Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how the language expresses that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser extent, right? And the language conveys this content.
The degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of comparison. They do it systematically. Three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.
· Positive - this means that the trait is expressed without assessing the degree: high, cheerful, warm.
· Comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, higher, more cheerful, warmer, less high, less cheerful, less warm.
· Superlative expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest, the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest.
It can be seen from the examples that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is transmitted either with the help of suffixes: above, its merry, the highest, the most cheerful, or with the help of words: more, less, most . Therefore, comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be expressed:
· simple forms: higher, highest,
· compound forms: higher, less high, highest.
Among the simple forms in Russian, as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from a different stem. Examples:
good, bad - positive degree
better, worse - comparative degree
best, worst - superlative
Words in simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change differently:
Comparative degree (simple): above, below - does not change.
Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, the change is possible by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender.
Superlatives (simple): highest, highest, highest - varies by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender, i.e. as in a positive way.
Superlatives (complex): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender, i.e. as in a positive way.
Adjectives in a simple comparative form in a sentence are part of the predicate:
Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. AnnaolderIvan. She used towas higher, and nowhigherIvan.
The remaining forms of comparison are both in the role of a definition and in the role of a predicate:
I approached more matureguys.
Guys were older than I thought.
I turned tothe oldestguys.
These guys are the oldest of those who are engaged in the circle.
Adjectives in Russian. They are indispensable when it is necessary to compare one characteristic of an object or phenomenon with another. Let's try to understand the intricacies of this topic.
Adjective
Before you start studying the topic "Degrees of comparison of adjectives in Russian", you need to find out how this part of speech differs from all others. And she really has a lot of features. It is hard to imagine our speech without this colorful, graceful group. With the help of adjectives, we describe appearance (short, handsome, unsightly), character (kind, grouchy, difficult), age (young, old). However, not only human qualities, but many other things can be represented with their help. For example, not a single work of art is complete without the use of adjectives. And even more so the lyrics. Thanks to this part of speech, stories, poems, novels acquire expressiveness and figurativeness.
It helps to form such artistic means as epithets (dazzling beauty, wonderful morning), metaphors of a stone heart), comparisons (looks like the happiest; the sky is like an azure watercolor).
A distinctive feature of adjectives is their ability to form short forms. The latter always play the role of a predicate in a sentence, which gives this part of speech another advantage - to give any text dynamics.
What is a degree?
Anyone who studies the Russian language faces this question. The degree of comparison of adjectives is a characteristic that helps to compare one object with another.
For example, we have two balls in front of us. They are exactly the same, only one of them is slightly different in size. We need to compare them with each other and conclude: one ball more another. We can approach this issue from a different angle and note that one ball less than the second one. In both cases, we used a word that characterizes the degree of comparison of these objects.
Now let's add to our objects one more of the same, but much larger. We need to distinguish it from others. How are we going to do it? Of course, use comparison. Only now you need to indicate that the third ball is different from the first and second at once. In this case, we say that he biggest among them.
It is for this that we need. We will describe each of their types in detail below.
comparative
When we have an adjective in front of us, which no one compares with anything, then it is characterized by a positive degree. But if one object needs to be compared with another, then we will use the comparative degree of the adjective.
It has two subspecies. The first is called simple, or suffixal. This means that the word used in this degree has a suffix characteristic of it.
For example: This table chic. Neighbor's table smarter ours.
In the first case, the adjective is in the positive degree. In the second, the suffix "her" was added to it and with the help of this they compared one table with another.
The second type is the composite degree. As the name implies, its formation does not occur with the help of morphemes, but with the use of special words.
For example: This project is very successful. The last project was more successful.
The word "more" helps us compare one project to another.
Another example: We have valuable information. The previous one turned out less valuable.
Now, with the help of the word "less", we indicated a sign that manifested itself to a lesser extent.
It is worth remembering that the degrees of comparison of adjectives in the Russian language, regardless of varieties, are formed only from neither possessive nor relative do not have this ability.
Superlatives
In some situations, we need not only to compare one object or phenomenon with another, but to distinguish it from all similar ones. And here we will also come to the aid of the degree of comparison of adjectives in Russian. This degree of comparison is called excellent, which already implies the highest limit.
Like comparative, it has two varieties.
With the help of suffixes, a simple degree is formed.
For example: Ivanov strongest of all the athletes on the team.
The word "strong" with the suffix -eysh- formed and singled out the athlete Ivanov among other members of the team.
Next example: New tulle the most beautiful from what I have seen.
In this case, the auxiliary word "most" gave this sentence the same meaning as in the previous example. This form is called composite.
