Reichstag - building of the state assembly
Germany (Deutschland), the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), a country with an amazing and tragic fate, the twentieth century shook it, it was divided, reunited again to become one of the strongest states in the world. Now the states of Germany consist of 16 equal districts.
A bit of history
At the end of November 1989, the triumphant Germans of both Germanys dismantled this wall, but a small fragment of it still remained, they deliberately did not touch it, as a reminder of past events. And on September 3, 1990, after all the formalities were resolved, the two Germanys finally united into one.
The capital of Germany now, as in the past, is Berlin. Although many ministries and administrative services still remain in Bonn.
Today Germany is a member of the European Union and NATO, one of the members of the G7. The Federal Republic of Germany also claims permanent membership in the UN Security Council.
Lands of Germany
To date, Deutschland is a parliamentary republic, it includes 16 equal districts - lands, each of which has its own capital. The largest of them is Bavaria, with its capital in Munich. The states of Germany and their capitals are divided into districts and districts.
Berlin
The current capital is itself a separate land, although it is entirely located inside another land - Brandenburg, with its capital in Potsdam. This is the largest city in Germany, very ancient and beautiful. It stands on the Spree River, it is also unofficially called Athens on the Spree. It amazes with the beauty of architecture.
In 1933, after the National Socialists came to power, Berlin became the capital of Nazi Germany. In 1941-1945. Berlin suffered severe damage from Anglo-American bombing, artillery shelling and street fighting.
Other lands
Land - Capital - Area (km²) - Population (persons)
By the beginning of 2017, the German population was 81,314,569.
Despite the high standard of living, the number of ethnic Germans is declining, the country's population remains approximately at the same level only due to immigrants.
Geography
Germany is located in the very center of Western Europe, most of it is located in a low-lying plain, the Alps adjoin it from the south. The highest point is the Zugspitze 2960 m.
There are many rivers here - the largest and most famous are the Rhine, Danube, Elbe, Weser and Oder, they are connected by canals. One of them is Kiel, through which the Baltic and North Seas are connected.
There are few lakes in the Federal Republic of Germany, the largest is Lake Constance, it is located in the foothills of the Alps, on the border of Germany, Switzerland and Austria. The Rhine flows through this lake, it freezes only in the most severe winters. This lake is navigable and there is also a ferry service. On the lake it is worth seeing the Monastic Island of Reichenau.
Climate
The weather in Germany is unstable, this is due to the difference in landscape, the proximity of the mountains. In summer there are periods of cooling and rains, in winter the temperature rises to positive levels. Truly extreme natural phenomena and temperatures almost never happen here. Briefly, the climate can be described as temperate. Average January temperature: -5 - +2, in July about 20 - 25 degrees.
Protected architectural monuments and natural areas
In Germany there are many natural areas, parks, biosphere reserves. These are picturesque landscapes that have been preserved in their original form.
14 national parks throughout the country, many other natural monuments, protected natural areas make Germany one of the greenest countries in Europe.
Germany is a country with a rich history and unique architectural monuments. Many of them are taken under the protection of UNESCO.
Hotels
Radisson Blu Hotel in Berlin - 5-star hotel adorns a 25-meter aquarium
Germany is worth a visit to see its beauty and originality. You can stay in hotels for every taste - from luxurious five-star hotels to simple and practical hotels. Everyone will find a hotel for themselves at an affordable price. The hotels offer a comfortable stay, free Wi-Fi, breakfast is included in the price.
There are also many comfortable and practical hostels where you can have a good rest, cook your own food.
Public transport
The system is well organized. There are metro and city trains, buses and trams. The fare payment system is conveniently established - a single ticket is valid with transfers. The price depends on the time and distance of travel, there is a system of benefits and discounts, and there are also many taxis.
There are few international buses - they are successfully replaced by electric trains.
A widely branched network of highways of all classes has been built.
Airports
Germany has several international airports with flights from many countries around the world.
The largest of them is Frankfurt am Main. It receives most domestic and international flights. It can be reached by train, bus or car.
Dresden-Kloche has had international status since 2008.
A new international airport is being built in Berlin, "Berlin-Brandenburg", but for now, flights from Moscow are accepted at the old one, "Tegel".
Round-the-clock airport "Cologne-Bonn" is also international, it also accepts some Russian airlines.
gab_innerslider() ran.gab_innerslider() exitedGermany (Federal Republic of Germany) is a state in Central Europe, the capital is Berlin.
The Russian name of the state comes from the Celtic Gair - “neighbor”, and the German from the pra-German? eodisk - “related to the people” and Land - “country”. The founding date of the German state is February 2, 962. Germany was the first country to introduce a social insurance system, the basis of which was developed by Bismarck in the 1890s.
