T a llinn n s h u m a n t a r y Gymnasium

Abstract on the topic:

History of bowed string instruments and their development.

Teacher: Tatyana Bozhko

Student: Ilya Livenson 8 a

T a l l i n n

STRINGED INSTRUMENTS.

Many types of stringed instruments are combined according to a particular characteristic. Their sound is produced when a stretched strip of material (usually wire, silk, or gut) begins to vibrate in contact with a bow or other object. The parameters of the sound emitted by a string depend on the length, flexibility, and tension.

In the Western countries, gut or wire was the approved string material, while in the East, silk was used. The gut was used in antiquity by the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. Wire was not used until the 14th century when wire drawing was invented. This discovery also led to the invention of stringed keyboard instruments (clavichord, harpsichord, clavicembalo and pianoforte). Due to the fact that only wire and gut were known in the West as the material for strings, today keyboard instruments are made up of the above materials.

Lyra.

Among the earliest stringed instruments is the lyre. The first mention of lira was in the days of the Sumerian civilization. These instruments were large, approximately 3 1/2 feet (1 meter). Their strings diverged from the sound box over the bridge to the control bundle. The sound was produced by fingering the strings. After some time, the lyre became more compact. An instrument known in the Egyptian civilization in the 2nd millennium BC. was almost horizontal. The sound was produced by plucking the strings with a special stick, the forerunner of the modern bow. The number of strings on the instruments of that period ranged between six and twelve.

Harps.

One of the oldest stringed instruments is the harp. Harps were depicted in ancient Egypt as early as the 4th Dynasty (ca. 26th century BC) and they were very large (over 1.8 meters). Two types of harps were known in the Syrian civilization (8th-7th century BC).

The earliest harp still in existence is an instrument from the Sumerian civilization, around 3000 BC. The modern harp used by soloists and in orchestras has a range of 6 1/2 octaves and uses gut strings.

Another type of modern instrument is the chromatic harp, perfected in the early 20th century by Gustav Lyon. This harp does not have any pedals to provide chromatic tones. Although this instrument was recognized, it did not replace the harp perfected by Sebastian Herard.

Viola.

Among stringed instruments, members of the viol family ruled throughout Europe from the 15th to the 17th century, although they appeared much earlier. In the early 11th century, viols are depicted in the visual arts and are mentioned in literature. While the origin of the viola is unclear, it is probably from the late 10th century when the bow was recognized in Europe. When the violin and related instruments appeared in the 17th century, there was a period during which no instrument family was dominant, but the viola was mostly replaced by the violin. However, until the end of the 18th century, the lowest member of this family, the viola da gamba, was still used as a solo instrument.

Compared to violins, the viola is longer and lighter, and as a result it produces a sound that is less intense. Unlike the violin, the viola does not have a characteristic shape. Some instruments have flat backs and sloping shoulders, some curved backs and a fuller shape. Members of the viola family have six strings.

A group of three to six viols playing together is called a consort, and there are four main sizes: soprano, alto, tenor, and bass. In a group of six such instruments, there are usually two sopranos, an alto, a tenor, and two basses.

Violin.

The violin family, which challenged and supplanted the members of the viol family, appeared in Europe at the beginning of the 16th century and by the middle of the 16th century was mentioned in the works of that period. Since then, these instruments violin, viola, violoncello (or cello), and double bass have become a major component of symphony orchestras and chamber music ensembles. Compared to the viola, these instruments are louder and more sensitive, with strings that are heavier and more taut.

The look of the instruments of the violin family became more modern at the end of the 16th century. At the end of the 18th century, when the fundamental rose and there was a need for a stronger sound, the violin was modified. The bridge was raised, the neck was angled and lengthened, and the tension of the strings was increased. The bow was similar to the viol bow until the beginning of the 18th century. By the end of the 18th century, the modern bow was perfected by a Frenchman, Francois Tourt.

The largest violins were from Italy, and no city was more famous for its instruments than Cremona. It was home to the Amati family, whose instruments set the international standard for the beauty of sound, and Antonio Stradivari, whose name is still synonymous with the finest violins.

Although only four members of the violin family are encountered today, there are other instruments associated with this group that were once equally famous. Pochette, or Taschengeige, is a miniature violin tuned an octave above the normal instrument, whose use is associated with the dancing masters who accompanied the students with these instruments.

Guitar.

