. And believe my honor, that for me personally to transfer the higher command of the army more than I am to a knowledgeable and skillful general, such as Austria is so plentiful, and to lay down all this heavy responsibility for me personally would be a joy. But circumstances are stronger than us, General.
And Kutuzov smiled with such an expression as if he were saying: “You have every right not to believe me, and even I don’t care whether you believe me or not, but you have no reason to tell me this. And that's the whole point."
The Austrian general looked dissatisfied, but could not answer Kutuzov in the same tone.
“On the contrary,” he said in a grouchy and angry tone, so contrary to the flattering meaning of the words spoken, “on the contrary, Your Excellency’s participation in the common cause is highly valued by His Majesty; but we believe that a real slowdown deprives the glorious Russian troops and their commanders of those laurels that they are accustomed to reap in battle, ”he finished the apparently prepared phrase.
Kutuzov bowed without changing his smile.
- And I am so convinced and, based on the last letter that His Highness Archduke Ferdinand honored me, I assume that the Austrian troops, under the command of such a skilled assistant as General Mack, have now already won a decisive victory and no longer need our help, - Kutuzov said.
The general frowned. Although there was no positive news of the defeat of the Austrians, there were too many circumstances that confirmed the general unfavorable rumors; and therefore Kutuzov's assumption about the victory of the Austrians was very similar to a mockery. But Kutuzov smiled meekly, still with the same expression that said that he had the right to assume this. Indeed, the last letter he received from Mack's army informed him of the victory and the most advantageous strategic position of the army.
Under this concept, spatial manifestations of a very complex phenomenon associated with human activity, which is called culture, are considered. Culture in its most general form is a manifestation of human activity. This is a property of the human community and it is a distinctive characteristic of the human personality. There is no culture without its agent and bearer. According to Druzhinin (1999, p. 4), “culture is territorial, that is, it experiences the full-scale influence of the geographical factor, is spatially differentiated and organized in a special way, developing and functioning in specific, territorial forms immanent to it.” Hence, it is natural that geographers show interest in studying the patterns of cultural genesis as a spatial phenomenon, in studying the origins and current state of geoculture, cultural geography and geography of culture with various combinations of highly specialized problems under consideration.
Culture as a phenomenon is multifaceted. This term also means what is included in the circle united by art and literature, a system of views, customs, behavioral reactions and religion, ways of life and production skills characteristic of regional population groups, ethnic groups, national associations. For a long time, the territorial features of culture were studied within the framework of ethnography.
The beginning of a deep study of geocultural issues dates back to the second half of the 19th century. Among foreign geographers who paid great attention to cultural and geographical problems, we should mention D. Marsh, F. Ratzel, K. Sauer, E. Reclus, and others. In Russian geography, cultural approaches were present in the studies of V.G. Bogoraz-Tana, A.A. Krubera, A.D. Sinitsky, V.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. The importance of taking into account cultural aspects in geographical research was pointed out by N.N. Baransky, R.M. Kabo, Yu.G. Saushkin. Deep studies of the problems of historical ethnoculture were carried out by L.N. Gumilev. The monograph by P.I. Puchkov. The problems of the formation of cultural landscapes and the geography of art are the objects of study by Yu.A. Vedenin and V.L. Kagansky.
V.P. Maksakovskiy (1998). He singled out four elements of geographical culture: the geographical picture of the world, geographical thinking, the methods of geography, and the language of geography. And for each of these areas, Maksakovsky gives detailed arguments. According to L.R. Serebryanny (2000) Maksakovsky's book is “essentially a synthesis of the geographical science of the 20th century. in our country". A substantive disclosure of the meaning of geographical culture is given by Maksakovsky in the books Historical Geography of the World (1997) and especially in the two-volume monograph World Cultural Heritage (2000, 2003).
A serious study of the geography of Russian culture was carried out by S.Ya. Existing and A.D. Druzhinin. Druzhinin considered the theoretical foundations of the geography of culture most fully. Druzhinin (1999, p. 18) defines the geography of culture as a scientific direction “about the spatial features, factors and patterns of development and functioning of culture, about the processes of cultural-territorial system formation, about its prerequisites and consequences.” This definition can be more fully disclosed depending on the specification of the study of geocultural problems.
The geography of culture is considered as an integral part of social geography. By analogy with the study of territorial social systems, the object of cultural geography is the territorial organization of culture. The culturological aspect can be considered as a "cross-cutting" one for the whole social geography. Geoculture is such a widespread territorial phenomenon that it is appropriate, along with the biosphere, technosphere, and ethnosphere, to speak of the cultural sphere as a special territory that develops according to its own laws. Druzhinin introduced the concepts of geocultural process, geocultural space, geocultural and geoethnocultural systems, territorial systems of cultural infrastructure and gave their interpretation. Ethnocultural aspects are indispensable for the study of geopolitical problems and overcoming internal social tensions in the country.
This area of geographical knowledge has not yet acquired a stable theoretical basis. There is no unity among scientists involved in research in the non-productive sphere of activity. For example, V.E. Komarov and V.D. Ulanovskaya (1980) separate the service sector from the service sector. In their opinion, the service sector occupies an intermediate position between material production and non-productive sphere of activity, at the same time, service industries only provide the population with either goods created in the sphere of material production or services. According to M.A. Abramov (1985), the service sector covers all sectors of the non-productive sphere and a number of branches of material production. The service sector includes trade, public catering, household and housing and communal services, transport and communications related to the direct service of the population. A.I. Kocherga (1979) singled out two types of public services: consumer services (transport and communications, trade, catering, housing and communal services and consumer services) and services aimed at improving the person himself (education, culture, art, health care, physical education and sports, social security).
A significant contribution to the development of the geography of the service sector was made by S.A. Kovalev (1974, 1985, 1997). In his opinion, the service sector should include a wide variety of services for individual consumers: housing services, social security, retail trade and public catering, household and cultural and educational services, the provision of educational, legal, banking, insurance, medical and other services. The basic concepts and methods of the geography of the service sector are presented in the book by A.I. Alekseeva et al. (1991).
In scientific publications, the term "social infrastructure" is becoming more widespread. This concept is most fully disclosed by E.B. Alaev (1974, 1983). According to Alaev, social infrastructure includes a combination of buildings, structures, networks and systems necessary to ensure the daily life of the population.
In the developed countries of the capitalist world, the participation of the economically active population in the non-material sphere, including the service sector, occupies one of the priority places. The sphere of various services, including intimate ones, is also developing rapidly in Russia, especially against the backdrop of a sharp decline in industrial production. Spatial differences in needs for services and the level of their satisfaction are the subject of study of the geography of the service sector, or the geography of the service sector. The study of problems related to the satisfaction of the population important for life, for physical and intellectual development, maintaining cleanliness and hygiene of the body and at home, providing the population with a system of social, legal, educational and medical institutions and institutions is extremely important for the development of society. But it seems, and this has already been written (Bogucharskov, 1998), that these problems should not be among the geographical priorities, especially at a time when geographers are rapidly losing their traditional field of activity, namely the sphere of studying the interaction between society and the environment.
The new directions developed by economic geographers are far from being limited to those noted in this section.
Within the framework of the geography of culture, all approaches to the study of the sphere of culture should be considered. Various scholars ambiguously interpret the content of the concepts of "sphere of culture", "culture" and others relate to these concepts terms. This, on the one hand, is due to the fact that the science of "geography of culture" is in its infancy, on the other hand, the sphere of culture and culture itself are complex systemic formations, and therefore the concepts that reveal their content are usually significant.
A. Topchiev notes: "Society and personality have always been the poles of civilization, and culture has been an intermediary between them: the transition from individuality to man as a social subject and then to society." Further, he notes: "Culture is born at the intersection points of the individual and society, the individual and social groups" * 156.
* 156: (Topchiev A. G. Fundamentals of social geography. - Odessa: Astroprint, 2001. - P. 330.)
Undoubtedly, the geography of culture must develop its own approaches to the study of its object.
When determining the subject and object of the study of the geography of culture, it is also necessary to dwell on the evidence of the geographical nature of the sphere of culture, which is manifested in the following aspects:
Diversity of cultural traditions of the population in different geospatial-temporal coordinates;
The existence of geospatial monofunctional and multifunctional "foci" ("cores") of culture;
Development of cultural infrastructure (theaters, clubs, cinemas, libraries, etc.), which provides for the cultural needs of the population;
Dependence of the territorial differentiation of the sphere of culture on geospatial differences in the demographic and natural-geographical situation.
Object of study geographers activities- a person, his behavior in the sphere of culture in cultural time and cultural space in specific geospatial-temporal coordinates and cartography of the form of systems of objects that provide for the cultural needs of the population.
An aspect of the study of this science is the territorial features of the development and functioning of the object of geography of culture, as well as the territorial organization of the sphere of culture in the conditions of integral public space and integral public time, imposed on specific geospatial-temporal coordinates.
The most important research method in the geography of culture is the geomethod, as well as a number of methods that are used in other geographical sciences (in particular, cartographic, modeling, statistical, sociological).