Geography
Germany is located in Central Europe and borders on 9 countries, in the north it has a natural border in the form of the North and Baltic Seas. The territory of the state is 357,021 km². The lowest point of the Neuendorf-Saxenbande is located on the North German Plain - 3.54 meters below sea level. In the south of the country, the Alps begin, with the highest mountain, the Zugspitze - 2,968 meters. The largest lake in Germany is Lake Constance, its area is 540 square meters. km, and a depth of 250 meters.
The state includes 16 equal subjects - lands: Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, Mecklenburg - Vorpommern, Lower Saxony, North Rhine - Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saar, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt , Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringia.
Quite an interesting history of Germany. There was no state on the territory of modern Germany until the end of the 5th century. Charlemagne united the Rhine, Bavarian, Saxon, Frankish and other lands in his empire. The great state disintegrated after his death, and its eastern part turned into the German Empire. In the middle of the XII century, under Frederick I Barbarossa, the borders of the empire expanded.
A split along religious lines in Germany occurred at the beginning of the 16th century, when the activity of Martin Luther began. The result of the Thirty Years' War (from 1618 to 1648) was the split of Germany into several kingdoms and principalities, the most influential of which was Prussia. Otto von Bismarck (Prussian Chancellor) after several fairly successful international treaties and military campaigns actually restored the empire. He also declared King Wilhelm I of Prussia Kaiser (German Emperor).
What is the further history and what is the current situation of Germany? Bonn or Berlin - the capital of the state? The answers to these questions can be found in this article.
Story
Germany has always been divided into lands, but the most significant changes occurred in the XIX-XX centuries - during the periods of the Napoleonic Wars, the conflict between Prussia and Austria in 1866, as well as during the last two world wars. The consequences of the last war are the division of German territory and the disappearance of the large federal German state of Prussia.
The federal lands acquired their current appearance mainly after 1945. Before the unification of the state, which took place in 1990, the federal republic had 11 lands created in the former western areas of occupation (1946-1957). And in the Soviet occupation zone, which later became the GDR, there were 5 lands.
After the first free elections took place in 1990, a decision was made to create five new lands, mostly retaining the borders that existed before 1952. In the autumn of 1990, the unification of the FRG and the GDR took place, as well as the accession of five lands to the western part of the state.
As a result, which city became the capital of Germany - Bonn or Berlin?
Federal states of Germany
The state structure is a federal republic. Today, Germany is territorially divided into 16 federal states. Each of them is original and not similar to other parts of the country.
Before we decide which city (Bonn or Berlin) is the capital of Germany, we will present a list of federal states, each of which has its own government, parliament and constitution.
- North Rhine-Westphalia (population over 17 million people) the capital is the city of Düsseldorf).
- Bavaria (about 11 million people), the capital is the city of Munich.
- Baden-Württemberg (about 10 million people), the capital is the city of Stuttgart.
- Lower Saxony (more than 7 million people), the capital is the city of Hannover.
- Hesse (about 6 million people), the city of Wiesbaden.
- Saxony (about 5 million), the city of Dresden.
- Rhineland-Palatinate (about 4 million), the city of Mainz.
- Berlin (3.5 million), city on the rights of the land.
- Saxony-Anhalt (about 3 million), Magdeburg.
- Schleswig-Holstein (more than 2.5 million), Kiel.
- Thuringia (more than 2.5 million), Erfurt.
- Brandenburg (2.5 million), Potsdam.
- Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (about 2 million), Schwerin.
- Hamburg (more than 1.5 million), a city on the rights of the land.
- Saar (more than 1 million people), Saarbrücken.
- Bremen (0.7 million people), city on the rights of the land.
Legislative power is exercised by the parliament, which consists of chambers: the Bundesrat and the Bundestag. Germany is a democratic-parliamentary federal country. Berlin is the official capital of Germany. The head of state is the federal president, and the head of government is the federal chancellor.
Berlin
Both in public life and in the architecture of the city, there is a surprisingly contrasting combination of traditional-historical and modern.
Berlin, which is one of the cultural centers of the German state, is distinguished by the latest fashion trends. The appearance of the city is characterized by a combination of traditional and creative elements. In the museums of antiquity, you can see not only samples of historical heritage, but also unique exhibits from all over the world. 170 make up the most unique cultural urban landscape, constantly replenished with new architectural objects.
Literally everything here is dominated by fashionable extravagance and avant-garde. The city is in perpetual motion: young people from all over the world gather here to take part in a wide variety of festivals and other projects that have turned Berlin into the most famous entertainment destination in Europe.
The administrative capital of the State of Germany
The city of Bonn (the capital of the former Federal Republic of Germany before unification in 1990) is located on the Rhine River, in North Rhine-Westphalia. The population is 318,809 people. It occupies the 19th place in Germany by the number of inhabitants.
It was the capital of Germany from autumn 1949 to autumn 1990. Today it is a major political center of the state, where some federal departments have been preserved on a permanent basis.
Finally
Which city (Bonn or Berlin) is the capital of Germany? Any of them deserve this title. Berlin is the official capital and Bonn is the administrative capital. Although each of them has admirable sights. And this applies not only to these cities, but also to city-states, such as Hamburg or Bremen, as well as original and cozy villages, conducive to a pleasant stay among wonderful natural landscapes.
