Two weeks - from Christmas to Epiphany, in the old days (and not so) were filled with festive festivities, feasts and fortune-telling, songs and dances, carols and visits. And all this period was called Svyatki, and foreigners called the festivities these days the Slavic carnival. Well, let's continue carnival!)))
Solomatkin Leonid Ivanovich (1837-1883) Mummers. 1873
Vyacheslav Lyuiko (Kazakhstan, born 1963) Christmas time. 2011
Hertz Yuriy Dmitrievich (Ukraine, born 1931) Christmas in Verkhovyna. 1997
Roldugin Igor Nikolaevich (born 1959) Christmas time.
Chizhevsky Yaroslav (Ukraine) Christmas. 2014
Christmas time
Month - affectionate magician -
I got up, and clear and handsome,
And in the village - revelry and songs, -
The youth is gone!
Snow crunch ... Fuss and jokes,
Splattered with snow dust...
- What is the name? .. - Name - Zovutkoy!
- And you? - Me - Bovoy!
Will you give me a ring?
- I will give, but not for everyone! ..
With a dance, the mummers came out, -
Oh, die! Squeal and laugh!
Moon, gentle wizard,
Starts a trick...
And in the village - revelry and songs
And guessing about fate...
Alexander Shiryaevets
1916-1922
Aksenov Yuri Alekseevich (born 1950) Christmas time. 2013
Danilich Taras Fedorovich (Ukraine, born 1945) Carol-makers.
Ilko Ivan Ivanovich (Ukraine, born 1938) Christmas Eve. Carolers.
Sipovich Tatyana Mikhailovna (born 1957) Mummers (New Year's hair).
Christmas time
A blizzard is circling in the winter waltz,
The days are getting shorter!
Closer to Christmas time... and to leisure
Turn back time.
The year has passed in labors, worries -
Carnival life!
Thank God, not bankrupt ...
What did he give us?
Let's live, love, laugh -
Let's just live!
Wonder at the peace of God -
Less, friend, to sin.
Let's spin in music -
Christmas is coming soon!
Winter waltz... Let it all happen
Fairy tales are magic!
Dalkevich Mechislav Mikhailovich (1861-1941) Christmas time in the village. Drawing from the magazine "World Illustration". 1881
Shamota S. Christmas. Goat driving through the Polish countryside. Drawing from the magazine "World Illustration". 1882
Tkachenko Nikolai Ivanovich (1866-1920) Mummers in Little Russia. Drawing from the magazine "World Illustration". 1896
Ploshinsky Sergey Fedorovich On Christmas night.
Christmas ditties
For Christmas holidays
The day is almost off the gulkin's nose..
I'll play hide and seek with a cute one -
He has not grown up to love!
Who is knocking at our door at Christmas time?
And how mad screams?
He came to us to carol
Your friend, vigorous mother!
I have many cuties
In Christmas time everyone is asked to love!
The wife promises strictly
Cut something off for me!
Polovnaya-Vasilyeva Elena (Ukraine) Carols.
Kalinina Irina Pavlovna (born 1948) Christmas time. 2003
Muravyova Daria, member of the People's Studio of Decorative Petrikovskaya Painting (DOEC) Christmas. 2013
Pavlova Vera Vladimirovna (1952-2015) Illustration for the book by E. Levkievskaya "Russian Holidays". 2008
***
The new year has matured
Christmas time passed bravely,
The moment of fortune-telling has flown by,
All the carols are sung.
There is no better time to find
Passions boiled away
Epiphany night on the way!
The fonts are waiting!
Lyudmila Egorycheva, 2014
Svyatki is a Slavic folk holiday that falls in the winter. Holy week for Orthodox Christians lasts from January 7 to January 19, starting from the Nativity of Christ until the Baptism of the Lord. The Catholic holiday falls on the period from December 25 to January 6.
Story
This event has been celebrated since ancient times. In the 6th century, there was a scripture that speaks of holidays when it is not supposed to celebrate a wedding and bow. In 567, the Second Turonian Assembly celebrates the days from the Nativity of Christ to the Epiphany as holidays.
In the Roman Empire, the unspoken law on caroling and divination was often violated during this period, despite the rules of the Ecumenical Council. In Rus', there was even a law prohibiting ancient idolatry giving, various superstitious games and dressing up as idols to follow. Also in Rus' during Christmas time it was forbidden to arrange grandiose festivities with songs and dances.
Traditions and customs
Despite the law, people celebrated Christmas time in their own way. On the first day of the holiday, it was customary to visit relatives and relatives, as well as to pay attention to the poor, disadvantaged and beggars. Many families in Rus' helped the destitute by feeding them. They also visited orphanages, orphanages, and hospitals. Even the kings, disguised as commoners, visited prisoners in prisons and served alms on the street to those who begged.
