"Multinational people of Russia" - Russia. Chuvash - 67.8% Russians - 26.7% Tatars - 2.7% Mordva - 1.4% Others - 1.4%. The national composition of the Heroes of the Soviet Union (more than 11 thousand people). People - 1) The population of the state, the inhabitants of the country. 2) Nation, nationality or nationality. 3) The main labor mass of the country's population. 4) People, a group of people. A.Nikolaev. Russians 115.9 million 79.8% Tatars 5.6 million 3.8% Ukrainians 2.9 million 2% Bashkirs 1.7 million 1.2% Chuvashs 1.6 million 1.1% Chechens 1 .4 million 0.9% Armenians 1.1 million 0.8%.
"Peoples on the territory of Russia" - Bashkirs. Kabardians. Ossetians. Ukrainians. Yakuts. Belarusians. Russians. 160 peoples live on the territory of Russia. Udmurts. Tatars. Lezgins. Komi-Permyaks. Circassians. Buryats. Kirghiz. Adygea. Kazakhs. Azerbaijanis. Balkars. Chechens. Dargins. Karely. Chukchi. Altaians. Mari. Kumyks. Avars. Chuvash. Mordva. Armenians. Jews. Karachays. Ingush. Russia is a multinational state. Komi. Nenets. Kalmyks.
"The main peoples of Russia" - the Far North. Different peoples live, work, raise children in the Far North. Without deer, there would be no fur clothing. Kabardians and Circassians live in the mountains and valleys of the North Caucasus. Favorite holiday - Sabantuy. What nation are you son of? Buryats. National costumes. Buryat men's and women's clothing differed relatively little. Siberia and the Far East. The ancient form of the Buryat traditional dwelling was the nomadic yurt.
"The diversity of the peoples of Russia" - Ugric group. Chechens. Chechnya. Slavic group. Constitution. Peoples of Russia. Mongolian group. Patriotism. Samoyed group. Caucasian family. Altai family. 130 peoples live on the territory of the Russian Federation. Russia is a multinational country. Settlement of the Russian people. Members of the Karelian folklore ensemble. Finnish group. Indigenous-dominated entities. Diversity of cultural worlds in Russia.
"Peoples of Russia" - Cultural diversity. The largest cities of the Russian Federation. Peoples of Russia. Belarusians. A political map of the World. Izhora. Khanty. Russian Federation. Religion in the culture of the peoples of Russia. Jewish synagogue. Islamic mosque. Russians. Temples. Mordva moksha. Russian language. Buddhist temple. Abaza. Political map of Russia. Komi.
"Multinational Russia" - A huge country. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. Peoples of Russia. Multiethnic family. Law. People. Nation. Russian language. Multinational culture of Russia. Children of different nations. Nationality. Russian people. Cultural person.
Title people- people, ethnic group, represented in the name of a certain territory: state, republic, region, district or other national-administrative unit.
In the USSR, the titular peoples of the country determined the name of fifteen union republics: the Byelorussian SSR (Belarusians), the Kazakh SSR (Kazakhs), the RSFSR (Russians), the Tajik SSR (Tajiks), the Estonian SSR (Estonians), etc. A local nomenclature, representatives of the titular peoples received benefits when entering educational institutions, the language and culture of the titular peoples were supported at the state level. After the collapse of the USSR, many once titular peoples of the Soviet Union (Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Georgians, etc.) received their national and independent states outside the territory of Russia.
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), as the name suggests, had a federal structure. The Russian Federation inherited from the RSFSR the indicated principle of building a state, in which the constituent parts of the country are relatively independent state entities (subjects of the federation), many of which are named based on the names of some of the peoples living there: the Republic of Bashkiria (Bashkirs), the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatars), Khanty -Mansi Autonomous Okrug (Khanty, Mansi), etc. However, in Russia, many titular peoples are a minority in their republics and autonomies, while a significant proportion of them live outside these subjects of the Federation.
In contrast to the time of the existence of the USSR, the subjects within Russia received even greater powers: the presence of a president, their own constitution, parliament and other attributes of the separation of federal and republican powers.
A. N. Sevastyanov in the book “Time to be Russian!” writes: “In total, the number of persons of titular nationalities permanently residing, according to the latest All-Russian population census, in the respective republics - subjects of the federation (excluding Chechnya) - is 8.89 million people, which is approximately 6% of the population of Russia (148.8 million Human). In other words, 6% of the population have their own statehood, their own republics within Russia, their own constitutions, their own presidents, etc., while the remaining 94% of the population is deprived of all this. Isn't this situation absurd, isn't it unnatural?! Isn't this the most flagrant, demonstrative violation of the rights of the absolute majority? Doesn't this state of affairs require immediate correction?
Russia is a multinational country. Although the ethnic situation in the state, with such an area and a population of over 145 million people, could not have developed differently.