Almost all German cities differ not only in sights and architectural appearance, but also in an absolutely individual way of life and rhythm. All this attracts many tourists to Germany.
Germany is a state in Central Europe. The official name of Germany is the Federal Republic of Germany, and the abbreviation FRG is also widely used.
The territory of Germany - The area of the state of the Federal Republic of Germany - 357022 km².
Population of Germany - The population of Germany is more than 80 million inhabitants (80,594,017 as of July 2017).
According to 2017 data, the average life expectancy in Germany is 80.8 years (men - 78.5 years, women - 83.3 years).
The capital of Germany, Berlin, is the seat of the German government; some ministries and departments are located in Bonn.
Major cities in Germany - The largest cities in Germany are Berlin, Hamburg, Munich and Cologne. The next most important is the fifth most populous city in Germany and the financial metropolis of Frankfurt am Main, which also has Germany's largest airport. This is the second largest airport in Europe, and the first in terms of revenue from air cargo.
The official language of Germany - The official literary language and the language of office work in Germany is German. Along with this, the population of Germany uses Low, Middle and High German dialects, which are also spoken by residents of the border regions of neighboring states. The recognized languages of national minorities include Danish, Frisian and Lusatian, as well as the regional language - Low Saxon (Low German), which has been recognized by the EU since 1994.
Citizens of foreign origin living in the country, for whom German is not their native language, as well as their children, speak Russian (about 3 million), Turkish (about 3 million), Polish (about 2 million), the languages of the peoples of the former Yugoslavia , Spanish, Italian, as well as in the languages of a number of Muslim states. In the course of assimilation into German society, these languages eventually disappear. There are also mixed dialects. Migrants who are not able to master the German language, and therefore retain their original cultural identity, find themselves in isolation. Russian is spoken by ethnic Germans, Russians and Jews, immigrants from the CIS countries (mainly from Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine).
Religion in Germany - Freedom of conscience and freedom of religion is guaranteed by the German constitution. The majority of Germans are Christians, with Catholics making up 32.4%, Protestants 32.0%, and Orthodox 1.14%. A small part of believers belong to Christian denominations - Baptists, Methodists, believers of the Free Evangelical Church and adherents of other religious movements. Part of the believers are Muslims (about 3.2 million or 3.8%), Jehovah's Witnesses (about 164,000 or 0.2%) and members of Jewish communities (about 100,000 or 0.12%). About 31% of the German population, mostly in the territory of the former GDR, are atheists.
The geographical position of Germany - Germany borders on Denmark, Poland, the Czech Republic, Austria, Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands. In the north, its natural border is formed by the North and Baltic Seas. Germany is separated from Sweden by a strait in the Baltic Sea.
The northern part of Germany is a low-lying plain formed during the Ice Age (North German Plain, the lowest point is Neuendorf-Saxenbande in Wilstermarsh, 3.54 m below sea level). In the central part of the country, forested foothills adjoin the lowlands from the south, and the Alps begin to the south (the highest point in Germany is Mount Zugspitze, 2,968 m).
Rivers of Germany - A large number of rivers flow through Germany, the largest of which are the Rhine, Danube, Elbe, Weser and Oder.
Administrative-territorial division of Germany: Germany is a state with a federal structure; Germany has 16 equal subjects - lands (Bundeslander; see the federal lands of the Republic of Germany), three of them are cities (Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg).
State structure of Germany: The form of government is a parliamentary republic, the form of government is a symmetrical federation. Germany is a democratic, social, legal state. The state structure of Germany is regulated by the Basic Law of Germany. The form of government in Germany is a parliamentary democracy.
The head of state is the federal president, who performs rather representative functions and appoints the federal chancellor. The Federal Chancellor is the head of the German Government. He directs the activities of the Federal Government. Therefore, the form of government in Germany is often also called chancellor democracy.
Germany has a federal structure. Thus, the political system of the state is divided into two levels: the federal one, at which national decisions of international importance are made, and the regional one, at which the tasks of the federal lands are solved. Each level has its own executive, legislative and judicial authorities.
The Bundestag (parliament) and the Bundesrat (organ of representation of the states) exercise legislative and legislative functions at the federal level and are empowered by a two-thirds majority in each of the bodies to amend the constitution. At the regional level, the parliaments of the lands - Landtags and Burgerschafts (parliaments of the cities-lands of Hamburg and Bremen) are engaged in lawmaking. They make laws that apply within the lands.
Executive power at the federal level is represented by the Federal Government, headed by the Chancellor. The head of the executive authorities at the level of the subjects of the federation is the prime minister (or mayor of the city-land). The federal and state administrations are led by ministers who are at the head of the administrative bodies.