The purpose of studying the geography of culture is to identify territorial patterns and features of the territorial organization of the sphere of culture as a complex of phenomena, processes and objects. Achieving this goal requires solving the following tasks:
To identify the causes and factors of development of the sphere of culture within a particular state and the world as a whole;
Find out the patterns of distribution of structures in which certain types of cultural services are carried out throughout the territory;
To study the influence of the functioning of the types of objects of the sphere of culture in specific geospatial-temporal coordinates on the lifestyle of various social strata of the population;
Determine the characteristics of people's behavior in the conditions of receiving cultural services;
To study the influence of culture on the formation of public mind and public intellect in a particular territory;
To study the role of culture in specific geospatial-temporal coordinates in shaping the dynamics of social processes;
To study the regional features of the development of the sphere of culture and to identify their impact on the standard of living of the population.
Among the tasks of the geography of culture, the most important, in our opinion, is the substantiation of the system of development factors and the geospatial organization of an important element of territorial social systems - the sphere of culture; identification and justification of the laws and patterns of its formation and functioning, study of the structure of the cultural sphere, identification of its compliance with the needs of the population, etc.
The subject of cultural geography- territorial organization of the sphere of culture of peace and its influence on the territorial organization of society as a whole in the conditions of integral public space and integral public time, imposed on specific geospatial-temporal coordinates.
The geography of the culture of the population performs numerous functions (general educational, ideological, educational, etc.). It helps not only to form one's own opinion and create one's own picture of the world, but also to consciously regulate one's relations with various people, develop tolerance, the ability to respect other views, etc.
Geography of culture- this is an independent branch of socio-geographical knowledge, has its own object, aspect, goal, research objectives, and therefore the subject of study. It performs a number of functions necessary and useful for society.
Since the geography of culture is included in the system of geographical sciences, it is also based on such general methodological approaches as spatiality (territoriality, or, more precisely, geotoriality). Complexity, specificity and globality give grounds to attribute the geography of the population to the geographical sciences. Common to this system of sciences is an ecological approach. The geography of culture also uses the cartographic method common to all geographic sciences.
The geography of culture is part of social geography, therefore, is a social science. As a sociogeographical science, the geography of culture is closely connected with all other sociogeographical branches of knowledge. In our opinion, first of all, it is necessary to emphasize the links between the culture of the population and sacred geography. Particularly close links are observed between the geography of culture and the geography of activity, due to the fact that the vital activity of the population, the sacred life of a person, society contributed to the formation of culture both in the narrow and in the broad sense. The role of the geographer of culture in the formation of individual and public health is very important, as there are significant relationships between the geography of culture and medical geography, recreational geography, etc.
The close ties of the geography of culture with other socio-geographical branches of knowledge, as well as with the social sciences, are largely due to the fact that, as a social science, the geography of culture also uses the methods inherent in the social sciences, in particular, sociological, economic.
The links between the geography of culture and the socio-geographical and other sciences show that it occupies a clearly defined place in the system of sciences. The geography of culture is also connected with the natural sciences, philosophy and many others. Among the disciplines related to it, one can name, in particular, ecology, social psychology, and territorial planning. The geography of culture makes a unique contribution to the theory of social and geographical science: it develops its own problem - the assessment of cultural public space and cultural public time in specific geospatial-temporal coordinates, the cultural activities of a person, society, the development of standards for cultural services for different segments of the population. On the one hand, the further development of the geography of culture, its contribution to the needs of practice, is directly dependent on successes and achievements in other fields of knowledge. On the other hand, the geography of culture is a powerful factor in the development of various sciences.
The geography of culture has a fairly developed conceptual and terminological apparatus - a set of terms that reflect the system of concepts of that area of knowledge. The formation of the conceptual and terminological apparatus of the geography of culture is distinguished by such specific features:
1. The presence in the conceptual and terminological apparatus of the geography of culture of a significant number of philosophical and general scientific terms and concepts.
2. Use within the geography of culture of the conceptual and terminological system "Geography".
3. The stay of the conceptual and terminological system "Geography of Culture" at the stage of formation.
4. The presence in the composition of the scientific language of cultural geography of a significant number of abstractions, which is typical, as already noted, for other social and socio-geographical sciences.
5. The stay of the conceptual and terminological apparatus of the geography of culture at the stage of transformation in connection with the modern features of the formation of Ukrainian terminology.
Of course, there are other features of the formation of the conceptual and terminological apparatus of the geography of culture, associated with the history of the development of both this field of knowledge and society and science as a whole. All these features also influence the formation of individual conceptual and terminological systems of cultural geography.
In the geography of culture, the conceptual and terminological systems "Science", "Geography", "Sociology" and others are used, as well as the conceptual and terminological system "Geography of Culture", which began to take shape with the advent of a similar term, became a legal evidence of the birth of a new science. The conceptual and terminological system "Geography of Culture" includes the following terms and concepts:
The object of study of the geography of culture (a person, territorial and other communities of people, society; the sphere of culture, types of objects of cultural social infrastructure, human behavior, groups of people in the field of culture)
The subject of research is the geographers of culture (territorial organization of the sphere of culture in specific geospatial-temporal coordinates in a specific public time and public space)
Cultural complexes (a combination of cultural objects and the behavior of people within them, which are located in a specific public space and public time in the process of life in specific geospatial-temporal coordinates, a combination of types of infrastructure, etc.);
Cultural behavior of a person, various groups of people, society in a specific public space and public time in the process of life in specific geospatial-temporal coordinates;
Cultural infrastructure for receiving cultural services (a set of cultural structures that ensure the cultural life of a person, groups of people, society)
Territorial systems of culture, which include: a functional core - a set of institutions, enterprises, institutions that perform the main function of the system - the provision of services to the population for the implementation of cultural life; the peripheral part - the cultural life of the population outside the functional core; a set of institutions and institutions of culture. Territorial cultural systems may have names that depend on the size of the territory (for example, a national cultural center).
At the present level of development of the geography of culture, an equally important task is the registration of the terms and concepts that it uses, and the creation of a special conceptual and terminological dictionary.
So, the geography of culture has its own rich and diverse conceptual and terminological apparatus, is constantly in the process of development and improvement. In the field of this field of knowledge, it is also necessary to harmonize national and international terminology, develop methodological foundations for the prospective development of Ukrainian terminological systems, and attract Ukrainian terminologists to develop international conceptual and terminological dictionaries.
The geomethod also belongs to the main methods in the geography of culture. This area of knowledge is based on the application of the geospatial paradigm, the principle of interconnection and interdependence.
The geography of culture is a socio-geographical science, therefore the social approach is decisive in its field.
The geography of culture is in search of its own new paradigm. The new paradigm of the geography of culture should contribute to obtaining new knowledge about the upcoming human culture, the likely development of the sphere of culture in terms of cultural public time and cultural public space in their relationship with specific spatio-temporal coordinates.
Although the geography of culture covers the geospatial paradigm, operates with a number of new methods, new techniques, it certainly continues to develop its theory, using the most valuable theoretical achievements of other sciences.
The geography of culture uses a number of methods (system approach, statistical, mathematical, cartographic, sociological surveys, etc.).
Without a deep comprehensive mastery of new technical, mathematical and software tools, it is impossible to ensure the development of knowledge in the geography of culture adequate to modern needs. Modern theoretical and practical problems of the formation and further development of the geography of culture testify to the level of development of this field of knowledge. Among such problems are the formation and development of the conceptual and terminological apparatus of culture, the creation of textbooks on the geography of culture in the Ukrainian language, the organization of departments of geography of culture at geographical faculties.
A very important and extremely complex theoretical problem is the development of the concept of the territorial organization of the cultural sphere. An equally important task is the development of cultural zoning of Ukraine, which will be of practical importance in the process of substantiating and implementing socio-economic strategies for the development of the state and its regions.
Within the framework of the geography of culture, it is necessary to develop new methods, search for systems of indicators to justify the population's need for cultural objects, a detailed study of the features of the role of culture in the modern process of socialization, transformation of the individual in the context of adaptation to a new cultural environment in specific geospatial-temporal coordinates, studies of the formation and development culture in the field of virtual activity, etc. The geography of culture also requires clarification of its "passport data": the subject of the geography of culture, the concretization of the tasks of this area of knowledge.
It is very important to solve the following theoretical problems of the geography of culture, such as the development of theoretical generalizations about the regularities of the perspective spatial organization of the sphere of culture, the study of the cultural component of labor reserves, and the like.
A new, complex and urgent problem of the geography of culture is a view through the prism of a new paradigm of science at the object and subject of research and the tasks of this field of knowledge. The new paradigm of science stimulate the formation of a new paradigm of the geography of culture.
A look at culture through the prism of a new paradigm of science in the 21st century. Further research in this direction will make it possible to find ways for its effective influence on promising civilizational progress.
Important practical tasks of the geography of culture are improving the management of the cultural sphere at various hierarchical levels, increasing its role in educating the younger generation, solving problems of the territorial organization of the cultural sphere, and combating the social ills of modern society.
The geography of culture is an independent field of knowledge, which is included in the system of socio-geographical sciences. It not only has its own object, aspect, method, goals and objectives, subject of research, but also unites research scientists, that is, this science has all the attributes that distinguish it from others.
In the 21st century the "passport data" of the regional geography of culture as an independent branch of knowledge will be specified. In the near future, it is necessary to solve the following problems within the framework of this science:
1. To substantiate the directions of formation of the cultural field of the region, taking into account the public time and public space in which it is located, to identify the influence of this field on the further development of the territorial social system "region".
2. To study the features of the cultural behavior of the population within the territorial social system "region".
3. Establish the necessary and optimal ratios between the capacities of types of cultural objects within the region.
4. Determine the place of the region in terms of the level of development of the sphere of culture in the national cultural complex.
