Graphic arts
Graphics from Greek - I write - a type of fine art that uses lines, strokes, spots and dots as the main visual means, contrasting with the white (and in other cases also colored, black, or less often textured) paper surface - the main basis for graphic works.
The most ancient and traditional type of graphic art, where the basis of the image is line and silhouette. In graphics, along with completed compositions, sketches from nature, sketches for works of painting, sculpture, and architecture have independent artistic value.
Classification:
Depending on the method of execution and the possibilities of replication, graphics are divided into unique and printed. Unique graphics– creation of works in a single copy (drawing, watercolor, monotype, appliqué, etc.). printed graphics (engraving)— creation of printing forms from which it is possible to receive on some prints.
Unique Graphics:
Watercolor, water colors on paper or silk. A technique that uses special watercolor paints, which, when dissolved in water, form a transparent suspension of fine pigment, and thereby create the effect of lightness, airiness and subtle color transitions.
Shanko Irina, watercolor on paper, 2014.
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gouache, chalk-based water-based paints. Type of adhesive water-soluble paints, more dense and matte. Gouache paints are made from pigments and glue with the addition of white. The admixture of white gives gouache a matte velvety, but when it dries, the colors are somewhat bleached (lightened), which the artist must take into account in the process of drawing. With the help of gouache paints, you can cover dark tones with light ones. A dried gouache image is slightly lighter than a wet image, making color matching difficult. The base can also be susceptible to cracking if applied too thickly.
Shanko Irina, paper, gouache. 2012
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Pastel, colored crayons. Most often produced in the form of crayons or rimless pencils, having the form of round bars or bars with a square section.
There are three types of pastel - " dry, oil and wax. Oil pastel is made from linseed oil pigment by pressing. A "dry" pastel is produced similarly, with the exception that oil is not used. Wax pastels are based on the highest quality wax and pigments. Oil pastel is considered a teaching material, while its dry counterpart is used both for educational purposes and for purely artistic purposes. In the technique of "dry" pastels, the technique of "shading" is widely used, which gives the effect of soft transitions and tenderness of color.
There are two main types of dry pastels: hard and soft. Soft pastels consist mostly of pure pigment, with a small amount of binder. Suitable for wide saturated strokes. Hard pastels are less likely to break because they contain more binder. And they are great for drawing, because the side of the stick can be used for tone, and the tip for fine lines and detail.
To paint with pastels, you need a textured surface that will hold the pigment. Pastel drawings are usually done on colored paper. The tone of the paper is selected individually, taking into account the tasks of the drawing. White paper makes it difficult to assess the saturation of the primary colors.
Degas. Blue dancers.
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Sanguine, crayon or pencil of "red" color. Often included in a set for pastels (dry pastels).
Shanko Irina, Paper, sanguine
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Sepia, brown chalk or pencil, from a substance produced by cuttlefish. Often included in a pastel kit (dry pastel).
Shanko Irina, paper, sepia
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Charcoal, in art, a drawing material made from fired thin tree branches or planed sticks (in the 19th century also from charcoal powder with vegetable glue).
charcoal sticks
Charcoal sticks are made from grape, beech or willow knots, fired in a sealed kiln at high temperature. Willow charcoal sticks are the most common option. Grape and beech sticks are more expensive, but they leave richer strokes. Sticks 15 cm long are sold in boxes, their degree of hardness and thickness varies. Soft charcoal turns to powder faster and penetrates paper worse than hard charcoal. Therefore, soft charcoal is more convenient for creating large tinted areas, as well as for imperceptible transition from shade to shade and for shading.
Harder types of coal are suitable for prescribing details, drawing a line, it is shaded worse. The only drawback of charcoal sticks is their fragility: with strong pressure, they usually break.
Pressed coal
Such coal is produced from ground coal chips mixed with a binder, pressed into short thick sticks.
Pressed charcoal is stronger than charcoal sticks, doesn't break easily, and leaves a rich, velvety finish.
But brushing such charcoal off paper is much more difficult than natural charcoal.
Charcoal pencil (retouch)
Retouching is a thin "lead" of pressed coal, enclosed in a wooden shell. These pencils do not get your hands dirty and are easier to control than charcoal sticks. They have a slightly firmer texture. You can only use the tip of such a pencil, so wide strokes will not be available to you. The tip of a pencil can be sharpened in the same way as slate pencils are sharpened.
