The Russian ground forces are a force! Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It will not be superfluous to represent what their purpose is. This is necessary at least in order not to get into trouble by incorrectly naming them in a conversation.

What is the division of the armed forces?

They were formed depending on where the fighting takes place: at sea or on land, in the sky or in space. In this regard, the types of troops of the Russian Federation are distinguished. Their list is as follows: land and air forces, and the navy. Each of them is a complex structure formed from special branches of the military, which have a different purpose. All these types of troops differ in the type of weapons. The training of military personnel in each of them has its own specifics.

First type: ground forces

It forms the base of the army and is the most numerous. Its purpose is to conduct combat operations on land, hence the name. No other types of troops of the Russian Federation can compare with this, since it is distinguished by its versatile composition. He is distinguished by great power of the strike. Land - these are the types of troops of the Russian Federation (the photo is presented in the article), which have excellent maneuverability and independence. In addition, they can act both separately and together with others. Their purpose is to repel the enemy invasion, to gain a foothold in positions, to attack enemy formations.

To date, there are such types of ground forces of the Russian Federation:

• mobile motorized rifle, tank and lightning missile troops, artillery and air defense, military command and control bodies;
• special troops, such as intelligence and communications, technical support and engineering units, units for protection against radiation, chemical and biological attack, rear services.

What are motorized rifle and tank troops intended for?

These are the types of Russian troops that can perform various combat missions. From breaking through the enemy defenses and offensive to long-term and strong consolidation on the captured lines. A special place in these matters is allocated to tanks. Since their actions in the main areas of defense and offensive are characterized by maneuverability and speed in achieving the goal.

Motorized rifle units are distinguished by the fact that they can operate both independently and with the support of other RF Armed Forces. The types of troops that are now being considered are capable of withstanding weapons with any degree of damage, up to nuclear attacks.

But that's not all. The considered types and types of troops of the armed forces of the Russian Federation are equipped with weapons capable of inflicting significant damage to the enemy. For example, they have at their disposal automatic guns, artillery and anti-aircraft systems. They have combat vehicles and armored personnel carriers that allow them to move into the thick of the battle.

What are the missile and air defense forces intended for?

The former exist in order to carry out nuclear and fire strikes on enemy positions. With the help of missiles and artillery, you can hit the enemy in combined arms combat, as well as inflict damage in corps and front-line operations.

An important role in these matters is played by artillery, which is widely represented in anti-tank units using mortars, cannons and howitzers.

The types and types of troops of the Russian Federation associated with air defense bear the main burden in the matter of destroying the enemy in the air. The purpose of these units is to shoot down enemy planes and drones. Their structure includes parts that use anti-aircraft missiles and anti-aircraft artillery. Not the last place is occupied by the divisions of radio engineering, which provide proper communication. The air defense forces perform an important function of covering the ground forces from possible enemy air attacks. This is expressed in the fight against the enemy landing on its route and at the time of their landing. And before that, they are obliged to conduct reconnaissance by radar in order to timely notify of a possible attack.

The role of the Airborne Forces and engineering troops

A special place is given to them. They combine all the best that the previously mentioned types of the RF Armed Forces can give. The branches of the Airborne Forces are equipped with artillery and anti-aircraft missiles. They have airborne combat vehicles and armored personnel carriers at their disposal. Moreover, a special technique has been created that allows using parachutes to land various cargoes in any weather on an arbitrary terrain. In this case, the time of day and the altitude of the aircraft do not play a role.

The tasks of the Airborne Forces are most often actions behind enemy lines aimed at disturbing his balance. With their help, the destruction of the enemy's nuclear weapons, the capture of strategically important points and facilities, as well as government agencies. They perform tasks to introduce an imbalance in the work of the rear of the enemy.

Engineering - these are the types and types of troops of the Russian Federation that carry out reconnaissance of the area. Their tasks include the construction of barriers, and, if necessary, their destruction. They clear mine areas and prepare the terrain for maneuvers. Crossings are established, with the help of which water barriers are overcome. The forces of the engineering troops organize water supply points.

Second type: Navy

These types and types of troops of the armed forces of the Russian Federation are designed to conduct combat operations and protect the country's territorial interests on the water surface. also has the ability to deliver nuclear strikes against strategically important enemy targets. Its tasks also include the destruction of enemy forces on the high seas and at coastal bases. The Navy is designed to disrupt enemy communications in wartime and protect its own transportation. The fleet is able to provide serious support to ground forces during joint operations.

The Russian Navy today includes such Baltic, Black Sea, Pacific and Caspian. Each of them includes the following types of troops: submarine and surface forces, naval aviation and infantry, coastal missile and artillery units and service and material support units.

The purpose of each branch of the Navy

Those located on land are designed to defend the coast and objects located on the coast and of great importance. And without timely and full service, the naval bases will not be able to exist for a long time.

Surface forces are formed from ships and boats, which have a different focus from missile and anti-submarine to torpedo and landing. Their purpose is to search for and destroy enemy submarines and their ships. With their help, amphibious landings are carried out, as well as the detection and neutralization of sea mines.

Subdivisions with submarines, in addition to detecting enemy submarines, hit enemy ground targets. Moreover, they can act both independently and in combination with other troops of the Russian Federation.

The aviation of the navy consists of vehicles that can perform a missile-carrying or anti-submarine function. In addition, aviation performs reconnaissance missions. Aircraft of the naval forces serve to destroy the enemy surface fleet both in the open spaces of the ocean and at bases. It is also of considerable importance for covering the Russian fleet during combat operations.

Third type: Air Force

These are the most mobile and maneuverable types and types of troops of the armed forces of the Russian Federation. Their main task is to ensure the security and protection of the country's territorial interests in the air. In addition, they are called upon to protect the administrative, industrial and economic centers of Russia. Their purpose is to protect other troops and ensure the success of operations. With their help, aerial reconnaissance, landing and defeat of enemy positions are carried out.

The Air Force is armed with combat and combat training aircraft, helicopters, transport and special equipment. In addition, they have at their disposal anti-aircraft guns and military equipment for special purposes.

There are such types of aviation: long-range and versatile front-line, transport and army. In addition to them, there are two more types of anti-aircraft troops: anti-aircraft and radio engineering.

What is the purpose of each of the branches of the Air Force?

The purpose of military transport aviation is to deliver cargo and troops to the landing site. Moreover, food with medicines, and military equipment can act as cargo.

Long-range aviation is the main strike force of the Air Force. Because it is capable of hitting any target with great efficiency.

Frontal aviation is divided into bomber and attack, reconnaissance and fighter. The first two provide air support to ground forces during any combat operations - from defense to attack. The third type of aviation carries out reconnaissance that meets the interests of Russia. The latter exists to destroy enemy aircraft in the air.

Fourth Type: Strategic Rocket Forces

Formed specifically to conduct operations in a nuclear war. They have automated missile systems at their disposal, which have high accuracy. And this is despite the huge flight range possible between the two continents. Today, the types and types of troops of the Russian Federation are very mobile and complementary. And some of them are changing. For example, the rocket and space forces were formed from the rocket troops. They became the basis for a new type of troops - space.

Ground forces are the most significant types of troops in the country. Any armed conflict can be resolved through the combat capabilities of the ground forces exclusively or in their interaction with other armed forces of the state. They ensure national security and protect the country's national interests primarily on land.

Russia: land army, a bit of history

Throughout the long history of the existence of the state, the ground forces of Russia have played an important role, protecting its territorial integrity from numerous enemies.