Guitars are characterized by their flat backs, although instruments also exist with backs gently outward. Usually guitars are made from maple, beech, spruce or pine. Ancient instruments were often decorated with ivory, ebony or mother-of-pearl inlays. While ancient instruments had as many as ten or twelve strings, modern concert guitars have six separate strings. Standard modern guitars have three metal strings and three plastic strings. The strings are tuned in ascending intervals of three fourths, major thirds and other fourths.

Although guitars have been found throughout Europe, they have become the national musical instrument of Spain. The main distributor and possible inventor of the instrument in its modern form was the Spanish novelist Vicente Espinel in the 16th century. Some of the famous guitar composers were: Fernando Sor and Mauro Guiliani, who lived in the 19th century.

Bibliography:

1. Elizabeth Cowling. Cello (Scribner, 1983).

2. George Hart. “The Violin: Famous Makers and Their Imitators” (Longwood, 1977).

3. Sibul Marcuse. “Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary” (Norton, 1975).

Musical instruments are designed to produce various sounds. If the musician plays well, then these sounds can be called music, if not, then cacophony. There are so many tools that learning them is like an exciting game worse than Nancy Drew! In modern musical practice, instruments are divided into various classes and families according to the source of the sound, the material of manufacture, the method of sound production, and other features.

Wind musical instruments (aerophones): a group of musical instruments whose sound source is vibrations of an air column in the barrel (tube). They are classified according to many criteria (by material, design, methods of sound production, etc.). In a symphony orchestra, the group of wind musical instruments is divided into wood (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon) and brass (trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba).

1. Flute - a woodwind musical instrument. The modern type of transverse flute (with valves) was invented by the German master T. Bem in 1832 and has varieties: small (or piccolo flute), alto and bass flute.

2. Oboe - woodwind reed musical instrument. Known since the 17th century. Varieties: small oboe, oboe d "cupid, English horn, haeckelphone.

3. Clarinet - woodwind reed musical instrument. Designed at the beginning 18th century In modern practice, soprano clarinets, piccolo clarinet (Italian piccolo), alto (so-called basset horn), bass clarinet are commonly used.

4. Bassoon - a woodwind musical instrument (mainly orchestral). Arose in the 1st floor. 16th century The bass variety is the contrabassoon.

5. Trumpet - a wind brass mouthpiece musical instrument, known since ancient times. The modern type of valve pipe has developed to ser. 19th century

6. Horn - a wind musical instrument. Appeared at the end of the 17th century as a result of the improvement of the hunting horn. The modern type of horn with valves was created in the first quarter of the 19th century.

7. Trombone - a wind brass musical instrument (mainly orchestral), in which the pitch is regulated by a special device - a backstage (the so-called sliding trombone or zugtrombone). There are also valve trombones.

8. Tuba is the lowest sounding brass musical instrument. Designed in 1835 in Germany.

Metallophones are a kind of musical instruments, the main element of which are plates-keys, which are beaten with a hammer.

1. Self-sounding musical instruments (bells, gongs, vibraphones, etc.), the sound source of which is their elastic metal body. The sound is extracted with hammers, sticks, special drummers (tongues).

2. Instruments such as xylophone, in contrast to which metallophone plates are made of metal.

String musical instruments (chordophones): according to the method of sound production, they are divided into bowed (for example, violin, cello, gidzhak, kemancha), plucked (harp, harp, guitar, balalaika), percussion (cymbals), percussion keyboards (piano), schipkovo - keyboards (harpsichord).

1. Violin - a 4-string bowed musical instrument. The highest in the register in the violin family, which formed the basis of the classical symphony orchestra and string quartet.

2. Cello - a musical instrument of the violin family of the bass-tenor register. Appeared in the 15-16 centuries. Classical samples were created by Italian masters of the 17th-18th centuries: A. and N. Amati, J. Guarneri, A. Stradivari.

3. Gidzhak - stringed bowed musical instrument (Tajik, Uzbek, Turkmen, Uighur).

4. Kemancha (kamancha) - 3-4-string bowed musical instrument. Distributed in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Dagestan, as well as the countries of the Middle and Near East.

5. Harp (from German Harfe) - a multi-stringed plucked musical instrument. Early images - in the third millennium BC. In its simplest form, it is found in almost all peoples. The modern pedal harp was invented in 1801 by S. Erard in France.