Shanko Irina, paper, charcoal, chalk.
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Sauce, a drawing material that looks like short round gray and black sticks. A sauce is prepared from kaolin, chalk and pressed carbon black. Sauce is a type of pastel. It has great strength and looseness of soft pastels. Drawing with sauce is carried out in two ways - dry and wet.
Student work. Photo from the Internet.
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Ink, drawing and calligraphy paint made from carbon black.
Mascara is liquid, concentrated and dry in the form of sticks or tiles. Apply to paper with pens or brushes.
Shanko Irina, paper, ink, pen, brush.
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Italian pencil, which appeared in the 14th century. It was a core of clay black shale. Then they began to make it from burnt bone powder, fastened with vegetable glue.
A. A. Ivanov. "Boy Playing the Flute" Study for the painting "Apollo, Hyacinth and Cypress". Italian pencil. OK. 1831-34. Tretyakov Gallery. Moscow.
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Engraving, a type of lottery graphics, when several prints can be obtained from one original. Types of engravings:
Woodcut, woodcut.
A. P. Ostroumova-Lebedev. "Mining Institute". Wood engraving for N. P. Antsiferov's book "The Soul of Petersburg". 1920.
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Lithograph, engraving on stone.
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Linocut, engraving on linoleum.
I. V. Golitsyn. "In the morning at V. A. Favorsky". Engraving on linoleum. 1963.
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Etching, engraving on metal, there are several different techniques: mezzotint, aquatint, drypoint.
T. n. Master of playing cards. "Lady with a Mirror" Cutting engraving on copper. Mid 15th century
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Mezzotint
The pre-polished surface of the metal board is subjected to granulation - it is covered with the help of a “rocking chair” (cutter) with many tiny depressions, acquiring a characteristic roughness. Graining is a long and very laborious process. When printed, such a board (“blank”) gives a solid black tone. There are other methods of graining the board, including those due to etching.
In places corresponding to the light parts of the picture, the board is scraped and smoothed, achieving gradual transitions from shadow to light. Mezzotint engravings are distinguished by the depth and velvety tone, the richness of light and shade shades. Mezzotint is also used for color printing.
An example of a mezzotint engraving, the work of the Flemish artist Vallerant Vaillant
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Aquatint
The print of the engraving in this manner resembles a drawing with water colors - watercolor; this similarity determined the origin of the name. The essence of this technique is that an acid-resistant resin is applied to the printing plate before etching - rosin, asphalt or other powder or powder, which, in the process of heating the printing plate, melts and forms a coating on the surface of the board, through the smallest gaps between the particles of which the metal is etched onto different depths, which creates different tonal planes on prints during printing, consisting of many dots; thus, the size of the granules of resin powder or dust, its dispersion, affects the texture and tonal characteristics, which are the main purpose of this auxiliary type of engraving on metal.
Jean Claude Richard, Abbé de Saint-Non (from an original by Hubert Robert). View of the park at the Villa Madama near Rome. 1765. Aquatint
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Drypoint is a metal engraving technique that does not use etching, but is based on scratching strokes on the surface of a metal board with the tip of a hard needle. The resulting board with the image is a form of intaglio printing.
A distinctive feature of prints engraved in this way is the “softness” of the stroke: the needles used by the engraver leave deep grooves on the metal with raised burrs - barbs. The strokes also have a thin beginning and end, as they are scratched with a sharp needle.
Jean-Michel Mathieux-Marie
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hot enamel(from French email) - an enamel technique in which a pasty mass colored with metal oxides is applied to a specially treated surface and fired, resulting in a vitreous colored layer.
There are several types of enamels, depending on the technique of its manufacture:
- Miniature on enamel, finift- a technique of artistic enameling, which uses the technique of brush easel painting. The first registration of the image is performed on a white enamel background of a copper base plate. After underpainting, the plate is dried, fired in a muffle furnace at 800 degrees and again prescribed. To obtain maximum color sophistication and detail in the drawing, the enamel artist repeats this process many times.
- Painted (picturesque) enamel- on the front side, the outline of the image and its details are written with saturated enamel paint. Since the enamel is applied in fragments, firing is done 10-15 times, taking into account the different level of melting temperature of the enamels used.