Sometimes it can be accompanied by the prefix nai- to enhance: the most beautiful.
Peculiarities
In some cases, the forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives have exceptions.
These include the words "good" and "bad". When we begin to compare objects with their help, we will encounter some difficulties.
For example: We have good evening. Let's try to form a chain of degrees of comparison.
In a simple comparison, we will see that the word "good" does not exist. He is replaced by "better". And for the word "bad" let's choose "worse". Such a phenomenon in Russian is called suppletivism of the foundations. This means that the word needs to change dramatically in order to form a comparative degree.
Conclusion
Thus, we managed to find out not only the basics, but also some nuances on the topic "Degrees of comparison of adjectives in Russian".
Now this rule will not cause you any difficulties, since it is quite simple.
Adjectives and adverbs in many languages of the world have degrees of comparison. In English these are Positive Degree, Comparative Degree and Superlative degree, in Polish - rywny, wyższy, najwyższy, in French - le positif, le comparatif, le superlatif. The Russian language was no exception, it has a positive, comparative and superlative degree of adjectives. How do they differ and what are their forms?
Degrees of comparison: types, table
The ability to form degrees of comparison is possessed by adjectives and adverbs formed from them.There are three of them:
- Positive.Comparative.Excellent.
What adjectives form degrees of comparison?
As you know, all adjectives in the Russian language are divided into several categories.
- Qualitative - they mean the signs that an object or a living being can have in different degrees: sweet, sweeter, the sweetest. Relative - they call the signs of an object or a living being in their relation to circumstances, actions or other persons, things: a telephone call, a wooden building. Possessive - testify to the belonging of something to someone: Pushkin's stanza, father's parting words.
Adverbs that come from the qualitative category of adjectives can also form degrees of comparison: peppy - peppy (more peppy).
Comparative degree of adjectives in Russian
Before proceeding to consider the comparative degree, it is worth mentioning a little about the positive. This is the name of the initial degree of comparison (boring). In fact, it is considered a degree of comparison only formally. But the next is the comparative degree of the adjective (boring, more boring). It serves to show that a certain object or person has a given quality in more / less quantity than someone / something else. For example: "This tea is stronger (stronger) than the one we drank yesterday."Information about comparative forms
In the example above, you can see that the comparative degree in Russian can be formed in the following ways: with the help of suffixes or by adding an additional word (in this example, it is “more”). It turns out that we can distinguish 2 forms of the comparative degree of adjectives in Russian: simple and compound, or, as it is sometimes called, complex.Ways to form a simple shape
There are several ways to form it.- With the help of suffixes -ee, -ee, -e, -she added to the base: peppy - more peppy. However, it is worth remembering that if suffixes of the comparative degree of adjectives -e, -she are used, then alternation of consonants at the root of the word may occur, and suffixes -k, -ok, -ek can be completely abolished. For example: narrow - narrower, voiced - louder. Sometimes a simple form can be formed by adding all the same -her, -her, -e, -she, as well as the prefix on-. For example: soon - quickly, quickly - quickly. Adjectives formed in this way, as a rule, are the lot of colloquial speech. Sometimes the comparative degree of adjectives in Russian is formed using a different stem of the word: bad - worse.
complex shape
Unlike a simple one, it is formed not with the help of suffixes or prefixes, but by adding the words "more" or "less" to the adjective in a positive degree. For example: "Rembrandt was a more brilliant artist than most of his contemporaries, but he was truly appreciated years after his death." Adjectives in a complex form decline in cases, change in numbers and, accordingly, in gender, while "more" and "less" remain unchanged. For example: more powerful (powerful, powerful, powerful). Both in a simple form and in a compound form, adjectives of a comparative degree in a sentence play the role of predicates or definitions: "Their relationship was closer and more sublime than that of anyone around" .Having considered the information on the comparative degree, it is now worth moving on to the study of the superlative. And it will help not to forget how the comparative degree of adjectives is formed - a table. It briefly outlines all the information about simple and complex forms and their formation.
Brief information about superlatives of comparison
It serves to demonstrate that a certain object or living being is absolutely superior to any other in a certain quality, which is represented by them in the highest measure.For example: "The house of the third piglet was the most durable and the wolf could not destroy it."
A little about superlatives
Knowledge of how the simple and complex comparative degree of adjectives is formed will help to deal with this topic. In the case of a superlative degree, both of its forms have similar names: simple and compound (complex) and are formed according to the corresponding principle.