The solution of a number of theoretical and practical problems will contribute to the effective long-term formation of the territorial public system "region".
Culture and components of culture.
culture(lat. cultura - cultivation, farming, education, veneration) - the area of human activity associated with the self-expression (cult, imitation) of a person, the manifestation of his subjectivity (subjectivity, character, skills, abilities and knowledge). That is why every culture has additional characteristics, because. is connected both with human creativity and everyday practice, communication, reflection, generalization and his daily life. Any culture must necessarily include three main components: values, norms and means of transmission of cultural patterns. Cultural values are the properties of a social object to satisfy certain needs of individuals. Each individual has his own value system, which can be dominated by both spiritual and material values. In accordance with this system of values, the individual seeks to realize his individual needs. At the same time, in every society there is some generalized, fairly stable or crystallized system of values that characterizes the basic needs of individual groups of the population.
social norms- these are generally recognized rules, patterns of behavior, standards of activity that ensure orderliness, stability and stability of social interaction between individuals and groups. Means of transmission of cultural patterns through which cultural patterns can be passed on to other people or even to other generations. It is important to single out two main means of transmitting cultural patterns that are used by members of society: language and symbolic communications. By language we will understand such a main means of transmitting cultural samples, in which each material or spiritual object of the environment must be assigned a certain set of sounds, in respect of which there is an agreement in a given society. People call absolutely all objects of the surrounding reality with certain words, whether it be a mood, an idea, a feeling, a belief, or a material object.
Cultural geography as a science
Cultural geography- the direction of socio-economic geography, which studies spatial cultural differences and the territorial distribution of cultures.
As a scientific direction created by Karl Sauer in the 1930s, for a long time it developed mainly in the USA. After Sauer, the greatest contribution to the development of cultural geography was made by Richard Hartshorne and Wilbur Zelinsky. Sauer mainly applies the methodology of qualitative and descriptive analysis, the limitations of which in the 1930s Richard Hartshorne, and later the supporters of the revolution of quantitative analysis, sought to overcome in regional geography. In the 1970s there was increasing criticism of positivism in geography and an over-enthusiasm for quantitative methods.
Since the 1980s, such a trend as "new cultural geography" has become known. It draws on the critical theories of Michel de Certo and Gilles Deleuze, which reject the traditional notion of a static space. These ideas were developed in the non-representational theory.
The two main branches of cultural geography are behavioral and cognitive geography.
Areas of study
Globalization, explained as cultural convergence,
Westernization or similar processes of modernization, Americanization, Islamization and others,
theories of cultural hegemony or cultural assimilation through cultural imperialism,
cultural regional differentiation - the study of differences in lifestyle including ideas, social attitudes, language, social practices, institutions and power structures and the full range of cultural practices in a geographical region,
study of the cultural landscape,
· other areas including spirit of place, colonialism, post-colonialism, internationalism, immigration and emigration, eco-tourism.
the place of cultural geography in the system of sciences.
lifestyle geography, which gained its scientific independence (as a branch of public geography) in the 1980s. (Reitviir, 1983), has now become a traditional discipline with fairly well-established approaches and methods, and only a noticeably updated empirical base. For cultural geography, the most significant direction of research is in the geography of lifestyle, which studies the social preferences and interests of the population (including the system of priorities and the specifics of the mentality of people who form territorial communities of different hierarchical levels). A fairly common method of research in this area are sociological surveys of the population. At the same time, the most interesting methods for studying people's value systems, their preferences, as well as identity, are developed in ethnosociology (Arutyunyan, 1995; Sikevich, 1994; Drobizheva, 1995; Arutyunyan et al., 1998; Gudkov, 1995, 1996, 1999, etc. .).
Geography of cultural infrastructure can be considered as a branch of the geography of culture and, at the same time, the geography of the service sector. The number of studies in this area increased markedly in the 1980s–1990s. First, the issues of development and placement of cultural infrastructure occupy a prominent place in comprehensive geographical studies of the service sector (Alekseev, Zubarevich, 1987; Alekseev, Kovalev, Tkachenko, 1991). Secondly, more attention has been paid to the study of the role of cities in the formation of cultural infrastructure (Patsirkovsky, 1985) and the territorial organization of the network of cultural institutions (Darinsky, 1985), museums (Seredina, 1991), institutions that train specialists with higher and vocational education ( Katrovsky, 1988, 1997).
The climax was the announcement cultural geography as an independent discipline of social geography along with social and economic geography (Gokhman, 1984). It happened in the first half of the 1980s. and was associated with the formation of the concept of social geography as a counterbalance to the outdated concepts of economic and socio-economic geography (Reitviir, 1983). From this moment, the formation of the theoretical direction of cultural geography begins, a great contribution to the development of which was made by B.B. Rodoman (1980, 1990), Yu.A. Vedenin (1988, 1990), Yu.D. Dmitrevsky (1990 in collaboration with N.F. Dmitrevskaya, 2000), D.V. Nikolaenko (1999a) and, finally, A.G. Druzhinin (1989, 1990, 1991, 1995 and others).
Having finished the review of the history of the development of a number of scientific disciplines that prepared the basis for the formation and development of domestic cultural geography, let us return to the question of the object and subject of research in this branch of scientific knowledge. So, A.G. Druzhinin defines as the most common object cultural geography territorial organization of culture (TOK). At the same time, the object of study of this scientific discipline turns out to be practically identical to the integral object of social geography - the territorial organization of society. As subject cultural geography, the same author calls the spatial patterns of the TOK, including "all the diversity and hierarchy of its geographically determined and differentiated forms" (Existing, Druzhinin, 1994, p. 10). Raising the question of the object and subject of cultural geography is important not only in itself, but from the point of view of analyzing its internal structure. This will be discussed in the next section of the book.
UVAROV Mikhail Semenovich / Mikhail UVAROV
Russia, Saint-Petersburg. St. Petersburg State University, Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Philosophical Anthropology.
Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor.
Russia, St. Petersburg.
St. Petersburg State University. Faculty of Philosophy. Department of philosophical anthropology.
PhD in philosophy, professor.
CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY IN A CULTUROLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE (ANALYTICAL REVIEW)
The article is devoted to the development of cultural geography as a new humanitarian direction on domestic soil. From the author's point of view, the history of the formation of cultural geography resembles the fate of cultural studies both in terms of the main problems and the criteria of institutionalization. At the same time, the "worlds" of cultural studies and cultural geography today exist independently of each other. Specialists in the field of cultural geography use semiotic, philosophical and cultural methodology, but rarely refer to cultural and philosophical knowledge directly. The author examines the general trends in the relationship between cultural geography and cultural studies. Particular attention is paid to the correlation of problematic fields of cultural geography, humanitarian geography, geopoetics, sacred geography. The article includes an analytical review of the latest sources on cultural geography in Russian and English.
Key words: cultural geography, cultural studies, humanitarian geography, poetic geography, geopoetics, sacred geography, cultural landscape, topochrone, urban studies
Cultural Geography in Perspective of Culturology (an Analytic Review)
The article deals with the development of cultural geography as a new research field in Russia. From the author's point of view, the history of cultural geography examines the fate of culturology in terms of the major problems, as well as the criteria, of institutionalization. However, culturology and cultural geography exist independently of one another today. Specialists in the field of cultural geography use the methodologies of semiotics, philosophy and culturology (cultural studies), but rarely apply them directly to culturology and philosophical knowledge. A survey of contemporary publications in Russian and English is included.
Key words: Cultural geography, culturology, cultural studies, human geography, poetic geography, geopoetics, sacral geography, cultural landscape, topochronos, urban studies
Introduction
Cultural geography on domestic soil is undoubtedly booming. In this sense, its fate resembles the fate of culturological knowledge - both in terms of problems, and in terms of the timing of its emergence, and in terms of the signs of the initial "non-recognition", and in terms of the criteria of official institutionalization. At the same time, the world of cultural studies and the world of cultural geography still exist relatively independently of each other. As a rule, culturologists (as well as philosophers) at the first mention perceive the concept of "cultural geography" as new and obscure. The same applies to the related concept of "humanitarian geography". Cultural
* The work was supported by a grant from St. Petersburg State University, Event No. 7 for 2011 (compilation of scientific and analytical reviews)
geographers, for their part, using a similar methodology, rarely address cultural and philosophical knowledge directly. Thus, we have a situation of mutual maturation, very reminiscent of the nihilistic (adolescent) stage of the formation of a person who defends his autonomy and independence.
The purpose of this introductory article is to consider those general trends that in the future may be able to unite the efforts of specialists from different humanitarian profiles, to remove some external discrepancies.
Cultural geography has historically emerged as a special direction within socio-economic geography. The subject of her research was the spatial and cultural differences between the regions of the Earth, based on the identification of geographical spaces in terms of
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| Cultural Geography in a Cultural Perspective (Analytical Review) |
CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY
their cultural identity. The scientific direction itself was founded by the American scientist Karl Sauer in the early 30s of the XX century. A significant contribution to the development of cultural geography was made by Richard Hartshorne and Wilbur Zelinsky.