- cloisonne enamel- for its manufacture, a thin metal plate is taken, on which the contour of the future image is cut through. Then, thin metal strips are soldered along this contour, obtaining an image from cells of various shapes and sizes. Each cell is filled with enamel of a different color to the upper edge of the partitions and the enamel is fired.
- Enamel on filigree (filigree)- a floral or geometric ornament is soldered onto a metal surface from an intertwined metal wire, which forms cells. Each cell is filled to the brim with enamel of a different color, which, after firing, settles and turns out to be below the filigree ornament. As a result, enamel is not polished on filigree.
- champlevé enamel- a plot or ornamental image is deeply cut (removed) on a metal plate. The resulting recesses are filled with transparent or opaque enamel and the enamel is fired. In the technique of champlevé enamel, several techniques are known to achieve an artistic effect.
- Engraving enamel is a type of champlevé enamel technique.
- Enamel on guilloché background- a kind of engraving enamel technique. Engraving is done mechanically, using a special machine. In the guilloche enamel technique, only transparent enamels of the widest range of colors are used.
- casting enamel- the image is obtained by casting it together with a metal base plate. Then the recess on the plate is filled with enamel.
- Relief enamel- a technique used for artistic enameling in high relief, when the enamel coating repeats the shape of a metal relief image, acting as a glaze.
Types of graphics are classified according to the method of creating an image, purpose, as a manifestation of mass culture.
According to the way the image is created, the graphics can be printed(circulation) and unique.
Printed graphics and its types
Printed graphics are created using author's printing forms. Printed graphics make it possible to distribute graphic works in numerous equivalent copies.
Previously, printed graphics (print) served for repeated reproduction (illustrations, reproductions of paintings, posters, etc.), because. in fact, was the only way to mass print images.
At present, the copying technique has developed, so printed graphics have become an independent art form.
Types of printed graphics
An engraving (fr. Estampe) is a print on paper from a printing plate (matrix). Original prints are those made by the artist himself or with his participation.
The print has been known in Europe since the 15th century. Initially, printmaking was not an independent section of fine art, but only a technique for reproducing images.
Types of print
Types of prints differ in the way the printing form is created and the printing method. Thus, there are 4 main print techniques.
Letterpress: woodcut; linocut; engraving on cardboard.
Woodcut
A woodcut is an engraving on wood or an impression on paper made from such an engraving. Woodcut is the oldest wood engraving technique. It arose and became widespread in the countries of the Far East (VI-VIII centuries). The first examples of Western European engravings made in this technique appeared at the turn of the 14th-15th centuries.
The woodcut masters were Hokusai, A. Durer, A. Ostroumova-Lebedeva, V. Favorsky, G. Epifanov, Ya. Gnezdovsky, V. Mate and many others. other.
I. Gnezdovsky. Christmas card
Linocut
Linocut is a method of engraving on linoleum. This method arose at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. with the invention of linoleum. Linoleum is a good material for large prints. For engraving, linoleum with a thickness of 2.5 to 5 mm is used. Linocut tools use the same tools as for longitudinal engraving: angular and longitudinal chisels, as well as a knife for precise trimming of small details. In Russia, N. Sheverdyaev, a student of Vasily Mate, was the first to use this technique. In the future, this technique for the manufacture of easel engravings and especially in book illustrations was used by Elizaveta Kruglikova, Boris Kustodiev, Vadim Falileev, Vladimir Favorsky, Alexander Deineka, Konstantin Kostenko, Lidia Ilyina and others.
B. Kustodiev "Portrait of a Lady". Linocut
Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, Frans Maserel, German expressionists, American artists worked abroad in the linocut technique.
Of contemporary artists, linocut is actively used by Georg Baselitz, Stanley Donwood, Bill Fike.
Both black and white and color linocut are used.
R. Gusev. Colored linocut. Still life "Egg"
Engraving on cardboard
Type of print. A technologically simple type of engraving, it is used even in art classes.
But in the twentieth century some significant graphic artists have used board prints in their professional practice. A relief print for printing is made using an application made up of individual cardboard elements. The thickness of the cardboard must be at least 2 mm.
Engraving on cardboard
Gravure: etching techniques (needle etching, aquatint, lavis, dotted line, pencil style, drypoint; soft varnish; mezzotint, engraving).
Etching
Etching is a kind of engraving on metal, a technique that allows you to get prints from printing plates (“boards”), in the process of creating an image on which the surface is etched with acids. Etching has been known since the beginning of the 16th century. Albrecht Durer, Jacques Callot, Rembrandt and many other artists worked in the etching technique.