6. Gusli - Russian stringed musical instrument. Pterygoid gusli ("voiced") have 4-14 or more strings, helmet-shaped - 11-36, rectangular (table-shaped) - 55-66 strings.

7. Guitar (Spanish guitarra, from Greek cithara) - a lute-type stringed plucked instrument. It has been known in Spain since the 13th century, and in the 17th and 18th centuries it spread to the countries of Europe and America, including as a folk instrument. Since the 18th century, the 6-string guitar has become common, the 7-string has become widespread mainly in Russia. Varieties include the so-called ukulele; in modern pop music, the electric guitar is used.

8. Balalaika - Russian folk 3-string plucked musical instrument. Known from the beginning 18th century Improved in the 1880s. (under the direction of V.V. Andreev) V.V. Ivanov and F.S. Paserbsky, who designed the family of balalaikas, later - S.I. Nalimov.

9. Cymbals (Polish cymbaly) - a multi-stringed percussion musical instrument of ancient origin. They are part of the folk orchestras of Hungary, Poland, Romania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.

10. Piano (Italian fortepiano, from forte - loud and piano - quiet) - the general name of keyboard musical instruments with hammer action (piano, piano). The pianoforte was invented in the beginning. 18th century The appearance of the modern type of piano - with the so-called. double rehearsal - refers to the 1820s. The heyday of piano performance - 19-20 centuries.

11. Harpsichord (French clavecin) - a stringed keyboard-plucked musical instrument, the forerunner of the piano. Known since the 16th century. There were harpsichords of various shapes, types and varieties, including cembalo, virginel, spinet, claviciterium.

Keyboard musical instruments: a group of musical instruments united by a common feature - the presence of keyboard mechanics and a keyboard. They are divided into different classes and types. Keyboard musical instruments are combined with other categories.

1. Strings (percussion and plucked keyboards): piano, celesta, harpsichord and its varieties.

2. Wind (wind and reed keyboards): organ and its varieties, harmonium, button accordion, accordion, melody.

3. Electromechanical: electric piano, clavinet

4. Electronic: electronic piano

pianoforte (Italian fortepiano, from forte - loud and piano - quiet) - the general name of keyboard musical instruments with hammer action (piano, piano). It was invented in the early 18th century. The appearance of the modern type of piano - with the so-called. double rehearsal - refers to the 1820s. The heyday of piano performance - 19-20 centuries.

Percussion musical instruments: a group of instruments combined according to the method of sound production - impact. The sound source is a solid body, a membrane, a string. There are instruments with a definite (timpani, bells, xylophones) and indefinite (drums, tambourines, castanets) pitch.

1. Timpani (timpani) (from the Greek polytaurea) - a percussion musical instrument of a cauldron shape with a membrane, often paired (nagara, etc.). Widespread since ancient times.

2. Bells - orchestral percussion self-sounding musical instrument: a set of metal records.

3. Xylophone (from xylo... and Greek phone - sound, voice) - percussion self-sounding musical instrument. Consists of a number of wooden blocks of various lengths.

4. Drum - percussion membrane musical instrument. Varieties are found in many peoples.

5. Tambourine - a percussion membrane musical instrument, sometimes with metal pendants.

6. Castanetvas (Spanish: castanetas) - a percussion musical instrument; wooden (or plastic) plates in the form of shells, fixed on the fingers.

Electric musical instruments: musical instruments in which sound is created by generating, amplifying and converting electrical signals (using electronic equipment). They have a peculiar timbre, they can imitate various instruments. Electric musical instruments include theremin, emiriton, electric guitar, electric organs, etc.

1. Theremin - the first domestic electric musical instrument. Designed by L. S. Theremin. The pitch in the theremin varies depending on the distance of the performer's right hand to one of the antennas, the volume - from the distance of the left hand to the other antenna.

2. Emiriton - an electric musical instrument equipped with a piano-type keyboard. Designed in the USSR by the inventors A. A. Ivanov, A. V. Rimsky-Korsakov, V. A. Kreutser and V. P. Dzerzhkovich (1st model in 1935).

3. Electric guitar - a guitar, usually made of wood, with electric pickups that convert the vibrations of metal strings into vibrations of an electric current. The first magnetic pickup was built by Gibson engineer Lloyd Loer in 1924. The most common are six-string electric guitars.

