Painting is distinguished by a variety of genres and types. Each genre is limited by its range of subjects: the image of a person (portrait), the world around (landscape), etc.
Varieties (types) of painting differ in their purpose.

In this regard, there are several types of painting, which we will talk about today.

easel painting

The most popular and well-known type of painting is easel painting. So it is called for the reason that it is performed on a machine - an easel. The basis is wood, cardboard, paper, but most often canvas stretched on a stretcher. An easel painting is an independent work made in a certain genre. She has a richness of color.

Oil paints

Most often easel painting is executed with oil paints. Oil paints can be used on canvas, wood, cardboard, paper, metal.

Oil paints
Oil paints are suspensions of inorganic pigments and fillers in drying vegetable oils or drying oils or based on alkyd resins, sometimes with the addition of auxiliary substances. They are used in painting or for painting wooden, metal and other surfaces.

V. Perov "Portrait of Dostoevsky" (1872). Canvas, oil
But a picturesque picture can also be created with the help of tempera, gouache, pastels, watercolors.

Watercolor

Watercolor paints

Watercolor (French Aquarelle - watery; Italian acquarello) is a painting technique using special watercolor paints. When dissolved in water, they form a transparent suspension of fine pigment, due to this, the effect of lightness, airiness and subtle color transitions is created.

J. Turner "Fierwaldstadt Lake" (1802). Watercolor. Tate Britain (London)

Gouache

Gouache (French Gouache, Italian guazzo water paint, splash) is a type of adhesive water-soluble paints, more dense and matte than watercolor.

gouache paints
Gouache paints are made from pigments and glue with the addition of white. The admixture of white gives gouache a matte velvety, but when it dries, the colors are somewhat bleached (lightened), which the artist must take into account in the process of drawing. With the help of gouache paints, you can cover dark tones with light ones.

Vincent van Gogh "Corridor in Asulum" (black chalk and gouache on pink paper)

Pastel [e]

Pastel (from Latin pasta - dough) - artistic materials used in graphics and painting. Most often produced in the form of crayons or rimless pencils, having the form of bars with a round or square section. There are three types of pastels: dry, oil and wax.

I. Levitan "River Valley" (pastel)

Tempera

Tempera (Italian tempera, from Latin temperare - to mix paints) - water-borne paints prepared on the basis of dry powder pigments. The binder of tempera paints is the yolk of a chicken egg diluted with water or a whole egg.
Tempera paints are one of the oldest. Before the invention and distribution of oil paints until the XV-XVII centuries. tempera paints were the main material of easel painting. They have been used for over 3,000 years. The famous paintings of the sarcophagi of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs are made with tempera paints. Tempera was mainly easel painting by Byzantine masters. In Russia, the technique of tempera writing was predominant until the end of the 17th century.

R. Streltsov "Daisies and violets" (tempera)

Encaustic

Encaustic (from other Greek ἐγκαυστική - the art of burning out) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paints. Painting is done with melted paints. Many early Christian icons were painted in this technique. Originated in ancient Greece.

"Angel". Encaustic technique

We draw your attention to the fact that you can also find another classification, according to which watercolor, gouache and other techniques using paper and water-based paints are classified as graphics. They combine the features of painting (the richness of tone, the construction of form and space with color) and graphics (the active role of paper in the construction of the image, the absence of a specific relief stroke characteristic of the pictorial surface).

monumental painting

Monumental painting - painting on architectural structures or other grounds. This is the oldest type of painting, known since the Paleolithic. Due to stationarity and durability, numerous examples of it remained from almost all cultures that created developed architecture. The main techniques of monumental painting are fresco, and secco, mosaic, stained glass.

Fresco

Fresco (from Italian fresco - fresh) - painting on wet plaster with water-based paints, one of the wall painting techniques. When dried, the lime contained in the plaster forms a thin transparent calcium film, which makes the fresco durable.
The fresco has a pleasant matte surface and is durable in indoor conditions.

Gelati Monastery (Georgia). Church of the Holy Mother of God. Fresco on the top and south side of the Arc de Triomphe

A secco

And secco (from Italian a secco - dry) - wall painting, performed, unlike frescoes, on hard, dried plaster, re-moistened. Paints are used, ground on vegetable glue, egg or mixed with lime. Secco allows more surface area to be painted in a working day than fresco painting, but is not as durable a technique.
The asecco technique developed in medieval painting along with fresco and was especially common in Europe in the 17th-18th centuries.

Leonardo da Vinci The Last Supper (1498). A secco technique

Mosaic

Mosaic (fr. mosaïque, ital. mosaico from lat. (opus) musivum - (work dedicated to the muses) - decorative, applied and monumental art of different genres. Images in a mosaic are formed by arranging, setting and fixing multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials on the surface.