It is difficult to find exact data on the time when all these peoples and nationalities became part of Russia, given the fact that for a long time the union republics were citizens of one state of the USSR. Even at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the term "Russians" united three nationalities: Great Russians, Little Russians And Belarusians. and later became independent nations.
It should be taken into account that the census data is based on the self-determination of Russian citizens, since information about nationality is not entered in passports. As a result, about 80% of the respondents consider themselves Russians - approximately 116 million people.
The predominance of the Russian population is typical only for the central and northwestern regions, while the rest are inhabited by various ethnographic groups. The situation can be especially clearly traced by the example of which is characterized by ethnic diversity. The mountain peoples are famous for their original culture, respect for family traditions, wedding ceremonies, customs of hospitality and brotherhood.
Climatic features
Climatic features and geological conditions of the area significantly affect the settlement and the general way of life of people. According to a comprehensive assessment of the natural conditions of Russia, a quarter of the territory of Russia is not very favorable for human life.
The most severe climate is in the northern part of Russia, in Siberia and the Far East. adapted to live here Koryaks, Aleuts, Chukchi, eskimos, Nanais and others. These are indigenous, but small - less than 50 thousand people in each ethnic group. Having settled in the territory of their ancestors, they adhere to their traditions - nomadic, engaged in reindeer herding, hunting, fishing, handicraft work. Since ancient times, northern peoples have mastered the art of Mezen painting and bone carving.
The industrial development of the deposits and resources of the North has significantly endangered certain ethnic groups. Also living in the North Komi, the total number of which is over 400 thousand people.
Title peoples of Russia
Russians
Including Cossacks and Pomors - over 80%, which is approximately 111 million people (in Russia). Dominant culture in the state. The religion of the people is Orthodoxy (professed by approximately 2/3 of the population), the second largest religion is Protestantism. The classics of Russian literature, artists and composers are known all over the world. Traditionally, nesting dolls, a samovar, Gzhel and Rostov finift, and painted Pavlograd shawls are considered symbols of Russian culture. Along with Orthodox and secular holidays, it is customary to celebrate the pagan holiday Maslenitsa. Russians live in all subjects of the Russian Federation, the most densely populated being Moscow and the Moscow Region (9% and 5.6% respectively). A large percentage of Russians are also in million-plus cities - St. Petersburg (3.5%), Rostov (3.4%), Yekaterinburg and the Sverdlovsk Region (3.3%).
Tatars
- the indigenous people, whose number is 3.8% of the total national composition, is over 5.5 million people. The main religion is Islam, a small part, calling themselves Kryashens, profess Orthodoxy. There are Tatar mosques in all major cities of Russia. Family values among the people are sacred, and marriage is equated with a sacred duty. It is customary to celebrate Islamic, native Tatar and national holidays. Until now, it is customary for people to celebrate the arrival of spring (kargatuy) and the end of agricultural work (sabantuy). Most of them live in Tatarstan (about 40%), Bashkorstan (about 20%), Tyumen (4.5%) and Chelyabinsk regions (3.5%).
Ukrainians
- a large ethnographic group of almost 3 million, which is 2.03% of the total population of the country. Orthodoxy is the main religion. One of the famous Ukrainian symbols is vyshyvanka, which is a men's or women's shirt embroidered with complex ornaments. Traditions, holidays and family customs practically do not differ from Russian ones. In Russia, most Ukrainians are concentrated in the Tyumen region (more than 8%), Moscow (8%), the Moscow region (more than 6%) and the Krasnodar Territory (4.3%).
Bashkirs
- make up 1.15% of the total population, which is more than one and a half million people. A significant part lives in Bashkortostan (74%), about 10% live in the Chelyabinsk region, followed by the Orenburg and Tyumen regions (2.9% each).
Chuvash
- a nationality numbering more than one and a half million people (1.13%). Most of them live in Chuvashia (56.7%), Tatarstan (more than 8%), Bashkortostan (7.5%), Ulyanovsk and Samara regions.
Chechens
- make up approximately 1% of the total population, over 1.4 million people. The main part lives in Chechnya (84.3%), Dagestan (6.5%), Ingushetia (1.3%) and Moscow (1%).