Rembrandt "The Sermon of Christ" (1648). Etching, drypoint, cutter
Mezzotint
Mezzotint ("black manner") - a type of engraving on metal. The main difference from other etching styles is not the creation of a system of depressions (strokes and dots), but the smoothing of light places on a grained board. Mezzotint effects cannot be obtained in other ways. The image here is created due to the different gradation of light areas on a black background.
Mezzotint technique
flat print: lithography, monotype.
Lithography
Lithography is a printing method in which ink is transferred under pressure from a flat printing plate to paper. Lithography is based on the physico-chemical principle, which implies obtaining an impression from a completely smooth surface (stone), which, due to appropriate processing, acquires the property of accepting special lithographic ink in its individual sections.
Universitetskaya Embankment, 19th century, lithograph by Muller after a drawing by I. Charlemagne
Monotype
The term comes from mono... and Greek. τυπος - imprint. This is a type of printed graphics, which consists in applying paints by hand on a perfectly smooth surface of a printing plate, followed by printing on a machine; the impression received on paper is always the only one, unique. In psychology and pedagogy, the monotype technique is used to develop the imagination of older preschool children.
Monotype
Everyone can master the technique of monotype. It is necessary to randomly apply paints (watercolors, gouache) on a smooth surface, then press this side to the paper. During the tear off of the sheet, the colors are mixed, which subsequently add up to a beautiful harmonious picture. Then your imagination begins to work, and on the basis of this picture you create your masterpiece.
The colors for the next composition are chosen intuitively. It depends on the state you are in. You can create a monotype with certain colors.
Screen printing: silkscreen techniques; cutout stencil.
silkscreen
A method of reproducing texts and inscriptions, as well as images (monochrome or color) using a screen printing plate, through which the ink penetrates onto the printed material.
I. Sh. Elgurt "Vezhraksala" (1967). silkscreen
Unique graphics
Unique graphics are created in a single copy (drawing, application, etc.).
Types of graphics by purpose
easel graphics
Drawing is the basis of all types of fine arts. Without knowledge of the basics of academic drawing, an artist cannot competently work on a work of art.
Drawing can be performed as an independent work of graphics or serves as the initial stage for the creation of pictorial, graphic, sculptural or architectural designs.
Drawings are mostly created on paper. In the easel drawing, the entire set of graphic materials is used: a variety of crayons, paints applied with a brush and pen (ink, ink), pencils, graphite pencil and charcoal.
book graphics
It includes book illustrations, vignettes, screensavers, drop caps, covers, dust jackets, etc. Book graphics can also include magazine and newspaper graphics.
Illustration- a drawing, photograph, engraving or other image that explains the text. Illustrations for texts have been used since ancient times.
Hand-drawn miniatures were used in ancient Russian handwritten books. With the advent of printing, illustrations made by hand were replaced by engraving.
Some well-known artists, in addition to their main occupation, also turned to illustration (S. V. Ivanov, A. M. Vasnetsov, V. M. Vasnetsov, B. M. Kustodiev, A. N. Benois, D. N. Kardovsky , E. E. Lansere, V. A. Serov, M. V. Dobuzhinsky, V. Ya. Chambers.
For others, illustration was the basis of their work (Evgeny Kibrik, Lidia Ilyina, Vladimir Suteev, Boris Dekhterev, Nikolai Radlov, Viktor Chizhikov, Vladimir Konashevich, Boris Diodorov, Evgeny Rachev, and others).
(fr. vignette) - decoration in a book or manuscript: a small drawing or ornament at the beginning or at the end of the text.
Typically, vignettes are based on plant motifs, abstract images, or images of people and animals. The task of the vignette is to give the book an artistically designed look, i.e. this is the design of the book.
Vignettes
In Russia, the design of the text with vignettes was in great fashion in the modern era (vignettes by Konstantin Somov, Alexander Benois, Eugene Lansere are known).
dust jacket
Applied Graphics
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec "Moulin Rouge, La Goulue" (1891)
Poster- the main type of applied graphics. In modern forms, the poster took shape in the 19th century. as commercial and theatrical advertising (posters), and then began to perform the tasks of political agitation (posters by V. V. Mayakovsky, D. S. Moor, A. A. Deineka, etc.).
