Means of musical expression. Means of musical expression, or how music is born Means of musical expression and their definition

Slide 17

Slide 18

• LEGATO
• STACCATO

Slide 19

FORM – CONSTRUCTION OF A MUSICAL WORK

Slide 20

The simplest forms of musical works:

• I – PRIVATE FORM
• II – PRIVATE FORM
• III – PRIVATE FORM
• RONDO
• VARIATIONAL

Slide 22

II – private form

Most often, this form is called “song”, because It is in this scheme that most songs are written (chorus-chorus). The parts of the work are clearly expressed and differ from each other.

Slide 23

III – private form

This form of work is most often used by composers in large musical works. It also has 2 themes, but they form a “puff” pattern

1 melody (A)

2 melody (B)

(A-B-A) or (A-B-C)

3 melody (C)

Slide 24

Rondo – translated from Italian as “movement in a circle.” This form of music arose a long time ago and was first used in poetry. Gradually it began to be used in music. In a rondo, the main melody can be repeated many times, but completely different melodies are inserted between its repetitions.

Main melody (refrain)

Additional tunes (episodes)

Slide 25

Variations

Variations – change. The most original and unusual form of music. This form also has only 1 melody, which is constantly changing.

View all slides

Means of musical expression reveal the secret of how a set of notes, sounds, and instruments turns into music. Like any art, music has a special language. So, for example, an artist may use paint using such means. With the help of paints, the artist creates a masterpiece. Music also has some similar instruments. We'll talk about them further.

musical expressiveness

Let's start with the music, which determines the speed at which the piece is performed. As a rule, there are three types of tempo in music - slow, moderate and fast. For each tempo there is an Italian equivalent that musicians use. A slow tempo corresponds to adagio, a moderate tempo corresponds to andante, and a fast tempo corresponds to presto or allegro.

Some people, however, have heard expressions like “waltz tempo” or “march tempo.” Indeed, such rates also exist. Although they can rather be attributed to size. Since the tempo of a waltz is usually three-quarter time, and the tempo of a march is two-quarter time. But some musicians attribute these characteristics to tempo features, because the waltz and march are very easy to distinguish from other works.

Size

Since we're talking about size, let's continue. It is needed in order not to confuse the same waltz with a march. The size, as a rule, is written after the key in the form of a simple fraction (two quarters - 2/4, three quarters - 3/4, two thirds - 2/3, as well as 6/8, 3/8 and others). Sometimes the size is written as the letter C, this means “whole size” - 4/4. Meter helps determine the rhythm of a piece and its tempo.

Rhythm

Our heart has its own rhythm. Even our planet has its own rhythm, which we observe when it can be defined as the alternation of short and long sounds. For example, the meter of a waltz is associated with the concept of the rhythm of the waltz that is well known to us. Any dance - tango, foxtrot, waltz - has its own rhythm. It is he who turns a set of sounds into one or another melody. The same set of sounds played with different rhythms will be perceived differently.

There are only two modes in music - major (or simply major) and minor (minor). Even people without musical education can characterize this or that music as clear, cheerful in musician's terms) or as sad, mournful, dreamy (minor).

Timbre can be defined as the color of sounds. With the help of this means of musical expression, we can determine by ear what exactly we are hearing - a human voice, a violin, a guitar, a piano, or perhaps a flute. Each musical instrument has its own timbre, its own sound coloring.

Melody

The melody is the music itself. The melody combines all the means of musical expression - rhythm, tempo, tonality, size, mode, timbre. All of them together, combining with each other in a special way, turn into a melody. If you change at least one parameter in the set, the melody will turn out completely different. For example, if you change the tempo and play the same rhythm, in the same scale, on the same instrument, you will get a different melody with a different character.

You can briefly imagine all the means of musical expression. The table will help with this:

Enjoy the music!

Each art has its own special language, its own means of expression. In painting it is drawing and paints. Using them skillfully, the artist creates a picture. A poet, writing poetry, speaks to us in the language of words; he uses poetic speech and rhymes. The poetic word is an expressive means of the art of poetry. The basis of dance art is dance, dramatic art is acting.

Music has its own special language - the language of sounds. And it also has its own expressive means: register, melody, rhythm, size, tempo, mode, dynamics, timbre, texture and meter.

Different elements of musical language (height, longitude, volume, color of sounds, etc.) help composers express different moods and create different musical images. These elements of musical language are also called means of musical expression. Let's take a closer look at them.