There was a tradition of giving gifts that came from paganism - it echoed the offering of gifts to the Gods. People gave gifts to acquaintances and friends, ranging from penny souvenirs to expensive presents.
The key moment in the celebration of Christmas time was considered a family meal. Women got up early to prepare the table and clean the house. Various dishes were prepared: kutya, sweet pancakes, cookies with nuts, sbiten, poppy seeds, oatmeal jelly. The table was laid for all those present, adding additional appliances for relatives who died in the past year.
The completion of Christmas time was the preparation for Baptism. Tall men from all over the village gathered together and went to the reservoirs. They cut a hole for the upcoming ablution. Usually this was done on the last two days of Christmas time.
celebration
Fortune-telling was an invariable attribute of Christmas time, when young girls gathered and found out their future. The rituals were different, each village had its own divination rules and its own attributes necessary for the ritual. They mostly guessed at suitors, wanting to know the name of the betrothed, his age or appearance. Sometimes they guessed at the date of marriage and the number of children. Adults limited themselves to the signs by which they tried to determine the prosperity in the family in the new year.
Carols, where young people frolicked, were also an obligatory element. Guys and girls dressed up in new clothes, which were previously made before the holiday. During the day, they walked the streets, bawling carols or singing church hymns. They also looked into neighboring houses, where they received treats from hospitable hosts for the songs they performed. During Christmas time in Rus', there was a belief that the well-being of the family in the coming year directly depends on gifts to carolers. Therefore, the owners did not skimp on treats to uninvited guests: they gave sweets, homemade pies, cookies, and pastries. With the onset of night, gatherings were organized where they told each other stories, played the balalaika or accordion.
There were other activities during Christmas time, such as dressing up. Women sewed beautiful sundresses, men prepared the uniform of soldiers, polished their boots. On Christmas Eve, the great dressing up began - the men dressed in women's clothes, and the girls in uniform. The action was relevant for a trip to neighboring villages, where you could fool rustic guys or lure romantic people. Often, girls in military uniforms managed to seduce gullible young ladies from a neighboring village and even persuade them to marry. The jokes ended the next day, but for a whole year the youth then remembered their achievements and successes in dressing up during Christmas time.
Lonely women often rented out their huts for young guys and young ladies who want to have fun during the festivities. To prevent teenagers from going wild, elderly people were sent to such houses, whose task was to keep order. But the youth dodged, watered the elders and arranged fun to the fullest, with songs and dances until the morning.
The church never approved of such amusements, but it was useless to forbid. She struggled with excessive fun, recalling humility between the Nativity of Christ and Epiphany, but she could not completely eradicate folk festivals.
However, there were also “good” traditions – fasting and subbotniks. Fasting took place at the very beginning of Christmas time, then it was customary to pray with the whole family and cook kutya, grain porridge, as the main lenten dish for a meal, the grain of which symbolizes eternity. Subbotniks are ordinary bridesmaids for unmarried girls and free boys. All young people not burdened by marriage gathered in one hut. There, many got acquainted, started relationships and even got married after the subbotnik.
Christmas painting "Kolyada".
Author: Kapitonova Olga Fedorovna. Educator MBDOU No. 1 "Rucheyek" GO "Zhatai" The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the city of Yakutsk, the village "Zhatai".Let me bring to your attention a master class on making a Christmas picture for preschool children.
In my work I use mixed media of fine arts - gouache, pastel.
Purpose: Christmas decoration for a group, Christmas crafts, a picture can be hung on the wall, decorate a corner for parents in the hallway, give for the Christmas holiday, for the competition.
Description: This master class is intended for educators, teachers of additional education, methodologists and parents.
According to church tradition, on the night of January 7 (December 25, old style), Jesus Christ was born. The feast of the Nativity of Christ is considered the greatest, universal and most joyful. Christmas is preceded by a forty-day fast that ends with Christmas Eve, or Christmas Eve. And since the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian, winter Christmas time has also been celebrated, which begin a week before Christmas and continue until Epiphany itself. It has long been customary to call the first week of Christmastide Holy Evenings, and the second evening Terrible or called Kolyada. As soon as the first holy day of the Terrible Evenings arrived, little outfits appeared on the street, teenagers dressed up at dusk, and by nightfall adults were already dancing, singing and introducing themselves. The girls liked to dress up in men's clothes, and the young men in women's. Faces were painted over with soot, home-made “tow-hairs” were put on their heads, teeth cut from turnips were inserted into their mouths, and ox horns were attached to hats, sometimes turning a mummer into a terrible devil.
Kolyada is the god of the ancient Slavs, who brought the calendar to people. The name "calendar" consists of two words: Kolyada Dar. This means that it was a gift to the people of Kolyada himself. Also, the god Kolyada taught people to look at the stars and see their patterns, from which the science of astrology was subsequently formed.