Mosaic panel "Cat"

stained glass

Stained-glass window (fr. vitre - window glass, from lat. vitrum - glass) - a work of colored glass. Stained glass has been used in churches for a long time. During the Renaissance, stained glass existed as a painting on glass.

Stained-glass window of the Palace of Culture "Mezhsoyuzny" (Murmansk)
Diorama and panorama also belong to the varieties of painting.

Diorama

The building of the diorama "Assault on the Sapun Mountains on May 7, 1944" in Sevastopol
A diorama is a ribbon-shaped, semicircularly curved painting with a foreground subject plan. The illusion of the presence of the viewer in the natural space is created, which is achieved by the synthesis of artistic and technical means.
Dioramas are designed for artificial lighting and are located mainly in special pavilions. Most of the dioramas are dedicated to historical battles.
The most famous dioramas are: "Assault on the Sapun Mountains" (Sevastopol), "Defense of Sevastopol" (Sevastopol), "Fights for Rzhev" (Rzhev), "Breakthrough of the Siege of Leningrad" (Petersburg), "Storm of Berlin" (Moscow), etc.

Panorama

In painting, a panorama is a picture with a circular view, in which a flat pictorial background is combined with a three-dimensional subject foreground. Panorama creates the illusion of real space surrounding the viewer in a full circle of the horizon. Panoramas are mainly used to depict events covering a large area and a large number of participants.

Museum-panorama "Battle of Borodino" (museum building)
In Russia, the most famous panoramas are the Battle of Borodino Panorama Museum, the Volochaev Battle, the Defeat of the Nazi Troops at Stalingrad in the Battle of Stalingrad Panorama Museum, the Defense of Sevastopol, and the panorama of the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Franz Rubo. Canvas panorama "Battle of Borodino"

Theatrical and decorative painting

Scenery, costumes, make-up, props help to reveal the content of the performance (film) more deeply. The scenery gives an idea of ​​the place and time of the action, activates the viewer's perception of what is happening on the stage. The theater artist seeks to sharply express the individual character of the characters, their social status, the style of the era, and much more in sketches of costumes and make-up.
In Russia, the heyday of theatrical and decorative art falls on the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. At this time, outstanding artists M.A. began working in the theater. Vrubel, V.M. Vasnetsov, A.Ya. Golovin, L.S. Bakst, N.K. Roerich.

M. Vrubel "City Lollipop". Sketch of the scenery for the opera by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" for the Russian Private Opera in Moscow. (1900)

Miniature

A miniature is a pictorial work of small forms. Particularly popular was the portrait miniature - a portrait of a small format (from 1.5 to 20 cm), characterized by a special subtlety of writing, a peculiar technique of execution and the use of means inherent only to this pictorial form.
The types and formats of miniatures are very diverse: they were painted on parchment, paper, cardboard, ivory, metal and porcelain, using watercolor, gouache, special artistic enamels or oil paints. The author can inscribe the image, in accordance with his own decision or at the request of the customer, in a circle, oval, rhombus, octagon, etc. A classic portrait miniature is a miniature made on a thin ivory plate.

Emperor Nicholas I. Fragment of a miniature by G. Morselli
There are several miniature techniques.

Lacquer miniature (Fedoskino)

Miniature with a portrait of Princess Zinaida Nikolaevna (Yusupov's jewels)

Painting is distinguished by a variety of genres and types. Each genre is limited by its range of subjects: the image of a person (portrait), the world around (landscape), etc.
Varieties (types) of painting differ in their purpose.

In this regard, there are several types of painting, which we will talk about today.

easel painting

The most popular and well-known type of painting is easel painting. So it is called for the reason that it is performed on a machine - an easel. The basis is wood, cardboard, paper, but most often canvas stretched on a stretcher. An easel painting is an independent work made in a certain genre. She has a richness of color.

Oil paints

Most often easel painting is executed with oil paints. Oil paints can be used on canvas, wood, cardboard, paper, metal.

Oil paints
Oil paints are suspensions of inorganic pigments and fillers in drying vegetable oils or drying oils or based on alkyd resins, sometimes with the addition of auxiliary substances. They are used in painting or for painting wooden, metal and other surfaces.

V. Perov "Portrait of Dostoevsky" (1872). Canvas, oil
But a picturesque picture can also be created with the help of tempera, gouache, pastels, watercolors.

Watercolor

Watercolor paints

Watercolor (French Aquarelle - watery; Italian acquarello) is a painting technique using special watercolor paints. When dissolved in water, they form a transparent suspension of fine pigment, due to this, the effect of lightness, airiness and subtle color transitions is created.

