Denoting an exemplary pioneer who does good deeds for the benefit of a socialist society for free. It comes from the book Timur and his team by Arkady Gaidar, whose hero, Timur, organized a detachment of guys who secretly helped families of front-line soldiers, elderly or sick people.
After the appearance of this book, an informal Timurov movement began to emerge. The Timurites became part of the Soviet ideological system, while retaining some spirit of volunteerism.
The first Timur detachments were created in the city of Klin, Moscow Region - in the city where Arkady Petrovich Gaidar wrote his story "Timur and his team." The first Timurov team was founded in school No. 2 in 1940 (now MOU-Gymnasium No. 2). It consisted of 6 Timurovites: Kalinina Anna Vasilievna, Duzhenkov Vladimir Ivanovich and others. After 1982, when school No. 2 moved to a new building (where it is still located), the Timur headquarters "Red Horseman" was founded (headed by Zakharova N.I. ) - an exemplary Timurovsky headquarters, which participated in many rallies (for example, a rally of Timurov detachments in Cherkassy). After perestroika, Zakharova Nina Ivanovna, the head of the Red Horseman and the school administration decided to continue the Timurovsky business of the old headquarters and founded the Timurovsky Danko headquarters, which still exists. Operations such as “Veteran is always there”, “Let's collect waste paper”, “Young Soldier” and many others are carried out at the Danko headquarters. The headquarters of "Danko" is the headquarters leader and an example of other children's organizations. The motto of the headquarters of "Danko": "Give the heart to people."
In modern Russia, the Timur movement has survived in a number of regions.
- Timurovets is a concept from Soviet times, denoting an exemplary pioneer who does good deeds for the benefit of socialist society for free. It comes from the book by Arkady Gaidar "Timur and his team", the hero of which, Timur, organized a detachment of guys who secretly helped the families of front-line soldiers, elderly or sick people.
After the appearance of this book, an informal Timurov movement began to emerge. The Timurites became part of the Soviet ideological system, while retaining some spirit of volunteerism.
The first Timur detachments were created in the city of Klin, Moscow Region - in the city where Arkady Petrovich Gaidar wrote his story "Timur and his team." The first Timurov team was founded in school No. 2 in 1940 (now MOU-Gymnasium No. 2). It consisted of 6 Timurovites: Anna Vasilievna Kalinina, Vladimir Ivanovich Duzhenkov, and others. After 1982, when school No. - an exemplary Timurovsky headquarters, which participated in many rallies (for example, a rally of Timurov detachments in Cherkassy).After perestroika, Zakharova Nina Ivanovna, the head of the Red Horseman and the school administration decided to continue the Timurov business of the old headquarters and founded the Timurovsky Danko headquarters, which exists and to this day. The headquarters of the "Danko" conducts such operations as "Veteran is always there", "We collect waste paper", "Young Soldier" and many others. The headquarters "Danko" is the headquarters leader and an example of other children's organizations. The motto of the headquarters is " Danko”: “We give heart to people”.
During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Timur's teams and detachments operated in schools, orphanages, at palaces and houses of pioneers, and other out-of-school institutions; only in the RSFSR there were more than 2 million Timurovites. They patronized hospitals, families of soldiers and officers of the Soviet Army, orphanages and gardens, helped to harvest, worked for the defense fund. In the post-war period, they provided assistance to the disabled and veterans of war and labor, the elderly, looked after the graves of fallen soldiers.
In the 1960s the search work of the Timurovites to study the life of Gaidar largely contributed to the opening of the memorial museums of the writer in Arzamas, Lgov. With the funds raised by the Timurovites, a library-museum named after A.I. Gaidar. In the early 1970s The All-Union Headquarters of Timur was created at the editorial office of the Pioneer magazine.
The traditions of the Timurov movement found their expression and development in the voluntary participation of children and adolescents in the improvement of cities and villages, nature protection, assistance to adult labor collectives, etc.
Timur's teams and detachments were created in the pioneer organizations of the GDR, the People's Republic of Belarus, the People's Republic of Poland, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, and Czechoslovakia.
In modern Russia, the Timur movement has survived in a number of regions.
UDK 94:37.035 "1941/45"
sy: 10.18097/1994-0866-2015-0-7-19-23
TIMUROVTS: LITTLE VOLUNTEERS OF THE GREAT WAR
© Balakirev Alexey Nikolaevich
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of General and National History of Buryatsky
state university
Russia, 670000 Ulan-Ude, st. Ranzhurova, 6
E-mail.ru: [email protected]
In 1940, after the publication of A.P. Gaidar's story "Timur and his team", a movement of young volunteers - Timurovites - arose in the USSR. This was a completely unusual phenomenon for that time, because the work of the Timurov teams was based on independence and on the initiative of the guys themselves, the activities of the Timurovites had a pronounced socially useful orientation. The article substantiates the relevance of volunteering in modern Russia, discusses some aspects of the emergence and development of the Timur movement, and analyzes the main activities of young volunteers during the Great Patriotic War in the USSR and Buryatia. The materials of the article may be of interest to historians, teachers, specialists in the field of social sciences, as well as to everyone who is interested in the history of our country.
Key words: Timur movement, volunteering, pioneer organization, Great Patriotic War.
TIMUROVTSY: YOUNG VOLUNTEERS OF THE GREAT WAR
Alexey N. Balakirev
PhD in History, A/Professor of the department of general and national history, Buryat State University, Ulan-Ude
6 Ranzhurova St., Ulan-Ude, 670000 Russia
In 1940, after the publication of A.P. Gaidar "s novel, "Timur and his team", a movement of Timurovtsy, young volunteers, arose in the USSR. It was quite an unusual phenomenon for that time because the work of these commands was based on independence and initiative of the guys themselves, their activities had a strong social-useful focus. Great Patriotic War in the USSR and the Republic of Buryatia The article can be interesting for historians, educators, professionals in the field of social sciences, as well as for anyone who is interested in the history of our country.