Melody

This is the basis of any musical work, its thought, its soul. Without melody, music is unthinkable. The melody can be different - smooth and abrupt, cheerful and sad.

Register

A register is a part of the range, a certain pitch of a voice or a musical instrument.

There are:

- high register (light, airy, transparent sound),
- middle register (associations with the human voice),
- low register (serious, gloomy or humorous sound).

Rhythm

In any music, in any song, in addition to the melody, rhythm is very important. Everything in the world has a rhythm. Our heart is our heart rate; There are brain rhythms, there is a circadian rhythm - morning, afternoon, evening and night. The change of seasons is the rhythm of the planet.

Rhythm, translated from Greek, means “measurement” - this is a uniform alternation, repetition of short and long sounds. The rhythm in different dances is well understood. Everyone understands what rhythm we are talking about when they say: the rhythm of a waltz, march, tango.

Music without rhythm is perceived as a collection of sounds rather than a melody. It influences one or another character of the music. Smooth rhythm gives a piece of music lyricism. The intermittent rhythm creates a feeling of anxiety and agitation.

Thus, rhythm is a sequence of sounds of the same or different durations.

Sounds of different durations are combined into rhythmic groups, which make up the rhythmic pattern of the work.

Types of rhythmic patterns

The repetition of identical durations in works of slow or moderate tempo creates a calm, balanced image.

In works of fast tempo - etudes, toccatas, preludes - the repetition of identical durations (sixteenths of duration are often found) gives the music an energetic, active character.

More often there are rhythmic groups united by notes of different durations. They form a variety of rhythmic patterns.

The following rhythmic figures are less common:

• Dotted rhythm (characteristic of marching, dancing) - sharpens and activates movement.
• Syncopation is the movement of emphasis from a strong beat to a weak beat. Syncopation creates the effect of surprise.
• Triplet - division of duration into three equal parts. Triplets give ease of movement.
• Ostinato is the repeated repetition of one rhythmic figure.

Size

To write the rhythm on paper, use the so-called musical time signature. With its help, musicians understand at what rhythm and tempo they need to play music. Musical time signatures are different and are written in fractions: two quarters, three quarters, etc. In order to accurately follow the rhythm, when learning a new melody, a musician must count: one and, two and.... And so on, depending on the size.

Pace

This is the speed at which a piece of music is performed. The pace can be fast, slow and moderate. Italian words are used to indicate tempo, which are understood by all musicians in the world. For example, fast tempo - allegro, presto; moderate tempo - andante; slow - adagio.

Some musical genres have their own constant, definite meters, and therefore they are easily recognizable by ear: a waltz has three quarters, a fast march has two quarters.

Lad

There are two contrasting modes in music - major and minor. Major music is perceived by listeners as light, clear, joyful, and minor music is perceived as sad and dreamy.

Timbre

1. High - soprano, tenor.
2. Middle - mezzo-soprano, baritone.
3. Low - alto, bass.

A choir is a large group of singers (at least 12 people), similar to an orchestra in instrumental music.

Choir types:

• masculine (dense, bright timbre),
• female (warm, transparent timbre),
• mixed (full-sounding, rich, bright timbre),
• children's choir (light, light timbre).

Symphony orchestra instrument groups

The instruments in the orchestra are distributed among their families - the musicians call them orchestral groups. There are four of them in the orchestra:
- Stringed instruments
— Woodwind instruments
— Brass instruments
- Percussion instruments

Dynamics

Dynamics is the degree of loudness of a piece of music.

Muted dynamics are associated with calm, bright, or aching sad moods. Strong dynamics express energetic, active or intense images.

Basic designations of dynamic shades:

• Piano pianissimo - ppp - extremely quiet
• Pianissimo - pp - very quiet
• Piano - p - quiet
• Mezzo piano - mp - not very quiet
• Mecco forte - mf - not very loud
• Forte - f - loud
• Fortissimo - ff - very loud
• Forte fortissimo - fff - extremely loud

Designations for changing sound intensity:

Crescendo - cresc. - strengthening
Sforzando - sforc., sfc., sf. - suddenly intensifying
Subito forte - sub.f. - suddenly loud
Diminuendo - dim. - reducing, weakening the sound
Decrescendo -decresc. - weakening
Smorzando - smorc. - freezing
Morendo - morendo - freezing

The increase in dynamics is associated with increased tension and preparation for the climax. Dynamic climax is the peak of increasing dynamics, the highest point of tension in the work. The weakening of the dynamics gives rise to a feeling of relaxation and calm.