In Russia, cultural geography is mainly interpreted as a branch of (meta)geographic research. At the same time, there is an obvious tendency to use in cultural geography the most proven methods of the humanities, primarily semiotic and philosophical-culturological ones. In the domestic tradition, there are a number of fundamental studies (Yu. M. Lotman, V. N. Toporov, R. O. Yakobson, D. S. Likhachev, S. S. Averintsev, M. M. Bakhtin, A. Ya. Gurevich, M. S. Kagan, A. Ya. Flier and others), made in the semiotic and historical and cultural keys. They never belonged to the direction of "cultural geography", although they implicitly contain the ideas of this direction of the humanities. At the same time, there is a special trend in cultural and geographical thought, whose followers directly develop the ideas of cultural (and humanitarian) geography (Yu. A. Vedenin, R. F. Turovsky, V. L. Kagansky, V. N. Kalutskov , A. G. Druzhinin, D. N. Zamyatin, V. P. Maksakovskii, M. V. Ragulina, I. I. Mitin, O. A. Lavrenova, etc.).
Thus, the general trends in the development of cultural geography indicate that we are dealing with an interdisciplinary research field that requires its interpretation in a broad cultural horizon. There is no doubt that the potential of "landscape" and "topochronous" strategies of cultural and geographical knowledge is very high.
Such common problems for cultural studies and cultural geography as clarifying areas of knowledge about culture within the framework of a common “classification of sciences”, coordinating basic research strategies and descriptive procedures, and identifying local originality of the main spatial universals of culture need to be discussed. Experience shows that the difficulties that arise in the way of serious cultural studies are similar to the problems that arise in other areas of humanitarian knowledge (psychology, pedagogy, cultural/humanitarian geography, etc.).
Cultural geography, humanitarian geography, poetic geography (geopoetics), sacred geography: their relationship.
Geographic knowledge, both physical and social, has a long history. In history, geographers often described features of terrestrial spaces that today are considered to be related to the creative activity of man, and not to the physical characteristics of the landscape. So, one of the predecessors of Herodotus, the ancient Greek historian and geographer Hecateus from Miletus (490-550 BC), along with a description of the geographical features of the area, interpreted the nature and habits of the inhabitants of the ancient era, that is, combined geographical studies with "human studies".
Having experienced a long “positivist” period in its history, when concrete geographical methods in the field of economic, physical, political geography prevailed and were even considered the only possible ones, geographic
physical knowledge has entered a new period of its development. From 1960-1970 In connection with the criticism of positivist and Marxist approaches, the first conceptual studies appeared that combined geographical and general cultural discourses. This is connected with the emergence of such a direction as critical geography.
Critical geography was already on the threshold of that variety of cultural-geographical knowledge, which later received the names of "humanistic" (in Russian meaningful transcriptions - "humanitarian") geography and "new cultural geography".
At the same time, the problems of the so-called poetic geography (geopoetics) are becoming topical today. The general humanitarian roots of geopoetics can be found in ancient culture - both in its artistic aspect and in theoretical research (Aristotle's Poetics). In Russian culture, the roots of geopoetic thinking can be found both in the works of great poets (A. S. Pushkin. M. Yu. Lermontov, F. I. Tyutchev, N. Gumilev, A. A. Akhmatova. A. Blok, I. Brodsky) and prose writers (L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov, M. A. Bulgakov, A. Platonov, A. Green), and in other areas of art. Modern cultural thinking "necessarily comes to geopoetics" (V. Kulakov). As numerous studies of semiotics and topology have shown, spatial consciousness today acquires the status of "cartographic", receives artistic "vision" where the ordinary eye sees only geometric schemes of cities and transport interchanges.
The founder of Western geopoetics is Kenneth White, who describes the history of the emergence of this direction in the following way:
“I created the International Institute of Geopoetics on my own in Paris, having knocked together an intellectual core of 40 people around me. The main thing I am interested in is the continuation of life on earth (this is what mankind neglects to the greatest extent!) -the earth through all the riches of the language. To accomplish this task, the category of the poetic is fundamental. The poetic underlies all spiritual and intellectual activity. Why can we talk about the category of poetic in linguistics, psychology, sociology, but not in politics.
The importance of the poetic (perception of the world) is obvious and it is necessary to work on creating a more dynamic, life-giving, life-forming poetics. This is what I have been working on for the past few years. This is my own work - in prose and in verse, in collections of essays - and our institute is based on this. This is an interdisciplinary community that brings together, for example, geographers, biologists, psychologists and sociologists. The goal of common work is a wonderful and harmonious sense of the world...” (From an interview with Atlas magazine).
We have been separated from the earth for a long time: all Western philosophy and science is based on classification and division (roughly speaking, in order to “know” a thing, a Western person must dissect it, tearing it out of the environment).
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And only now are we beginning to turn to a more holistic understanding of things.
I prefer to introduce philosophical reasoning into the canvas of the narrative gradually, unobtrusively, implanting them in being and traveling. Heidegger noted somewhere that it was the Germans who always sinned with a detailed, comprehensive reflection on phenomena, and this reflection is usually associated with “pacing”, with walking, traveling.
The main question of my close attention is the earth: how to exist on it, how to coexist with it for a person. This is the main question. And not even because most of the answers to it turned out to be untenable and did not withstand any criticism of time, but more because the need to answer it becomes a matter of survival ... ”(From an interview with Jonathan Fraser about the American edition of the book“ La Route Bleue ")1.
Many Western researchers insist on a synthetic understanding of the concept of "cultural geography" (for an overview of their points of view, see the corresponding section of this article), although we do not find an unambiguous understanding here either. For example, one of the authoritative English-language sites gives the following basic definitions:
Cultural geography is one of the two major branches of geography (along with physical geography) and is often referred to as human geography. Cultural geography is concerned with the study of the many facets of culture found throughout the world and how they relate to the geographic locations where cultural events take place, and at the same time explores how people move in different directions. Some areas of cultural geography focus on the study of language, religion, various economic and government structures, art, music, and other cultural aspects that explain how and/or why people exist in the areas in which they live. In this sense, globalization becomes that important factor, based on which various cultural phenomena easily “travel” around the world.<..>. Today, cultural geography has practical implications in more specialized areas such as feminist geography, children's geography, tourism, urban geography, gender geography, and political geography. It is developed with the aim of studying a variety of cultural practices and human activities, to the extent that they are spatially interconnected2.
We find a similar understanding in the Encyclopædia Britannica. At the same time, the English-language Wikipedia considers cultural geography to be a section of Human geography.
1 See: http://www.liter.net/geopoetics/golov.html
2 http://geography.about.com/od/culturalgeography/a/culturalovervie.
As for the relationship between cultural and humanitarian geography, D. N. Zamyatin has a special point of view on this issue. In particular, he believes that
Humanitarian geography is an interdisciplinary scientific direction that studies various ways of representing and interpreting terrestrial spaces in human activity, including mental (mental) activity. The basic concepts that humanitarian geography operates with are a cultural landscape (also an ethno-cultural landscape), a geographical image, a regional (spatial) identity, a spatial or local myth (regional mythology). The concept of "humanitarian geography" is closely related and intersects with the concepts of "cultural geography", "human geography", "sociocultural (social) geography", "social geography", "humanistic geography"<...>At the beginning of the XXI century. the concept of "humanitarian geography" is often perceived as a synonym for the concept of "cultural geography". Unlike cultural geography, humanitarian geography: 1) may include various aspects of the study of political, social and economic geography related to the interpretation of terrestrial spaces; 2) is positioned as an interdisciplinary scientific field that is not included in whole or in its main part in the complex of geographical sciences; 3) shifts the center of research activity towards the processes of formation and development of mental constructs that describe, characterize and structure the primary complexes of spatial perceptions and ideas...3 In recent years, research on the so-called "sacred geography" has become increasingly relevant. Here, there are no particular disputes about its relationship with other "geographies", and, despite the fact that sacred geography is gradually being singled out as a special area of research, it is usually considered one of the sections of cultural geography. Most of the works written in this genre are quite culturological in content and synthesize such areas of cultural knowledge as artistic creativity, religious art and religious philosophy, cultural and historical research.
As it seems to the author of this article, from a culturological point of view, the thematic division that exists today within the general problems of cultural geography is not associated with fundamental differences in methodological guidelines or in the subject of research. More often we are talking about the competition of various scientific schools and directions, the struggle for priority, etc.
So, for example, the "absorption" of cultural geography by human geography can be terminologically explained by the fact that the concept of "humanitarian" is wider than the concept of "cultural", since the sciences of culture are part of the humanities. But at the same time, the "sciences of culture" include a large
3 Zamyatin D.N. Humanitarian geography: space, imagination and interaction of modern humanities // Sociological Review. T. 9. No. 3. 2010. S. 26-27.
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a layer of anthropological knowledge, and in this sense there can be no talk of any “absorption”. Rather, we can talk about the intersection of cultural studies and cultural geography. Moreover, such an intersection, in which cultural-geographical knowledge can be partially represented as cultural knowledge.
Thus, terminological studies only confuse the essence of the issue. The author of the article believes that from the standpoint of modern culturological knowledge, one can speak of four varieties of cultural geography, which are peculiar levels (spheres, layers) of geographical knowledge, considered in a culturological perspective:
1. Macro level: [New] cultural geography
2. Micro level: Human geography
3. Meta level: Poetic geography (geopoetics - geopoetics)
4. Sacred level: Sacred geography (sacral geography)
Our review of the latest literature is based precisely on this understanding of the structure and tasks of cultural geography.
previous reviews. In many studies on cultural (humanitarian) geography, there are solid reviews of the literature. Let's take a look at two of them.
Harvey, David. Justice, Nature & The Geography of Difference. N.Y.: Blackwell Publishing, 1996.