The German Federal Constitutional Court enforces the constitution. The supreme courts of justice also include the Federal Court of Justice in Karlsruhe, the Federal Administrative Court in Leipzig, the Federal Labor Court, the Federal Public Court and the Federal Financial Court in Munich. Most of the litigation is the responsibility of the Länder. Federal courts are mainly engaged in review cases and check the decisions of the courts of the Länder for formal legality.
Story
Germany in the first years after the surrender
After the occupation of Germany by the troops of the allies ("Four Powers" - the USA, Great Britain, France and the USSR), its territory was divided into four zones of occupation - Soviet, French, British, American and the city of Berlin with a special status (also divided into four zones). By 1949, the Western powers consolidated the administration of their zones of occupation into Trizonia. The eastern part of Germany was still under the control of the Soviet Union.
Proclamation of the Federal Republic of Germany
Political status and claims to all German territory
The government of the Federal Republic of Germany from the very beginning considered itself as the only legitimate representative of the entire German people, and the Federal Republic of Germany - as the only state-follower of the German Empire, and therefore had claims to all territories belonging to the German Empire as of December 31, 1937 (before the start of the military expansion of the Third Reich), including the territory of the GDR, West Berlin and the “former eastern regions” that seceded to Poland and the USSR. The preamble to the German constitution emphasized the desire of the German people for reunification in a single state. The government of the FRG in the early years avoided any direct contacts with the government of the GDR in every possible way in order to avoid the possible interpretation of such contacts as recognition of the GDR as an independent state.
| The German state, which did not cease to exist after the collapse, persists after 1945, even if the structure created on the basis of the Basic Law is temporarily limited in its action on a part of the territories of this state. Thus, the Federal Republic of Germany is identical with the German Empire. Judgment of the Constitutional Court, 1957 - BVerfGE 6, 309 (336 ff., Zit. Abs. 160, Abs. 166) |
Britain and the United States were also of the opinion that the FRG was the successor to the German Empire, but France supported the idea that the German Empire completely disappeared as a state in 1945. US President Harry Truman opposed the signing of a peace treaty with Germany, since, in his opinion, this would mean recognition of the existence of two German states. At the New York conference of the foreign ministers of the three powers in 1950, the status of the FRG was finally officially determined. The states recognized the claims of the government of the FRG to the right of the sole legitimate representation of the German people, but refused to recognize the government of the FRG as the government of all Germany.
Due to the non-recognition of the GDR, German legislation recognized the continued existence unified German citizenship, which comes from the citizenship of the German Empire, therefore called its citizens simply German citizens and did not consider the territory of the GDR abroad. For this reason, the German citizenship law of 1913 continued to operate in the country, and a new law on German citizenship was not adopted. It is curious to note that the same German citizenship law of 1913 continued to be in force in the GDR until 1967, and the Constitution of the GDR also recognized the existence of a single German citizenship. In practice, this situation meant that any "German citizen" from the GDR could officially obtain a passport in Germany, once on its territory. To prevent this, the government of the GDR by law forbade its residents to obtain passports in the FRG. Only in 1967 in the GDR, instead of German citizenship introduced its own citizenship of the GDR, which was given to all German citizens who lived in the territory of the GDR at the time of its creation and did not lose the right to citizenship of the GDR for a number of reasons. In Germany, the existence of a special citizenship of the GDR was officially recognized only in October 1987, when the Constitutional Court of the FRG ruled that any person who received citizenship of the GDR by naturalization automatically receives German citizenship (essentially citizenship of the FRG).
The non-recognition of the existence of the GDR was also reflected in the designation of the borders of states in geographical atlases. So, in the maps published in 1951 in the FRG, there is still a single Germany within the borders of 1937. At the same time, the border between the FRG and the GDR, as well as the Oder / Neisse line (the new border with Poland) and the border between Poland and the USSR in East Prussia are indicated by barely visible dotted lines; the territories ceded to Poland and the USSR are still part of a unified Germany, although they are signed as “territories under Polish and Soviet administration”, and the toponyms located on them still bear the old German names. The existence of the GDR is also out of the question. In the 1971 edition, the indicated borders are already indicated by a more distinct dashed line, but still differ from the line denoting state borders.
Domestic development
With help from the United States under the Marshall Plan, and as a result of the implementation of the country's economic development plans, developed under the leadership of Ludwig Erhard, rapid economic growth was achieved in the 1950s (German economic miracle), which lasted until 1965. To meet the need for cheap labor, Germany supported the influx of guest workers, mainly from Turkey.
Since 1954, "Day of German Unity" has been celebrated in the country on June 17, in honor of the performances on June 17, 1953 in East Berlin. With the abolition of the occupation regime on May 5, 1955, the Federal Republic of Germany officially became a sovereign state. At the same time, sovereignty extended only to the areas under the "Basic Law" and did not include Berlin and other former territories of the German Empire.