The turning point in the development and creation of a regular Russian army was October 1, 1550, when Tsar Ivan the Terrible, by his decree, laid the foundation for the first permanent army, which had signs of a regular army. In November 1699, in his decree, Peter I mentions a recruiting system based on a territorial basis, which had a positive effect on the combat capability of Russian soldiers, which, in fact, was the beginning of the formation of a new army. The development of the ideas of Peter I led to the establishment in 1763 of a unified structure of infantry regiments, each of which included 12 companies, consisting of 2 Grenadian and 10 musketeers, consolidated into 2 battalions, and an artillery team.

The second half of the 18th century was marked by the appearance of divisions and corps in the ground forces. In 1768, the ground forces were divided into 8 divisions and 3 guard corps. Each division included three branches: infantry, cavalry and artillery. The most fruitful period in the construction of the SV was the period between the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars, when motorized mechanized troops were created, which played an important role in the fight against Nazi Germany. During the war, the technical equipment changed dramatically, the number of guns and mortars increased 3 times, tanks - 10 times, pistols and machine guns - 30 times.

In the post-war period, the ground forces of the Russian Federation improved and developed in accordance with scientific and technological progress, which led to the modernization of tanks, artillery, the emergence of armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles, helicopters, and anti-aircraft missile systems.

The structure of the Russian ground forces

To date, the Russian ground forces are organizationally divided into the following types:

The ground forces include platoons, companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, divisions, subordinate to the command of the army or directly to the district. The main provisions for conducting and preparing for combined arms combat are described in the charter. The first handwritten charter of the ground forces appeared in 1607, it described the basics of military construction, methods and methods of training troops, the order of movement and deployment of troops in the field of hostilities.

Leadership of the Russian Ground Forces

The task of leading the ground forces is entrusted to the High Command of the Ground Forces. The Commander-in-Chief of the SV was first formed in March 1946. Throughout its long history, the High Command has been disbanded more than once and has undergone many changes. The last change came in 1997 when the General Command was renamed to the General Directorate, which has the following tasks:

Prepares troops for combat operations;

Improves the structure and composition, optimizes the number;

Develops military theory and practice;

Develops and implements combat regulations, manuals, and methodological manuals in the training of troops;

Improves the operational and combat training of the SV together with other branches of the RF Armed Forces.

How are the RF SV equipped and armed?

The Russian ground forces have Russian or Soviet-made equipment at their disposal. It is represented by towed or self-propelled artillery (guns, howitzers, mortars, multiple launch rocket systems), tanks, armored personnel carriers, armored reconnaissance vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles and flamethrowers, self-propelled anti-tank guided missiles, air defense systems. Reconnaissance drones are also in service with the Russian ground forces.

Automatic and hand grenade launchers, rocket-propelled grenades and flamethrowers, portable anti-tank and anti-aircraft missiles, pistols, assault, sniper and heavy-caliber rifles, light, unified and heavy machine guns constitute small arms.

Insignia

Ground forces as insignia have shoulder straps, emblems on the corners of the collar, sleeve insignia. The functional purpose of shoulder straps differs in color. The small emblem, which looks like a flaming grenada against the background of crossed swords, is made of golden metal and is intended for everyday military uniforms, the khaki emblem is for field uniforms. A sleeve badge demonstrating belonging to a military unit, district or formation is located on the left sleeve near the shoulder.

The right sleeve of the uniform has a patch with the sign of the ground forces, type of troops or a sign of belonging to a unit, subdivision. The sleeve insignia of the SV is an image of a double-headed eagle in a round red shield with open wings, holding a silver sword in one paw and a flaming grenade in the other. The chest of the eagle is decorated with a shield topped with a crown. On the shield is a rider who strikes the dragon with a spear. The flaming grenada on the small emblem and in the paw of the eagle symbolizes the power of the NE, and the crossed swords are a common traditional symbol of armed struggle.

The goals of the ground forces in peacetime

In peacetime, the military ground forces:

Maintain the combat potential and training of personnel at a high level;

Provide readiness for operational and mobilization deployment;

Prepare command and control centers and units for conducting military and combat operations;

Create stockpiles of weapons, military equipment, materiel;

Participate in peacekeeping missions;

Participate in the elimination of the consequences of accidents, catastrophes, disasters.

The purpose of the ground forces in a threatening period

During such a period of time, the ground forces of the Russian Federation perform slightly different tasks:

Build up the composition and increase the combat and mobilization readiness of the troops;

Strengthen and increase the forces and means of combat duty and reconnaissance behind the maneuvers of the troops of the alleged enemy;

Groupings of troops are promptly deployed in threatened directions;

Participate in carrying out certain measures of territorial defense;

Prepare armaments and armed equipment for combat use, build up the base of logistics;

Cover the state borders of the state;

Prepare the first defensive operations.

Goals of the SV in wartime

Perform tasks in accordance with the strategic deployment plan of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

They stop possible military conflicts, repel enemy aggression with combat-ready groupings of troops.

Conduct defensive and counter-offensive operations together with other troops aimed at defeating the enemy.

Participate in the conduct of territorial defense.

The ground forces are a flexible, operational-strategic force with high firepower, mobility and security, capable of repelling enemy aggression due to a variety of weapons and methods of combat operations.

The armed forces in any state are a key element in ensuring the country's defense capability. Their proper management depends on their proper organization. The structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation ensures the rapid and correct performance of the functions assigned by law to the state military organization of the country.

Structure of the RF Armed Forces

The Armed Forces is a military organization of the Russian Federation, the main function of which is to repulse military aggression in order to ensure territorial integrity, as well as to fulfill tasks in accordance with Russia's international obligations. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation were created on May 7, 1992. The President of the Russian Federation is the Supreme Commander. In accordance with the Decree of the President of 2008, the strength of the Russian Armed Forces is set at 2,019,629 people, of which 1.3 million are military personnel.

Organizationally, the Armed Forces consist of three branches, three separate branches of service, Logistics, as well as the Cantonment Service, which is not a branch of the Armed Forces. In addition, the Structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was also created according to the territorial principle: the territory of the Russian Federation is divided into 4 military districts.

Territorial structure

Today in the Russian Federation there are four military districts, which are assumed by the territorial structure of the Armed Forces:

1. Western military district. The command and headquarters are in St. Petersburg.
2. Eastern military district. The command and headquarters are in Khabarovsk.
3. Central military district. The command and headquarters are in Yekaterinburg.
4. Southern military district. The command and headquarters are in Rostov-on-Don.

The structure of the armed forces of the Russian Federation on the diagram:

Aircraft types

The main element of the Armed Forces are types of the Armed Forces. In the military department of Russia, the law establishes the existence of three types of armed forces: the Air Force, the Ground Forces and the Navy.

To date, the Ground Forces are the most numerous branch of the Russian armed forces. Their main function is to conduct offensive operations, the purpose of which is to defeat the enemy, capture and hold his territory, individual regions and lines, repulse the invasion of the enemy’s country and his large landing forces, and deliver artillery and missile strikes to great depths. In turn, the Ground Forces organizationally consist of military branches. These types of troops can perform tasks independently or jointly.

Motor Rifle Troops (MSV)- the most numerous branch of the army in the Ground Forces. They are also the most numerous branch of the military. To date, the motorized rifle troops are armed with armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles, which should ensure the mobility of the infantry. MSV organizationally consist of motorized rifle subunits, units and formations.

Motorized rifle, tank, artillery and other subunits and units may be part of the MSV.

Tank Troops (TV)- the main strike force, characterized by high mobility, maneuverability and resistance to the effects of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear ones. The main tasks, based on the technical equipment of TV: the implementation of a breakthrough, the development of operational success. Artillery, motorized rifle, missile, tank units and subunits can operate as part of the TV.

Missile Forces and Artillery (RViA): nuclear and fire defeat of the enemy is the main task. It is armed with rocket and cannon artillery. The MFA includes units, units and formations of howitzer, rocket, cannon, anti-tank artillery, as well as structural elements of support, control, mortars and artillery reconnaissance.

Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces (Air Defense SV)- this type of troops must ensure the protection of the Ground Forces from air strikes, as well as counteraction to enemy air reconnaissance. Towed, mobile, portable anti-aircraft gun systems and anti-aircraft missile systems are in service with the SV air defense.

Also, the organizational structure of the Armed Forces implies the presence in the Armed Forces of special troops and services that perform highly specialized tasks in order to ensure the daily and combat activities of the ground forces.

• Signal Corps,
• Electronic Warfare Troops,
• engineering troops,
• automobile troops,
• Railway troops, etc.

are special forces.

Air Force

Air Force similarly, the Ground Forces consist of aviation branches that ensure the fulfillment of the tasks assigned to the Air Force.

Long-range aviation is designed to strike and strike at the strategic and operational depth of the enemy's military groupings, its important areas in economic and strategic terms, including with the help of nuclear weapons.

Front-line aviation operates at operational depth. It can perform tasks both independently and during joint operations on land and at sea.

Army Aviation provides support to ground forces by destroying enemy armored and mobile objects. Also, the forces of the Army Aviation provide the mobility of the Ground Forces.

Military transport aviation carries out the transportation of goods, troops and equipment, and is also involved in military air operations. In peacetime, the main function is to ensure the vital activity of the Armed Forces, and in wartime, the mobility of the Armed Forces.

The structure of the armed forces of the Russian Federation assumes the presence in the composition Special Air Force, Anti-aircraft missile troops And Radio engineering troops which significantly expand the range of tasks assigned to the Air Force.

Navy

Navy- the main force of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to protect the interests of Russia in the Exclusive Maritime (Economic) Zone, conduct search and rescue operations, and conduct military operations at sea.

The Navy is composed of:

• submarine force,
• surface forces,
• coastal troops,
• naval aviation,
• parts and connections for special purposes.

The Navy is also organizationally divided into:

• Baltic Fleet,
• Black Sea Fleet,
• northern fleet,
• pacific fleet,
• Caspian flotilla.

Independent branches of the military

Some tasks require special equipment and trained personnel. The structure of the Armed Forces assumes the existence of independent branches of service:

1. Airborne troops;
2. Strategic Rocket Forces;
3. Aerospace Defense Troops.

Aerospace Defense Troops

The youngest branch of the military. Although our country began space exploration back in the 1960s, it was only in the 21st century that the Aerospace Defense Forces were separated into a separate branch of the Strategic Missile Forces.

The most important tasks are:

• detection of a missile attack;
• spacecraft constellation management;
• missile defense of the capital of Russia.

Strategic Rocket Forces

Today they are the main land component of Russia's nuclear forces. The main function is considered to be deterrence of possible aggression. But if necessary, they can deliver a preemptive strike on important economic and military targets of the enemy, as well as the destruction of his military groupings.

Airborne Troops

They were created in the 1930s. Today, they are entrusted with the function of conducting landing operations and conducting combat operations behind enemy lines.

Ground Forces - a type of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, designed to cover the state border, repel attacks from the aggressor, hold the occupied territory, defeat groupings of troops and capture enemy territory.

Ground Forces (SV), equipped with various types of military equipment and weapons, include military command and control bodies, motorized rifle, tank troops, missile troops and artillery, air defense troops (Air Defense), which are military branches, as well as special troops (formations and units intelligence, communications, engineering, nuclear-technical, technical support, automotive and rear security), military units and rear services, other military units, institutions, enterprises and organizations.

Motorized rifle troops designed to conduct combat operations independently and jointly with other branches of the armed forces and special forces. They are capable of operating under conditions of use of both conventional weapons and nuclear weapons.

Motorized rifle troops can break through the enemy's prepared defenses, develop an offensive at a high rate and to great depths, destroy the enemy together with other branches of the military, and consolidate and hold the occupied terrain.

Tank forces constitute the main striking force of the Ground Forces. They have great resistance to the damaging factors of nuclear weapons, they are used mainly in the main areas of defense and offensive.

Tank troops are capable of making fullest use of the results of fire strikes and achieving the final objectives of a battle and operation in a short time.

Rocket troops and artillery are the main means of nuclear and fire destruction of the enemy in front-line, army (corps) operations and combined arms combat.

The Rocket Forces of the Ground Forces include formations and military units of operational-tactical missiles of front-line and army subordination and tactical missiles of army and divisional subordination.

Artillery includes formations and military units of howitzer, cannon, rocket, anti-tank artillery, mortars, anti-tank guided missiles and artillery reconnaissance.

The Air Defense Troops of the Ground Forces (Air Defense Forces) are designed to cover a group of troops, facilities and their rear from enemy air strikes. They are capable of independently and in cooperation with the forces and means of the Air Force to destroy enemy aircraft and unmanned air attack vehicles, to fight enemy airborne assaults on their flight routes and during the drop, to conduct radar reconnaissance and notify troops of the threat of air attack.

Small arms of the Ground Forces

5.45 mm Kalashnikov assault rifle AK74M- designed to destroy manpower and destroy enemy firepower. It has a standard mount (bar) for night aiming devices.

7.62 mm modernized machine gun Kalashnikov PKM- designed to destroy manpower and destroy enemy firepower. Mechanical sight, open type. Stems are interchangeable.

7.62 mm SVD Dragunov sniper rifle- designed to destroy various emerging, moving, open and camouflaged single targets.

The rifle kit includes a sniper optical sight, it can additionally be equipped with a night sight, which allows firing at dusk and at night. For hand-to-hand combat, a bayonet-knife is attached to the Dragunov rifle.

12.7 mm machine gun NSV-12.7- the machine gun is designed to deal with group targets, lightly armored vehicles, firing points and low-flying air targets. The trigger mechanism allows only automatic fire in short (4-6 shots), long (10-15 shots) bursts and continuously. The barrel is quick-change.

30-mm automatic mounted grenade launcher AGS-17 "Flame"- designed to defeat enemy manpower and firepower located outside shelters, in open trenches (trenches) and behind natural terrain folds (in hollows, ravines, on reverse slopes of heights).

The rifled barrel of the grenade launcher is quick-detachable.

The grenade launcher has a trigger mechanism that allows single and automatic continuous fire.

Shooting from the AGS-17 automatic grenade launcher is carried out along a flat or hinged trajectory in short bursts (up to 5 shots) and long bursts (up to 10 shots), as well as continuously.

The grenade launcher is equipped with an optical sight with a 2.7x magnification.

For firing, the AGS-17 is mounted on a tripod machine, which has sectoral mechanisms for horizontal and vertical guidance, a sleeve reflector, and a precise leveling mechanism.

9mm Makarov PM pistol- designed to defeat the enemy at short distances.

Armored weapons and equipment of the Ground Forces

Tank T-90S- is intended for manning tank and motorized rifle units and formations, as well as reconnaissance units and units of the Navy operating in the coastal zone, for successfully breaking through the enemy’s defenses, developing tactical success in operational and strategic operations, defeating the enemy after using nuclear strikes, increasing the scope of the operation and achieving goals in a relatively short time, as well as to increase the activity and stability of defense on a tactical and operational scale.

Armored personnel carrier BTR-90- designed to transport motorized rifle units to the battlefield, their fire support when dismounting, transporting weapons and military supplies to the battlefield.

The armored personnel carrier can be used as a base chassis for creating various models of weapons and military equipment of different branches of the armed forces.

Infantry fighting vehicle BMP-3- designed to transport the personnel of units, defeat and suppress enemy tank-dangerous manpower, destroy its anti-tank and anti-personnel weapons, repel attacks by tanks, helicopters and low-flying aircraft.