Hayden, Dolores. The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes as Public History. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1991.
Lefebre, Henry. The Production of Space / Transl. by Donald Nicholson-Smith. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991.
Lofland, Lynn. The Public Realm: Exploring the City "sQuintessentialTerritory. N. Y., 1998.
Soja, Edward. Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory. L., N. Y.: Verso, 1989.
According to N. A. Chernyaeva (and many other modern researchers), today the humanities are experiencing a significant shift in the field of methodology, associated with the strengthening of the spatial-geographical component. In place of the former thinking matrices based on the historical paradigm (in which any material was located primarily along the temporal axis and was considered in historical development), there are such ways of understanding the material that can be called geographical. The influence of "geographical" thinking is felt in philosophy, literary criticism, anthropology, sociology and many other branches. Each of these sciences more and more actively operates with metaphors of space, starting with the concept of "situational knowledge" (situated knowledge), introduced into scientific circulation by feminist theory, the concept of "localized subjective
4 Humanities. Issue. 9. (No. 35 (2005), section "Reviews".
localized subjectivity in cultural studies and cultural anthropology and ending with such metadisciplinary categories as globalization, diaspora, post- and neo-colonization, etc. The new cultural geography, according to many of its followers, supplies the means of expression and voice to those social subjects, which are associated with the deterritorialization of modern space - with shifts in state and cultural boundaries, with neo- and post-colonial development, with the marginalization of some and the rise of other territories ...
Conceptual reviews of the problems of cultural and humanitarian geography are contained in the main works of D. N. Zamyatin, one of the founders of modern Russian humanitarian geography.
In the work “Culture and Space: Modeling of Geographical Images”, published in 2006, the author devotes the first chapter (pp. 21-84) to the classification of the diversity of sources on the topic under study. The traditions of studying the images of geographical space in philosophy, in other humanities, in humanitarian geography, natural sciences, as well as the general specificity of geographical images in culture are consistently analyzed. At the end of the chapter, conclusions and links to several hundred sources are given.
Reviews of various volumes are also contained in the relevant dissertations and monographic studies on the topic.
Overview of sources in Russian
Let's start the review with the abstracts of I. I. Mitin's conceptual speech at the meeting of the Commission on Cultural Geography, held in Moscow in February 2006.
“It is advisable to propose a new framework and more geographical definition of cultural geography as one of the geographical sciences that studies the patterns of formation and development, as well as the rules for constructing and transforming territorial cultural systems. The latter are proposed to be understood as systems consisting of elements (artifacts and mentifacts) of culture, the relationship between which is mediated by the territory. All interpretations of cultural landscapes (cultural areas, cultural areas) fall under this definition - both implying real objects and ideas about them in culture; in fact, attention to the second understanding adds to cultural geography the second part of the subject area. In this interpretation, the creation of complex cultural and geographical characteristics is one of the main tasks of cultural geography; it is a method of research and a form of presentation of information about the territorial cultural system, aimed at reflecting the uniqueness of the place<...>"5.
II Mitin understands cultural geography in an applied (practical) sense, which allows modeling the plan and methodology of concrete field research. This point
5 http://rgo.msk.ru/commissions/cultural/2006_02_08-2.html
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ka of view is extremely important, as it allows cultural geography to remain on solid "geographical" ground, without crossing the line of merging with cultural studies (or with cultural anthropology). In addition, this point of view is quite consistent with the latest trends in Western cultural geography, which emphasizes the practical use of cultural-geographical knowledge.
Dissertation research. In recent years, several doctoral dissertations have been defended in cultural geography in the field of geographical sciences, as well as cultural studies (D.N. Zamyatin) and philosophy (O.A. Lavrenova). Let's highlight some of them.
Ragulina M. V. Cultural geography: Theories, methods, regional synthesis. Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Geographical Sciences. Irkutsk, 2005 (specialty 25.00.24)
The scientific problem solved in the dissertation is connected with the analytical understanding of the phenomenon of cultural geography, identifying the trends of its modern development in Russia. According to the author of the dissertation, cultural geography is a powerful and authoritative branch of human geography, which is currently being rediscovered by Russian geographical thought. The content and possibilities of today's human geography are directly related to the dynamic and not always predictable nature of the changes taking place in society. Not so long ago, evolutionary models proclaiming the limitless possibilities of technology and scientific and technological progress were the basis of general scientific methodology. Modernization and post-modernization of Western societies gave rise to globalist theories of what seemed to be a near future. In Russian geography, the most important problematic fields often remained “behind the scenes” that did not fit into its rigid framework. The living fabric of human-natural being was divided into a strictly defined and ranked subdisciplinary series, where a person as such, together with his everyday life world, was simply not appropriate: The hypertrophied anthropocentricity of foreign branches of human geography was criticized as a manifestation of subjective idealism. In Russia, problems and approaches, the very spirit of anthropogeography of the early twentieth century. could become a solid foundation; further development of geography.
Kalutskov VN Landscape concept in cultural geography. Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Geographical Sciences. Moscow, 2009 (specialty 25.00.24)
The scientific problem to be solved by the dissertation research can be formulated as the development of a new cultural and landscape area of research in cultural geography. Modern Russian geography has a powerful predecessor in the form of Russian anthropogeography of the first quarter of the 20th century, which makes it possible to better understand the uniqueness of the processes of humanization of modern Russian geography. However, these processes are quite painful. And it would be a great simplification to see only ideological reasons in everything. Probably, to a much greater extent, the humanization of geography is influenced by the established scientific traditions, including the institutional forms of the organization of science, and the traditions of the geographical
education. At the same time, in each geographical area, in each of its scientific disciplines (even, it would seem, very far from humanitarian issues), there are points of growth that affect the process of humanization of science. In cultural geography, one such point of growth is the landscape concept.
Ethnocultural landscape science is one of the promising areas for the implementation of the landscape concept in cultural geography. In the process of its development, it seeks to fully use the cultural and linguistic possibilities of the very concept of landscape and the theoretical and methodological possibilities of the landscape concept. The subject of ethnocultural landscape science covers the range of issues of ethnocultural development of the Earth's landscapes. It includes four research areas - the doctrine of the cultural landscape, ethno-natural landscape science, anthropological landscape science and linguo-landscape science.
Lavrenova OA Semantics of the cultural landscape. Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Moscow, 2009 (specialty 24.00.01). M., 2010.
In this work, the relationship between the problems of cultural geography and semiotic analysis is most clearly manifested, which is used in philosophical and cultural discourse.
As the author writes, the problem of the relationship between culture and space, the spatial characteristics of culture is an area of constant interest in both the humanities and the natural sciences. In multidirectional studies of culture, the meanings of geographical space and landscape created by culture are becoming increasingly important.
One of the fundamental ideas of the dissertation is related to the fact that the existence of culture in geographical space is inseparable from the process of symbolizing the environment. At the same time, according to O. A. Lavrenova, geographical objects and/or toponyms become metaphors, symbols, signs if there are stable associations in culture with certain historical events, artifacts or unique features of the natural landscape. Therefore, we can say that geographic space is inseparable from the images and symbols created by culture, which acquire the characteristics of an integral system, which can reasonably be considered as a geocultural space.
The cultural landscape is a phenomenon that lies in that section of the semiosphere, where the sign systems of culture are directly connected with the geographical space in general and its individual objects in particular.
Accordingly, it is possible to raise the problem of studying the cultural landscape as a sign system - the problem of the semantics of the cultural landscape. The study of this problem brings to a new methodological level a whole layer of disparate studies on the geography of spiritual culture, philosophical and cultural studies in the field of geographical images and ideas as a phenomenon of culture.
Monographic studies and periodicals. The range of monographic research in areas adjacent to cultural geography is extremely large. Let's take a look at some of the work.
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Gachev G. D. National images of the world. M., 1993-2007. In this series, the author, in particular, published books:
Images of India: experience of existential cultural studies. M., 1993
National Images of the World: General Issues Russian. Bulgarian. Kyrgyz. Georgian. Armenian. M.: Sov. writer, 1988; Moscow: Progress, 1995.
Cosmo-Psycho-Logos. M., 1995.
America in comparison with Russia and the Slavs. M., 1997.
National images of the world: a course of lectures. M., 1998.
National images of the world: Eurasia - the space of a nomad, a farmer and a highlander. M.. 1999.
National images of the world. Russia's neighbors. M., 2003.
Mentality of the peoples of the world. M., 2003.
Cosmo-Psycho-Logos. (2nd ed.). M., 2007. Multi-volume book of the famous Russian philosopher and
culturologist, devoted to the analysis of national images of the world in the dynamics of their development. It gives a detailed presentation of the spatio-temporal characteristics of cultural worlds in their unique historical coordinates. These works have never been "officially" related to the problems of cultural geography, they are not often referred to by representatives of this direction of geographical thought. However, their role in understanding the synthesis of the problems of cultural, humanitarian and poetic geography is undoubted.
1. The problem concerns the Whole. It is comprehensible only by the joint efforts of rational and figurative thinking, and therefore the work here goes on “thought images”.
2. The study is animated by the pathos of internationalism and equality: in the orchestra of world culture, each national integrity is dear to everyone else and its unique timbre, and harmony with everyone.
3. Every nation sees the Single dispensation of Being (international) in a special projection, which I call "the national image of the world." This is a variant of the invariant (a single world civilization, a single historical process).