Until 1969, the country was ruled by the CDU party (usually in a bloc with the CSU and less often with the FDP). In the 1950s, a number of emergency laws were developed, many organizations were banned, including the Communist Party, and professions were banned. The internal political course related to denazification was continued, that is, the elimination of the consequences of the Nazis being in power, preventing the revival of Nazi ideology and organizations. In 1955, Germany joined NATO.
Foreign policy and relations with the GDR
The government of the FRG not only did not recognize the existence of the GDR, but for a long time (from September 1955 to October 1969) adhered to the doctrine, according to which all diplomatic relations were broken with any states (the only exception was the USSR due to its belonging to the Four Powers), officially recognizing GDR. In practice, the break in diplomatic relations for this reason occurred twice: in 1957 with Yugoslavia and in 1963 with Cuba.
After the construction of the Berlin Wall by the GDR authorities in 1961, discussions began to appear more and more often in the FRG about the possible recognition of the GDR as an independent state. With the accession of Willy Brandt to the post of Chancellor of the FRG in 1969, a new stage begins in relations between the FRG and the GDR and between the FRG and the socialist countries of Eastern Europe in general. The Moscow Treaty, signed in 1970, according to which the FRG renounced its claims to the former eastern regions of the German Empire, which had ceded to Poland and the USSR after the war, marked the beginning of the era of the "new eastern policy".
The most influential political parties:
- Communist Party of Germany ( Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, KPD, KKE) - the most left of the influential parties, did not vote for the Bonn constitution, insisting on the convening of the Parliamentary Council representing all the lands, including 5 eastern lands, in 1956 the German Communist Party, created in 1968 instead of it, was banned ( Deutsche Kommunistische Partei, DKP, NKP) did not have a significant impact
- Social Democratic Party of Germany ( Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, SPD, SPD) - to the right of the KKE, supported the Bonn constitution, but to the left of the FDP, the left wing sympathized with the KKE
- Free Democratic Party ( Freie Demokratische Partei, FDP, FDP) - to the right of the SPD, but to the left of the CDU, supported the Bonn constitution
- Christian Democratic Union ( Christlich Demokratische Union, CDU, CDU) - to the right of the FDP, supported the Bonn constitution
- German Conservative Party - German Right Party ( Deutsche Konservative Partei – Deutsche Rechtspartei) - the most right-wing of the influential, did not support the Bonn constitution, in 1950 joined the German Imperial Party ( Deutsche Reichspartei, DRP) in 1964 is banned, created in 1964 by the National Democratic Party of Germany ( National Demokratische Partei Deutschlands, NPD) did not have much influence
Judicial system
The highest court is the Federal Court ( Bundesgerichtshof), courts of appeal - Oberlandesgericht ( oberlandesgerich), courts of first instance - landgerichts ( landgericht), the primary link of the judicial system is the amtsgerichts ( amtsgericht):
- Schleswig-Holstein Oberlandesgericht ( Schleswig-Holsteinisches Oberlandesgericht) (Schleswig-Holstein)
- Hanseatic Oberlandesgericht ( Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht) (Hamburg)
- Kammergericht ( Kammergericht) (West Berlin)
- Oberlandesgericht Celle ( Oberlandesgericht Celle) (Lower Saxony)
- Oberlandesgericht Braunschweig ( Oberlandesgericht Braunschweig) (Lower Saxony)
- Oberlandesgericht of Oldenburg ( Oberlandesgericht Oldenburg) (Lower Saxony)
- Hanseatic Oberlandesgericht of Bremen ( Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht Bremen) (Bremen)
- Oberlandesgericht Hamma ( Oberlandesgericht Hamm) (North Rhine-Westphalia)
- Oberlandesgericht of Düsseldorf ( Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf) (North Rhine-Westphalia)
- Oberlandesgericht of Cologne ( Oberlandesgericht Koln) (North Rhine-Westphalia)
- Oberlandesgericht of Koblenz ( Oberlandesgericht Koblenz) (Rhineland-Palatinate)
- Palatinate Oberlandesgericht ( Pfalzisches Oberlandesgericht) (Rhineland-Palatinate)
- Oberlandesgericht of Frankfurt an der Oder ( Oberlandesgericht Frankfurt am Main) (Hesse)
- Saarland Oberlandesgericht ( Saarlandisches Oberlandesgericht) (Saarland)
- Oberlandesgericht Karlsruhe ( Oberlandesgericht Karlsruhe) (Baden-Württemberg)
- Oberlandesgericht of Stuttgart ( Oberlandesgericht Stuttgart) (Baden-Württemberg)
- Oberlandesgericht of Munich ( Oberlandesgericht Munich) (Bavaria)
- Oberlandesgericht of Nuremberg ( Oberlandesgericht Nürnberg) (Bavaria)
- Oberlandesgericht of Bamberg ( Oberlandesgericht Bamberg) (Bavaria)