J. Turner "Fierwaldstadt Lake" (1802). Watercolor. Tate Britain (London)

Gouache

Gouache (French Gouache, Italian guazzo water paint, splash) is a type of adhesive water-soluble paints, more dense and matte than watercolor.

gouache paints
Gouache paints are made from pigments and glue with the addition of white. The admixture of white gives gouache a matte velvety, but when it dries, the colors are somewhat bleached (lightened), which the artist must take into account in the process of drawing. With the help of gouache paints, you can cover dark tones with light ones.

Vincent van Gogh "Corridor in Asulum" (black chalk and gouache on pink paper)

Pastel [e]

Pastel (from Latin pasta - dough) - artistic materials used in graphics and painting. Most often produced in the form of crayons or rimless pencils, having the form of bars with a round or square section. There are three types of pastels: dry, oil and wax.

I. Levitan "River Valley" (pastel)

Tempera

Tempera (Italian tempera, from Latin temperare - to mix paints) - water-borne paints prepared on the basis of dry powder pigments. The binder of tempera paints is the yolk of a chicken egg diluted with water or a whole egg.
Tempera paints are one of the oldest. Before the invention and distribution of oil paints until the XV-XVII centuries. tempera paints were the main material of easel painting. They have been used for over 3,000 years. The famous paintings of the sarcophagi of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs are made with tempera paints. Tempera was mainly easel painting by Byzantine masters. In Russia, the technique of tempera writing was predominant until the end of the 17th century.

R. Streltsov "Daisies and violets" (tempera)

Encaustic

Encaustic (from other Greek ἐγκαυστική - the art of burning out) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paints. Painting is done with melted paints. Many early Christian icons were painted in this technique. Originated in ancient Greece.

"Angel". Encaustic technique

We draw your attention to the fact that you can also find another classification, according to which watercolor, gouache and other techniques using paper and water-based paints are classified as graphics. They combine the features of painting (the richness of tone, the construction of form and space with color) and graphics (the active role of paper in the construction of the image, the absence of a specific relief stroke characteristic of the pictorial surface).

monumental painting

Monumental painting - painting on architectural structures or other grounds. This is the oldest type of painting, known since the Paleolithic. Due to stationarity and durability, numerous examples of it remained from almost all cultures that created developed architecture. The main techniques of monumental painting are fresco, and secco, mosaic, stained glass.

Fresco

Fresco (from Italian fresco - fresh) - painting on wet plaster with water-based paints, one of the wall painting techniques. When dried, the lime contained in the plaster forms a thin transparent calcium film, which makes the fresco durable.
The fresco has a pleasant matte surface and is durable in indoor conditions.

Gelati Monastery (Georgia). Church of the Holy Mother of God. Fresco on the top and south side of the Arc de Triomphe

A secco

And secco (from Italian a secco - dry) - wall painting, performed, unlike frescoes, on hard, dried plaster, re-moistened. Paints are used, ground on vegetable glue, egg or mixed with lime. Secco allows more surface area to be painted in a working day than fresco painting, but is not as durable a technique.
The asecco technique developed in medieval painting along with fresco and was especially common in Europe in the 17th-18th centuries.

Leonardo da Vinci The Last Supper (1498). A secco technique

Mosaic

Mosaic (fr. mosaïque, ital. mosaico from lat. (opus) musivum - (work dedicated to the muses) - decorative, applied and monumental art of different genres. Images in a mosaic are formed by arranging, setting and fixing multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials on the surface.

Mosaic panel "Cat"

stained glass

Stained-glass window (fr. vitre - window glass, from lat. vitrum - glass) - a work of colored glass. Stained glass has been used in churches for a long time. During the Renaissance, stained glass existed as a painting on glass.

Stained-glass window of the Palace of Culture "Mezhsoyuzny" (Murmansk)
Diorama and panorama also belong to the varieties of painting.

Diorama

The building of the diorama "Assault on the Sapun Mountains on May 7, 1944" in Sevastopol
A diorama is a ribbon-shaped, semicircularly curved painting with a foreground subject plan. The illusion of the presence of the viewer in the natural space is created, which is achieved by the synthesis of artistic and technical means.
Dioramas are designed for artificial lighting and are located mainly in special pavilions. Most of the dioramas are dedicated to historical battles.
The most famous dioramas are: "Assault on the Sapun Mountains" (Sevastopol), "Defense of Sevastopol" (Sevastopol), "Fights for Rzhev" (Rzhev), "Breakthrough of the Siege of Leningrad" (Petersburg), "Storm of Berlin" (Moscow), etc.