Bowed instruments have been known for a very long time, but they are still much younger than plucked ones, but neither time nor place has been precisely determined by researchers. Presumably, the birthplace of bowed instruments was India, and the time of birth is the beginning of our era. From India, string instruments came to the Persians, Arabs, peoples of North Africa, and from there in the 13th century they came to Europe. There were several varieties of bowed strings - both primitive and more complex. Gradually, over the course of centuries, they became a thing of the past, but gave life to other instruments of a completely new form - viols and violins.

Violas appeared before violins. They were built in different sizes, and held them during the game in different ways - between the knees, like a modern cello, or on the knee. There was a viola, which was also held on the shoulder, and then it served as a prototype of the violin.

By the 15th century, a whole family of bowed instruments arose - viols. They were made big and small. Depending on the size, they were called treble, alto, tenor, big bass, contrabass. And their sound, according to the name of each, was higher or lower. He was distinguished by tenderness, soft matte timbre, but weak strength. All violas had a body with a clearly defined “waist” and sloping “shoulders”. The performers held them upright, on their knees or between their knees.

Modern bowed instruments - the violin and the viola, cello and double bass that appeared after it - are similar to each other and differ mainly in size. Their shape is derived from the shape of the viola, but more elegant and thoughtful. The main difference is round "shoulders". Only in the double bass they are sloping: otherwise it is difficult for the performer to bend down to the strings.

Violin known as the queen of tools. The violin emerged as a professional instrument at the end of the 15th century. Then the masters of different countries improved it. The new instrument had both a stronger sound and much greater virtuoso capabilities. And soon the violin supplanted its predecessors. The ancestor of the violin school was the Italian master Gasparo Berlotti. His school gave the world outstanding violin makers, including Nicolo Amati, Giuseppe Guarneri, Antonio Stradivari. To this day, their violins are unsurpassed in quality. They are valued very dearly, and in our country they are protected as a state property. Most of them are in the state collection. They are played by the best violinists.

In Russia, the first violin maker was Count N. Sheremetyev's serf Ivan Batov.

N. Paganini Caprice №24

Alto- This is a four-stringed bowed instrument, also belonging to the violin family. The viola differs from the violin in a slightly larger size and a slightly lower tuning. The very first violas appeared in the 16th century. Usually there are 8 - 10 violists (that is, musicians playing the viola) in the orchestra.

Cello- This is a stringed musical instrument, its name came to us from Italy. The diminutive suffix "cello" was added to the word "violone", which used to mean double bass, and the result was "cello", that is, a small double bass. In Russian, this word sounds a little different - cello.

The shape of the cello completely repeats the shape of the violin, only its dimensions are much larger. The cello, like the violin, has only four strings, but they are much longer and thicker than violin strings. The sound of each string has its own color, or timbre. The cello bow is slightly shorter than the violin bow. Many wonderful works have been written for the cello. Expressive solos in the orchestra are often intended for this instrument.

The forerunner of the cello was the ancient viola.

D. Shostakovich "Romance" from the film "Gadfly".

double bass- the lowest in sound among stringed bowed instruments, the double bass plays a very important role in a symphony orchestra. This is a kind of musical foundation on which the sound of all other instruments relies.

The range of the double bass is from the mi counteroctave to the salt of the first octave. In order not to write too many additional lines, we agreed to record the double bass part an octave higher than its true sound.

As a solo instrument, the double bass rarely performs. It is very difficult to achieve sharpness and accuracy of intonation on it, as it is too large and bulky. You have to play it while standing or sitting on a special very high stool, and in order to make its strings vibrate, you have to make considerable efforts.

Nevertheless, some double bass players achieve real virtuosity and play complex pieces, often written for the cello. Such a virtuoso double bass player was Sergei Koussevitzky, who became famous as an outstanding conductor.

Double basses are popular in variety orchestras and ensembles. There, as a rule, they are played with a pinch - pizzicato.

S. Koussevitzky "Waltz-miniature".

IN chordophones, as their name implies (from the Greek "chord" - string), the sound is extracted by vibrating tightly stretched strings:

1) through the influence of the bow on them: violin, viola da gamba, ravel, rebec:

Violin

viola da gamba

rebec

2) with the help of direct plucking of the strings with fingers or a plectrum (pick).In this case, the instruments may have a neck, fingerboard and resonators - lute, guitar, mandolin:

Lute.

Guitar.