Keywords: Timurovsky movement, volunteering, Young Pioneers organization, the Great Patriotic War.
In February 2015 Sochi hosted the All-Russian Forum of Volunteers, which was attended by over 400 delegates from volunteer organizations and volunteer centers from all 85 regions of Russia. The greeting of the President of the Russian Federation V. V. Putin to the participants and guests of the forum says: “The traditions of volunteering, volunteering have deep historical roots in our country. At all times, representatives of different classes, ages, views selflessly served the Fatherland, people, actively participated in education and charity, contributed to the solution of socially significant problems in the field of education, health, culture, and the environment. The head of state noted that it is necessary to develop the potential of Russian volunteer organizations, expand the range of their activities and involve young people in the work. At the same time, he added that this is “especially relevant on the eve of the 70th anniversary of the Great Victory, which we will celebrate this year.”
One of the brightest pages of volunteering in our country was the Timurov movement, the formation and rapid development of which took place during the years of the Great Patriotic War. We owe the emergence of this unique socio-social phenomenon
the writer Arkady Petrovich Gaidar, who in his book "Timur and his team" proposed a completely new form of organizing children - socially useful and completely independent. The idea of the story "Timur and his team" arose from A.P. Gaidar gradually, gradually. The upbringing, intelligent, noble game of Timur and his team, which is the basis of the story, the writer did not invent at his desk. He observed a similar game in life, and he himself constantly played it. Familiar boys and girls were a team, and Gaidar himself was its commander. In his memoirs, the famous Soviet writer K. G. Paustovsky tells about one such case when Gaidar's yard team helped find a rare medicine for a sick child. At the same time, Paustovsky notes: “It was impossible to thank him. He became very angry when he was thanked for his help. He considered helping a person as natural as, say, greeting. No one is thanked for saying hello to you. The beginning of work on "Timur and his team" refers to December 1939, and initially the plot was developed by Gaidar as a script for a movie. The story was completed on August 27, 1940, and on September 5, an excerpt from it was published in Pionerskaya Pravda. Throughout September and until October 8, 1940, the story was printed from issue to issue on the fourth page of the newspaper. At the same time, it was broadcast in Moscow on the central radio. In 1941, the story was published three times in separate editions in mass circulation, and since its creation, the book has been reprinted in a circulation of several tens of millions of copies. The story became the basis for the films of the same name in 1940 and 1976, and in 2013 it was included in the list of "100 books" recommended for independent reading by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for schoolchildren. Until that time, not a single book won the sympathy of children so quickly and so firmly, not a single book for children had such a power to influence the heart and mind of the reader, did not become such a direct organizer of children, as happened with the story "Timur and his team ". In cities and villages, in pioneer detachments, schools, and in courtyards, Timur teams arose; the Timur movement was born - a patriotic movement of hundreds of thousands of children.
In the public mind, the concept of "Timurovite" is often associated with the concept of "pioneer", the Timurov movement is identified with the pioneer movement. This is a wrong point of view, and an example of this is the military hard times of 1941-1945. According to Professor V. A. Kudinov, during the war years, out of 20 million children of pioneer age, only 3-4 were in the organization. In the Komsomol reports of the republics and regions of the country in wartime, the statements were typical: “Squads in many schools are drawn up on paper. As a result of the lack of political education, the growth of the Pioneer organization ceased. At the same time, already in July - mid-August 1941, Timur's teams began to operate throughout the country. In 1945, the total number of children and adolescents who took part in the Timur movement was about 3 million people. Many children, dissatisfied with the archaic and sluggish forms of work based on directives "from above", left the pioneer organization. Together with other “unorganized” ones, they joined Timurov’s teams, which offered socially useful activities, where work was based on the principle of self-government and the initiative of the guys themselves. For example, in Buryatia during the war years, the number of pioneers decreased by almost 5 thousand people, but the number of Timurovites increased by 3 times and reached 25,000 people in 1945.
The activities of the Timurovites during the Great Patriotic War were of great socio-political and pedagogical significance. This movement enjoyed huge support from the guys. A simple list of cases can give an idea of the scale of the work of the Timurovites. Timurovites took care of the families of front-line soldiers, the elderly, chopped firewood, brought water, took kids to kindergarten, collected ashes, chicken droppings, ferrous and non-ferrous metal, glass for greenhouse frames, medicinal plants, money and bonds for the construction of aircraft, guns, etc. , arranged workshops for repairing, sewing linen for the families of front-line soldiers, patronized hospitals; performed in front of the wounded with concerts, conversations, read newspapers aloud, wrote letters for them, fought neglect, returned children
to school, collected warm clothes for front-line soldiers, sent parcels to the front, grew vegetables, collected fallen leaves that served as raw materials for tobacco factories, repaired buildings, cleared roads, took care of evacuated children.
In the Chelyabinsk region in the 1942/43 academic year, 3,138 Timurov teams, uniting 28,000 students, helped more than 15,000 families of front-line soldiers. From the first day of the war, the Timurovites of the Khabarovsk Territory launched a vigorous activity: about 1,000 Timurov teams repaired the apartments of families of front-line soldiers, looked after small children, helped cultivate gardens, and procure fuel. The Timurov teams of the Voronezh region numbered over 50,000 schoolchildren. One of the most important areas of their activity, they considered control over the condition of the roads along which troops and ammunition were brought to the front. Timurovites also carried out a huge amount of work in the sponsored hospitals. So, for the 1941/42 academic year, the Timurovites of Vologda prepared 153 amateur art concerts for the wounded soldiers. For all the years of the war, schoolchildren of the Gorky region organized 9,700 amateur art performances for soldiers who were being treated in hospitals. Timurovites were on duty in hospitals, wrote letters on behalf of the wounded, gave out books from libraries, and helped to carry out various chores.