Panorama

In painting, a panorama is a picture with a circular view, in which a flat pictorial background is combined with a three-dimensional subject foreground. Panorama creates the illusion of real space surrounding the viewer in a full circle of the horizon. Panoramas are mainly used to depict events covering a large area and a large number of participants.

Museum-panorama "Battle of Borodino" (museum building)
In Russia, the most famous panoramas are the Battle of Borodino Panorama Museum, the Volochaev Battle, the Defeat of the Nazi Troops at Stalingrad in the Battle of Stalingrad Panorama Museum, the Defense of Sevastopol, and the panorama of the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Franz Rubo. Canvas panorama "Battle of Borodino"

Theatrical and decorative painting

Scenery, costumes, make-up, props help to reveal the content of the performance (film) more deeply. The scenery gives an idea of ​​the place and time of the action, activates the viewer's perception of what is happening on the stage. The theater artist seeks to sharply express the individual character of the characters, their social status, the style of the era, and much more in sketches of costumes and make-up.
In Russia, the heyday of theatrical and decorative art falls on the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. At this time, outstanding artists M.A. began working in the theater. Vrubel, V.M. Vasnetsov, A.Ya. Golovin, L.S. Bakst, N.K. Roerich.

M. Vrubel "City Lollipop". Sketch of the scenery for the opera by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" for the Russian Private Opera in Moscow. (1900)

Miniature

A miniature is a pictorial work of small forms. Particularly popular was the portrait miniature - a portrait of a small format (from 1.5 to 20 cm), characterized by a special subtlety of writing, a peculiar technique of execution and the use of means inherent only to this pictorial form.
The types and formats of miniatures are very diverse: they were painted on parchment, paper, cardboard, ivory, metal and porcelain, using watercolor, gouache, special artistic enamels or oil paints. The author can inscribe the image, in accordance with his own decision or at the request of the customer, in a circle, oval, rhombus, octagon, etc. A classic portrait miniature is a miniature made on a thin ivory plate.

Emperor Nicholas I. Fragment of a miniature by G. Morselli
There are several miniature techniques.

Lacquer miniature (Fedoskino)

Miniature with a portrait of Princess Zinaida Nikolaevna (Yusupov's jewels)

, cardboard, board, paper, silk), and implies an independent and not conditioned perception of the environment.

The main materials of easel painting are oil, tempera and watercolor paints, gouache, pastel, acrylic. In the Far East, ink painting (mostly monochrome), often integrating calligraphy, has become predominantly widespread.

A special place is occupied by monotype - a pseudo-printing technique of painting, which uses the method of applying a paint layer on paper, which is characteristic of printmaking, by printing from a board (metal, plastic, glass).

The European picture, as a rule, is separated from the surroundings by a frame or passe-partout, the Eastern tradition leaves the painting in a sheet or scroll, sometimes duplicating it on a decorative base.

Easel painting is one of the main types of fine arts, the richest in genres and styles.

Easel painting is taught in art schools and studios, in secondary art schools and art institutes, the largest of which in Russia are in St. Petersburg, the Ryazan Art School. G.K. Wagner in Ryazan and in Moscow.

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See what "Easel Painting" is in other dictionaries:

A kind of painting, which, unlike monumental, is not connected with architecture, has an independent character. Easel paintings (paintings) can be transferred from one interior to another, shown in other countries. The term... ... Art Encyclopedia

A type of fine art whose works are created using paints applied to a hard surface. In works of art created by painting, color and drawing, chiaroscuro, expressiveness are used ... ... Art Encyclopedia

A type of fine art whose works are created using paints applied to a surface. Painting is an important means of artistic reflection and interpretation of reality, influencing the thoughts and feelings of the audience. Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

AND; and. 1. Visual art that reproduces objects and phenomena of the real world with the help of paints. Oil, watercolor J. oil. Portrait, landscape Genre, battle Engage in painting. Interested in painting. Lessons… … encyclopedic Dictionary

painting- and, only units, f. 1) A type of fine art that reproduces objects and phenomena of the real world with the help of paints. Watercolor painting. Portrait painting. The history of the development of painting. 2) collected. Works of this type of art. Exhibition… … Popular dictionary of the Russian language

PAINTING- a type of fine art, the works of which are created on a plane using paints and colored materials. The system of color combinations (color) allows you to convey the finest nuances of reality, and in general pictorial ... ... Eurasian wisdom from A to Z. Explanatory dictionary

Antique painting- painting with wax paints (encaustic) or tempera on plaster, marble, limestone, wood, clay; paintings of societies and residential buildings, crypts, tombstones, as well as products are known. easel painting. Bolyp in the monuments of other gr. painting... ... Antique world. Dictionary reference.