List
- Tatars - 5,554,601 (3.83%)
- Ukrainians - 2,942,961 (2.03%)
- Bashkirs - 1,673,389 (1.15%)
- Chuvash - 1,637,094 (1.13%)
- Chechens - 1,360,253 (0.94%)
- Armenians - 1,130,491 (0.78%)
- Mordva - 843,350 (0.58%)
- Avars - 814,473 (0.56%)
- Belarusians - 807,970 (0.56%)
- Kazakhs - 653,962 (0.45%)
- Udmurts - 636,906 (0.44%)
- Azerbaijanis - 621,840 (0.43%)
- Mari - 604,298 (0.42%)
- Germans - 597,212 (0.41%)
- Kabardians - 519,958 (0.36%)
- Ossetians - 514,875 (0.35%)
- Dargins - 510,156 (0.35%)
- Buryats - 445,175 (0.31%)
- Yakuts - 443,852 (0.31%)
- Kumyks - 422,409 (0.29%)
- Ingush - 413,016 (0.28%)
- Lezgins - 411,535 (0.28%)
- Komi - 293,406 (0.2%)
- Tuvans - 243,442 (0.17%)
- Jews - 229,938 (0.16%)
- Georgians - 197,934 (0.14%)
- Karachays - 192,182 (0.13%)
- gypsies - 182,766 (0.13%)
- Kalmyks - 173,996 (0.12%)
- Moldovans - 172,330 (0.12%)
- Laks - 156,545 (0.11%)
- Koreans - 148,556 (0.1%)
The study of interethnic relations is impossible without taking into account the status of ethnic groups. Ethnic status indicates the place of the people in the system of interethnic relations.
The status of an ethnic group in interethnic communications and the type of its relationship with other ethnic groups are determined by a number of factors, among which the most important are the size of an ethnic group, its migration mobility and the availability of the necessary resources for the reproduction and development of its language and culture. Depending on the combination of these factors, all ethnic communities are usually divided into ethnic minorities, indigenous peoples and titular peoples.
titular nations It is customary to name ethnic groups that have their own state formations bearing their name. Title peoples are still often called indigenous, although this name is inaccurate. In international practice indigenous peoples called aboriginal peoples leading a tribal way of life. Applied to In the ethnic picture of Russia, peoples engaged in traditional types of economic activity are called indigenous peoples.
A special subject of interethnic relations in the modern world is national (ethnic) minority, which is a separate ethnic community living on the territory of a foreign state and retaining its ethnic identity and specific traditional features of culture, aware of its differences and classifying itself as an independent ethnic group. Ethnic minorities therefore include population groups that:
firstly, numerically less than the ethnic majority (titular nation) in the state;
secondly, they are in a non-dominant position;
thirdly, they have ethno-cultural specificity and wish to preserve it.
Ethnic minorities can be:
part of the titular nation living on the territory of another state (ethnic diasporas);
groups that retain their ethnic identity, but are scattered across many countries and do not have their own state (Gypsies, Kurds);
peoples of internal colonization, i.e. indigenous peoples, who turned out to be numerically smaller than the visiting population (Evenki, Chukchi, Yakuts);
ethnic groups that settled permanently as a result of mass immigration (Volga Germans).
The relationship between the titular ethnic groups, indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities can be of a very different nature and be determined by political, socio-economic and historical goals and interests. The main criterion in determining the type and nature of these relations is the degree of realization of the right of an ethnic group to self-determination (the right of the people to determine their own destiny). The right to self-determination is generally recognized by all peoples and governments , however, there is still no clear mechanism and criteria for the implementation of this right. Therefore, in practice, such forms of interethnic relations as genocide, apartheid, segregation, and discrimination become possible.
Russia is a multinational country, more than a hundred peoples live in it, most of them are indigenous peoples and nationalities for whom Russia is the main or even the only habitat. In addition, there are representatives of more than sixty peoples whose main place of residence is outside the Russian Federation. The indigenous peoples of Russia make up 93% of the population, of which over 81% are Russians. Over 6% of the population are the peoples of the countries of the near (5%, for example, Ukrainians, Armenians, etc.) and distant (1%, for example, Germans, Koreans, etc.) abroad.
Ethnographers unite the indigenous peoples of Russia into several regional groups that are close not only geographically, but also, to a certain extent, cultural and historical.
The peoples of the Volga region and the Urals - Bashkirs, Kalmyks, Komi, Mari, Mordovians, Tatars, Udmurts and Chuvashs - account for less than 8% of the country's population (almost 4% of them are Tatars - the second largest people in Russia). The traditional religion of the Tatars and Bashkirs is Islam, the Kalmyks are Buddhism, and the rest are Orthodoxy.
The peoples of the North Caucasus: Abazins, Adyghes, Balkars, Ingush, Kabardians, Karachays, Ossetians, Circassians, Chechens, peoples of Dagestan (Avars, Aguls, Dargins, Kumyks, Laks, Lezgins, Nogais, Rutuls, Tabasarans and Tsakhurs) - make up less than 3% population of Russia. In addition to the majority of Ossetians who are Christians, they traditionally profess Islam.
The peoples of Siberia and the North - Altaians, Buryats, Tuvans, Khakasses, Shors, Yakuts and almost three dozen so-called small peoples of the North - are 0.6% of the total population of the country. The Buryats and Tuvans are Buddhists, the rest are Orthodox, with strong remnants of paganism and simply pagans.