The time of winter holidays and Christmas in our time used to be a time when people glorified Kolyada and sang little songs to him in order to receive other happy gifts from him. At this time, children and adults used to go to the yards of their neighbors and simply sing songs glorifying the onset of the new year, new life, songs of thanks to the gods.
During carols, it was customary to welcome the carolers with joy, and after the performance of the carols, to give various Christmas gifts and sweets - mostly sweets, cookies and other Christmas sweets. Not only did the poor go caroling, but also many wealthy city and country people loved to sing Christmas carols on these holidays. Some relatives organized a kind of competition, who would bring the most gifts received for Christmas caroling - this was considered a good good sign for the coming year. If the carol-maker received many gifts in response to his songs, then this meant that he would have a rich and prosperous year. It was also considered a good sign to give gifts to carolers on Christmas - in this case, God himself will take care of the donor and bestow his gifts, which in all respects surpass the gifts of people given during Christmas carols. In this case, God will generously return the donor with all the blessings that he will need in difficult times - either health, or a happy occasion, or a necessary meeting.
Target: Drawing the plot Christmas holiday "Kolyada" in mixed media.
Tasks:
Educational - to teach to draw the figures of children, distinguishing their characteristic features; draw in different ways of painting; to acquaint with the history of the Russian traditional holiday "Christmas".
Developing - to develop creative abilities, imagination, the ability to embody plots of a festive mood in a drawing.
Educational - to form interests in the traditions of the native land, to evoke an emotional response to the plot picture.
For work we need:
White paper in A-3, A-2 format - 2 pieces;
Gouache;
brushes No. 2, No. 3;
oil crayons (pastel);
Simple pencil;
eraser;
black marker;
cotton pads;
double sided tape;
stationery knife;
ruler 40 cm;
palette;
scissors.
Painting "Kolyada".
Stages of work1. Preliminary work: Choose a drawing from a children's reader, on a Christmas theme.
2. Draw the silhouettes of children on the A-3 format paper with a simple pencil, on the left side of the paper.
3. On the right side of the drawing paper, draw a church.
4. After the silhouettes of the children and the church are drawn, circle the drawings with a black felt-tip pen so that the outlines of the drawing are clearly visible.
5. Then we decorate the silhouettes in different color shades.
6. After the silhouettes are painted, draw stars, and paint with gouache in blue.
7. We make a background for our picture, take blue crayons and color the whole picture.
8. Then we rub the whole picture with cotton pads.
9. It turned out to be an almost finished drawing, but in order to make the picture more beautiful, I make a passe-partout.
10. To do this, I take A-2 format paper and cut out a frame for my picture, make marks on the back of the paper according to the size of the future passe-partout. Using a simple pencil and ruler.
11. Using a ruler, draw a square, connect the corners of the square diagonally with straight lines. We make cuts along the drawn lines with a knife.
12. Cut out the inner square. We bend the edge inward so that the edges are even.
13. After our frame is ready, I decorate it in the same way as the background of the picture, but I only select light colors, since the plot of the picture is evening, then the frame should be brighter so that it is not too dark. We choose colors in accordance with the picture, I chose a bright yellow color.
14. The last step remains - to connect the mat, drawing and frame. First, using double-sided tape, stick the image on a sheet of whatman paper the size of a passe-partout so that it is just inside the “window”. Along the perimeter on the inside of the passe-partout, stick double-sided tape, cutting it into 1 cm pieces. You need to glue the tape strictly in the middle of the passe-partout.
15. Then carefully glue the picture to the mat. It is best to fix the horizontal sides first, then the vertical ones. Carefully unfold the paper and remove the protective strips from the adhesive tape.
16. After the picture has been glued, glue adhesive tape at the corners of the inner passe-partout, glue a frame around the perimeter of the passe-partout, then add more pieces of adhesive tape on the sides.
17. Align the picture. But if the inner light frame of the passe-partout could not be made the same on all sides, take a knife or scissors and very carefully correct these irregularities - cut the inner passe-partout.
Holy divination. Pictures of Russian artists.
The desire of people to look into the future has its roots deep in antiquity. This is evidenced by the extant archaeological artifacts of Ancient Egypt, Greece, Chaldea, Ancient Rome. Even in the Holy Scripture - the Bible is repeatedly mentioned about divination. Among the Slavic tribes, the prediction of the future has always been the responsibility of priests, healers, soothsayers, sorcerers and sorcerers. But according to popular beliefs, there are days in the year on which everyone who dares to make contact with otherworldly forces can see their fate in advance.
K. Makovsky. Holy divination.
In Rus' in ancient times, Christmas fortune-telling became especially widespread in the era of "terem seclusion", when long frosty evenings, noble women and hawthorns, hay girls, while away the time, tried to look into the fateful future. Expecting marriage, each tried, at least with the help of evil spirits, to find out whom fate would send her as her husband, and what kind of life awaits her ahead with this future husband.And no matter how the church condemned these rituals, insisting that fortune-telling was an unclean thing, it was impossible to eradicate this custom.