Airborne combat vehicle BMD-3- designed to conduct combat operations as part of parachute and air assault units in all conditions of their combat use.

Rocket and artillery weapons of the Ground Forces

Tactical missile system "Tochka-U"- designed to defeat the most important targets in the tactical depth of the formation of enemy troops.

120-mm self-propelled gun "Nona-SVK"- is intended to destroy manpower located openly or in shelters, fire weapons, command and observation posts, armored objects of the enemy.

120-mm automated self-propelled gun "Vienna"- designed to destroy manpower located openly or in shelters, fire weapons, command and observation posts of battalions and companies, armored objects.

Radar complex "Zoo-1"- is intended for reconnaissance by shot (launch) of firing positions of firing mortars, artillery, multiple launch rocket systems, launching positions of tactical missiles and ensuring firing (launches) of their similar means.

152-mm self-propelled howitzer "MSTA-S"- designed to destroy artillery batteries, tanks and armored personnel carriers, destroy defensive structures, suppress control points, destroy enemy manpower and fire weapons.

conclusions

1. Ground forces are designed to conduct combat operations primarily on land.
2. In terms of their combat capabilities, the Ground Forces are capable of independently or in cooperation with other branches of the Armed Forces to conduct an offensive and repel an enemy invasion of the country.
3. In its composition, the Ground Forces have various types of troops, special troops and services.

Questions

1. What are the main types of troops that are part of the Ground Forces of the Russian Federation?
2. What combat capabilities of motorized rifle and tank troops can you list?
3. What are the main types of small arms the Ground Forces are equipped with?
4. What examples of the use of the Ground Forces in peacekeeping operations can you give?

Tasks

1. Prepare a brief report on the main types of weapons and military equipment of the Ground Forces (armored, rocket and artillery, equipment and weapons of the air defense troops and engineering troops).
2. Using the special literature and the "Additional Materials" section, prepare a report on the engineering troops of the Ground Forces.
3. Using historical literature, prepare a report on the topic "Small arms of the Ground Forces during the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945."
4. Write an essay about one of the famous Russian designers of small arms (Dragunov, Kalashnikov, Tokarev, Mosin, etc.).

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (AF of Russia)- the state military organization of the Russian Federation, designed to repel aggression directed against the Russian Federation - Russia, for the armed protection of the integrity and inviolability of its territory, as well as to perform tasks in accordance with Russia's international treaties.

Part Russian Armed Forces includes types of aircraft: Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy; separate types of troops - Aerospace Defense Troops, Airborne Troops and Strategic Missile Troops; central bodies of military command; The rear of the Armed Forces, as well as troops that are not included in the types and types of troops (see also MTR of the Russian Federation).

Russian Armed Forces created on May 7, 1992 and at that time had 2,880,000 personnel. This is one of the largest armed forces in the world, the number of their personnel is more than 1,000,000 people. The number of staff is established by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, as of January 1, 2008, a quota of 2,019,629 personnel was established, including 1,134,800 military personnel. The Russian Armed Forces are distinguished by the presence of the world's largest stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, and a well-developed system of their delivery systems.

Command

Supreme Commander

The Supreme Commander of the Russian Armed Forces is the President of Russia. In the event of aggression against Russia or an immediate threat of aggression, he introduces martial law on the territory of Russia or in certain areas of it, in order to create conditions for repelling or preventing it, with an immediate report on this to the Federation Council and the State Duma for approval of the corresponding decree.

To resolve the issue of the possibility of using Russian Armed Forces outside the territory of Russia, a corresponding resolution of the Federation Council is required. In peacetime, the head of state exercises general political leadership. armed forces, and in wartime directs the defense of the state and its armed forces to repel aggression.

The President of Russia also forms and heads the Security Council of the Russian Federation; approves the military doctrine of Russia; appoints and dismisses high command Russian Armed Forces. The President, as Supreme Commander-in-Chief, approves the Military Doctrine of Russia, the concept and construction plans armed forces, mobilization plan armed forces, mobilization plans for the economy, civil defense plan and other acts in the field of military development. The head of state also approves the combined arms charters, regulations on the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff. The President annually issues decrees on conscription for military service, on the transfer to the reserve of persons of certain ages who have served in Sun, signs international treaties on joint defense and military cooperation.

Ministry of Defence

The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Defense) is the governing body Russian Armed Forces. The main tasks of the Russian Ministry of Defense include the development and implementation of state policy in the field of defense; legal regulation in the field of defense; organization of application armed forces in accordance with federal constitutional laws, federal laws and international treaties of Russia; maintaining the necessary readiness armed forces; implementation of construction activities armed forces; ensuring social protection of military personnel, civilian personnel armed forces, citizens discharged from military service, and members of their families; development and implementation of state policy in the field of international military cooperation. The Ministry carries out its activities directly and through the governing bodies of military districts, other bodies of military command, territorial bodies, military commissariats.

The Ministry of Defense is headed by the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, who is appointed to and dismissed by the President of Russia on the proposal of the Prime Minister of Russia. The minister reports directly to the President of Russia, and on issues referred by the Constitution of Russia, federal constitutional laws, federal laws and presidential decrees to the jurisdiction of the Russian government, - to the chairman of the Russian government. The Minister bears personal responsibility for solving problems and exercising the powers vested in the Russian Ministry of Defense and armed forces and carries out its activities on the basis of unity of command. The ministry has a collegium consisting of the minister, his first deputies and deputies, heads of ministry services, commanders-in-chief of types armed forces.

The current Minister of Defense is Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu.

General base

The General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the central body of military control and the main body of operational control armed forces. The General Staff coordinates the activities of the border troops and bodies of the federal security service (FSB), internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), the Railway Troops, the federal body for special communications and information, civil defense troops, engineering and road construction military formations, the Foreign Service intelligence (SVR) of Russia, federal bodies of state protection, the federal body for providing mobilization training of state authorities to carry out tasks in the field of defense, construction and development armed forces, as well as their applications. The General Staff consists of main directorates, directorates and other structural divisions.

The main tasks of the General Staff include the implementation of strategic planning for the use armed forces, other troops, military formations and bodies, taking into account their tasks and the military-administrative division of the country; conducting operational and mobilization training armed forces; translation armed forces on the organization and composition of wartime, the organization of strategic and mobilization deployment armed forces, other troops, military formations and bodies; coordinating activities to conduct military registration activities in the Russian Federation; organization of intelligence activities for defense and security purposes; planning and organization of communications; topographic and geodetic support armed forces; implementation of measures related to the protection of state secrets; conducting military scientific research.

The current Chief of the General Staff is General of the Army Valery Gerasimov (since November 9, 2012).

Story

The first republican military department appeared in the RSFSR ( cm.Red Army), later - during the collapse of the USSR (July 14, 1990). However, due to the rejection by the majority of people's deputies of the RSFSR of the idea of ​​independent Sun the department was called not the Ministry of Defense, but the State Committee of the RSFSR for Public Security and Cooperation with the Ministry of Defense of the USSR and the KGB of the USSR. After the coup attempt in Vilnius on January 13, 1991, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Russia Boris Yeltsin took the initiative to create a republican army, and on January 31 the State Committee for Public Security was transformed into the RSFSR State Committee for Defense and Security, headed by General of the Army Konstantin Kobets . During 1991, the Committee was repeatedly modified and renamed. From August 19 (the day of the coup attempt in Moscow) to September 9, the Ministry of Defense of the RSFSR temporarily functioned.