Posters by V. Mayakovsky
Computer graphics
In computer graphics, computers are used as a tool for creating images and for processing visual information obtained from the real world.
Computer graphics are divided into scientific, business, design, illustrative, artistic, advertising, computer animation, multimedia.
Yutaka Kagaya "Eternal Song" Computer graphics
Other types of graphics
Splint
Type of graphics, an image with a caption, characterized by simplicity and accessibility of images. Originally a kind of folk art. It was carried out in the technique of woodcuts, copper engravings, lithographs and was complemented by freehand coloring.
Lubok is characterized by simplicity of technique, laconism of visual means (a rough stroke, bright coloring). Lubok often contains a detailed narrative with explanatory inscriptions and additional (explanatory, complementary) images to the main one.
Splint
Letter graphics
The graphics of the letter form a special, independent area of graphics.
Calligraphy(Greek calligraphia - beautiful writing) - the art of writing. Calligraphy brings writing closer to art. The peoples of the East, especially the Arabs, are considered unsurpassed masters in the art of calligraphy. The Koran forbade artists to portray living beings, so artists improved in ornaments and calligraphy. For the Chinese, Japanese and Koreans, the hieroglyph was not only a written sign, but also a work of art at the same time. The text, written ugly, could not be considered perfect in content.
Sumi-e art(sumi-e) is a Japanese adaptation of a Chinese ink painting technique. This technique is most expressive due to brevity. Each brush stroke is expressive and significant. In sumi-e, a combination of simple and elegant is clearly manifested. The artist does not paint a specific subject, he depicts the image, the essence of this subject. Works in the sumi-e technique are devoid of excessive detail and give the viewer room for imagination.
easel art- a kind of fine arts, the works of which are of an independent nature and do not have a direct decorative or utilitarian purpose (in painting - paintings; in graphics - prints, easel drawings and popular prints). The name comes from the machine (easel, sculpture machine), on which many works are created. Easel graphics, depending on the nature of the technique, are divided into two types: print and drawing. An engraving is an impression on paper. The main forms of existence of easel graphics are museum and exhibition collections and expositions.
Easel graphics - a kind of graphic art, the works of which:
- independent in purpose and form;
- not included in book or album ensembles;
- are not included in the context of the street or public interior;
- have no application.
The materials of easel graphics are very diverse. Let us dwell on the easel works created by such widespread materials as pencil, ink, black watercolor and others. These works are often preparatory exercises, auxiliary material for any work (picture, print, illustration, etc.). They can be made both from nature and by representation. This includes very quick sketches, fixing individual characteristic features of nature (outline), more detailed drawings or elaborate, finished things.
G. Holbein.
Portrait of Thomas Eliot.
Around 1530. Drawing
Many of these ancillary drawings are so masterful and so rich in content that they acquire the value of a first-rate work of art. An example is the portrait drawings of the artist G. Holbein the Younger.
Most of these drawings are made as sketches for pictorial portraits, but they are given such vivid human characters and their professional skill is so great that it is difficult to find anything equal in the art of drawing.
A very beautiful rich black and velvet touch is given by the so-called Italian and charcoal pencils. Often, artists work with pencils made from colored pigments (sanguine, colored chalk pencils, etc.). A pencil is a very flexible, obedient material that allows you to work in a variety of ways within a small sheet. I. E. Repin in a pencil portrait of L. N. Tolstoy, using sparing and noble means, created a penetrating image of a great and wise writer, simple and humane. Of course, such a drawing goes beyond just a natural sketch. Deep content makes it an independent and significant work.
Charcoal is the favorite medium of many artists. The charcoal drawing is usually done on rough paper, and sometimes on canvas, and is distinguished by a beautiful velvety tone, a wide and energetic stroke. The artist K. Kollwitz in the work "Domestic Worker" perfectly used the possibilities of charcoal drawing, creating the image of a simple woman, exhausted by hard work
I. Repin. L. N.
Tolstoy at work.
1891. Pencil
K. Kollwitz.
Domestic worker.
1906. Coal
Sauce is often found in graphics - a drawing material made from a very fine black powder, held together with an adhesive. Sometimes the sauce is applied as a dry powder, but most often diluted with water.