They are formed according to the same principle:
- A simple one is formed by adding the suffixes -eysh, -aysh to the stem: caring - caring. Similarly with the comparative, the superlative can also have the stem suffix -k: low, inferior. A word formed with a simple superlative form declines in cases and changes in numbers and genders. While the comparative degree of an adjective in a simple form is devoid of this property. For example: "light". As mentioned above, in comparative form it is invariably “lighter”. But in the superlative degree - “the brightest”, it can change: “the brightest”, “the brightest”. The compound (complex) form is formed by adding the words “most”, “least” or “most” (“most”, “most”, " most") to the adjective in the positive degree. For example: the brightest, the least entertaining, the most funny. In some cases, the comparative degree of the adjective plus the word "all" may also participate in the formation. For example: "This girl completed the task the fastest in the class." As with the compound comparative, the adjective in the superlative changes in the same categories. And the additional words: "most" or "least" remain unchanged: "The wolf ran the shortest way to Grandma's house and got ahead of Little Red Riding Hood." However, "most" also changes: "The wolf ran the shortest way to Grandma's house and got ahead of Little Red Riding Hood."
Superlatives and Comparatives of Adjectives: Exercises to Consolidate Knowledge
To better remember all the material presented, it is worth practicing by doing a few fairly simple exercises.- In this task, you need to form all possible forms of degrees according to the model: attractive, more attractive, more attractive, most attractive, most attractive, most attractive of all. In this exercise, you need to choose both forms of the superlative degree for the adjective, mark the suffixes and underline the alternating letters, according to the samples. In this task, you need to find errors and explain. 1. Petrov is the best player in the whole team. 2. Things were getting worse in our firm. 3. The air in the room was getting heavier. 4. Our enterprise turned out to be more successful. 5. Natasha's shoes are cheaper than Sveta's. In this exercise, you need to compare 2 objects of different properties, according to the sample: French and German (euphonious). - French is more euphonious than German. 1. Autumn and winter (warm). 2. Masha's locker and Dima's cabinet (convenient). 3. Laptop and smartphone (expensive). 4. Vladimir and Maxim (serious). 5. Katya and Valya (beautiful). 6. Kyiv and Lvov (young).
Here
Adjectives can have degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative.
The comparative degree of the adjective indicates that the feature characteristic of the object is manifested in it to a greater or lesser extent than in another object or objects:
Your briefcase is heavier than mine.
Your briefcase is heavier than mine.
A superlative degree indicates that, in one respect, a given subject is superior to all other subjects:
Yerevan is the most ancient city in the world.
The comparative degree of adjectives has two forms:
simple and compound.
Simple form of the comparative degree of the adjective
is formed by adding the suffixes -ee (s), -e, -she to the base of the initial form of the adjective:
kind - kinder (s), young - younger, thin - thinner.
The adjective suffix -k- (-ok-, -ek-) can drop out if a simple
the form of the comparative degree is formed using the suffixes -e, -she.
In this case, there is also an alternation of consonants in the root:
low - lower, high - higher, thin - thinner.
Some adjectives have a comparative form with a different stem:
good is better, bad is worse, small is less.
The prefix po- can be attached to the forms of the comparative degree in -ee (s), -e, -she, which enhances or softens the degree of manifestation of the attribute in one of the objects:
kinder (s), softer, thinner.
These forms, as well as forms such as bold, are characteristic of colloquial speech:
By nightfall the wind got stronger. The nights got warmer.
The simple form of the comparative degree is invariable,
has no endings, and in the sentence acts as a predicate
or (less commonly) definitions:
Kind words are better than soft pie. Put on a warm coat.
A simple form of a comparative degree can not be formed from all adjectives (timid, tall, businesslike, etc.).
The compound form of the comparative degree is formed by adding the words more, less to the initial form of the adjective:
fast - faster, loud - less loud.
The second word in the compound form of the comparative degree changes according to gender, cases and numbers:
deeper snow, deeper river, along deeper rivers.
Adjectives in the compound form of the comparative degree in a sentence are predicates and definitions:
Our arguments are more subtle and deeper. No one could come up with a more convincing argument.
When forming a composite form of a comparative degree
avoid type errors more beautiful.
Superlative adjectives have two forms:
simple and compound.
The simple superlative form of adjectives is formed by adding the suffixes -eysh- (-aysh-) to the base of the initial form of the adjective:
modest - the most modest, great - the greatest.
Before -aysh- there is an alternation of consonants:
strict - the strictest, quiet - the quietest.
The suffix -to- may fall out: close - nearest.
The simple superlative form varies by gender, number,
cases. In a sentence, it is a predicate or (less often) an attribute:
The journey is interesting. It was a story about an interesting journey.
The simple superlative form is most often used in book speech.