painting- ▲ art through, color tone painting art depicting reality with paint. easel painting: painting is a work of painting. canvas. canvas. diptych. triptych. monumental decorative painting: wall painting, ... ... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

PAINTING, and, for women. 1. Fine art creation of artistic images with the help of paints. Painting lessons. School of painting. 2. collected Works of this art. Wall railway Easel railway | adj. picturesque, wow. Painting workshop. ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

A type of fine art, works of art that are created using paints applied to a hard surface. Like other types of art (See Art), Zh. performs ideological and cognitive tasks, and ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Books

• Giotto di Bondone. Easel painting, Yuri Astakhov, The era of the Pre-Renaissance brought to life the humanistic art of Giotto di Bondone. His frescoes secured the glory of the first master of that time for the artist. To a large extent, he determined... Category: Foreign artists Series: Masterpieces of Painting Publisher:

The main advantage of easel oil painting is that it is easy to move from place to place.

Every piece of art needs a base. The base on which the painters painted was originally a tree - poplar, ash, walnut, willow. Then, in antiquity, the tree replaces the canvas. First, the canvas is glued, and then primed with a dense layer of a special mixture. An image is applied to the primed canvas with paints. From the second half of the 16th century, copper boards appeared. Their advantage was that they did not allow the penetration of air harmful to oil paints.

Each foundation requires a specific primer. The task of the primer is to level, smooth the surface of the base in order to prevent the binders from being absorbed into the base, in addition, to participate in the color of the picture with its tone.

Oil painting is one of the painting techniques that uses paints with vegetable oil as the main binder. Oil paints are made up of dry pigments and drying oil. Linseed, poppy or walnut oil is used. The basis can be wood, plywood, cardboard, paper, canvas. Do not dilute, do not wash off with water. dries for a long time, the layers dry at different speeds. colors mix easily, the ability to create complex color transitions and developed coloring.

Ticket number 12. Easel painting. Pastel

An easel painting is an independent work of painting, free from any decorative functions and made on an easel or easel.

Easel painting is a kind of painting, which, unlike monumental,

not related to architecture, has an independent character.

The term "easel painting" comes from the easel on which paintings are created.

Pastel

Few binders ( Binders:

a substance that is part of the paint and determines its main properties, with the exception of the tone of the color, which is due to the pigment.

The main purpose is to bond the particles of pigment and soil together, in creating a stable and coherent paint layer, thereby ensuring the safety of the paint.)

High degree of coverage

Freedom at work

ALGORITHM FOR CREATING AN EASEL PICTURE

Features of the work of old masters and artists of the new time.

1. Ink drawing

2. Underpainting

3. Glazing

Ticket number 13. Easel painting. Watercolor and gouache

Easel painting is a kind of painting, which, unlike monumental, is not connected with architecture, it has an independent character. The term "easel painting" comes from the easel on which paintings are created.

ALGORITHM FOR CREATING AN EASEL PICTURE

Old masters - work with three stages:

Ink drawing

Underpainting

Glazing

The artists of the new time (since the 17th century) - the indivisibility of the pictorial process (impasto).

Gouache
Gouache is called painting, executed with opaque, dense and covering glue paints with an admixture of white. The word gouache comes from the Italian guazzo, which means wet.

Sources of the 16th century mention gouache painting. In the Renaissance, gouache was used to make illustrations, highlight drawings, paint fans, snuff boxes, etc.

Since the 18th century, gouache painting has been improving and becoming a widespread type of painting. It is used for writing preparatory cardboards, decorative sketches, illustrations and easel works. Unlike watercolors, gouache is opaque, since white is part of the paints.

Watercolor
Watercolor was known in ancient times, but until the 17th century it had no independent meaning, it was used for coloring drawings, rough sketches, etc.

Watercolor acquired independent significance in painting starting from the 17th century. Paintings executed in watercolor are completely finished works of fine art with a rather deeply developed manner and technique of writing. Of the Russian watercolorists, Bryullov K., Sokolov, Benois, Vrubel, Savinsky and others are known.