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Since the mid-1990s, since the formation of the sovereign states of the former USSR, questions related to national self-determination have increasingly arisen. In this regard, media reports are overflowing with the concepts of "nation", "titular nation", "nationality", "nationality", "indigenous population", "ethnic group", "ethnos". How can an ordinary layman without special sociological and ethnic knowledge understand all this? And the main question, is the titular nation or citizenship?
"Nation" and "titular nation" - what is it?
Sociology interprets as any ethnic group that has developed historically, develops and reproduces itself in a particular territory. A nation is a social and economic totality, including a common language, cultural traditions, economic relationships, psychological characteristics and ethnic characteristics of the population.
Do not confuse with the concept of "nationality", which includes representatives of an ethnic group throughout the planet.
The concept of "titular nation" appeared in sociology relatively recently - at the end of the 19th century. The French politician Morris Barrens introduced the term "titular nation" in relation to the dominant ethnic group in the state, where it is the language of this nation that determines the education system and cultural traditions become the basis of statehood.
Indigenous nation - titular?
The concept of "indigenous nation" refers to the united indigenous peoples living in a particular territory. At the same time, it is necessary to understand that an ethnos or an ethnic group is an association of people closely related by a long common residence and phylogenetic origin. Nation is a natural and social concept.
Only that nation, that ethnos, which, as an ethnonym, is included in the name of a state formation, becomes the basis for civil statehood. It is worth noting that the titular nation is not a norm fixed by law, but often a social and public concept.
In the modern generalized understanding, the titular nation is an unfinished result of scientific and theoretical construction.
Ethnosociology
Sociologists and ethnographers often come to contradictions when discussing these concepts. A branch of sociology called "ethnic sociology" has been formed, the task of which is to study complex and often contradictory national-ethnic relationships. Understanding the content of such relations, the historical paths of development, the formation of ethnic self-consciousness, the emergence of the national question and ways to solve it - this is a modest list of tasks for young science.
Is the titular nation an indigenous people?
Various schools of enosociology, Western and post-Soviet, often use and apply these concepts not always in the same way. Most often, the terms "indigenous nation" and "indigenous peoples" are used interchangeably.
A nation that has lived historically for a long time in a given territory is considered to be indigenous, for example, Armenians in Armenia, Ukrainians in Ukraine, Tatars in Tatarstan.
But the titular indigenous nation will become with the primacy of its language in the general educational structure of state education. Whether it's an autonomous republic, state or district.
World examples
There are mono-ethnic and multi-ethnic states. Although this division is conditional and neither the UN nor UNESCO has published any official regulatory documents. There are few mono-ethnic states in the world - those where 95% is the share of one ethnic group and the political borders are the same as the ethnic ones. Examples of such countries are Japan, Norway, Madagascar, Bangladesh, Egypt, South Korea, Somalia, Armenia, Albania, Greece, Italy, Denmark, North Korea, Malta, Poland and Portugal. The list does not claim to be completely reliable, since different sources take different indicators for the percentage of monoethnicity.
Problems of definition
In the current situation, with the multi-ethnic composition of the predominant majority of countries, the division of the country's citizens into titular and not, with the provision of preferences and privileges to one in comparison with others, the problems of titular nations have become an edge in many states. Namely, in the countries of the post-Soviet space, as well as Great Britain, Yugoslavia, Spain, Czechoslovakia. An example of conflict situations in the resolution of national differences are armed conflicts generated by chauvinism and nationalism.
Title nation of Russia
Russia is a multinational state. Today, its territory is home to 180 ethnic groups speaking 170 different languages. has 81% of the total population. The definition of the titular nation, it would seem, does not raise questions - these are Russians. But the category of the titular nation is not enshrined in law in any document, political scientists and legislators have not finished disputes and negotiations yet.
In one of his speeches, President of Russia V. Putin named a list of titular nations: Russians, Tatars, Chechens, Bashkirs, Dagestanis, Jews, and so on.
In Russia, only in autonomous Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria and Tuva, the percentage of representatives of the titular nation is more than half of the total population. But in Chechnya, there are only 2% of Russians, and 98% are the indigenous population.
Ignoring national and religious features, disrespect for the traditions of indigenous peoples as the titular nation of certain territories, the chauvinistic conclusions of the “most Russians” in recent years in Russia have led to a certain tension in the question that the titular nation is Russians. Human rights activists and legislators propose various regulations to secure the titular nation of the Russian Federation.
The multi-ethnic composition of most modern states represents a multifaceted national-ethnic system. The Stockholm International Institute published a study of global problems, which indicates that 78% of conflicts with the use of weapons since the mid-1990s are based on interethnic differences. Questions of national self-determination and self-awareness today come to the fore. Tolerance and respect for people who are different from us in any way - this is the guarantee of peace and prosperity of mankind on our planet.