The Timurovites provided great assistance to children's institutions. The students took care of the children. A characteristic and typical example was the detachment of Volodya Milenkov in Novosibirsk, created on Rabochaya Street, house number 92. He set himself the task of helping the families of front-line soldiers. “We decided,” Volodya said, “to take care of the kids - preschoolers, whose fathers are at the front, and whose mothers work. Our Timurov guys did a good job cleaning the yard and garden in this house, planted 250 bushes of bird cherry, raspberry, acacia, lilac. We took care of our trees so that they all quickly take over. Then we set up several flower beds, and sowed millet along the paths. Our yard has turned into a blooming garden. It was good for our preschoolers to play and run there. They especially liked to mess around in the sand that we brought for them. Timurovka Svetlana Zhuk worked with kids. She came up with various interesting games, read books to them aloud and took them for a walk. Mothers were pleased that their children were always under supervision. Each Timurov team member had his own business. Dina Bobruiskaya was the editor of a wall newspaper, Sveta Semenova was a librarian. We ourselves collected a library, it contained about 80 books. Yura Kulakov, Valya Legchenko and other older guys helped the families of veterans and disabled veterans of the Patriotic War prepare apartments for the winter. Timurovites collected and sent literature, textbooks and teaching aids, and gifts to children's institutions in the liberated regions. So, already in August 1943, the first steamship "Pushkin" set off from Kazan to Stalingrad, loaded with gifts collected by the pioneers and schoolchildren of the republic.
From year to year, the Timur movement developed rapidly, becoming broader both in form and content. In February 1942, meetings of the Timurites were held throughout the country, at which they proudly reported on their activities. The work of Timur's teams was told on the radio, written in newspapers and magazines, they received the heartfelt gratitude of tens of thousands of front-line soldiers and their families. Of particular importance was the Timur movement in Leningrad besieged by the enemy. The Timurov detachments were here the "younger brothers" of the Komsomol household brigades, which played an exceptional role in saving the population from death, especially in the first blockade winter. In 1941 - 1942 12,000 pioneers successfully worked in 753 Timurovsk teams in Leningrad. Patronizing the families of front-line soldiers, the disabled, pensioners, they prepared fuel for them, cleaned apartments, and received food on cards.
Already on September 29, 1941, the Irkutsk regional committee of the Komsomol adopted a special decision, which emphasized the need to promote the spread and development of the Timur movement in the region in every possible way, to ensure effective leadership by senior pioneer leaders, secretaries of Komsomol organizations. In the 1941/42 academic year, only in
In 17 districts of the region, 237 Timurov teams, uniting 3,818 children, worked. In the 1943/44 academic year, the Timurovites patronized 1274 families of front-line soldiers. In the Perm region in the same year, about 10 thousand schoolchildren were in 689 Timur teams. Over 2,000 Timur teams helped the families of veterans in the Azerbaijan SSR. About 1,260 Timurov teams operated in the Kirghiz SSR. With their active participation, schoolchildren of the republic sent 25,000 warm clothes and 6,000 individual parcels to the front.
In Buryatia, Timur teams were formed in all pioneer squads and in almost all schools in the republic, and mainly included students in grades 4-6. At the same time, every year the number of children employed in the Timurov movement increased. If in 1942 there were 8,284 children in 1,100 Timurov teams of the republic, then by the end of the war there were already about 25 thousand Timurovites. Only during the first year of the war, by the autumn of 1942, the Timurovites of Buryatia collected 250,000 soldiers for the defense fund. r., for the construction of military equipment - 120 thousand rubles, more than 12 thousand tons of ferrous and non-ferrous metal for the needs of the military industry, 5,786 centners of ash, 2,929 centners of bird droppings, 71,344 carts of manure for fertilizing fields in collective farms and state farms , snow retention was carried out on an area of 1,550 hectares. In the report on the work of the Timurov teams for 1942, it was noted that most of the Timurov teams worked fruitfully and conscientiously. For example, the Timurovites of the Malo-Kunalei secondary school of the Bichur aimag served 100 families of Red Army soldiers, sent gifts to the front of only 105 kg of meat and 340 chickens. The team of secondary school No. 6 in Ulan-Ude, headed by Timurov's Karpov, provided great assistance to the families of the Red Army soldiers Kovarsky and Napushkov, they cleaned the rooms, went for water, for bread, chopped wood, read books to children and went to the movies with them. In the Tarbagatai region, 266 Timurovites served 50 families of Red Army soldiers. There are 82 teams organized in the Zheleznodorozhny district, covering 732 children. They served 413 families of Red Army soldiers. The Timurov team of the Petropavlovsk secondary school of the Dzhida aimak worked well, consisting of 33 children, they sawed 18 cubic meters of firewood, swept 17 yards, repaired 2 sheds, collected 40 buckets of ash. Meetings of Timurov's teams were held in all districts with the presentation of the report "Tasks of Timurov's teams in the days of the Great Patriotic War". However, the main task of the Timurovites was to provide all possible assistance to the families of the Red Army. The amount of work carried out in this regard during the war years is enormous and invaluable. In his memoirs, the wife of a Red Army soldier, a resident of Ulan-Ude, T. Basovich writes: “... It is very nice to see when, from small to large, everyone is trying to help you and surround your family with care. Many thanks to the Timurovites for their help!” .