W. Van Gogh. Scenery. Feather
Feather drawing has special qualities. The artist works with diluted ink or special ink, using ordinary steel, as well as goose and reed pens, sharpening them in a special way. Different nibs give different strokes - sometimes very sharp and thin, sometimes soft and wide. Feather drawing is beautiful for its clarity, purity and elegance of strokes of various shapes. For example, Van Gogh's landscape, made with a steel pen with a predominance of short strokes in different directions, allowed the artist to express different objects, their texture and the space connecting them.
The method of drawing with liquid black materials (most often ink) with the help of brushes, the so-called felt pen or sharpened wooden sticks, is widespread in Soviet graphics. This technique is distinguished by a very diverse, free and temperamental combination of strokes and spots of one deep black tone. Many of the drawings by O. Vereisky, A. Kokorin, V. Goryaev, E. Charushin and other Soviet masters were made in this way.
But the work with ink, black watercolor, gouache, tempera and other black materials diluted with water is especially widespread in graphics. The brushes that the chart works with are very diverse. The tonal nuances of this technique are endless.
Chinese masters have achieved extraordinary perfection in this area. Their art is so significant that it is necessary to tell about it in more detail. The traditions of this art have been formed for centuries, and in the work of such masters as, for example, Qi Bai-shih and Xu Bei-hong (Ju Peong), they have reached great perfection. The plots of the works of Chinese artists are most often drawn from nature. These simple plots are solved with such inspiration that they awaken a whole gamut of wonderful feelings in a person's soul, make them feel the diversity and beauty of the world around them. Chinese masters are able to evoke in the viewer the feeling of such changeable phenomena as the murmur of water jets, a gust of wind, the flight of a bird, the flight of clouds in the sky. Chinese masters work with ink on especially thin paper, which absorbs moisture well. Chinese ink (liquid or dry - in sticks) is rightly considered the best in the world. Dry ink is rubbed with water in special stone ink pots. Chinese brushes are very diverse and carefully selected. Drawings are most often done on vertical strips of paper. In some places of the drawing, the artist applies ink with a quick, precise movement with a drier brush, the ink does not have time to blur on paper and lays down clearly. In other places, a wet brush intentionally lingers on paper longer, the ink spreads and gives soft, blurry juicy spots. Some places are drawn on the reverse side of thin paper so that especially delicate spots appear on the front side.
Xu Bei-hong.
A fast galloping horse.
1930s. ink
The works of Chinese masters are notable for their compositional perfection. Images are very often combined with inscriptions, and the hieroglyphs themselves are used as decorative and compositional elements of the work. In these works, we are attracted by the stinginess of visual means, the great accuracy and accuracy of the drawing. In the famous work of Xu Bei-hong "Fast Galloping Horse", due to high skill and perfect mastery of technique, a complex movement is simply, freely and confidently conveyed
Easel works are performed not only in any one technique. Very often graphics in one work combine two, three or even more different techniques, which expands the creative possibilities and enriches the artist's pictorial resources. Often, easel works are made with black material using color.
Magnificent examples of easel paintings were created by Italian masters Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Tintoretto, German artists Holbein, Dürer, Menzel, Dutch and Flemish masters Rembrandt, Van Dyck, Rubens, French artists Watteau, Fragonard, Ingres, Daumier and many artists of various countries of the world.
Of the Russian artists of the past, such masters of drawing as O. A. Kiprensky, A. A. Ivanov, I. E. Repin, V. A. Serov, P. A. Fedotov, M. A. Vrubel. In Soviet art, easel drawing was further developed in the works of such artists as E. A. Kibrik, G. S. Vereisky, Kukryniksy, N. A. Tyrsa, D. A. Shmarinov, V. V. Lebedev, N. N. Zhukov, G. Reindorf, A.F. Pakhomov, B.I. Prorokov, O.G. Vereisky, and many others.
Terms.
Artistic techniques- in accordance with the visual arts, artistic techniques are divided into pictorial, graphic and sculptural (plastic).
Painting - one of the main types of fine arts; artistic representation of the world on a plane by means of color
materials.
Among the visual arts, painting is the most popular type, despite the fact that graphics are the most common. Experts explain the secret of the popularity of painting by the fact that it can depict an extremely diverse range of phenomena, impressions, effects, the whole world of feelings, experiences, characters, relationships, the subtlest observations of nature and the most daring flight of fantasy, eternal ideas, instant impressions and shades of moods. Painting embodies images in colors, in all their splendor and richness and in any light.