4. Any national integrity is Cosmo-Psycho-Logos, that is, the unity of national nature, mentality and thinking.
5. The nature of each country is a text, full of meanings<.. .>In the course of work during the time of History, a specific people solves the call and testament of Nature and creates Culture.
6. Nature and Culture are in dialogue: both in identity and in complementarity: Society and History are called upon to make up for what is not bestowed on the country by nature.
7. The national (as well as the ethnos and language) is subject to social, class differences, tensions and splits, but this is a problem of the second stage and aerobatics; first you need to find out what can become splinterable.
8. The national image of the world is reflected in pantheons, cosmogony, shines through in a set of basic archetypes-symbols in art. The path closest to us is the analysis of the national figurativeness of literature and the consideration through it
the entire thickness of culture, including natural science - as texts of scientific literature.
This analysis is extended by G. D. Gachev to the cultural and geographical images of various regions of the world.
The first and obvious thing that, according to the author, determines the type of the national model of the world is the nature in which the people grow up and create their own history. The nature of each country is not a geographical concept, not an environment. Nature is a mystical substance, “prirodina” is nature and homeland, mother is the earth to her people. As a metalanguage for my descriptions, the author writes, I use the language of four elements, adhering to the ancient tradition of natural philosophy: earth, water, air, fire, understood broadly and symbolically - the essence of the words of this metalanguage, and eros serves as syntax. I am researching, continues G. D. Gachev, which element of culture outweighs, for which people or country space is more important, for which time, which is more characteristic of this people in culture.
Kagansky VL Cultural landscape and Soviet habitable space: Collection of articles. M., 2001 (additionally: Kagansky V.L. Landscape and culture. M., 1997; his own: Cultural landscape: basic concepts in Russian geography // Observatory of Culture: review journal. - 2009. - No. 1. P. 62-70)
According to the author, the cultural landscape has become a subject of increased interest over the past decades, especially in Russia. The concept of “cultural landscape” itself attracts considerable attention. It has never belonged entirely to any one field of knowledge or activity, but the cultural landscape as such is explored, comprehended and represented mainly by geography (understood broadly). One of the leading leitmotifs of all geography is precisely the landscape.
V. L. Kagansky adheres to a fairly broad understanding of the term "culture", which implies, in particular, the consideration of science, and, consequently, the scientific discipline "geography" as one of the areas of human culture. Thus, the functioning of the concept of "cultural landscape" in science is a special case of its existence in our culture. The cultural landscape is a phenomenon and an object (both scientific and cultural), which is obviously given as a family of concepts, and none of them can claim universality and monopoly.
Archetype of the cultural landscape. The landscape, according to V. L. Kagansky, is also shaped in that sphere of its existence, which is now commonly called mentality. Landscape images, including conceptual images, its self-descriptions, “auto-presentations”, images-and-myths, are its component, a special part no less important and no less durable than all the others. This is by no means an appendage or appendage to the physicality of the landscape, on the contrary: the majority of people live precisely and above all in this reality of the image, the myth; For most people, phase space is more vital than landscape space. Actually, few people live in the landscape. The character “the author is a resident of the landscape; texts - stories of a traveler in the world of landscape.
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In many ways, the collection of scientific articles published in Vilnius adjoins the previous edition:
P.S. Landscapes: optics of urban research / holes. ed. N. Milerius, B. Cope. Vilnius, 2008.
The collection is an interesting attempt to present a variety of approaches and conceptualizations in urban space studies in a context that is usually labeled as post-socialist. Abbreviation "P.S." in the interpretation of the authors of the book and in its various sections, it means both Post-soaalist, Post-Soros, and Post-Scriptum, and even Pferd-Starke. The preface to the book explains in detail this author's move, which makes it possible to highlight various aspects of the formation and existence of post-Soviet urban spaces in a style. The main purpose of this collection is to initiate a discussion about the different dimensions of urban space and how it can be coordinated with the social whole. The collection is intended primarily for university audiences, anyone interested in the methodology of social and cultural research, as well as for various researchers of urban space practices.
The main sections of the book:
P.S. cities: Breaking the order of time and space
P.S. cities: Economics and/or politics?
P.S. cities: Urbanization in question?
According to the author, the cultural landscape is a problematic field of the relationship between culture and space, the spatial characteristics of culture; this is a part of the semiosphere, where geographical objects, toponyms, hydronyms act as signs. In it, the meanings of geographical space created by culture are of great importance. Culture re-structures the space of its habitat, and ideas about the environment turn into a sign system. Thus, the sign system created by culture is genetically linked to the basic attitudes and codes of culture. Being realized in space, any culture becomes a spatial phenomenon that cannot be studied without relying on the concepts of noosphere and pneumatosphere.
The work is interesting due to the use of a pronounced semiotic and cultural-philosophical methodology, as well as a specific analysis of various geographical spaces, including the semiotics of St. Petersburg, Moscow and Perm.
Abashe VV Perm as a text: Perm in Russian culture and literature of the XX century. Perm, 2008.
The second edition of the book (the first was published in 2000) is the first volume of a 12-volume project of publishing books about Perm, which is currently underway.
According to the author's concept, the Perm text includes a wide range of "internal texts" characteristic of historically important geocultural spaces. So, analyzing written sources from Epiphanius the Wise
to Pasternak and modern samizdat poems, the author includes in the concept of the Perm text features of landscape, history, geography, everyday life in their semiotic horizon. The analysis of the local texts of Perm in the last century leads to the conclusion about the interaction of various semiotic coordinates of the cultural text.
The author's point of view is that the development of modern culture as a whole is characterized by the enlargement of the objects of study. The city as a phenomenon of culture and social life is of increasing interest. Here the interests of history, anthropology, sociology, political science and geography meet.
Trubina E. G. City in theory: experiments in understanding space. M., 2011.
The book examines classical and modern theories of cities - from the classical Chicago school to the actor-network theory that has developed over the past decade. Significant ideas of urban theory are reproduced taking into account the specifics of post-Soviet cities and the difficulties that researchers face in studying them. As emphasized in the reviews of this book, it is rather a textbook on the sociology of urban studies, which is rather rare in our educational space. At the same time, the book is built on the basis of a good knowledge of the Western urban tradition and fits well into the general dynamics of the study of modern cities. According to the author, in the course of fixing large-scale social transformations of modernity by European philosophy and sociology, the city acts as one of the most representative parts of society, embodying the relationship of industrialization and urbanization, alienation and normalization. Urban theory, as the author believes, can be considered a part of social theory. The complexity of the interaction of social theory and the city is due to the fact that the city is both the main space in which social changes take place and the key place in which social theory is created.
The book is equipped with interesting applied material, as well as a detailed bibliography by chapters of the study.
Recently, as already mentioned, works connected with the problems of sacred geography are gaining more and more weight. And although most researchers believe that sacred geography is a special branch of cultural geography associated with the study of cultural spaces of various religious content, nevertheless, the specifics of research on sacred geography are quite obvious.
The boundaries of the sacred in modern culture are not always fixed accurately. This feature is manifested, in particular, in the ability of our contemporary to freely perform a "nomadic movement": to cross cultural and geographical boundaries, to move from one cultural-re-
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| Cultural Geography in a Cultural Perspective (Analytical Review) |
CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY
religious center to another, that is, to be a citizen of the world, a man of culture. Religious modifications inherent in the world without borders impose special obligations on all participants in this cultural and geographical process. One of the indicative concepts within the framework of sacred geography is the book by Lidov A. M. Hierotopia: Spatial Icons and Paradigm Images in Byzantine Culture, Moscow, 2009.
The work is devoted to the history and theory of the creation of sacred spaces in culture (on the example of Byzantine art). It is based on recent research, which largely continues the author's work on the symbolism and iconography of the Byzantine and Old Russian churches. At the same time, it reflects a fundamentally new methodological approach and a special theory of artistic culture. The theory is based on three interrelated concepts introduced by the author into the humanities and included in the title of the book. The most general is the concept of "hierotopy", according to which the creation of sacred spaces should be considered as a special sphere of creativity and an independent area of historical research. Based on all available sources, the book reconstructs specific projects of “spatial icons” and reveals characteristic “images-paradigms”, at the same time it offers a new look at a whole layer of phenomena of artistic culture that previously did not fall into the objective world of art history.
According to the author of the book, the almost complete absence of scientific works in this direction is largely due to the fact that in the modern language there is no adequate term-concept denoting this area of activity. The widespread term "sacred space" cannot fully correspond to the task, since it is too general, describing almost the entire sphere of the religious. A few years ago, a new concept was proposed - "hierotopia". The term itself is built on the principle of combining the Greek words “hieros” (sacred) and “topos” (place, space, concept), just like many words that have taken root in modern consciousness over the past hundred years (for example, iconography). The essence of the concept can be formulated as follows: hierotopy is the creation of sacred spaces, considered as a special kind of creativity, as well as a special area of historical research in which specific examples of this creativity are identified and analyzed. The task of hierotopy is to realize the existence of a special and very large phenomenon that needs to determine the boundaries of its research field and develop special methods of study.
A series of books by a well-known researcher, one of the leaders of Russian humanitarian geography. Zamyatin D.N. Humanitarian geography: Space and language of geographical images. St. Petersburg, 2003; Zamyatin D.N. Meta-geography: Space of images and images of space. M., 2004; Zamyatin D.N. Culture and space: Modeling of geographical images. M., 2006.