Mandolin.

or not have a neck with a fingerboard, but be only a harmonic box or resonator, such as ,kifar:

String instruments can be plucked (string selection) - psalterions, psaltery, zither:

Psaltery.

Zither

Gusli.

or percussion —dulcema, cymbalon:

Cymbalon.

It is worth noting that in the Middle Ages the "descendants" of percussion string instruments received a keyboard mechanism. Thus, we must consider the harpsichord, spinet and virginel as a direct legacy of the medieval psalterions and zithers, in view of the fact that their strings are struck by small plectrums.

harpsichord

Spinet.

Virginal.

Meanwhile, dulsemes belong to the "genealogy" clavichord, piano and grand piano.

Clavichord.

Piano.

Piano.

String instruments.

The sound of stringed bowed instruments.

Bow instruments have been known since the 8th century, and the region of Uzbekistan and the territory near the Aral Sea is considered their homeland. From here, bowed instruments spread east to the musical cultures of India and China, while at the same time along the Persian route to the south and west, reaching Islamic territories. Bowed string appeared in the Balkan zone cordafon who arrived on the European continent through Byzantium. Also on the Iberian (Iberian) Peninsula, as early as the 11th century, we find extensive information and iconography related to bowed instruments, primarily to ravel(three-stringed shepherd's violin). Ligerica- also an old three-stringed instrument of Croatia. Outwardly, the lizherika is a pear-shaped wooden musical instrument consisting of three strings. The game is played with a bow and accompanies various dances. The musician plays the instrument while sitting, holding the lizherika on his left knee. At the same time, the performer beats the right rhythm for the dancers with his right foot. The dancers, when performed in pairs, move around the musician in a circle.

But the most significant bowed instrument of the Middle Ages was viola, also called bow vihuela and known to musicologists (organologists) as fidula.

In fact, from the named instrument at the end of the 15th century. happened viola da gamba, also known in Castile as vihuela de pierna, bowed vihuela or violon, whose instrumental family was one of the most significant in the Renaissance and Baroque.

The named violas had different timbres and sizes, and they were played leaning on the knees (soproano) or placed between the legs (tenor and bass). The range of the viola was fixed by frets, and therefore they were of a polyphonic nature. With a flat back and a slightly convex harmonic top, they had five or six strings tuned in fourths (seven strings at the end of the 17th century). The viola repertoire was extremely diverse, primarily from the French school, in which the names of Saint-Colombes (d. between 1691 and 1701), De Machy (1685 - 1692), Louis de Ka d "Hervelois (1670 or 1680 - ca. . 1760), Antoine Forkeret (1671 or 1672 - 1745) and Marin Mare (1656 - 1728). Also in England of the 16th - 17th centuries a whole galaxy of composers appeared who wrote music for violas: Tobias Hume (c. 1569 - 1645), Orlando Gibbons (1583 - 1625), Christopher Ty (1498 - 1572), Matthew Locke (c. 1630 - 1677), Henry Purcell (c. 1659 - 1695) and John Jenkins (1592 - 1678).

But already in the XVII century. violas began to be forced out of the musical Olympus by another family of bowed instruments that replaced them - violin family (violin, viola, cello and double bass). These instruments immediately gained popularity among both composers and listeners. Relative to the viola da gamba, violins have a more restrained body, narrower side contours (shells), a higher stand (and therefore have greater sonority and pitch), four strings tuned in fifths, and a longer bow.

Double bass, cello, viola, violin (from left to right)

Tomaso Albinoni - Adagio - String Quartet

Finally, among the family of bowed stringed instruments, the so-called viola de rueda (wheel viola), derivative of a medieval instrument called "organistrum".

The sound of this instrument is extracted by rubbing against the strings of the wheel, driven by the handle. As the wheel begins to spin, it hits the strings and makes a sound that resembles (to a certain extent) the sound of a bagpipe. The instrument had several different bass strings and, in addition, two melody strings in unison. Although its origins are associated with monastic music, it quickly became a folk instrument, typical of itinerant musicians who used it to accompany their singing.

Stringed plucked instruments.

Plucked chordophones have also been known since antiquity.

The sound of stringed plucked instruments.

Already in the III millennium BC. an instrument like the lyre was very popular in Mesopotamia. Exported to Greece, it was improved here and later distributed in Rome. According to myth, the first lyre was made by Hermes from a tortoise shell and presented to Apollo. She had a flat, rounded body with a leather membrane. At first, wooden and bone pegs were used to tension the strings, later - metal ones.