At the same time, Yeltsin made an attempt to create the National Guard of the RSFSR, even began accepting volunteers. Until 1995, it was planned to form at least 11 brigades of 3-5 thousand people, with a total number of no more than 100 thousand. It was supposed to deploy units of the National Guard in 10 regions, including in Moscow (three brigades), in Leningrad (two brigades) and in a number of other important cities and regions. Regulations were prepared on the structure, composition, recruitment methods, and tasks of the National Guard. By the end of September, about 15,000 people had signed up for the National Guard in Moscow, most of them military personnel of the USSR Armed Forces. In the end, a draft decree "On the temporary situation on the Russian guard" fell on Yeltsin's table, but it was never signed.

After the signing of the Belovezhskaya Accords on December 21, the member states of the newly created CIS signed a protocol on the temporary assignment to the last Minister of Defense of the USSR, Air Marshal Shaposhnikov, command of the armed forces on their territory, including strategic nuclear forces. On February 14, 1992, he formally became the Supreme Commander of the Joint Armed Forces of the CIS, and the USSR Ministry of Defense was transformed into the Commander-in-Chief of the Joint Armed Forces of the CIS. On March 16, 1992, Yeltsin's decree created in the operational subordination of the Main Command of the Allied Armed Forces, as well as the Ministry of Defense, which was headed by the president himself. On May 7, a decree was signed on the creation armed forces, and Yeltsin assumed the duties of the Supreme Commander. General of the Army Grachev became the first minister of defense, and he was the first in the Russian Federation to be awarded this title.

Armed forces in the 1990s

Part Armed Forces of the Russian Federation included departments, associations, formations, military units, institutions, military educational institutions, enterprises and organizations of the Armed Forces of the USSR, located on the territory of Russia at the time of May 1992, as well as troops (forces) under Russian jurisdiction on the territory of the Transcaucasian Military District, Western , Northern and Northwestern Groups of Forces, the Black Sea Fleet, the Baltic Fleet, the Caspian Flotilla, the 14th Guards Army, formations, military units, institutions, enterprises and organizations on the territory of Mongolia, Cuba and some other countries with a total number of 2.88 million people .

As part of the reform armed forces The concept of the Mobile Forces was developed in the General Staff. The mobile forces were supposed to be 5 separate motorized rifle brigades, staffed according to wartime states (95-100%) with a single staff and weapons. Thus, it was planned to get rid of the cumbersome mobilization mechanism, and in the future to transfer Sun entirely on a contract basis. However, by the end of 1993, only three such brigades were formed: the 74th, 131st and 136th, while it was not possible to either reduce the brigades to a single state (even battalions in the same brigade differed according to the state), nor to equip them according to wartime states. The understaffing of the units was so significant that at the beginning of the First Chechen War (1994-1996), Grachev asked Boris Yeltsin to sanction limited mobilization, which was refused, and the United Group of Forces in Chechnya had to be formed from units from all military districts. The first Chechen war also revealed serious shortcomings in command and control.

After Chechnya, Igor Rodionov was appointed the new Minister of Defense, in 1997 - Igor Sergeev. A new attempt was made to create fully equipped units with a single staff. As a result, by 1998 Russian Armed Forces 4 categories of parts and connections appeared:

• constant readiness (staffing - 95-100% of the wartime staff);
• reduced staff (staffing - up to 70%);
• storage bases for weapons and military equipment (staffing - 5-10%);
• cropped (staffing - 5-10%).

However, the translation Sun for a contract recruitment method was not possible due to insufficient funding, while this issue became painful in Russian society against the backdrop of losses in the First Chechen War. At the same time, it was only possible to slightly increase the share of “contract workers” in Armed Forces. By this time, the number Sun was reduced by more than two times - to 1,212,000 people.

In the Second Chechen War (1999-2006), the United Group of Forces was formed from units of constant readiness of the ground forces, as well as the Airborne Forces. At the same time, only one tactical battalion group stood out from the composition of these units (only one motorized rifle brigade from the Siberian Military District fought in full strength) - this was done in order to quickly compensate for losses in the war due to personnel remaining in the places of permanent deployment of their parts. Since the end of 1999, the share of "contract workers" in Chechnya began to grow, reaching 45% in 2003.

Armed forces in the 2000s

In 2001, the Ministry of Defense was headed by Sergei Ivanov. After the end of the active phase of hostilities in Chechnya, it was decided to return to the Grachevsky plans for transferring troops to contract recruitment: permanent readiness units were to be transferred to a contract basis, and the remaining units and formations, BKhVT, CBR and institutions left on an urgent basis. In 2003, the corresponding Federal Target Program was launched. The first part transferred to the “contract” within its framework was the airborne regiment as part of the 76th Pskov Airborne Division, and since 2005, other units and formations of constant readiness began to be transferred to a contract basis. However, this program was also unsuccessful due to weak salaries, conditions of service and the lack of social infrastructure in the places of service of military personnel under the contract.

In 2005, work also began on optimizing the management system Armed Forces. According to the idea of ​​the Chief of the General Staff Yuri Baluyevsky, it was planned to create three regional commands, to which units of all types and branches of the military would be subordinate. On the basis of the Moscow Military District, LenVO, the Baltic and Northern Fleets, as well as the former Moscow Military District of the Air Force and Air Defense, the Western Regional Command was to be created; on the basis of a part of the PUrVO, the North Caucasus Military District and the Caspian Flotilla - Yuzhnoye; based on part of the PUrVO, Siberian Military District, Far Eastern Military District and the Pacific Fleet - Vostochnoye. All units of central subordination in the regions were to be reassigned to the regional commands. At the same time, it was planned to abolish the Main Commands of the types and types of troops. The implementation of these plans was, however, postponed to 2010-2015 due to failures in the program to transfer troops to a contract basis, to which the bulk of the funds were urgently transferred.

However, under Serdyukov, who replaced Ivanov in 2007, the idea of ​​creating regional commands quickly returned. It was decided to start from the East. A staff was developed for command and a place of deployment was determined - Ulan-Ude. In January 2008, the Eastern Regional Command was created, but in March-April it showed its ineffectiveness at the joint command and control staff of the Siberian Military District and the Far East Military District, and was disbanded in May.

In 2006, the Russian State Armaments Development Program for 2007-2015 was launched.

Armed forces after the Five Day War

Participation in the armed conflict in South Ossetia and its wide media coverage revealed the main shortcomings armed forces: complex control system and low mobility. Troop control during combat operations was carried out "along the chain" of the General Staff - Headquarters of the North Caucasus Military District - Headquarters of the 58th Army, and only then did orders and directives reach directly to the units. The low ability to maneuver forces over long distances was explained by the cumbersome organizational and staff structure of units and formations: only parts of the Airborne Forces were transferred to the region by air. Already in September-October 2008, the transition was announced armed forces to a "new look" and a new radical military reform. New reform armed forces is designed to increase their mobility and combat effectiveness, the coordination of actions of different types and types Sun.

In the course of the military reform, the military-administrative structure of the Armed Forces was completely reorganized. Instead of six military districts, four were formed, while all formations, formations and units of the Air Force, Navy and Airborne Forces were reassigned to the headquarters of the districts. The command and control system of the Ground Forces was simplified due to the exclusion of the divisional level. Organizational changes in the troops were accompanied by a sharp increase in the growth rate of military spending, which increased from less than 1 trillion rubles in 2008 to 2.15 trillion rubles in 2013. This, as well as a number of other measures, made it possible to speed up the rearmament of the troops, significantly increase the intensity of combat training, and increase the salaries of servicemen.

Structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Armed forces consist of three branches of the Armed Forces, three branches of service, Logistics of the Armed Forces, the Quartering and Arrangement Service of the Ministry of Defense, and troops not included in the branches of the Armed Forces. Territorially, the Armed Forces are divided between 4 military districts:

• (Blue) Western Military District - headquarters in St. Petersburg;
• (Brown) Southern Military District - headquarters in Rostov-on-Don;
• (Green) Central Military District - headquarters in Yekaterinburg;
• (Yellow) Eastern Military District - headquarters in Khabarovsk.