It is customary to designate the main varieties of painting technique according to the varieties of sxd details, which often turns out to be impossible. When watercolor is used with white or applied with a relatively thick, opaque layer, the properties of this material change, approaching gouache.
Gouache (from Italian “water paint”) - 1. A colorful material, relatively close to soft varieties of watercolors, but differs significantly from them in the admixture of white in the paint itself and greater hiding power. Gouache works mainly on paper, diluting the paint with water. Unlike watercolor and like tempera, gouache painting is carried out in a dense, opaque layer. When dried, gouache brightens
2. Gouache is a technique that, unlike watercolor, is usually recommended for beginners: thanks to its hiding power, it is easier to use when correcting mistakes and searching for an expressive color solution.
Mosaic - a kind of monumental painting based on the use of multi-colored solids - smalt, natural colored stones, colored enamels, etc. The image is made up of reinforced on cement or special mastic and then polished. According to the method intended for her place (wall, vault, etc.) or on a separate tile, which is then built into the wall.
Graphic arts (from the Greek “I write”, “I draw”) is one of the types of fine arts that has artistic features that determine its place among other arts and in human life. Drawing is the main means of expressing graphics. The color in the graphics is limited by the chosen technique and the color of the base (in most cases, paper is white, tinted, dyed or colored, less often - parchment, silk).
Graphic techniques include: graphite, colored or "Italian" pencil, pastel, wax crayons, felt-tip pens and other drawing materials; also ink, pen, wand; less often - watercolor, gouache, those. techniques that many "museum workers" and restorers refer to as graphic.
The materials with which graphic work is performed are also technique. Usually, the technique is indicated under the work (for example, paper, pastel).
The drawing demonstrates the character, temperament, mood of the artist. The graphic language is based mainly on the expressive possibilities of a line, a stroke, a spot (sometimes in color), the background of the base (an ordinary sheet of paper - white or tinted) with which the image forms a contrast or nuance ratio. Despite the fact that color is of great importance in graphics, it is still used more limited than in painting. Graphics gravitate towards monochrome, most often extracting artistic expressiveness from a combination of two colors: white (or another shade of the base) and black (or some other color of the coloring pigment.)
Types of graphics:
Monumental - closely associated with the architectural ensemble, for example, a poster (monumental printed graphics), wall graphics, cardboard.
Easel - performed "on the machine", having no connection with a specific interior, the purpose and meaning of the work is completely exhausted by the artistic content (drawing, print, popular print).
Decorative - book illustrations, postcards, any graphic images on any object that do not have special artistic value, but serve to organize the surface of the object. Also decorative graphics include floristry - compositions created using the fluff of trees, straws and other "living" materials.
Drawing is the specificity of graphic art. Although drawing (as well as artistic and expressive means) is used in all types of fine arts, in graphics it is the leading, defining beginning and is used in a purer form. Therefore, drawing can be considered the main means of graphics (like plastic art in sculpture, color in painting).
Graphics materials and techniques are varied, but, as a rule, the basis is a paper sheet. The color and texture of the paper play a big role. Th materials and techniques are determined by the types of graphics.
Easel graphics, depending on the nature and technique, are divided into two types: print and drawing.
Print - from French - to stamp, imprint - an impression on paper. The initial image is not made directly on paper, but on a plate of some solid material, with which the drawing is then printed, imprinted with a press. In this case, you can get not one copy of the print, but many, that is, replicate the graphic image. Printing is used both in applied graphics and in the poster.
More accessible in execution, not requiring special technologies, is an easel drawing.
The drawing is done by the artist directly on a sheet of paper, using some graphic material - pencil, charcoal, ink, sanguine watercolor, gouache.
Drawing - an image made by hand, by eye, using graphic tools: a contour line, a stroke and a spot. There are numerous varieties of drawing, differing in drawing methods, themes and genres, technique and nature of execution.
The drawing originated in the era of the Upper Paleolithic - drawings of animals,
scratched on stone, bones, drawn on the walls of caves (Altamira caves in Spain, etc.), the pattern evolves from lines squeezed or scratched to lines drawn, silhouette, shading, spot.
From the art of ancient Eastern civilization, the art of Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece, the Middle Ages and all subsequent eras to the present day, teaching fine arts began with the study of drawing. The basic rules for constructing an image on a plane were the focus of attention of such famous artists as Leonardo da Vinci, Dürer.