Ticket number 14. Easel painting. Tempera

From linear-planar style to the illusion of space. The role of direct and light perspective
Easy to move from place to place. The basis was originally a tree - poplar, ash, walnut, willow. Then the tree replaces the canvas. First, the canvas is glued, and then primed with a dense layer of a special mixture. An image is applied to the primed canvas with paints
Easel painting has many genres. The most important of them are subject painting, portrait, landscape and still life.
They will divide: linear-planar and volumetric-spatial, but there are no clear boundaries between them. Linear-planar painting is characterized by flat spots of local color, outlined by expressive contours, clear and rhythmic lines; In painting of this type, spatial relationships can be reproduced by color, the illusion of deep three-dimensional space can be created, the pictorial plane can be visually destroyed with the help of tonal gradations, airy and linear perspective, by distributing warm and cold colors; volumetric forms are modeled by color and chiaroscuro.
In volume-spatial and linear-planar images, the expressiveness of line and color is used, and the effect of volume, even sculpture, is achieved by a gradation of light and dark tones distributed in a clearly limited color spot; at the same time, the coloring is often colorful, figures and objects do not merge with the surrounding space into a single whole.
Light perspective - is determined by the distance to the light source and the position of the object in relation to it.
Direct perspective - designed for a fixed point of view and assuming a single vanishing point on the horizon (objects decrease proportionally as they move away from the foreground).
Light perspective characterizes the distance of objects from a light source. It occurs in conditions of uneven lighting.

Ticket number 15. Color in painting

Color- a qualitative subjective characteristic of electromagnetic radiation in the optical range, determined on the basis of the emerging physiological visual sensation and depending on a number of physical, physiological and psychological factors.

This is visible electromagnetic radiation, a wave of a certain length.

Color options:

1. Tone (color name - red, blue, yellow, etc.)

1. Saturation

3. Lightness

4.Temperature: warm and cool colors

Color circle:

Includes all visible colors of the spectrum and is built as a system of continuous color transitions.

Primary colors- red, yellow, blue.
Composite colors- colors of the second order: green, violet, orange. Obtained by mixing pairs of primary colors: red, yellow and blue.
complex colors are obtained by mixing three secondary colors with adjacent primary ones. For example: orange + yellow = yellow-orange. There are six of these colors.
The compound color triad can be one of these combinations:
red-orange, yellow-green and blue-violet;
blue-green, yellow-orange and red-violet.
On the color wheel, they are all at the same distance from each other, occupying an intermediate position between the compound colors.

related colors- belong to any one quarter of the circle.

Contrasting (complementary) colors- are on diametrically opposite sides of the circle.

Hue- tone gradation; the difference in color when it goes from cold to warm and vice versa.

Nuance- a very subtle shade of color or a very slight transition from light to shadow, etc.

Saturation (intensity) - characterizes the degree of purity of the color tone. The concept operates in the redistribution of one tone, where the degree of saturation is measured by the degree of difference from gray. This concept is also related to brightness., since the most saturated tone in its lineup will be the brightest.

Lively, strong, deep saturation.

Desaturated colors are dull, weak, washed out.

The degree of color difference between white and black. If the difference between the determined color and black is greater than between it and white, then the color is light. Otherwise, dark. If the difference between black and white is equal, then the color is medium in lightness.

Ticket number 16. perspective

Fr. perspective from lat. perspicere - look through - a technique for depicting spatial objects on a plane or any surface in accordance with those apparent reductions in their size, changes in shape outlines and light and shade relationships that are observed in the surrounding (real) world.

Perspective types

1. Direct perspective - a type of perspective designed for a fixed point of view and assuming a single vanishing point on the horizon line (objects decrease proportionally as they move away from the foreground).

VANISHING POINT - a point on a perspective image where the projections of lines that are parallel in the object space intersect.

2. Reverse perspective - a type of perspective used in Byzantine and Old Russian painting, in which the depicted objects appear to increase as they move away from the viewer, the picture has several horizons and points of view, and other features - as if the center of the vanishing lines is not on the horizon, but within the viewer.

3. Panoramic perspective - an image built on an internal cylindrical (sometimes spherical) surface.

4. Aerial perspective - characterized by the disappearance of the clarity and clarity of the outlines of objects as they move away from the observer's eyes (sfumato effect - haze). At the same time, the background is characterized by a decrease in color saturation (color loses its brightness, chiaroscuro contrasts soften), thus - the depth seems darker than the foreground. Aerial perspective is associated with changing tones, which is why it can also be called tonal perspective.

5. Spherical perspective - a kind of perspective in which the viewer's eyes are always in the center of the "reflection" on the ball. This is the position of the main point, which is not really tied to either the horizon level or the main vertical. When depicting objects in a spherical perspective, all depth lines will have a vanishing point at the main point and will remain strictly straight. The main vertical and the horizon line will also be strictly straight. All other lines will bend more and more as they move away from the main point, transforming into a circle. Every line that does not pass through the center, when extended, is a semi-ellipse.

- this is one of the main types of fine art; is an artistic representation of the objective world with colored paints on the surface. Painting is divided into: easel, monumental and decorative.