The noble patriotic activity of the Timurovites received well-deserved recognition from the soldiers of the army and navy, high appreciation and gratitude from all Soviet people. The main driving force behind all thoughts and aspirations, all strong-willed efforts and practical deeds of the Timurovites during the days of the war was their ardent desire to give all their strength and skills to the Motherland and people.
Literature
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2. Life and work of A.P. Gaidar. - M., 1964.
3. Gaidar A.P. Collected Works. - M., 1964. - T. 3.
4. Ukhyankin S. P. Timur Pioneers. - M., 1961.
5. Furin S. A., Simonova L. S. Young Timurovites. - M., 1975.
6. Aleshchenko N. M. In the name of victory. - M., 1985.
7. Kudinov V. A. Public organizations of children and youth in Russia in the XX century: dis. ... Dr. ist. Sciences. - Kostroma, 1994.
8. GARB. F. 36. D. 1775. L. 15.
9. Balakirev A. N. Formation and development of the children's movement in Buryatia (1923-1991). - Ulan-Ude, 2014.
10. GARB, F.36, D. 1864, L. 102.
11. URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur_and_his_team
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2. Zhizn i tvorchestvo A. P. Gaydara. Moscow. 1964.
3. Gaydar A. P. Sobraniye sochineny. Tom third. Moscow. 1964.
4. Ukhyankin S. P. Pionery-timurovtsy. Moscow. 1961.
5. Furin S. A., Simonova L. S. Yunym timurovtsam. Moscow. 1975.
6. Aleshchenko N. M. Voimya pobedy. Moscow. 1985.
7. Kudinov V. A. Obshchestvennye organizatsii detey i molodyozhi v Rossii v XX v. . Doctor's thesis. Kostroma. 1994.
8. GARB (State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia), F. 36, D. 1775. L. 15.
9. Balakirev A. N. Stanovleniye i razvitiye detskogo dvizheniya v Buryatii (1923 - 1991) . Ulan-Ude, 2014.
10. GARB. F. 36. D. 1864. L. 102.
11. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur_i_ego_komanda
Timur movement a mass patriotic movement of pioneers and schoolchildren, the content of which is civic care for people in need of help. Originated in the USSR in the early 1940s. under the influence of A.P. Gaidar's story "Timur and his team" as a movement to help the families of military personnel. Etc. is an effective (with elements of the game) form of socially useful activity of children, contributing to their moral education, the development of initiative and amateur performance. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, Timur's teams and detachments operated in schools, orphanages, at palaces and houses of pioneers, and in other out-of-school institutions, at the place of residence; only in the RSFSR there were over 2 million Timurovites. The Timurites patronized hospitals, families of soldiers and officers of the Soviet Army, orphanages and gardens, helped to harvest, worked for the defense fund; in the post-war period, they provide assistance to the disabled and veterans of war and labor, the elderly; caring for the graves of fallen soldiers. In the 60s. the search work of the Timurovites to study the life of Gaidar largely contributed to the opening of the memorial museums of the writer in Arzamas, Lgov. With the funds raised by the Timurovites, a library-museum named after V.I. Gaidar. In the early 70s. for the practical guidance of the Timurovsky associations by the Central Council of the All-Union Pioneer Organization (See All-Union Pioneer Organization) named after. V. I. Lenin, the All-Union headquarters of Timur was created under the editorial office of the Pioneer magazine, in the field - republican, regional, district and city headquarters. Traditional gatherings of Timurovites are held regularly. In 1973, the First All-Union Meeting of the Timurites (about 3,500 delegates) took place in Artek, which adopted a program for the development of the Timur movement. Traditions of trade have found their expression and development in the voluntary participation of children and adolescents in the beautification of towns and villages, the protection of nature, assistance to adult labor collectives, and so on. Timur's teams and detachments were created in the pioneer organizations of the GDR, the People's Republic of Belarus, the People's Republic of Poland, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, and Czechoslovakia. Lit.: Ukhyankin S. P., Timur Pioneers, M., 1961; Kamov B.K., Ordinary biography (Arkady Gaidar), M., 1971; Furin S. A., Simonova L. S., Young Timurovites, M., 1975. S. A. Furin.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
See what the "Timurov movement" is in other dictionaries:
It arose in the USSR among the pioneers and schoolchildren in the beginning. 1940s under the influence of the story of A.P. Gaidar, Timur and his team. They provided assistance to the families of military personnel and veterans, as well as the elderly, kindergartens, cared for the graves of fallen soldiers, etc ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
It arose in the USSR among pioneers and schoolchildren in the early 1940s. under the influence of A.P. Gaidar's story "Timur and his team". They provided assistance to the families of military personnel and veterans, as well as the elderly, kindergartens, cared for the graves of fallen soldiers, etc. encyclopedic Dictionary
Timur movement- TIMUROV MOVEMENT, mass patriotic. a movement of pioneers and schoolchildren, the goal of which is to take care of people in need of help. At the end of the 1930s. in some pioneer detachments, an initiative arose to patronize the families of military personnel, expressing ... ... Great Patriotic War 1941-1945: Encyclopedia
movement- , ia, cf. 1. Movement in space in what l. direction. == Forward movement towards communism. pathet. Titarenko, 6. 2. Public activity pursuing certain goals. * Revolutionary movement. MAC, vol. 1, 368. ◘ I ... Explanatory Dictionary of the Language of Soviet Deputies
The emblem of the pioneer organization of the USSR Pioneer movement is a movement of children's communist organizations in the USSR and in other countries. Modeled after the Scouting movement, the pioneer movement was different from ... Wikipedia
baby movement- children's social movement, the totality of the activities of various children's public organizations and children's public associations; one of the forms of socially significant activity of children and youth. The term children's and ... ... Pedagogical terminological dictionary
Timurovets is a concept from Soviet times, denoting an exemplary pioneer who does good deeds for the benefit of socialist society for free. Comes from Arkady Gaidar's book "Timur and his team", whose hero, Timur, ... ... Wikipedia
Timurovtsy- members of societies. movements within the Vses. pioneer organization im. V. I. Lenin, first of all in the 1940s. In 1940 was published. pov. A.P. Gaidar Timur and his team, in which an example of self-organization was given by children. team without control and ... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary
Timurovskaya street runs from Demyan Bedny street to Ushinsky street. On October 2, 1970, a new street in the Kalininsky district was named Timurovskaya. “In honor of the patriotic education of the pioneers,” the decision stated. IN … St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)
ALL-UNION PIONEER ORGANIZATION, a mass amateur communist organization of children and adolescents in the Soviet Union, founded on May 19, 1922, bore the name of V. I. Lenin since 1924; ceased operations as a single organization in the early 1990s ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Books
- Timur and his team, Gaidar A .. The story "Timur and his team" was written in 1940 and immediately became the favorite book of millions of young readers, and the Timur movement - to selflessly help those in need - literally ...