“The drawing, which is called the drawing of a sketch, is the highest point of painting, and sculpture, and architecture. Drawing is the source and root of all science,” wrote the great Italian Renaissance artist Michelangelo Buanarroti (1475-1564).
For a long time, the drawing served only as an auxiliary material for the artist. In the Renaissance, in the era of observation of nature, drawing is freed from dependence and begins to become an independent value (17-18 centuries). First, sanguine, charcoal, and a silver pencil are used for drawing. Later, a graphite pencil and a rubber eraser will appear. In the 19th century, the author's graphics became completely independent of painting.
Graphic materials:
Charcoal is an extremely soft, pliable material with a beautiful, matte texture. It is made from evenly burnt thin branches or planed sticks of linden, willow or other tree species. In the 19th century, hard coal from pressed coal powder with the addition of vegetable glue (dry lead) became widespread. Lines and strokes made on paper with a rough surface with a stick of drawing charcoal do not adhere well to the paper and crumble. Finished drawings made with loose charcoal need to be fixed with a special fixative solution. Unlike natural drawing charcoal, compressed charcoal sticks produce bold, viscous lines. which are very difficult to remove. The technique of drawing with charcoal is very diverse, since very thin lines can be drawn with a rod or a stick of coal, and entire surfaces can be covered with the side. Working with the butt end of the coal and flat, changing the pressure force and turning the coal stick, the direction of the strokes. You can achieve great expressiveness of the picture, solve light and shade and volumetric-spatial problems. Artists who worked with coal: H. Holbein (1497-1543), J. Ingres (1780-1867), I. I. Shishkin (1832-1894), V.A. Serov (1865-1911).
Sanguina - the same as coal, is widely used in drawing. Sanguina (lat. - blood) - kaolin sticks with the addition of iron oxide. Sharpened sanguine sticks give fine lines and strokes. Like coal, sanguine can be worked with the end of a stick and flat. It is well rubbed with various shadings, elastic bands and thin emery skins. When rubbed, sanguine changes color and texture somewhat, but these qualities can also be used as new pictorial means in a drawing. The sanguine technique makes it possible to achieve subtle tonal transitions. The most commonly used warm red-brown tone, close to the flesh. During operation, the sanguine stick can be wetted, which will allow for a greater variety of stroke thickness and density. The disadvantages of sanguine include the difficulty in conveying the depth of shadows. The painting technique of sanguine was masterfully mastered by the great masters: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, A. Watteau, Rubens, Fragonard, Chardin.
Pastels are dry, soft, rimless colored crayons made from compressed, powdered pigments with the addition of vegetable glue. Pastels are characterized by a matte texture, purity, softness of colors, which, as a rule, retain their original freshness for a long time. Drawing with colored crayons brings graphics closer to painting.
Pastel sticks draw on rough paper, cardboard. The delicate, velvety surface of the pastel must be protected from the slightest touch and shaking. In order to preserve the drawings made in pastels, they are not fixed with a fixative (this causes the pastel to lose its velvety and purity of color), but are carefully edged and glazed in a frame. The so-called "pure pastel" is done with strokes and spots in one colorful layer. But pastel colors can be mixed by applying one layer to another and rubbing them with a blender or by hand. Widely known are works made in the pastel technique by foreign masters: L. Caracci, H. Holbein, E. Manet, E. Degas. In Russia - I.I. Levitan, V.A. Serov.
The sauce is a kind of pastel. It has a wide range of colors, the sauce can be used both as a dry and as a liquid (diluted with water) material. Fat black sticks of a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 8-10 mm. wrapped in rimless steel paper, made from compressed powder, carbon black or coal with the addition of glue. You can work with a line, strokes, spots using rubbing (dry sauce). In drawing with sauce in a wet way, as in painting, pointed and flat brushes are used from fat-free calcined hair or wool of various animals - squirrel, badger, kolinsky and others.
Coffee graphics. One of the modern trends in graphics is the use of new materials in the work. Particularly coffee. Coffee graphics are made with diluted instant coffee, it allows you to achieve a pleasant brownish tone in the work and various tonalities. Coffee is mixed with water on a palette, and the work is done in the grisaille technique.
Each graphic tool can be used as an independent material, or as an addition to other material. For example, charcoal is used to prepare a drawing for oil painting, and pastel is well combined with techniques such as gouache and watercolor.