From his point of view, throughout its history, geography was predominantly a natural science, but not alien to art. Geographers never forgot about
images of places and territories, about the beauty of the earthly space itself. Geography became interested in space in itself quite recently - only in the first half of the 19th century, when the German geographer Karl Ritter formulated the methodological foundations for the study of terrestrial spaces. Remaining largely a natural science during the 19th-20th centuries, geography gradually increased its humanitarian and scientific capabilities and "ambitions", trying to understand the laws of human perception and transformation of the Earth.
Actually, the entire series of books by D.N. Zamyatin is devoted to the interpretation of this issue. The layer of problems that the author introduces into the sphere of humanitarian geography is impressive. In addition to geopolitical and geocultural discourses, D.N. Zamyatin draws on material from the history of artistic culture, urbanism, postmodern philosophy and culture, and many others. In this sense, humanitarian geography is more likely to become a kind of cultural discipline than an independent field of study (it is worth recalling that D.N. Zamyatin defended his doctoral dissertation for a degree in cultural studies).
The author is interested in the problem of modeling geographical images, which is one of the most important. The rapid introduction in the last few decades of social-scientific and humanitarian-scientific approaches in various areas of geographical research has led to the formation of an interdisciplinary problematic methodological field.
Space and time are the most natural and organic coordinates of culture, the author believes. Every culture has its own unique spatial dimensions. These dimensions are expressed not only in specific geographical conditions in which culture develops, but also in certain images of space (geographical images) generated by the culture under study. Geographical images are an essential component of the culture in question, as well as culture in general (taken in its abstract sense). At the same time, these images have a significant impact on the formation and development of culture itself, defining a number of its unique features and phenomena.
The problems of the correlation of culture and space, their interaction are extremely relevant both in the field of scientific search for various humanitarian disciplines (culturology, political science, history, philology, psychology, etc.), and in the field of direct practical human activity - whether it is the protection of cultural and natural heritage , foreign and domestic policy of states, international relations, socio-economic development of various regions and countries. A significant part of modern humanitarian and scientific research is focused on the study of various kinds of spatial concepts and images, and such studies have a serious impact on the development of the general methodology of the humanities in general (for example, the study of images of space in linguistics and literary criticism). Along with this, most of this kind of work practically does not come into contact with similar attempts and research in the natural sciences - primarily in cultural, political and social geography.
UVAROV Mikhail Semenovich /Mikhail UVAROV
| Cultural Geography in a Cultural Perspective (Analytical Review) |
CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY
The presence of such a "Rubicon", which has not yet been crossed, reduces the overall methodological and applied potential for studying the problems of interaction between culture and space.
D. N. Zamyatin notes that economic practices are increasingly focused on the use of images of space, ranging from images of small rural areas, cities, cultural landscapes and ending with images of administrative and political formations of the state, regional political unions and even civilizations. Cultural policies, political actions and economic decisions in the modern world cannot be imagined without purposeful, well-packaged applied spatial images, which are an integral and significant part of them.
In fact, the problem of modeling geographical images refers, according to D.N. Zamyatin, to the phenomenology of culture, which analyzes theoretical and methodological searches in other sciences, but at the same time provides a single, “cross-cutting” view of the problem posed and, accordingly, determines the range of proposed author of theoretical and methodological techniques.
Additional sources. Summarizing scientific and methodological articles and studies, including a detailed review of the formation of the idea of cultural geography in Western and Russian humanitarian thought. Different in genres, sometimes incompatible in terms of historical, cultural, cultural and philosophical concepts of research, revealing the possibility of a polyvariant consideration of the basic ideas of cultural geography. Leading researchers in this area reveal a variety of approaches in this area6.
Humanitarian geography. Scientific and educational almanac. Issue. I-VI. Moscow: Institute of heritage, 2004-20097.
Almanac "Humanitarian Geography" is devoted to the study of the "alternative" (and at the same time basic) concept of "gu-
6 Vedenin Yu.A., Turovsky R.F. Cultural geography, M., 2001; Kalutskov V.N. Landscape in cultural geography. Moscow: New Chronograph, 2008; Cultural geography / Nauchn. ed. Yu.A. Vedenin, R.F. Turovsky. M.: Institute of Heritage, 2001; The geography of art. Issue. I-IV. Moscow: Institute of heritage, 1996-2005.
7 Main issues: Humanitarian geography: Scientific and cultural and educational almanac / Compiled, responsible. ed. D. N. Zamyatin; ed. Baldin A., Galkina T., Zamyatin D. et al. Vol. 1. M.: Heritage Institute,
2004. 431 p.; Humanitarian geography: Scientific and cultural and educational almanac / Comp., otv. ed. D. N. Zamyatin; ed. Andreeva E., Belousov S., Galkina T. et al. 2. M.: Heritage Institute,
2005. 464 p.; Humanitarian geography: Scientific and cultural and educational almanac / Comp., otv. ed. D. N. Zamyatin; ed. Abdulova I., Amogolonova D., Baldin A. et al. Issue. 3. M.: Heritage Institute,
2006. 568 p.; Humanitarian geography: Scientific and cultural and educational almanac / Comp., otv. ed. D. N. Zamyatin; ed. Abdulova I., Amogolonova D., Gerasimenko T. et al. 4. M.: Heritage Institute, geography) and related areas. The journal raises topical issues related to the social and cultural problems of geography and contributes to the development of scientific discussions about them. It strives to be accessible to the international scientific community by inviting foreign authors and experts for cooperation.
The journal supports the publications of young scientists (bachelors and masters). All scientific articles in this journal are peer-reviewed.
Journal of Cultural Geography Published By: Frequency: 3 issues per year. Volume Number: 28
Journal of Cultural Geography. Routledge Publishing (frequency 3 issues per year; Issue No. 28, 2010 - latest available issue).
Since 1979, this journal has been an international forum for scientific research on the territorial aspects of the residence of various groups of people and their activities. In published studies, these problems are associated with landscape representations and diverse cultural phenomena. The journal is distinguished by the high quality of articles written in an accessible style. In addition to voluminous scientific works, popular essays are published on special thematic issues related to the main topics of the journal. Reviews of new books on cultural geography and related disciplines are also published.
Don Mitchell. Cultural Geography: A critical introduction. 2000. 325 p.
Don Mitchell. Cultural Geography: A Critical Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell, 2000. 325 p.
A critical appraisal of the transformations within Western cultural geography that have taken place over the past two decades. Cultural geography, according to the author, explains cultural changes in various geographical areas - from politics to everyday life, in the sphere of production and consumption - up to the problems of sexuality, gender, race and nationality.
Among the specific issues requiring further attention and highlighted in the work of Don Mitchell are the following:
Analysis of recent transformations in cultural geographical theory, revision and demand for the most
valuable aspects of old traditions;
The resumption of discussions on the problems of the ideology of culture, the production of value and the role of cultural confrontation in the reproduction of social life.
The development of cultural-geographical theory on the example of understanding modern "cultural wars".
Beyond Territory Dynamic Geographies of Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion and Innovation / edited by Harald Bathelt, Maryann Feldman, Dieter F. Kogler. Published by Routledge, 2011. 294 p. (Series: Regions and Cities)
Beyond the Territory of Dynamic Geographies of Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion and Innovation / eds.: Harald Butler, Marianne Feldman, Dieter F. Kogler. Routledge Publishing House, 2011. 294 p. (series "Regions and cities")
The main purpose of the book is to discuss new trends in dynamic geographic innovation. The authors argue that in the era of growing globalization, two trends seem to be dominant: a rigid territorial model of innovation and localized configurations of innovation activity. The book brings together scientists who work in this field. Instead of addressing well-known concepts and theories, the book is aimed at discussing the unclear ("narrow") issues associated with rigid territorializations (territorializations) and simplistic political activity. The authors present evidence that innovations, although not exclusively dependent on regional contexts, can have a special impact on the situation in each separate territory. The book introduces new empirical and conceptual data. The work was carried out by an interdisciplinary team of leading scientists in such fields as economic geography, innovative research and political science. Building on recent discussions around innovation systems of various types, it aims to summarize new economic and cultural innovations and new perspectives in the field of cultural geography research.
It is significant that in the Western tradition there is a practice of publishing reference books (books for reading) on cultural geography, which are collections of original articles written in a fairly simple language. They are used in educational work with students, and also serve as a kind of "encyclopedia" of the current state of research in cultural geography. One such popular publication is the Handbook of Cultural Geography / ed. by K. Andersson, M. Domosh, S. Pile, and N. Thrift. Sage Press, 2003 (first edition; last edition - 2009). Handbook of cultural geography / ed.: K. Andersson, M. Domosh, S. Pyle, N. Trift. Sage Press, 2003 (reissued every 1-2 years; latest edition 2009)
For Sage, these publications represent the study of the "art of cultural geography" in its specific fields. The book is intended for an audience that has a fair degree of familiarity with the subject but would like to learn more about a particular topic or expand their understanding and scope of work in that area.
According to the publishers' point of view, cultural geography is not just a "landscape" or "field" discipline. At
UVAROV Mikhail Semenovich /Mikhail UVAROV
| Cultural Geography in a Cultural Perspective (Analytical Review) |
CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY
discussing the subject of cultural geography, its boundaries with adjacent humanitarian areas, it becomes obvious that the "field" of cultural geography is determined by the violation of the usual academic boundaries. It is based on an insatiable enthusiasm for finding new problems and ideas.