"Fatherland - 2013"
From the history of the children's movement
City scientific and practical tourist and local history conference "Fatherland", dedicated to the 270th anniversary of the founding of Orenburg
Timurov and volunteer movement: similarities and differences
Orenburg
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Introduction
Book by A.P. Gaidar "Timur and his team" is known to many. We immediately connect the name Timur with the “Timurites”, that is, it has become, as it were, a household name. And the word "team" is synonymous with the word "friends". It turns out that the title of the book "Timur and his team" means "Timurov's friends."
I learned about Timurovites as a child. Watched the feature film "Timur and his team". But I learned about volunteers quite recently, when Fariz Bayramov, a graduate of our school, came to our school. It was he who introduced me to his work. A detachment of volunteers conducts various actions, develops and implements social projects.
At the First Volunteer Forum, I learned that there are many other similar organizations. There I learned that the beginning of the volunteer movement goes deep into history. That is why I became interested in this topic.
This work is related to the study of volunteer organizations, namely volunteers and Timurovites.
Purpose of the work: to find similarities and differences between these movements.
Object of study: Timurov and volunteer movement.
Subject of study: the role of Timur and volunteer movements in public life.
In accordance with the goal, the following tasks are formulated:
Determine the nature of the Timurov and volunteer movements;
To study the historical aspects of the development of the Timur and volunteer movements;
Conduct a sociological survey of students;
Conduct an analysis of the results of a sociological survey;
1. Feature of the Timurov and volunteer movements: volunteerism
Volunteering is based on the involvement of various segments of the population in the processes of solving social problems. But the question often arises: is volunteering new or well-forgotten old?
The term "volunteering" in its modern sense, or, moreover, "volunteering" was not familiar to Russia until the mid-80s of the XX century. Until that time, "volunteers", first of all, were called people who, in wartime, without waiting for the mobilization agenda, went to defend their country. So it was in the First World War, and in the Great Patriotic War. The practice of multifaceted interpretation of this term also existed abroad. In Italy, gratuitous social assistance is called "social volunteering".
And in our country in Soviet times there were a lot of people who volunteered to go to the virgin lands, to build the BAM.
Today we mean something different in the term “volunteerism”. There is the Law “On charitable activities and charitable organizations”, adopted on July 7, 1995. But the legislator has limited the range of activities that can be attributed to charity, as well as the range of organizations called charitable. But volunteering is hard to limit. The range of work performed by volunteers, organizations that involve volunteers in the work is very wide, so the following definition will sound more correct.
Volunteer - a person engaged on a gratuitous voluntary basis (without any coercion) in activities to resolve socially significant problems.
But in order to more clearly imagine volunteerism in Russia, it is necessary to turn to the deeper history of our country. There is also no clear terminology here, but there is a voluntary charitable work of people for the benefit of those in need of help, of which there are many examples in Russian history.
The traditions of mercy have evolved in Rus' for centuries, forming the basis of charity, rising from the depths of centuries as a desire to help "the poor, the decrepit, the sick, the needy." In the years of the formation of Kievan Rus, charity was not the norm, but the lot of individuals. There are facts that, for example, John Danilovich was nicknamed Kalita for the bag that he carried with him, distributing alms from it, and Dmitry Donskoy was so compassionate to the poor and orphans that he fed them from his own hands.
But one cannot say that charity, volunteering were the lot of only people from high society. History has conveyed to us many customs of self-help, disinterested support of one's neighbor by ordinary people. This includes the joint construction of a new home for a fire victim, and the collection of donations by volunteers for the construction of schools, hospitals and temples.
It happens that the term "volunteer" is associated with other realities of our lives. In December 1996, a live broadcast was conducted on Novosibirsk Radio. The program was called "Why do people work for free?". The name of the program was associated by some radio listeners with many months of salary delays. People called and spoke about their plight, demanded that directors of enterprises and the government be held accountable. Many in the ensuing discussion called themselves volunteers. Their argument was: "We work and don't get paid for it, therefore we are volunteers." But can people who are withholding wages be called volunteers? I'm sure not.
A distinctive feature of a volunteer is that, performing this or that work, he consciously accepts the complete absence of monetary remuneration or agrees to a significantly lower wage for his labor, while having a real opportunity for his services at the same time to receive higher earnings. Would the people who called during the radio broadcast agree to work for free, giving up even the hope of receiving the money due to them in the future? Probably not. Delays in the payment of wages are a very serious problem, but they have nothing to do with volunteering.