Meter

Meter is a uniform alternation of strong and weak beats of a beat (pulsation).

In musical notation, the meter is expressed in size (the upper number of the size indicates how many beats are in a measure, and the lower number indicates how long the fraction of a meter in a given measure is expressed), and bars (so t is the length of time from one strong beat to the next beat of equal strength), separated by bar lines.

Basic types of meter

• Strict meter - strong and weak beats alternate evenly
• Free meter - accents are distributed unevenly; in modern music, time signatures may not be indicated or there may be no division into measures.
• Double meter - one strong and one weak beat (/-) e.g. polka or march.
• Triple meter - one strong and two weak beats (/—), for example, waltz.
• Polymetry is a simultaneous combination of bipartite and tripartite meter.
• Variable meter - changes throughout the work.

Depending on the number of strong fractions, meters are:

• Simple - having only one strong beat (bipartite, for example 24 or tripartite, for example 34 or 38).
• Complex - a combination of simple identical meters (only two-part, for example 44 = 24 + 24 or only three-part, for example 68 = 38 + 38).
• Mixed - a combination of meters of different types (bipartite and tripartite) (for example, 54 = 24 + 34, or 34 + 24, or 74 = 24 + 24 +34, etc.).

Characteristic metrorhythmic features of some dances:

• Polka - 24, rhythmic groups with sixteenth notes.
• Waltz - 34, accompaniment with an emphasis on the first beat.
• March - 44, dotted rhythm.

Harmony

Translated from Greek, harmonia means consonance.

Harmony- this is the combination of sounds into various consonances (chords) and their sequences.

The main element of harmony is a chord - a simultaneous combination of three or more sounds of different pitches.

Types of chords:

By number of sounds:
— Triads are chords of three sounds. Types of triads: major, minor, diminished, augmented.
— Seventh chords – chords of four sounds, etc.

According to the interval structure:
— chords of second structure (clusters)
- tertian chords (triad, seventh chord)
- chords of fourth structure (quart chords)
— chords of fifth structure (quint chords).

In classical music, harmony is euphonious (based on consonances); chords of the tertian structure are mainly used.

In modern music, harmony can sound sharp (such sharp consonances are called dissonances), and can be very complex; unusual consonances are widely used - the simultaneous combination of seconds, fourths, fifths and other intervals.

Texture

Texture is a warehouse, a type of presentation of a musical work (Latin fakturo - processing).
The main elements of texture: melody, accompaniment (accompaniment), bass (lower voice), middle voices.
The texture can be transparent (two- or three-voice), causing a feeling of lightness and transparency. The dense (polyphonic, chordal) texture creates the impression of strength and power.

A polyphonic type of music, in which one voice is the main one (melody), and the rest (accompaniment) accompany it. A type of homophonic texture is the chord structure of music, in which the melody is rhythmically combined with accompaniment.
Polyphony (Greek poly-many, phone-sound) is a simultaneous combination of several independent voices (melodies).

Main types of polyphony

• Imitation item - (Latin Imitatio - imitation) repetition in another voice or with another instrument of the melody (theme) that has just been heard. E.g. canon, fugue or invention
• Contrast p. - simultaneous sound of different types of melodies. For example, in the Middle Ages they combined three different melodies with different texts. Main types of invoice:
  Forms of imitative polyphony:
• Canon is a musical form in which all voices perform the same melody, entering alternately.
• Invention is a small two- or three-voice instrumental work written in an imitation technique.
• A fugue is a polyphonic work of many voices, which is based on the imitative repetition of a theme in all voices. The highest, most complex form of imitative polyphony. The greatest fugue master was J. S. Bach.
• Fugetta (Italian fughetta - small fugue) is a simple, smaller fugue for organ or piano.

Strokes

A very important means of musical expression is strokes. They indicate the style of sound engineering and depend on the nature of the work.

• Legato - (legato) involves coherent, smooth sound production.
• Staccato - (staccato) – abrupt production of sounds. Staccato is indicated by a dot above or below the notes. The sounds when played staccato are short, with small jolts, light accents and caesuras between sounds.
• Non legato – (non legato) – incoherent, unsmooth performance. Sound engineering with slight emphasis on each sound of the melody. In this case, the sounds should be full, as when performed legato, and the caesuras between sounds should be shortened. Sounds are emphasized, but not as sharply as in staccato. Every sound sounds distinct.