When we began to draw up a research plan, the authors write in the preface, we decided that we should try to give it an interdisciplinarity regime, violating in a sense the usual framework of cultural geography. For this purpose, experts were invited to edit sections of the handbook that reflect the thematic interests of cultural geography. The most important were precisely the "fields of interaction" with other disciplines.
This book contains the main questions that cultural geographers are occupied with, reflects the specifics of the discussions that take place in their environment.
A distinctive feature of cultural geography is the transfer of geographical representations to various cultural objects. Geographers are interested in why things, where they are, are presented in their particular meaning, and what happens when they begin to move, cease to be isolated. It is also important how and why this happens. In addition, cultural geography is able to change the style of traditional thinking that exists in geographical knowledge. One could even say that cultural geography is a particular way of thinking that embraces a wide range of questions and ways of answering them.
A Handbook of Cultural Geography, the publishers write, is ultimately a bit of an "unruly" affair. We hope to delight readers, to help them appreciate not only what is inside the book, but what else can be achieved with the ideas invested in it. A book may intrigue, annoy or surprise - but that is exactly what cultural geography is about and aims for. The book includes eight sections (and more than thirty problematic articles):
Fabian, Johannes. Memory versus culture. Duce Univ. press, 2007.
In this book, renowned anthropologist Johannes Fabian evaluates contemporary anthropological practices and their new forms. Twelve essays provide theoretical reflections related to the substantiation of the results of the researcher's previous ethnographic work. Fabian addresses the central issues of the theoretical debate that are closely related to the idea of cultural geography: language and time, history and memory, ethnography and the experience of recognition. The author demonstrates a comprehensive vision of the problems of modern anthropology, making the problem of language the focus of attention.
The place of linguistics in the modern language is investigated, as well as the role of the study of material culture, if we imagine it filled with "other" objects. Turning to the practice of ethnography, Fabian considers the role of the Internet, field notes, and other written documents related to field ethnographic research. Ethnography is understood by him as a necessary part of the geographical vision of the world, and cultural memory as a reflection of the results.
field research conducted by interested practitioners of the case.
The author writes that when he collected essays for the book (the book itself is a transcription of lectures and seminars held over five years), he grouped the main problems into four headings: "Expanding Anthropology", "Language, Time, Objects", "Forget and Remember" and "Ethnography". Although each essay was written for its own purposes, a certain sequence was obtained that reflected both the personal interests of the author and the interests of the organizers and sponsors with whom he collaborated.
On the whole, the book is a typical "course" of Western anthropological thought, according to which the sciences of man should be based on a serious applied foundation, one of which, according to the author, is the "anthropological expansion" of the possibilities of comprehending the space and time of culture.
Additional sources
Carl Sauer on Culture and Landscape: Readings and Commentaries, edited by William M. Denevan and Kent Mathewson. Baton Rouge LU Press, 2009.
Landscape and Culture: The Studies of Carl Suarez. Texts and comments / ed. W. M. Denevan and Kent Meifson, 2009.
Collection of original texts by a well-known Western theorist in the field of cultural and landscape geography, with comments, introductory and final articles by the editors of the publication.
Piet, Richard. Reflections on Modern Geography, Blackwell Publishing, 1998.
The work, written by a professional geographer, is based on historical, applied and theoretical material that reveals the interaction of cultural and geographical spaces in the dynamics of their development.
Zelinsky W. Globalization Reconsidered: The Historical Geography of Modern Western Male Attire // Journal of Cultural Geography. 2004; Zelinsky W. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of North American Society and Cultures. (with John F. Rooney, Jr., Dean Louder, and John D. Vitek) College Station: Texas A&M University Press. 1982.
Zelinsky, Wilbur. Reassessing Globalization: The Historical Geography of Modern Western Menswear // Journal of Cultural Geography, 2004; Zelinsky, Wilbur. This Wonderful Continent: An Atlas of North American Society and Cultural Diversity (with input from Zelinsky's students and colleagues), 1982.
Classic studies of one of the patriarchs of American cultural geography (b. 1921), withstood a large number of editions in different languages. A series of articles in the Journal of Cultural Geography (1985-2005), as well as about 10 fundamental studies of a monographic nature, provide an objective picture of the development of American cultural geography in the 20th century.
CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY
UVAROV Mikhail Semenovich /Mikhail UVAROV
| Cultural Geography in a Cultural Perspective (Analytical Review) |
David Atkinson. Cultural Geography - Wiley-Blackwell, 2005.
The book of a well-known American author sets as its main task the definition of the real territory that cultural geography “occupies”. The work reveals a circle of ideas with the help of which this scientific space is formed. The book is primarily addressed to students of the humanities.
A companion to cultural geography / ed. by James S. Duncan, Nuala Christina Johnson, Richard H. Schein. 2004. 529pp.
Guide [accompanying] to cultural geography / eds.: J. S. Duncan, Christina Johnson, Richard N. Shine.
The book presents a series of essays on the comparative cultural geography of nature, identity, landscape and power. In practice, it is an introduction to modern cultural geography, based on the interpretation of the subjective-objective premises of its interaction with sociology, anthropology (personality theory), natural science and political philosophy.
Conclusion
From the point of view of cultural studies, cultural geography today covers a wide range of social and humanitarian disciplines related to the idea of culture. It acquires its identity as an interdisciplinary direction, the object of study of which is both the spatial diversity of cultures and the problem of their localization in different regions of the Earth. In a broader sense, we are talking about the mutual influence of various symbolic spaces of culture in the topos (and chronotope) of its development. Cultural studies today need to “reverse” the traditional concept of “chronotope” and turn to topochronous studies that nurture the ideas of sustainability, spatial and territorial localization of cultural objects, the semantics of cultural
spaces. In this regard, the theoretical foundations of cultural geography seem to be quite universal in the general humanitarian (and cultural) horizon. Therefore, it requires careful study of methodological issues.
A comparative analysis of domestic and Western sources shows that in Russia the formation of cultural geography occurs with a delay of about 30-40 years. If in Western humanities the quantity and quality of published works is at the level of development of other areas of knowledge (cultural anthropology, economic and political geography, comparative studies within the framework of Cultural Studies, etc.), then we are still talking only about the formation of cultural and geographical knowledge, on determining the boundaries of its competence and lines of interaction with other areas of the humanities. In this sense, the fate of cultural geography resembles the fate of cultural studies on domestic soil, which is also in its infancy.
There is an urgent need not only for close interaction between culturologists, philosophers and specialists in cultural geography, but also a clear request for a philosophical and cultural understanding of the problems of cultural geography. At present, culturologists and philosophers practically do not deal with these problems, do not know about the existence of a special geographical discourse in the field of culture, and do not mention cultural geography in their studies. For its part, the cultural-geographical community is little interested in what is happening in the field of cultural studies. Intersection points are formed, so to speak, at the level of the “reference apparatus”: in scientific works, different authors cite the same sources (for example, Yu. M. Lotman or V. N. Toporov), but this is all ends.
It seems that this situation is temporary, and normal scientific contacts will be established in the coming years.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Vedenin Yu. A., Turovsky R. F. Cultural geography, M., 2001.
Gachev G. D. National images of the world. M., 1997-2007.
The geography of art. Issue. WELL. Moscow: Institute of heritage, 1996-2005.
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Zamyatin D.N. Culture and space: Modeling of geographical images. M., 2006.
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Zamyatin D. N. Modeling of geographical images: The space of humanitarian geography. Smolensk, 1999. 256 p.
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Kagansky V. L. Landscape and culture. M., 1997.
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International Journal of Cultural Research
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UVAROV Mikhail Semenovich /Mikhail UVAROV
| Cultural Geography in a Cultural Perspective (Analytical Review) |
CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY
Lidov A. M. Hierotopia: Spatial icons and paradigm images in Byzantine culture, Moscow, 2009. Lotman Yu. M. Unpredictable mechanisms of culture. Tallinn, 2010. Lotman Yu. M. Semiosphere. M., 2006. MaksakovskiyV. P. Geographical culture. M., 1998. Ragulina M. V. Cultural geography: theory, methods, regional
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Christina Johnson, Richard H. Schein. 2004. 529 p. Bridging the Gap: Connecting Christian Faith and Professional Practice in a Pluralistic Society/ Dort College Press, 2009.
Carl Sauer on Culture and Landscape: Readings and Commentaries, edited by William M. Denevan and Kent Mathewson. Baton Rouge LU Prss, 2009.
David Atkinson. cultural geography. Wiley-Blackwell, 2005.
Debres, Karen. Burgers for Britain: A Cultural Geography of McDonald's UK. Journal of Cultural Geography. 2005.
Donald, Mitchell. Cultural Geography: A Critical Introduction. 2000. 352 p.
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Fabian J. Moments of Freedom: Anthropology and Popular Culture. Unov. Press of Virginia, 2008 (2nd ed.)
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Peet, Richard. Modern Geographical Thought; Blackwell; 1998.
Postmodernism and the Postsocialist Condition: Politicized art under socialism / ed. by Martin Erjavec. Univ. of California Press, 2003.
Social and Cultural Geography. Routledge Press, Vol. 12, 2010.
Zelinsky W. Globalization Reconsidered: The Historical Geography of Modern Western Male Attire // Journal of Cultural Geography. 2004.
Zelinsky W. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of North American
Society and Cultures. (with John F. Rooney, Jr., Dean Louder, and John D. Vitek) College Station: Texas A&M University Press. 1982.