- mainly represented by works made with oil paints on canvas (cardboard, wooden boards or bare). It is the most popular form of painting. It is this form that is usually applied to the term " painting".

is a technique of drawing on walls in the design of buildings and architectural elements in buildings. Especially common in Europe fresco - monumental painting on wet plaster with water-soluble paints. This drawing technique has been well known since antiquity. Later, this technique was used in the design of many Christian religious temples and their vaults.

decorative painting - (from the Latin word from decoro - to decorate) is a way of drawing and applying images to objects and interior details, walls, furniture and other decorative items. Refers to arts and crafts.

The possibilities of pictorial art are especially clearly revealed by easel painting from the 15th century, from the moment of the mass use of oil paints. It is in it that a special variety of content and deep elaboration of form is available. At the heart of pictorial artistic means are colors (the possibilities of colors), in inseparable unity with chiaroscuro, and line; color and chiaroscuro are developed and developed by painting techniques with a fullness and brightness inaccessible to other art forms. This is the reason for the perfection of volumetric and spatial modeling inherent in realistic painting, the lively and accurate transmission of reality, the possibility of realizing the plots conceived by the artist (and methods of constructing compositions), and other pictorial virtues.

Another difference in the differences in the types of painting is the technique of execution according to the types of paints. It is not always enough common features to determine. The boundary between painting and graphics in each individual case: for example, works made in watercolor or pastel can belong to both areas, depending on the approach of the artist and the tasks assigned to him. Although drawings on paper are related to graphics, the use of various painting techniques sometimes blurs the distinction between painting and graphics.

It should be taken into account that the semantic term "painting" itself is a word of the Russian language. It was taken for use as a term during the formation of fine arts in Russia during the Baroque era. The use of the word "painting" at that time applied only to a certain kind of realistic depiction with paints. But originally it comes from the church icon painting technique, which uses the word "write" (referring to writing) because this word is a translation of the meaning in Greek texts (here are such "translation difficulties"). The development in Russia of its own art school and the inheritance of European academic knowledge in the field of art, developed the scope of the Russian word "painting", inscribing it into educational terminology and literary language. But in the Russian language, a feature of the meaning of the verb "write" was formed in relation to writing and drawing pictures.

Genres of painting

In the course of the development of fine arts, several classical genres of paintings were formed, which acquired their own characteristics and rules.

Portrait- This is a realistic image of a person in which the artist tries to achieve resemblance to the original. One of the most popular genres of painting. Most of the customers used the talent of artists to perpetuate their own image or, wanting to get an image of a loved one, relative, etc. Customers sought to obtain a portrait resemblance (or even embellish it) leaving a visual embodiment in history. Portraits of various styles are the most massive part of the exposition of most art museums and private collections. This genre also includes such a kind of portrait as self-portrait - an image of the artist himself, written by himself.

Scenery- one of the popular pictorial genres in which the artist seeks to display nature, its beauty or peculiarity. Different types of nature (the mood of the season and weather) have a vivid emotional impact on any viewer - this is a psychological feature of a person. The desire to get an emotional impression from landscapes has made this genre one of the most popular in artistic creation.

- this genre is in many ways similar to the landscape, but has a key feature: the paintings depict landscapes with the participation of architectural objects, buildings or cities. A special direction is street views of cities that convey the atmosphere of the place. Another direction of this genre is the image of the beauty of the architecture of a particular building - its appearance or the image of its interiors.

- a genre in which the main plot of the paintings is a historical event or its interpretation by the artist. Interestingly, this genre includes a huge number of paintings on a biblical theme. Since in the Middle Ages, biblical scenes were considered "historical" events and the church was the main customer for these paintings. "Historical" biblical scenes are present in the work of most artists. The rebirth of historical painting takes place during neoclassicism, when artists turn to well-known historical plots, events from antiquity or national legends.

- reflects scenes of wars and battles. A feature is not only the desire to reflect a historical event, but also to convey to the viewer the emotional exaltation of feat and heroism. Subsequently, this genre also becomes political, allowing the artist to convey to the viewer his view (his attitude) on what is happening. We can see a similar effect of a political accent and the strength of the artist's talent in the work of V. Vereshchagin.

- This is a genre of painting with compositions from inanimate objects, using flowers, products, dishes. This genre is one of the latest and was formed in the Dutch school of painting. Perhaps its appearance is due to the peculiarity of the Dutch school. The economic heyday of the 17th century in Holland led to a desire for affordable luxury (paintings) in a significant number of the population. This situation attracted a large number of artists to Holland, causing intense competition among them. Models and workshops (people in appropriate clothes) were not available to poor artists. Drawing paintings for sale, they used improvised means (objects) to compose paintings. This situation in the history of the Dutch school is the reason for the development of genre painting.