Types of armed forces

Ground troops

Ground Forces, SV- the most numerous type in terms of combat composition armed forces. Ground forces are designed to conduct an offensive in order to defeat the enemy grouping, capture and hold his territories, regions and lines, deliver fire strikes to a great depth, and repel enemy incursions and large airborne assault forces. The ground forces of the Russian Federation, in turn, include the types of troops:

• Motorized Rifle Troops, MSV- the most numerous branch of the ground forces, is a mobile infantry equipped with infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers. They consist of motorized rifle formations, units and subunits, which include motorized rifle, artillery, tank and other units and subunits.
• Tank troops, TV- the main strike force of the ground forces, maneuverable, highly mobile and resistant to the effects of nuclear weapons, troops designed to carry out deep breakthroughs and develop operational success, are able to overcome water obstacles on the move in fords and at crossing facilities. Tank troops consist of tank, motorized rifle (mechanized, motorized infantry), rocket, artillery and other subunits and units.
• Rocket troops and artillery, RVIA designed for fire and nuclear destruction of the enemy. They are armed with cannon and rocket artillery. They consist of formations of units and subunits of howitzer, cannon, rocket, anti-tank artillery, mortars, as well as artillery reconnaissance, command and control.
• Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, Air Defense Forces- a branch of the ground forces, designed to protect the ground forces from enemy air attack means, to defeat them, as well as to prohibit his air reconnaissance. Air Defense Forces are armed with mobile, towed and portable anti-aircraft missile and anti-aircraft gun systems.
• Special troops and services- a set of troops and services of the ground forces, designed to perform highly specialized operations to ensure combat and daily activities armed forces. The special troops consist of radiation, chemical and biological defense troops (RCB protection troops), engineering troops, signal troops, electronic warfare troops, railway, automobile troops, etc.

Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces - Colonel General Vladimir Chirkin, Chief of the General Staff - Lieutenant General Sergei Istrakov.

Air Force

Air Force, Air Force- a type of the Armed Forces designed to conduct reconnaissance of enemy groupings, ensure the gain of dominance (deterrence) in the air, protect important military-economic regions and facilities of the country and groupings of troops from air strikes, warn of an air attack, defeat objects that form the basis of military and the military and economic potential of the enemy, air support for ground and naval forces, airborne landings, transportation of troops and materiel by air. The Russian Air Force includes:

• Long-range aviation- the main striking weapon of the Air Force, designed to defeat (including nuclear) groupings of troops, aviation, naval forces of the enemy and destroy its important military, military-industrial, energy facilities, communication centers in strategic and operational depth. It can also be involved in aerial reconnaissance and mining from the air.
• Front-line aviation- the main strike force of the Air Force, solves problems in combined arms, joint and independent operations, is designed to destroy enemy troops, objects in the operational depth in the air, on land and at sea. It can be used for aerial reconnaissance and mining from the air.
• Army Aviation Designed for air support of the Ground Forces by destroying ground armored mobile targets of the enemy at the forefront and in tactical depth, as well as to ensure combined arms combat and increase the mobility of troops. Army aviation units and subunits perform fire, airborne transport, reconnaissance and special combat missions.
• Military transport aviation- one of the types of military aviation, which is part of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It provides air transportation of troops, military equipment and cargo, as well as airborne landings. Performs sudden tasks in peacetime in the event of both natural and man-made emergencies, and conflict situations in a particular region that pose a threat to the security of the state. The main purpose of military transport aviation is to ensure the strategic mobility of the Russian Armed Forces, and in peacetime - to ensure the vital activity of troops in various regions.
• Special aviation designed to solve a wide range of tasks: early warning and control, electronic warfare, reconnaissance and target designation, control and communications, refueling aircraft in the air, radiation, chemical and engineering reconnaissance, evacuation of the wounded and sick, search and rescue of flight crews and etc.
• Anti-aircraft missile troops, ZRV designed to protect important administrative and economic regions and objects of Russia from air attacks.
• Radio engineering troops, RTV designed to conduct radar reconnaissance, issue information for radar support of anti-aircraft missile forces and aviation units, as well as to control the use of airspace.

Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force - Lieutenant General Viktor Bondarev

Navy

Navy- a type of armed forces designed to conduct search and rescue operations, protect the economic interests of Russia, conduct military operations in the sea and ocean theaters of military operations. The navy is capable of inflicting conventional and nuclear strikes on the enemy's sea and coastal forces, disrupting its sea communications, landing amphibious assault forces, etc. The Russian Navy consists of four fleets: the Baltic, Northern, Pacific and Black Sea and Caspian flotilla. The Navy includes:

• submarine forces- the main striking force of the fleet. Submarine forces are capable of secretly entering the ocean, approaching the enemy and inflicting a sudden and powerful blow on him by conventional and nuclear means. In the submarine forces, multi-purpose / torpedo ships and missile cruisers are distinguished.
• surface forces provide covert access to the ocean and the deployment of submarine forces, their return. Surface forces are capable of transporting and covering amphibious landings, laying and removing minefields, disrupting enemy communications and protecting their own.
• Naval aviation- the aviation component of the Navy. Allocate strategic, tactical, deck and coastal aviation. Naval aviation is designed to deliver bombing and missile strikes against enemy ships and coastal forces, conduct radar reconnaissance, search for submarines and destroy them.
• Coastal troops designed to protect naval bases and fleet bases, ports, important sections of the coast, islands and straits from attack by enemy ships and amphibious assault forces. The basis of their weapons are coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships. Coastal fortifications are being set up on the coast to ensure defense by troops.
• Formations and units of special forces of the Navy- formations, units and subunits of the Navy, designed to conduct special events on the territory of enemy naval bases and in coastal areas, and conduct reconnaissance.

Commander-in-Chief of the Navy of the Russian Armed Forces - Admiral Viktor Chirkov, Chief of the Main Staff of the Navy - Admiral Alexander Tatarinov.

Independent branches of the military

Aerospace Defense Troops

Aerospace Defense Troops- an independent branch of the military, designed to communicate information about the warning of a missile attack, the missile defense of Moscow, the creation, deployment, maintenance and management of an orbital group of spacecraft for military, dual, socio-economic and scientific purposes. Complexes and systems of the Space Forces solve tasks of a nationwide strategic scale not only in the interests of the Armed Forces and other power structures, but also of most ministries and departments, the economy, and the social sphere. The structure of the Space Forces includes:

• The First State Test Cosmodrome "Plesetsk" (until 2007, the Second State Test Cosmodrome "Svobodny" also functioned, until 2008 - the Fifth State Test Cosmodrome "Baikonur", which later became only a civilian cosmodrome)
• Launch of military spacecraft
• Launch of dual-purpose spacecraft
• G. S. Titov Main Test Space Center
• Office for the introduction of cash settlement services
• Military educational institutions and support units (The main educational institution is the A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Academy)

Commander of the Space Forces - Lieutenant General Oleg Ostapenko, Chief of the General Staff - Major General Vladimir Derkach. On December 1, 2011, a new branch of the military took up combat duty - the Aerospace Defense Forces (VVKO).

Strategic Rocket Forces

Strategic Rocket Forces (RVSN)- type of army Armed Forces, the main component of Russia's strategic nuclear forces. The Strategic Missile Forces are intended for nuclear deterrence of possible aggression and destruction as part of strategic nuclear forces or independently massive, group or single nuclear missile strikes of strategic objects located in one or more strategic aerospace directions and forming the basis of the military and military-economic potential of the enemy. The Strategic Missile Forces are armed with ground-based intercontinental ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads.