The highest court of administrative justice is the Bundesferwaltungsgericht ( Bundesverwaltungsgericht), courts of appeal of administrative justice - Oberferwaltungsgerichty ( Oberverwaltungsgericht), courts of first instance of administrative justice - Verwaltungsgerichty ( Verwaltungsgericht):
- (Joint) Oberferwaltungsgericht of the states of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein ( (Gemeinsames) Oberverwaltungsgericht für die Länder Niedersachsen und Schleswig-Holstein) (Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony)
- Oberferwaltungsgericht of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen ( Oberverwaltungsgericht der Freien Hansestadt Bremen) (Bremen)
- Oberferwaltungsgericht of North Rhine-Westphalia ( Oberverwaltungsgericht für das Land Nordrhein-Westfalen) (North Rhine-Westphalia)
- Oberferwaltungsgericht Rhineland-Palatinate ( Oberverwaltungsgericht Rheinland-Pfalz) (Rhineland-Palatinate)
- Oberferwaltungsgericht of Saarland ( Oberverwaltungsgericht des Saarlandes) (Saarland)
- Hessian Administrative Court ( Hessischer Verwaltungsgerichtshof) (Hesse)
- Administrative Court of Baden-Württemberg ( Verwaltungsgerichtshof Baden-Württemberg) (Baden-Württemberg)
- Bavarian Administrative Court ( Bayerischer Verwaltungsgerichtshof)
Bodies of prosecutorial supervision - the Bundes Prosecutor General at the Federal Court ( Generalbundesanwalt beim Bundesgerichtshof), the Prosecutor's Office of the Bavarian Higher Regional Court, the Prosecutor General's Offices and the Prosecutor's Offices:
- Schleswig-Holstein Attorney General's Office ( Schleswig-Holsteinische Generalstaatsanwaltschaft) (Schleswig-Holstein)
- Attorney General Hamburg ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Hamburg) (Hamburg)
- Attorney General's Office Berlin ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Berlin) (West Berlin)
- Attorney General Celle ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Celle) (Lower Saxony)
- Prosecutor General's Office of Oldenburg ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Oldenburg) (Lower Saxony)
- Attorney General's Office of Braunschweig ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Braunschweig) (Lower Saxony)
- Attorney General Hamm ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Hamm)
- Attorney General's Office Düsseldorf ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Düsseldorf)
- Attorney General's Office Cologne Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Koln)
- Attorney General's Office Koblenz ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Koblenz)
- Attorney General's Office Zweibrücken ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Zweibrucken)
- Attorney General Saarbrücken ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Saarbrücken)
- Attorney General's Office Frankfurt am Main ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Frankfurt am Main)
- Attorney General's Office Karlsruhe ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Karlsruhe)
- Attorney General of Stuttgart ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Stuttgart)
- Attorney General Munich ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Munich)
- Attorney General Nuremberg ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Nürnberg)
- Attorney General Bamberg ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Bamberg)
In 1988-1989, the number of representatives of the legal profession in Germany was:
- Professional judges - 17627 people. (294 people per 1 million population);
- State prosecutors - 4560 people. (75 people per 1 million population);
- Lawyers - 54107 people. (902 people per 1 million population).
- A large number of lawyers. In the GDR, there was 1 lawyer for 2 public prosecutors and 2 judges, while in the FRG there were 3 lawyers for 1 judge;
- Much more professional judges. In the FRG, there were 294 judges per 1 million people, and in the GDR - 90 judges.
At the same time, the number of public prosecutors in the GDR and the FRG in 1988-1989 was comparable - 75 people per 1 million population.
Strong structure
Economy
Monetary unit - mark ( Deutsch Mark) (32 kopecks of the USSR, 1 US dollar - 2 marks 75 cents) was presented
The following regional state savings banks were subordinated to the Bundesbank:
- Bavarian State Bank ( Bayerische Landesbank)
- State Bank of Stuttgart ( Landesbank Stuttgart)
- Hessian Land Bank ( Hessischen Landesbank)
- State Bank of Rhineland-Palatinate ( Landesbank Rheinland-Pfalz)
- State Bank Saar ( Landesbank Saar)
- Western Land Bank ( Westdeutsche Landesbank)
- Hamburg State Bank ( Hamburgische Landesbank)
- Bremen State Bank ( Bremer Landesbank)
- Lower Saxony Land Bank ( Niedersachsische Landesbank)
- State Bank Schleswig-Holstein ( Landesbank Schleswig-Holstein)
- Berlin Savings Bank ( Berliner Sparkasse)
Of the private banks, the 3 largest banks played the main role:
Rail transport operator - Bundesbahn ( Bundesbahn), air transportation - "Lufthansa" ( Deutsche Lufthansa), postal and telephone communications - Bundespost ( Bundespost).