The ancient stringed plucked instruments also include kithara, having a narrow rectangular wooden body (resonator), two handles attached to the body in the longitudinal direction, and a crossbar connecting the handles. The strings were the same length but different thicknesses, which allowed the pitch to be adjusted.

Another branch of stringed plucked instruments - harps mentioned already in the Book of Samuel (Old Testament). Also, these instruments were known in Mesopotamia, Africa and parts of Asia. Later, the harp penetrated Europe, and in the 5th century. became famous in Ireland.

It is also necessary to mention lute, which was very popular in all musical cultures of the world.

Allemande performed by Robert Barto on Baroque Lute. This sonata can be heard on the Naxos recording "Weiss volume 8" 8.570109

But the most popular of the group of plucked chordaphones is undoubtedly the guitar. True, in the Renaissance, the guitar was inferior in popularity to the viola and lute.

Basic information, device Viola or violin viola - a stringed bowed musical instrument of the same device as the violin, but somewhat larger, which makes it sound in a lower register. Names of the viola in other languages: viola (Italian); viola (English); alto (French); bratsche (German); alttoviulu (Finnish). The viola strings are tuned a fifth below the violin and an octave above the cello.

Basic information, origin Apkhyarts or apkhiarts is a bowed stringed musical instrument, one of the main folk musical instruments of the Abkhaz-Adyghe peoples. The name "apkhyartsa" in its origin is connected with the military life of the people and goes back to the word "apkhartsaga", which in translation into Russian means "what encourages you to go forward." Abkhazians also use singing to the accompaniment of apkhyartsu as a healing tool. Under

Basic information Arpeggione (Italian arpeggione) or cello guitar, love guitar is a stringed bowed musical instrument. It is close to the cello in terms of size and sound production, but, like the guitar, it has six strings and frets on the fingerboard. The German name for the arpegione is Liebes-Guitarre, the French name is Guitarre d'amour. Origin, history Arpegione was designed in 1823 by the Viennese master Johann Georg Staufer; a little

Basic information, origin Banhu is a Chinese stringed bowed musical instrument, a kind of huqin. The traditional banhu has been used primarily as an accompaniment instrument in northern Chinese musical drama, northern and southern Chinese operas, or as a solo instrument and in ensembles. In the 20th century, the banhu began to be used as an orchestral instrument. There are three types of banhu - high, medium and

Basic information, history, types of viols Viola (Italian viola) is an ancient stringed bowed musical instrument of various types. Violas form a family of ancient stringed bowed musical instruments with frets on the fingerboard. The viol developed from the Spanish vihuela. Violas were widely used in church, court and folk music. In the 16-18 centuries, as a solo, ensemble and orchestral instrument, the tenor instrument became especially widespread.

Basic information Viola d'amore (Italian viola d'amore - viola of love) is an old stringed bowed musical instrument of the viol family. Viola d'amore was widely used from the end of the 17th to the beginning of the 19th century, then gave way to the viola and cello. Interest in viola d'amore revived at the beginning of the 20th century. The instrument has six or seven strings, on the earliest models -

Viola da gamba (Italian: viola da gamba - foot viola) is an ancient stringed bowed musical instrument of the viol family, similar in size and range to the modern cello. The viola da gamba was played while sitting, holding the instrument between the legs or laying it sideways on the thigh - hence the name. Of the entire viol family, the viola da gamba is the longest of all instruments.

Basic information, device, playing The cello is a bowed stringed musical instrument of the bass and tenor register, known from the first half of the 16th century. The cello is widely used as a solo instrument, the cello group is used in string and symphony orchestras, the cello is an obligatory member of the string quartet, in which it is the lowest sounding instrument, and is also often used in other compositions

Basic information Gadulka is a Bulgarian folk stringed bowed musical instrument used to accompany dances or songs and has a special soft harmonic sound. Origin, history The origin of the gadulka is associated with the Persian kemancha, the Arab rebab and the medieval European rebek. The shape of the body and sound holes of the gadulka is very similar to the so-called armudi kemenche (also known as the Constantinople lyre,

Basic information Gidzhak (gydzhak) is a stringed bowed musical instrument of the peoples of Central Asia (Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Tajiks, Turkmens). Gidjak has a spherical body and is made of pumpkin, large walnut, wood or other materials. Lined with leather. The number of gidzhak strings is variable, most often - three. The structure of the three-stringed gijak is a quarter, usually - es1, as1, des2 (E-flat, A-flat of the first octave, D-flat of the second octave).