Today, volunteering continues to be a relatively new idea in society, perceived ambiguously. Some perceive it as a launching pad, others find it incomprehensible and, therefore, not very necessary.
Timur movement
The Timur movement is a mass patriotic movement of pioneers and schoolchildren, the content of which is civic care for people in need of help. It originated in the USSR in the early 1940s. of the twentieth century, under the influence of the story of A.P. Gaidar "Timur and his team" as a movement to help the families of military personnel. The Timur movement is an effective (with elements of play) form of socially useful activity for children, contributing to their moral upbringing, development of initiative and self-activity.
During the years of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, Timur's teams and detachments operated in schools, orphanages, at palaces and houses of pioneers and other out-of-school institutions, at the place of residence. Timurites patronized hospitals, families of soldiers and officers of the Soviet Army, orphanages and gardens, helped to harvest, worked for the defense fund; in the post-war period, they provided assistance to the disabled and veterans of war and labor, the elderly; looked after the graves of fallen soldiers.
The liberation struggle of the Soviet people against fascism was a powerful stimulus for the development of the Timurov movement, which arose back in peacetime. The “birthday” of this movement, amazing in its nature and direction, quite definitely dates back to the time of the appearance on the screens of the country in 1940 of the film “Timur and his team” (script by A. Gaidar, staged by director A. Razumny). The exceptional popularity of the film was that the film responded to the most ardent patriotic aspirations of Soviet children - to be useful to the Motherland not after graduation, but now, immediately. The film revealed to children the romance of their simple deeds, forced them to peer into the life around them, to be sensitive and attentive. The word "Timurovets" vividly reflected the best features inherent in the schoolchildren of the Soviet country: an indefatigable thirst for activity, nobility, courage, and the ability to stand up for one's interests. During the Great Patriotic War, this movement grew and expanded literally every day: in the Russian Federation alone, the teams of Timurovites numbered over 2 million people in their ranks. The title "Timurovets" obligated, it had a disciplining effect on the guys, prompted them to noble, patriotic deeds.
The activities of the Timurovites were of great socio-political and pedagogical significance. In the Chelyabinsk region alone, in the 1942-1943 academic year, 3,138 Timurov teams, uniting 28,000 students, helped over 15,000 families of front-line soldiers. From the first day of the war, the Timurovites of the Khabarovsk Territory launched a vigorous activity: about 1,000 Timurov teams repaired apartments for the family of front-line soldiers, looked after small children, helped cultivate gardens, and procure fuel. The Timur teams of the Voronezh region numbered over 50,000 schoolchildren. One of the most important areas of their activity, they considered control over the condition of the roads along which troops and ammunition were brought to the front. Timurovites also did a great job in the sponsored hospitals. So, for the 1941-1942 academic year, the Timurovites of Vologda prepared 153 amateur art concerts for the wounded soldiers. For all the years of the war, schoolchildren of the Gorky region organized 9,700 amateur art performances for soldiers who were being treated in hospitals. Timurovites were on duty in hospitals, wrote letters on behalf of the wounded, gave out books from libraries, and helped to carry out a wide variety of chores. The Timurovites provided great assistance to children's institutions. The students took care of the children. Timurovites collected and sent literature, textbooks and teaching aids, and gifts to children's institutions in the liberated regions. In August 1943, the first steamship "Pushkin" set off from Kazan to Stalingrad, loaded with gifts collected by pioneers and schoolchildren of the republic.
The scope of the Timurov movement, the fullness of the content of the work was ensured by the constant attention, care and daily leadership of local party and Komsomol organizations. From year to year, the Timur movement developed rapidly, becoming broader both in form and content. In February 1942, meetings of the Timurites were held throughout the country, at which they proudly reported on their activities. The work of Timur's teams was told on the radio, written in newspapers and magazines, they received the heartfelt gratitude of tens of thousands of front-line soldiers and their families. Of particular importance was the Timur movement in Leningrad besieged by the enemy. The Timurov detachments were here the "younger brothers" of the Komsomol household brigades, which played an exceptional role in saving the population from death, especially in the first blockade winter. In 1941 - 1942 12,000 pioneers successfully worked in 753 Timurov teams in Leningrad. Patronizing the families of front-line soldiers, the disabled, pensioners, they procured fuel for them, cleaned apartments, and received food on cards. Already on September 29, 1941, the Irkutsk regional committee of the Komsomol adopted a special decision, which emphasized the need to promote the spread and development of the Timur movement in the region in every possible way, to ensure effective leadership by senior pioneer leaders, secretaries of Komsomol organizations. In the 1941-1942 academic year, only in 17 districts of the region, 237 Timurov teams worked, uniting 3818 children. In the 1943-1944 academic year, the Timurovites patronized 1274 families of front-line soldiers. In the Perm region in the same year, about 10 thousand schoolchildren were in 689 Timur teams. Over 2,000 Timurov teams helped the families of front-line soldiers in the Azerbaijan SSR. About 1260 Timurov teams operated in the Kirghiz SSR. With their active participation, schoolchildren of the republic sent 25,000 warm clothes and 6,000 individual parcels to the front.
The noble patriotic activity of the Timurov pioneers received well-deserved recognition from the soldiers of the army and navy, all Soviet people, high appreciation and gratitude from the Communist Party and the Soviet government. The main driving force behind all thoughts and aspirations, all strong-willed efforts and practical deeds of the Timurovites during the days of the war was their ardent desire to give all their strength and skills to the Motherland and people.