• three missile armies (headquarters in the cities of Vladimir, Orenburg, Omsk)
• 4th State Central Interspecific Test Site Kapustin Yar (which also includes the former 10th Test Site Sary-Shagan in Kazakhstan)
• 4th Central Research Institute (Yubileiny, Moscow Region)
• educational institutions (Peter the Great Military Academy in Moscow, military institute in the city of Serpukhov)
• arsenals and central repair plants, storage bases for weapons and military equipment

Commander of the Strategic Missile Forces - Colonel General Sergey Viktorovich Karakaev.

Airborne Troops

Airborne Troops (VDV)- an independent branch of the armed forces, which includes airborne formations: airborne and airborne assault divisions and brigades, as well as individual units. Airborne Forces are designed for operational landing and combat operations behind enemy lines.

The Airborne Forces have 4 divisions: 7th (Novorossiysk), 76th (Pskov), 98th (Ivanovo and Kostroma), 106th (Tula), Training Center (Omsk), Ryazan Higher School, 38th communications regiment, 45th intelligence. regiment, 31st brigade (Ulyanovsk). In addition, in the military districts (subordinate to the district or the army) there are airborne (or airborne assault) brigades, which administratively belong to the Airborne Forces, but are operationally subordinate to the commander of the military district.

Commander of the Airborne Forces - Colonel General Vladimir Shamanov.

Armament and military equipment

Traditionally, starting from the middle of the 20th century, foreign military equipment and weapons were almost completely absent in the USSR Armed Forces. A rare exception was the production of the socialist countries 152-mm self-propelled guns vz.77). In the USSR, a completely self-sufficient military production was created, which was capable of producing for the needs of armed forces any weapons and equipment. During the years of the Cold War, its gradual accumulation took place, and by 1990 the volume of armaments in the USSR Armed Forces reached unprecedented levels: only the ground forces had about 63,000 tanks, 86,000 infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers, 42,000 artillery barrels. A significant part of these reserves went into Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other republics.

At present, the T-64, T-72, T-80, T-90 tanks are in service with the ground forces; infantry fighting vehicles BMP-1, BMP-2, BMP-3; airborne combat vehicles BMD-1, BMD-2, BMD-3, BMD-4M; armored personnel carriers BTR-70, BTR-80; armored vehicles GAZ-2975 "Tiger", Italian Iveco LMV; self-propelled and towed cannon artillery; multiple launch rocket systems BM-21, 9K57, 9K58, TOS-1; tactical missile systems Tochka and Iskander; air defense systems Buk, Tor, Pantsir-S1, S-300, S-400.

The Air Force is armed with MiG-29, MiG-31, Su-27, Su-30, Su-35 fighters; front-line bombers Su-24 and Su-34; Su-25 attack aircraft; long-range and strategic missile bombers Tu-22M3, Tu-95, Tu-160. An-22, An-70, An-72, An-124, Il-76 aircraft are used in military transport aviation. Special aircraft are used: the Il-78 air tanker, Il-80 and Il-96-300PU air command posts, A-50 early warning aircraft. The Air Force is also armed with combat helicopters Mi-8, Mi-24 of various modifications, Mi-35M, Mi-28N, Ka-50, Ka-52; as well as anti-aircraft missile systems S-300 and S-400. The Su-35S and T-50 multirole fighters (factory index) are being prepared for adoption.

The Navy has one project 1143.5 aircraft-carrying cruiser, project 1144 and project 1164 missile cruisers, project 1155 and project 956 large anti-submarine destroyers, project 20380 and project 1124 corvettes, sea and base minesweepers, project 775 landing ships. the submarine forces include multi-purpose torpedo ships of project 971, project 945, project 671, project 877; project 949 missile submarines, project 667BDRM, 667BDR, 941 strategic missile cruisers, as well as project 955 SSBNs.

Nuclear weapon

Russia has the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and the second largest grouping of strategic nuclear weapon carriers after the United States. By the beginning of 2011, the strategic nuclear forces had 611 "deployed" strategic carriers capable of carrying 2,679 nuclear warheads. In arsenals in long-term storage in 2009, there were about 16,000 warheads. The deployed strategic nuclear forces are distributed in the so-called nuclear triad: intercontinental ballistic missiles, submarine-launched ballistic missiles and strategic bombers are used to deliver it. The first element of the triad is concentrated in the Strategic Missile Forces, where the R-36M, UR-100N, RT-2PM, RT-2PM2 and RS-24 missile systems are in service. The naval strategic forces are represented by R-29R, R-29RM, R-29RMU2 missiles, which are carried by strategic missile submarines of projects 667BDR "Kalmar", 667BDRM "Delfin". The R-30 iRPKSN missile of project 955 "Borey" was put into service. Strategic aviation is represented by Tu-95MS and Tu-160 aircraft armed with Kh-55 cruise missiles.

Non-strategic nuclear forces are represented by tactical missiles, artillery shells, guided and free-fall bombs, torpedoes, and depth charges.

Funding and provision

Financing armed forces is carried out from the federal budget of Russia under the item of expenditure "National Defense".

Russia's first military budget in 1992 was 715 trillion non-denominated rubles, which was equal to 21.5% of total spending. It was the second largest expenditure item of the republican budget, second only to the financing of the national economy (803.89 trillion rubles). In 1993, only 3115.508 billion non-denominated rubles (3.1 billion in nominal terms at current prices) were allocated for national defense, which amounted to 17.70% of total spending. In 1994, 40.67 trillion rubles were allocated (28.14% of total expenditures), in 1995 - 48.58 trillion (19.57% of total expenditures), in 1996 - 80.19 trillion (18.40 % of total expenses), in 1997 - 104.31 trillion (19.69% of total expenses), in 1998 - 81.77 billion denominated rubles (16.39% of total expenses).

As part of the appropriations under section 02 "National Defense", which finances most of the expenses of the Russian Ministry of Defense in 2013, budgetary funds are provided for resolving key issues in the activities of the Armed Forces, including further re-equipment with new models of weapons, military and special equipment, social protection and provision of housing for military personnel, solving other problems. In the bill, expenditures under section 02 "National Defense" for 2013 are provided in the amount of 2,141.2 billion rubles and exceed the volumes of 2012 by 276.35 billion rubles, or 14.8% in nominal terms. National defense spending in 2014 and 2015 is provided for in the amount of 2,501.4 billion rubles and 3,078.0 billion rubles, respectively. The growth of budget allocations compared to the previous year is envisaged in the amount of 360.2 billion rubles (17.6%) and 576.6 billion rubles (23.1%). In accordance with the draft law, in the planned period, the growth in the share of national defense spending in total federal budget expenditures will be 16.0% in 2013 (14.5% in 2012), 17.6% in 2014 and 17.6% in 2015. - 19.7%. The share of planned spending on national defense in relation to GDP in 2013 will be 3.2%, in 2014 - 3.4% and in 2015 - 3.7%, which is higher than the parameters of 2012 (3.0%) .

Military service

military service in Russian Armed Forces provided both by contract and by conscription. The minimum age of a serviceman is 18 years (for cadets of military educational institutions it may be less at the time of enrollment), the maximum age is 65 years.

Acquisition

Army, aviation and navy officers serve only under contract. The officer corps is trained mainly in higher military educational institutions, after which the cadets are awarded the military rank of "lieutenant". The first contract with cadets - for the entire period of study and for 5 years of military service - is, as a rule, concluded in the second year of study. Citizens who are in the reserve, including those who have received the rank of “lieutenant” and are assigned to the reserve after training at military departments (faculties of military training, cycles, military training centers) at civilian universities.