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K. Makovsky. Holy divination. (Fragment).
All the sacraments of divination were carried out under the cover of night, closer to midnight. And it was considered the most prophetic on Christmastide evenings, on the night before the New Year and before Epiphany. For thousands of years, girls and women have been guessing for the future, for the betrothed, for the harvest, for the outcome of affairs, using various magical objects and different methods, passing this ritual custom from generation to generation. Christmas time was the most critical, the most dangerous period, when evil spirits were especially strong.
Artist Konstantin Trutovsky. Christmas festivities.
Yuletide evenings in Rus' began immediately after Christmas and continued until Epiphany, celebrated on January 19 according to the new style. And although they are located between two great Christian holidays, their history of origin goes far into the pagan past of the Slavic people. During the winter solstice, when the longest night and the shortest day of the year come, it was celebrated by the ancient Slavs from ancient times as the birthday of the sun.
Kolyada
And salt has always been considered the luminary that controls God's day, on which the future harvest, and the offspring of livestock, and the fertility of the mother earth, and therefore the well-being of people, completely depended.These days it was considered the time to think about the future - and not only the harvest, but also about personal life. To attract good luck, traditional festivities, funny jokes, games, dances and gatherings were started. Over time, all the Christmas story games and songs, which originally had a magical meaning at their core, became just entertainment.
Artist Konstantin Korovin. Christmas festivities.Terrible fortune-telling in Rus'
It has long been believed that holy days - Christmas time, are divided into two periods: from January 7 to 13 - holy evenings, and from January 14 to 19 - terrible.The sacrament of divination was considered terrible because the other world was involved in the process, and the evil spirits had a real opportunity to take the fortuneteller to the next world. Such divination, rooted in pagan antiquity, was widespread in Russia a century ago. They were held when the old year ended and a new one began, that is, in the "transitional period", where the new had not yet entered, and the old had not yet surrendered its powers.
For such rituals, as a rule, appropriate places were also selected - this is a crossroads, and an ice hole, and a bathhouse, and a barn. In a word, where evil spirits accumulated. Based on this, only brave and determined girls participated in such rituals. And going to such places, they always took metal objects with them - a knife, a poker, a frying pan, which were considered a talisman against evil spirits.
Artist Yu.Sergeev. At the fortune teller. Christmas time.
As a rule, such fortune-telling was carried out under the supervision of an older experienced woman, who called the evil spirits into contact with such a call: “Retreat, angels! Step down devils! Gather devils, big and small, from all swamps and whirlpools and tell us how the year will live .. .", - and called the name of the girl they were telling fortunes about.
Artist Yu.Sergeev. Card reading. Christmas time.
In addition, this woman had to look after the girls in order to take timely measures to protect them, as well as bring them in and out of a state of prostration.
Artist A.Novoskoltsev. Svetlana.
The most terrible Christmas divination was considered when the image appeared firsthand in front of the gaze of a fortune-telling girl with the help of mirrors, according to popular beliefs, having a connection with the other worlds. Two mirrors set against each other in reflection created a corridor from where the narrowed one should have appeared. And interestingly, if the girl was not familiar with her future spouse, then she saw the face of her betrothed, and if she knew him, then the back of her head
Artist K. Bryullov. Fortune-telling Svetlana.
And there was also a fortune-telling based on hearing, when at midnight a girl went to an ice-hole or to a crossroads and listened to the sounds spreading through the village. The ringing of a bell or festive singing was a harbinger of imminent marriage. The barking of a dog, which also portends marriage, was also considered in different aspects: from what part of the village the groom will be, what character he will have and what age he will be. But the sound of an ax and the sound of slamming boards was considered the worst omen, which was to death.
Artist Yu.Sergeev. Fortune telling on the betrothed. Christmas time.
Desperate girls went alone to the bathhouse and, guessing at the betrothed, should have felt someone's touch. If this happened, it means that the girl should be married this year, but not - to sit in the girls for another year. In addition, if the hand felt smooth, then the groom will be poor, if shaggy - rich.
Artist Yu.Sergeev. Night divination. Christmas time.
Sometimes, when divining on mirrors, a rooster was used, the cry of which was supposed to scare away the evil spirits that appeared in the mirror. So, when she saw something terrible, the girl strongly squeezed the bird and it let out a cry.
Artist O. Kiprensky. Christmas time.
Christmas and Christmas divination before Epiphany remain a popular custom today. Unmarried girls still want to look into the future and find out about their betrothed, while using, perhaps, not such extreme divination methods as before. Coffee grounds and tarot cards, wax and rings, matches and shoes, as well as séances are used.
Artist S.Kodin. Holy divination.