Basic information Gudok is a stringed bowed musical instrument. The most common horn was in the 17-19 centuries among buffoons. The horn has a hollowed-out wooden body, usually oval or pear-shaped, as well as a flat soundboard with resonator holes. The neck of the horn has a short fretless neck holding 3 or 4 strings. You can play the horn by setting it

Basic information Jouhikko (jouhikannel, jouhikantele) is an ancient Finnish bowed stringed musical instrument. Similar to the 4-string Estonian hiukannel. Youhikko has a dugout boat-shaped or other figured birch body, covered with a spruce or pine soundboard with resonator holes, and a side cutout that forms a handle. Strings are usually 2-4. As a rule, the strings are hair or gut. The jouhikko scale is fourth or fourth-fifth. During

Basic information Kemenche is a folk stringed bowed musical instrument, akin to the Arab rebab, the medieval European rebec, the French bag, the Bulgarian gadulka. Pronunciation options and synonyms: kemendzhe, kemendzhesi, kemencha, kemancha, kyamancha, kemendzes, kementsia, keman, lira, pontiac lira. Video: Kemenche on video + sound Thanks to these videos you can get acquainted with the instrument, watch the real game on it, listen to it

Basic information Kobyz is a Kazakh national stringed bowed musical instrument. Kobyz does not have an upper board and consists of a hollowed-out hemisphere covered with a bubble, with a handle attached to it at the top and with a release at the bottom for supporting the stand. Two strings, tied to kobyz, are twisted from horsehair. They play the kobyz, squeezing it in their knees (like a cello),

Basic information The double bass is the largest stringed bowed musical instrument that combines the features of the violin family and the viol family. The modern double bass has four strings, although double basses of the 17th and 18th centuries may have had three strings. The double bass has a thick, hoarse, but somewhat muffled timbre, which is why it is rarely used as a solo instrument. The main scope of its application is the symphony orchestra,

Basic information Morin khuur is a stringed bowed musical instrument of Mongolian origin. Morin khuur is distributed in Mongolia, regionally in the north of China (primarily the Inner Mongolia region) and Russia (in Buryatia, Tuva, the Irkutsk region and the Trans-Baikal Territory). In China, the morin khuur is called matouqin, which means "horse head instrument". Origin, history One of the Mongolian legends attributes

Background The Nikelharpa is a traditional Swedish bowed stringed musical instrument that has had several modifications as it has evolved over 600 years. In Swedish, "nyckel" means key. The word "harpa" is usually used to refer to stringed instruments like the guitar or violin. The nyckelharpa is sometimes referred to as the "Swedish keyboard fiddle". The very first evidence of the use of nikelharpa is the image of two musicians playing this instrument,

Basic information, device Rabanastre is an Indian stringed bowed musical instrument, related to the Chinese erhu and remotely Mongolian morin khuur. Rabanastre has a wooden cylindrical body of small size, covered with a leather soundboard (most often made of snakeskin). A long neck in the form of a wooden rod passes through the body, near the upper end of which pegs are fixed. The rabanaster has two strings. Usually silk strings

Basic information Rebab is a bowed stringed musical instrument of Arabic origin. The word "rebab" in Arabic means the combination of short sounds into one long one. The body of the rebab is wooden, flat or convex, trapezoid or heart-shaped, with small notches on the sides. The shells are made of wood or coconut, the soundboards are made of leather (from the intestines of a buffalo or bladder of other animals). The neck is long

Basic information, device, origin Rebec is an ancient stringed bowed musical instrument. The Rebecque consists of a pear-shaped wooden body (without shells). The upper tapering part of the body of which goes directly into the neck. The deck has 2 resonator holes. The rebec has 3 strings that are tuned in fifths. Rebec appeared in Western European countries around the 12th century. Applied until the 3rd quarter

Basic information The violin is a stringed bowed musical instrument of a high register. Violins occupy a leading place among stringed bowed instruments - the most important part of a modern symphony orchestra. Perhaps no other instrument has such a combination of beauty, expressiveness of sound and technical mobility. In the orchestra, the violin performs various and multifaceted functions. Very often violins, due to their exceptional melodiousness, are used for