Private and junior officers are recruited both by conscription and by contract. All male citizens of the Russian Federation liable for military service between the ages of 18 and 27 are subject to conscription. The term of service on conscription is one calendar year. Conscription campaigns are carried out twice a year: spring - from April 1 to July 15, autumn - from October 1 to December 31. After 6 months of service, any soldier can submit a report on the conclusion of the first contract with him - for 3 years. The age limit for the conclusion of the first contract is 40 years.

The vast majority of military personnel are men, in addition, about 50 thousand women are serving in the military: 3 thousand in officer positions (including 28 colonels), 11 thousand ensigns and about 35 thousand in private and sergeant positions. At the same time, 1.5% of female officers (~45 people) serve in primary command positions in the troops, the rest - in staff positions.

A distinction is made between the current mobilization reserve (the number to be called up in the current year), the organized mobilization reserve (the number of those who previously served in the Armed Forces and are enlisted in the reserve) and the potential mobilization reserve (the number of people who can be drafted into the troops (forces) in case of mobilization). In 2009, the potential mobilization reserve amounted to 31 million people (for comparison: in the USA - 56 million people, in China - 208 million people). In 2010, the organized mobilized reserve (reserve) amounted to 20 million people. According to some domestic demographers, the number of 18-year-olds (the current mobilization reserve) will be reduced by 4 times by 2050 and will amount to 328 thousand people. Making a calculation based on the data of this article, the potential mobilization reserve of Russia in 2050 will be 14 million people, which is 55% less than in 2009.

Number of members

In 2011, the number of personnel Russian Armed Forces was about 1 million people. The million army was the result of a gradual long-term reduction from 2,880 thousand in the armed forces in 1992 (-65.3%). By 2008, almost half of the personnel were officers, ensigns and midshipmen. During the military reform of 2008, the positions of warrant officers and midshipmen were reduced, and about 170 thousand officer positions were also eliminated, whereby the share of officers in the states amounted to about 15%[ source not specified 562 days], but later, by decree of the President, the established number of officers was increased to 220 thousand people.

In staffing Sun includes ordinary and junior command staff (sergeants and foremen) and officers serving in military units and central, district and local military authorities in military positions provided by the staff of certain units, in commandant's offices, military commissariats, military missions abroad, as well as cadets of higher military educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense and military training centers. Outside the state are servicemen transferred to the disposal of commanders and chiefs due to the temporary absence of vacancies or the impossibility of dismissing a serviceman.

Cash allowance

The monetary allowance of military personnel is regulated by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 7, 2011 N 306-FZ "On the monetary allowance of military personnel and the provision of certain payments to them." The salaries for military positions and salaries for military ranks are established by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 5, 2011 No. 992 "On the establishment of salaries for the monetary maintenance of military personnel serving under a contract."

The monetary allowance of military personnel consists of salary salaries (salary according to military position and salary according to military rank), incentive and compensatory (additional) payments. Additional payments include:

• for seniority
• for excellent qualification
• for work with information constituting a state secret
• for special conditions of military service
• for performing tasks directly related to the risk to life and health in peacetime
• for special achievements in service

In addition to six monthly additional payments, annual bonuses are provided for conscientious and efficient performance of official duties; the established coefficient to the salary of military personnel serving in areas with adverse climatic or environmental conditions, outside the territory of Russia, and so on.

Military training

In 2010, more than 2 thousand events were held with practical actions of formations and military units. This is 30% more than in 2009.

The largest of them was the operational-strategic exercise "Vostok-2010". Up to 20 thousand military personnel, 4 thousand units of military equipment, up to 70 aircraft and 30 ships took part in it.

In 2011, it is planned to hold about 3,000 practical events. The most important of them is the Center-2011 operational-strategic exercise.

The most important event in the Armed Forces in 2012 and the end of the summer training period were the strategic command and staff exercises "Kavkaz-2012".

Food for military personnel

To date, the diet of military personnel Russian Armed Forces is organized according to the principle of building food rations and is built "on a system of natural rationing, the structural basis of which is a physiologically based set of products for the corresponding contingents of military personnel, adequate to their energy consumption and professional activities." According to Vladimir Isakov, head of the logistics of the Russian armed forces, “... today, the diet of a Russian soldier and sailor has more meat, fish, eggs, butter, sausages and cheeses. For example, the daily norm of meat for each serviceman, according to the norm of combined arms rations, has increased by 50 g and now stands at 250 g. Coffee appeared for the first time, and the norms for issuing juices (up to 100 g), milk and butter were also increased ... ".

By decision of the Minister of Defense of Russia, 2008 was declared the year of improving the nutrition of the personnel of the armed forces of the Russian Federation.

The role of the armed forces in politics and society

According to the Federal Law "On Defense" armed forces form the basis of the defense of the state and are the main element in ensuring its security. Armed forces in Russia they are not an independent political entity, they do not take part in the struggle for power and the formation of state policy. At the same time, it is noted that a distinctive feature of the Russian system of state power is the decisive role of the President in the relationship between power and armed forces, whose order actually outputs Sun from under the report and control of both the legislative and executive branches, with the formal presence of parliamentary oversight. In the recent history of Russia, there were cases when armed forces directly intervened in the political process and played a key role in it: during the coup attempt in 1991 and during the constitutional crisis of 1993. Among the most famous political and state figures of Russia in the past, active military personnel were V.V. Putin, the former governor of the Krasnoyarsk Territory Alexander Lebed, the former presidential plenipotentiary representative in the Siberian Federal District Anatoly Kvashnin, the governor of the Moscow region Boris Gromov and many others. Vladimir Shamanov, who headed the Ulyanovsk region in 2000-2004, continued his military service after resigning as governor.

Armed forces are one of the largest objects of budget financing. In 2011, about 1.5 trillion rubles were allocated for national defense purposes, which amounted to more than 14% of all budget expenditures. For comparison, this is three times more spending on education, four times more on healthcare, 7.5 times more on housing and communal services, or more than 100 times more on environmental protection. However, military personnel, civil servants Armed Forces, workers in defense production, employees of military scientific organizations make up a significant proportion of the economically active population of Russia.

Russian military installations abroad

Current

• Russian military installations in the CIS
• On the territory of the city of Tartus in Syria, there is a MTO point of Russia.
• Military bases on the territory of partially recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

Planned to open

• According to some Russian media, in a few years Russia will have bases for its warships on the island of Socotra (Yemen) and Tripoli (Libya) (due to the change of power in these states, the plans will most likely not be implemented).

Closed

• In 2001, the Russian government decided to close military bases in Cam Ranh (Vietnam) and Lourdes (Cuba) due to changes in the geopolitical situation in the world.
• In 2007, the Georgian government decided to close Russian military bases in its country.

Problems

In 2011, 51 conscript soldiers, 29 contract soldiers, 25 ensigns and 14 officers committed suicide (for comparison, in the US Army in 2010, 156 military personnel committed suicide, in 2011 - 165 military personnel and in 2012 - 177 servicemen). The most suicidal year for the Russian Armed Forces was 2008, when 292 people in the army and 213 in the navy committed suicide.

There is a direct relationship between suicide and the loss of social status - what is called the "King Lear complex". Thus, a high suicide rate among retired officers, young soldiers, people taken into custody, recent pensioners

Corruption

Employees of the Military Investigation Department of the Russian Investigative Committee conduct pre-investigation checks on the fact of the activities of not only the central office of Slavyanka, but also its regional divisions. Most of these inspections develop into investigations into embezzlement of budgetary funds. So, the other day, military investigators near Moscow opened a criminal case on the fact of the theft of about 40,000,000 rubles received by the Solnechnogorsky branch of Slavyanka OJSC. This money was supposed to be used to repair the buildings of the Ministry of Defense, but it turned out to be stolen and “cashed out”.

Problems of realization of freedom of conscience

The establishment of the institution of military priests can be considered a violation of freedom of conscience and religion.