In the 60s. the search work of the Timurovites to study the life of Gaidar largely contributed to the opening of the memorial museums of the writer in Arzamas, Lgov. With the funds raised by the Timurovites, a library-museum named after V.I. Gaidar. In the early 70s. for the practical guidance of the Timurovsky associations by the Central Council of the All-Union Pioneer Organization. V. I. Lenin, the All-Union headquarters of Timur was created under the editorial office of the Pioneer magazine, in the field - republican, regional, district and city headquarters. Traditional gatherings of Timurovites were held regularly. In 1973, the 1st All-Union Meeting of Timurovites (about 3.5 thousand delegates) took place in Artek, which adopted a program for the development of the Timurov movement. Even now, in some regions of our country, Timurov detachments have been preserved, in which the guys want to help people.
Volunteer movement
The word "volunteer" comes from the French volontaire, which in turn comes from the Latin voluntarius and literally means a willing volunteer.
The volunteer movement can be divided into 4 types of activities:
1. Military volunteering.
2. Labor volunteering.
3. Missionary volunteering.
4. Public volunteering.
In this work, I consider public volunteering.
In the last two years, there have been changes in the direction of volunteer activities in the Russian volunteer movement. Now most volunteer movements are divided into three groups:
the first (the most numerous) - preventive work to combat HIV / AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases;
the third (new direction) is educational activities aimed at forming a culture of a healthy lifestyle, work is carried out with those categories of the population that volunteers may be interested in and contribute to the formation of a culture of a healthy lifestyle in them. The volunteer movement is rooted deep in history. Even the English humanist and writer Thomas More, trying to determine the essence of the ideal relationship between the individual and society, emphasized their inextricable connection and its voluntary nature: “These two - society and the individual - are inseparable. You cannot have a true society if it is not made up of true individuals, and you cannot be an individual unless you are freely involved in the deepest way in the affairs of the society.”
The Webster's Dictionary defines volunteerism as: "Voluntary (on the basis of one's own inclination) participation in some activity or system."
The history of the volunteer movement is quite difficult to trace, since no one has previously accurately recorded actions of this kind. But the history of mankind itself indicates that not one society was alien to the idea of voluntary and disinterested assistance. Volunteering is a concept as ancient as the concept of "society". There have always been people in society for whom the way of self-realization, self-improvement, connection and communication with other people was work for the benefit of others, for the benefit of the community in which they happened to be born and live.
Voluntary assistance can take various forms: from traditional types of mutual assistance to the joint efforts of thousands of people aimed at overcoming the consequences of a natural disaster, resolving conflict situations, eradicating poverty, etc.
In some states, the volunteer system, before the introduction of universal conscription, was the main way of recruiting armies. For example, in the UK, this method of manning the army remained until 1961.
In Russia, volunteering is associated not just with voluntary free work in an interesting field, but with sacrificial disinterested service to the weak, the sick, the poor.
In Russia, one of the earliest official references to volunteering dates back to 1894. This year, city guardianships for the poor were established, in which voluntary donations were made and where volunteers worked. In Soviet times, volunteers went to the virgin lands and BAM, worked on subbotniks, harvesting. There was no law on volunteer labor. The concept, content and form of volunteer work in modern Russia acquired a specific form only in the 90s, simultaneously with the emergence of the so-called third sector, which consists of non-profit, public and charitable organizations. On July 7, 1995, the law “On Charitable Activities and Charitable Organizations” appeared, which defines a volunteer: “Volunteers are citizens who carry out charitable activities in the form of unpaid labor in the interests of the beneficiary, including in the interests of a charitable organization.”
4. Volunteer movement of the Orenburg region
Most of the Russian volunteers are in the Orenburg region.
In 2012, the regional youth public organization "Union of Orenburg Students" held a number of events, the main indicators of which were the support of youth councils, both at the enterprise and in educational institutions in the region.
As part of student youth assistance, youth educational camps "Activation", "First Step", "Camp-gathering for leaders of youth public associations" were held, and for the development of creative potential, the festivals "Favorite Song" and "On Nikolayevskaya". For working youth, the III regional educational and tourist meeting of working youth, a number of trainings for the development of personal growth, professional communication skills and creativity were held.
The final event was the participation of the Orenburg region in the XII All-Russian Festival of creativity and sports of working youth "YUNOST", where the delegation of the region received the Grand Prix of the festival and 1 place in the creative and sports areas of the festival.
In addition, the Orenburg Region ranks 1st in the ranking of regions of the Russian Federation for the development of volunteerism and unites 35,429 volunteers.
A vivid example is the work of volunteers in the Raduga Rehabilitation Club of the Orenburg Clinical Psychiatric Hospital No. 1 and in the Edelweiss Club of the Regional Psychotherapeutic Center of the OKPB No. 2. Volunteers contribute to the active involvement in society of patients, especially those who have lost social ties.
With more frequent interaction, students receive and consolidate the skill of establishing contact, talking with the mentally ill, revealing his inner picture of the disease. The subsequent discussion in a group of volunteers under the guidance of a specialist contributes not only to consolidating the knowledge gained in the curriculum, but also to expanding the understanding of the patient's psychological state. Experienced volunteers conduct classes with newly arrived student volunteers, thereby transferring their own skills, forming the continuity of club work and systematizing their own knowledge (“learning - learning”).
In the rehabilitation club there are 7 circles of patients, five of which are led by student volunteers with experience in group leisure work with patients from 1 to 4 years.
In addition to in-hospital work, volunteers participate with patients in activities outside the hospital. Here their role is especially great, since any way out of the usual conditions is a stressful situation for patients. Volunteers help patients prepare, discuss possible difficult situations with them in advance, and then accompany and support them. A striking example of such cooperation was the city sports day for the disabled. Patients of the hospital, with the support of volunteers, actively participated in sports competitions and won five prizes.