Genre painting - the plot of the paintings are everyday scenes of everyday life or holidays, usually with the participation of ordinary people. As well as still life, it became widespread among the artists of Holland in the 17th century. During the period of romanticism and neoclassicism, this genre takes on a new birth, the paintings tend not so much to reflect everyday life as to romanticize it, to introduce a certain meaning or morality into the plot.

Marina- a type of landscape that depicts sea views, coastal landscapes overlooking the sea, sunrises and sunsets on the sea, ships or even naval battles. Although there is a separate battle genre, but naval battles still belong to the marina genre. The development and popularization of this genre can also be attributed to the Dutch school of the 17th century. He was popular in Russia thanks to the work of Aivazovsky.

- a feature of this genre is the creation of realistic paintings depicting the beauty of animals and birds. One of the interesting features of this genre is the presence of paintings depicting non-existent or mythical animals. Artists who specialize in images of animals are called animalists.

History of painting

The need for a realistic image has existed since ancient times, but had a number of disadvantages due to the lack of technology, a systematic school and education. In ancient times, you can often find examples of applied and monumental painting with the technique of painting on plaster. In antiquity, more importance was attached to the talent of the performer, artists were limited in the technology of making paints and the opportunity to receive a systematic education. But already in antiquity, specialized knowledge and works (Vitruvius) were formed, which will be the basis of a new flowering of European art in the Renaissance. Decorative painting received significant development during Greek and Roman antiquity (the school was lost in the Middle Ages), the level of which was reached only after the 15th century.

Painting of a Roman fresco (Pompeii, 1st century BC), an example of the state of the art of ancient painting:

The "Dark Ages" of the Middle Ages, militant Christianity and the Inquisition lead to bans on the study of the artistic heritage of antiquity. The vast experience of ancient masters, knowledge in the field of proportions, composition, architecture and sculpture are banned, and many artistic treasures are destroyed due to their dedication to ancient deities. The return to the values ​​of art and science in Europe occurs only during the Renaissance (revival).

Artists of the early Renaissance (revival) have to catch up and revive the achievements and level of ancient artists. What we admire in the work of early Renaissance artists was the level of the masters of Rome. A clear example of the loss of several centuries of development of European art (and civilization) during the "dark ages" of the Middle Ages, militant Christianity and the Inquisition - the difference between these paintings of 14 centuries!

The emergence and spread of the technology of making oil paints and the technique of drawing with them in the 15th century gives rise to the development of easel painting and a special type of artist's production - color oil paintings on primed canvas or wood.

Painting received a huge leap in the qualitative development in the Renaissance, largely due to the work of Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472). He first laid out the foundations of perspective in painting (the treatise "On Painting" in 1436). To him (his work on the systematization of scientific knowledge) the European art school owes the appearance (revival) of a realistic perspective and natural proportions in the paintings of artists. The famous and familiar drawing by Leonardo da Vinci "Vitruvian Man"(human proportions) of 1493, dedicated to the systematization of Vitruvius's ancient knowledge of proportions and composition, was created by Leonardo half a century later than Alberti's treatise "On Painting". And the work of Leonardo is a continuation of the development of the European (Italian) art school of the Renaissance.

But painting received a bright and massive development, starting from the 16-17 centuries, when the technique of oil painting became widespread, various technologies for making paints appeared and schools of painting were formed. It is the system of knowledge and art education (drawing technique), combined with the demand for works of art from the aristocracy and monarchs, that leads to the rapid flowering of fine arts in Europe (Baroque period).

The unlimited financial possibilities of European monarchies, aristocracy and entrepreneurs became excellent ground for the further development of painting in the 17th-19th centuries. And the weakening of the influence of the church and the secular way of life (multiplied by the development of Protestantism) allowed the birth of many subjects, styles and trends in painting (baroque and rococo).

In the course of the development of fine arts, artists have formed many styles and techniques that lead to the highest level of realism in the works. By the end of the 19th century (with the advent of modernist trends), interesting transformations began in painting. The availability of art education, massive competition and high demands on the skill of artists from the public (and buyers) give rise to new directions in the ways of expression. Fine art is no longer limited only by the level of performance technique, artists strive to bring special meanings, ways of "look" and philosophy into works. What often goes to the detriment of the level of performance, becomes speculation or a way of outrageous. The variety of emerging styles, lively discussions and even scandals give rise to the development of interest in new forms of painting.

Modern computer (digital) drawing technologies are related to graphics and cannot be called painting, although many computer programs and equipment allow you to completely repeat any painting technique with paints.