Mass media
Supra-regional dailies:
- "Frankfurter Allgemeine" ( "Frankfurter Allgemeine"), published in Frankfurt am Main;
- "Welt" ( "Die Welt"), came out in Bonn;
- "Unsere Zeit" ("Unsere Zeit") - a daily newspaper, the Central Organ of the GKP, was published in Essen
- "Union in Deutschland" - CDU weekly
- Deutsches Monatsblatt, a monthly magazine, organ of the CDU, published in Bonn;
- Bayern-Kurier, weekly newspaper, organ of the CSU, published in Munich
- Deutsche Wochen-Zeitung, a weekly newspaper published in Hannover
- "Bundesanzeiger" ( Bundesanzeiger) - the state newspaper, the land state newspapers were also published:
- "Niedersechsischer Staatsanzeiger" ( Niedersächsischer Staatsanzeiger) (Lower Saxony)
- "Staatsanzeiger für Rhineland-Palatinate" ( Staatsanzeiger fur Rheinland-Pfalz) (Rhineland-Palatinate)
- "Staatsanzeiger für Baden-Württemberg" ( Staatsanzeiger für Baden-Württemberg) (Baden-Württemberg)
- Bayerische Staatszeitung ( Bayerische Staatszeitung) (Bavaria)
- "Bundesgesetzblatt" ( Bundesgesetzblatt) - a bulletin of laws, land bulletins were also published:
- "Hamburgishes Gesetz- und Ferordnungsblatt" ( Hamburgisches Gesetz- und Verordnungsblatt) (Hamburg)
- "Niedersachsishes Gesetts- und Ferordnungsblatt" ( Niedersächsisches Gesetz- und Verordnungsblatt) (Lower Saxony)
- "Gesetz- und Ferordnungsblatt fur Berlin" ( Gesetz- und Verordnungsblatt für Berlin) (West Berlin)
- "Gesetzblatt der Freien Hansestadt Bremen" ( Gesetzblatt der Freien Hansestadt Bremen) (Bremen)
- Gesetz- und Verordnungsblatt) (North Rhine-Westphalia)
- Gesetz- und Verordnungsblatt of Rhineland-Palatinate ( Gesetz- und Verordnungsblatt für das Land Rheinland-Pfalz) (Rhineland-Palatinate)
- "Amtsblatt des Zaarlands" ( Amtsblatt des Saarlandes) (Saarland)
- "Gesetz- und Ferordnungsblatt" ( Gesetz- und Verordnungsblatt) (Hesse)
- "Gesetzblatt für Baden-Württemberg" ( Gesetzblatt für Baden-Württemberg) (Baden-Württemberg)
- Bayerisches Gesetz- und Ferordnungsblatt ( Bayerisches Gesetz- und Verordnungsblatt) (Bavaria)
In Germany, regional television and radio centers operated:
- North German Radio ( Norddeutscher Rundfunk) (Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony and Hamburg)
- South German Radio ( Suddeutscher Rundfunk) (part of Baden-Württemberg)
- West German Radio ( Westdeutscher Rundfunk) (North Rhine-Westphalia)
- Southwest Radio ( Sudwestfunk) (part of Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate)
- Hessian Radio ( Hessischer Rundfunk) (Hesse)
- Bavarian radio ( Bayerischer Rundfunk) (Bavaria)
- Bremen radio ( Radio Bremen) (Bremen)
- Saar Radio ( Saarlandischer Rundfunk) (Saarland)
2 nationwide TV programs were broadcast:
Radio stations broadcast abroad:
- Deutsche Welle ( Deutsche Welle) in 3 languages;
- Deutschlandfunk ( Deutschlandfunk) in 14 languages, also broadcast another program within Germany.
Religion
Most of the Lutherans and some of the Calvinists were represented by the Evangelical Church of Germany ( Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland), consisting of:
- Evangelical Unionist Church ( Evangelische Kirche der Union), uniting both Lutheran and Calvinist communities, which in turn consisted of:
- Bremen Evangelical Church ( Bremische Evangelische Kirche)
- Churches of Lippe ( Lippische Landeskirche)
- Evangelical Church of Westphalia ( Evangelische Kirche von Westfalen)
- Evangelical Church of the Rhineland ( Evangelische Kirche im Rheinland)
- Evangelical Church of Kurhessen-Waldeck ( Evangelische Kirche von Kurhessen-Waldeck)
- Evangelical Church of Hesse and Nassau ( Evangelische Kirche in Hessen and Nassau)
- Evangelical Church of Baden ( Evangelische Landeskirche in Baden)
- Evangelical Church of the Palatinate ( Evangelische Kirche der Pfalz)
- Evangelical Reformed Church ( Evangelisch-reformierte Kirche)
- United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Germany Vereinigte Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche Deutschlands), which in turn consisted of:
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Schleswig-Holstein ( Evangelisch-Lutherische Landeskirche Schleswig-Holsteins)
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Hamburg ( Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche im Hamburgischen Staate)
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Lübeck ( Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche in Lubeck)
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Hanover ( Evangelisch-lutherische Landeskirche Hannovers)
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Oldenburg ( Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche in Oldenburg)
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Braunschweig ( Evangelisch-lutherische Landeskirche in Braunschweig)
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Schaumburg-Lippe ( Evangelisch-Lutherische Landeskirche Schaumburg-Lippe)
- Evangelical Church of Württemberg ( Evangelische Landeskirche in Württemberg)
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Bavaria ( Evangelisch Lutherische Kirche in Bayern)
A minority of Lutherans were represented by the Independent Evangelical Lutheran Church ( Selbständige Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche), part of the Calvinists - the Union of Evangelical Reformed Churches in Germany ( Bund Evangelisch-reformierter Kirchen Deutschlands).