During the meetings, the patient and volunteers visited shops, markets, made purchases, paid utility bills, went to the cinema, theaters, museums, walked, talked with other people. Relationships with volunteers provided a model for patients to later reconstruct the social and practical skills needed to be a member of the community (e.g., making appointments, networking, planning activities, attending community facilities, taking care of themselves, standing up for themselves) .
Summing up the experience of the volunteer movement in the Orenburg region, it is necessary to note the significant benefits, both for patients and for the student volunteers themselves, namely:
1) in the process of volunteering, students determine the choice of their future profession, acquiring the first skills of working with the mentally ill already from the student bench, thereby solving the problem of replenishing the psychiatric service with young personnel;
2) despite the fact that volunteering in psychiatry in Russia is a relatively new type of psychosocial assistance, the development of this movement is one of the main components of the formation of "community-based psychiatry";
3) the active participation of volunteers creates the possibility of using new progressive forms and methods of psychosocial work that students are mastering;
4) there is an expansion of social ties of patients through the possibility of organizing their leisure time, the social functioning and quality of life of patients improves;
5) the level of self-stigmatization of patients decreases, and since volunteers bring psychiatric culture to society, they thereby help to reduce the stigmatization of psychiatry in society as a whole;
6) the patients' competence in various forms of psychosocial rehabilitation improves, as a result, the effectiveness of treatment increases.
It should be noted that in June 2010, on the basis of the Regional Psychotherapeutic Center OKPB No. 2 (headed by MD Babin S.M.), a founding meeting of the Public Council for Mental Health of the Orenburg Region was held, which is designed to unite the efforts of public organizations in our region working in the field of mental health. One of the priority tasks of the Council is to actively support the development of the volunteer movement in psychiatry.
Results of a sociological survey of schoolchildren
In the course of the work, a survey was conducted among students in grades 9-11 of our school. The survey involved 43 people. The questions were:
Have you heard about the Timur movement?
What, in your opinion, did the Timurovites do?
Have you heard of the volunteer movement?
What do you think volunteers do?
Do you think Timurovites and volunteers are one and the same?
Do you think the concept of "Timurovites" is outdated?
What qualities should a volunteer have?
The purpose of this survey is to find out what students think about the Timurov and volunteer movement and whether they are familiar with these concepts at all.
Conducting a sociological survey, I wanted to know what qualities, according to my peers, a volunteer should have. After interviewing students, I got the following results. The most important quality of a volunteer turned out to be diligence. Also important qualities were kindness, mercy, pity, responsiveness, understanding, conscientiousness, sociability, disinterestedness, nobility, generosity, responsibility. The guys decided that such qualities as sympathy, intelligence, honesty, purposefulness and patriotism would also not interfere with the volunteer. And only a few believe that a volunteer is characterized by looseness, patience, independence, sincerity, punctuality, a sense of humor, ideological and willpower. Unfortunately, among the qualities of volunteers, only a small number of children named sympathy. In my opinion, most of the children surveyed in our school will not be able to help seriously ill or disabled people.
The results showed that only 21% of the respondents have an idea about volunteers, while 70% have an idea about the Timurov movement. It is worth noting that many people know about the Timurovites from Gaidar's book.
The most common answer to the question "What do the Timurovites do?" was "helping people and taking grandmothers across the road." Unfortunately, many do not know what volunteers do. Among the answers to the question “What do volunteers do?” there were such answers: “Maybe they protect nature” and “They travel to different countries or Russia, help to harvest, for example. For this, they rest for free. ” Indeed, there are such people and they are also called volunteers.
To the question “Timurovites and volunteers are they the same thing?” 72% answered in the negative. 5% of respondents believe that the concepts of "volunteers" and "Timurovites" mean the same thing. And 23% do not know if these movements are similar or not. Perhaps this is due to the fact that students are unfamiliar with the features of each of the movements.
Based on the results of the survey, we can conclude that few children in our school are familiar with the Timurovsky, and especially the volunteer movement. That is why I plan to introduce the children of our school to the main activities of the Timurov and volunteer movements.
Conclusion
After studying the history, directions of activity and conducting a survey among schoolchildren, I concluded that the concepts of Timurovites and volunteers are different, although the directions of their activities sometimes coincide. The volunteer movement is not a continuation of the Timur movement, each of these movements has its own history.
Summing up, I would like to point out the similarities between the volunteer and Timur movement.
1. The activities of these movements are aimed at providing assistance, which is of a public nature.
2. Help is provided to people who find themselves in a difficult life situation: the elderly, children, the sick, etc.
3. The spirit of romanticism permeates both of these movements.
In our time, the Timur movement is not as widespread as in the 40-70s of the last century. The volunteer movement has developed and is currently developing in different countries of the world.
List of sources used
Literary sources
1. Slabzhanin N. Yu. How to work effectively with volunteers. 2nd ed. - Novosibirsk: "In-quarto", 2002. - 98 p.
2. Ukhyankin S. P. Timur Pioneers. - Moscow, 1961.
3. Kamov B.K. Ordinary biography (Arkady Gaidar) .- M .: Young Guard, 1971. - 415 p.
4. Furin S. A., Simonova L. S. Young Timurovites. - Moscow, 1975.
5. School French-Russian and Russian-French dictionary.
Website materials
6. www.webster.ru - Electronic English explanatory dictionary
7. www.kdm56.ru - youth information portal of the Orenburg region
Annex 1
Annex 2
Annex 3
Collection of information
Meeting with volunteer Bayramov Fariz
Appendix 4
Sociological survey of school students