The Catholics were represented by the dioceses united in the Fulda Conference of Catholic Bishops:
- Archdiocese of Munich-Freising
- Archdiocese of Munich and Freising
- Diocese of Regensburg
- Diocese of Passau
- Diocese of Augsburg
- Metropolia of Bamberg
- Archdiocese of Bamberg
- Diocese of Eichstätt
- Diocese of Würzburg
- Diocese of Speyer
- Archdiocese of Freiburg
- Archdiocese of Freiburg
- Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart
- Diocese of Mainz
- Metropolis of Cologne
- Archdiocese of Cologne
- Diocese of Münster
- Diocese of Trier
- Diocese of Aachen
- Diocese of Limburg
- Diocese of Osnabrück
- Archdiocese of Paderborn
- Archdiocese of Paderborn
- Diocese of Fulda
- Diocese of Hildesheim
Jews were represented by the Central Council of Jews in Germany ( Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland), consisting of:
- State Federation of Jewish Religious Communities in Bavaria Landesverband der Israelitischen Kultusgemeinden in Bayern)
- Jewish Religious Community of Württemberg ( Israelitische Religionsgemeinschaft Württemberg)
- Jewish Religious Community of Baden ( Israelitesche Religionsgemeinschaft Baden)
- Jewish Community of Saar ( Synagogengemeinde Saar)
- Land Federation of Jewish Communities of Hesse ( Landesverband der Jüdischen Gemeinden in Hessen)
- State Federation of Jewish Communities of Rhineland-Palatinate ( Landesverband der Jüdischen Gemeinden von Rheinland-Pfalz)
- State Federation of Jewish Communities of the Northern Rhineland ( Landesverband der Jüdischen Gemeinden von Nordrhein)
- State Federation of Jewish Communities of Westphalia-Lippe ( Landesverband der Jüdischen Gemeinden von Westfalen-Lippe)
- State Federation of Jewish Communities of Lower Saxony ( Landesverband der Jüdischen Gemeinden von Niedersachsen)
- Jewish community of Hamburg ( Judische Gemeinde Hamburg)
- Jewish Community of Bremen ( Judische Gemeinde im Lande Bremen)
- State Federation of Jewish Communities in Schleswig-Holstein Landesverband der Jüdischen Gemeinden von Schleswig-Holstein)
Ideological background in the use of names
The name of the German state also called the country the "Federal Republic of Germany"
After 1990, the form "Federal Republic of Germany" is used in Russian I”, emphasizing the completeness of the process of unification of the German people in a single state - Germany. In modern sources, the FRG of that time is called both the "Federal Republic of Germany" and the "Federal Republic of Germany". Including RIA Novosti uses both options.
Meanwhile, in Germany the theory of two states was rejected. From the very moment of its creation, the FRG did not recognize the GDR as a subject of international law and considered itself the only full-fledged follower of the German Empire. This was also reflected in the press. For example, until 1989, the magazine Die Welt, when mentioning the GDR, took this name in quotation marks - "GDR". The abbreviation FRG (German: BRD) in West Germany has also been deprecated since at least the 1970s due to ideological considerations, as this abbreviation clearly does not contain the word "Germany". In May 1974, this abbreviation was generally removed from official use by a government decree. It was prescribed either to use the full name, or to use the abbreviation FR Germany(German B.R. Deutschland). The word is also used as a short form. Bundesrepublik .
In the GDR, in relation to the FRG, both the abbreviation "FRG" and the form "West Germany" and even the "German Federal Republic" (GFR) were used, by analogy with the GDR. In the Soviet press, until the mid-1950s, the GFR (German Federal Republic) variant could also be used. For example, the name "German Federal Republic" was used in the reports for the 1955 football match between the USSR and the FRG.
Until 1974, both the FRG and the GDR continued to use the international automobile code introduced back in 1910. D(Deutschland), which created some confusion. From January 1, 1974, the code began to be used in the GDR DDR(Deutsche Demokratische Republik), while Germany was able to defend the sole right to continue using the international code D. The same applies to official Internet domains: the domain .de (1986) was allocated for the FRG, and .dd for the GDR (it was never used in practice).
In modern Germany, the term is often used to refer to the old FRG. alte Bundesrepublik("old federal republic").
Berlin question(GDR) Explanatory Dictionary ", adopted in 1971, considered the western sectors of the city outside the zone of the German constitution. The name East Berlin was not officially used either in the FRG or in the GDR. In unofficial documents, the names used to designate the eastern part of the city in Germany and in West Berlin Berlin (Ost) And East-Berlin.
