TATARS, Tatarlar(self-name), people in Russia (the second largest after the Russians), main population of the Republic of Tatarstan .
According to the 2002 Census, 5 million 558 thousand Tatars live in Russia. They live in the Republic of Tatarstan (2 million people), Bashkiria (991 thousand people), Udmurtia, Mordovia, the Mari Republic, Chuvashia, as well as in the regions of the Volga-Ural region, Western and Eastern Siberia and the Far East. They live in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. According to the 2010 Census, 5,310,649 Tatars live in Russia.
History of the ethnonym
For the first time ethnonym "Tatars" appeared among the Mongolian and Turkic tribes in the 6th-9th centuries, but was fixed as a common ethnonym only in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
In the 13th century, the Mongols who created the Golden Horde included the tribes they conquered, including the Turks, who were called Tatars. In the 13-14 centuries, the Kipchaks, who were numerically predominant in the Golden Horde, assimilated all the other Turkic-Mongolian tribes, but adopted the ethnonym "Tatars". The European peoples, Russians and some Central Asian peoples also called the population of this state.
In the khanates formed after the collapse of the Golden Horde, the noble layers of Kypchak-Nogai origin called themselves Tatars. It was they who played the main role in the spread of the ethnonym. However, among the Tatars in the 16th century it was perceived as derogatory, and until the second half of the 19th century there were other self-names: Meselman, Kazanly, Bulgarians, Misher, Tipter, Nagaybek and others - in the Volga-Ural and nougai, karagash, yurt, tatars and others- the Astrakhan Tatars. Except for Meselman, all of them were local self-names. The process of national consolidation led to the choice of a unifying self-name. By the time of the 1926 census, most Tatars called themselves Tatars. In recent years, a small number in Tatarstan and other regions of the Volga region call themselves Bulgars or Volga Bulgars.
Language
Tatar language belongs to the Kypchak-Bulgarian subgroup of the Kypchak group of the Turkic branch of the Altaic language family and has three main dialects: western (Mishar), middle (Kazan-Tatar) and eastern (Siberian-Tatar). The literary norm was formed on the basis of the Kazan-Tatar dialect with the participation of Mishar. Writing based on Cyrillic graphics.
Religion
Most believing Tatars are Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi madhhab. The population of the former Volga Bulgaria was Muslim from the 10th century and remained so in the Horde, therefore standing out among neighboring peoples. Then, after the entry of the Tatars into the Muscovite state, their ethnic self-consciousness became even more intertwined with the religious. Some of the Tatars even defined their nationality as "meselman", i.e. Muslims. At the same time, they retained (and partly retain to this day) elements of the ancient pre-Islamic calendar rituals.
Traditional activities
The basis of the traditional economy of the Volga-Ural Tatars in the 19th and early 20th centuries was plowed agriculture. They grew winter rye, oats, barley, lentils, millet, spelt, flax, and hemp. They were also engaged in horticulture and melon growing. Pasture-stall animal husbandry resembled nomadic in some ways. For example, horses in some areas grazed for a whole year. Only the Mishars were seriously engaged in hunting. A high level of development was achieved by handicraft and manufactory production (jewelry, fulling and felting, furrier, weaving and gold embroidery), tanneries and cloth factories were operating, and trade was developed.
National Costume
Men and women consisted of trousers with a wide step and a shirt, which was worn with a sleeveless jacket, often embroidered. Tatar women's costume was distinguished by an abundance of jewelry made of silver, cowrie shells, glass beads. Cossacks served as outerwear, and in winter - a quilted beshmet or fur coat. Men wore a skullcap on their heads, and over it a fur hat or a hat made of felt. Women wore an embroidered velvet cap and a scarf. The traditional shoes of the Tatars are leather ichigi with soft soles, over which they put on galoshes.
Sources: Peoples of Russia: Atlas of Cultures and Religions / Ed. V.A. Tishkov, A.V. Zhuravsky, O.E. Kazmina. - M.: CPI "Design. Information. Cartography", 2008.
Peoples and Religions of the World: Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. V.A. Tishkov. Editors: O.Yu. Artemova, S.A. Arutyunov, A.N. Kozhanovsky, V.M. Makarevich (deputy chief editor), V.A. Popov, P.I. ed.), G.Yu. Sitnyansky. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1998, - 928 p.: ill. — ISBN 5-85270-155-6
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"Fundamentals of Islamic Culture"
Traditions
Tatar people
Traditions of the Tatar people.
Why did I choose this research topic? I am Tatar by nationality.
Each nation has its own distinctive features - traditions. The traditions of each nation are certain customs, rituals, social habits and much more inherent in each nation. They came from the depths of our ancestors and were passed down from generation to generation. It is traditions that distinguish one nation from another! I am a Tatar, and I am not indifferent to the history and culture of my people. Therefore, I decided to study the customs, traditions and life of the Tatars using the example of my family. In my research work, I will describe the wedding ceremony, naming (“isem kushu”) holidays Uraza Bayram, Sabantuy. I will tell you about the national costume and traditional Tatar dishes.
I'll start with birth, but not mine, but my family, since my parents got married. Characteristically, the wedding ("nikah") was held in the bride's house. The wedding began with a religious ceremony, a mullah was invited, he read a prayer. The wedding was attended by all close relatives, the older generation, both from the side of the groom and from the side of the bride. At the table, mom and dad were first offered to taste a crust of bread, anointed with butter and honey, so that life would be soft and sweet, like honey.
After the feast, the groom's side gave gifts, paid kalym for the bride. After the legal registration of the marriage, the rite “kilen tosheru” was performed (they let the bride go). The groom's mother (my grandmother) laid a pillow in front of her daughter-in-law (my mother), the young wife should stand on it and enter the house.
When I was born, according to tradition, a celebration was held. The ceremony of naming (“isem kushu”) was held. It was held with the invitation of the mullah and honorary elders. I was presented on a pillow to the mullah, and while reading excerpts from the Koran, he loudly pronounced my name several times. The naming ceremony ends with the ash treat.
Religious holidayscalled the word Gaet.Uraza Gaete - the holiday of fasting Kurban Gaete - the holiday of sacrifice) And all folk, non-religious holidays are called Bairam in Tatar.
Uraza - fasting was always kept by my great-grandmothers and great-grandfathers, now my grandparents are fasting, my parents usually fast for a week. Fasting is a complete abstinence during daylight hours from eating, drinking, inhaling tobacco smoke, drinking alcohol for one month. Fasting teaches benevolence, sympathy, understanding.
70 days after Uraz gaete, Kurban gaete (sacrifices) or the rite of gifting in front of dead ancestors is carried out. A sheep or a cow is sacrificed. Choose so that the legs and horns are not injured.
We always gather with the whole family on these holidays at the table, prepare treats, invite guests.
And now I will tell you about the most fun and favorite Tatar holiday -
This is Sabantuy. Literally, "Sabantuy" means "Feast of the Plow" (saban - plow and tuy - holiday) Now Sabantuy is held in June, after sowing. Sabantuy starts in the morning. Everyone dresses up and gathers on the Maidan, a large meadow. This is a very beautiful and kind holiday. There are a lot of entertainments on Sabantuy. Every year I visit this festival and I can list some of the traditional competitions that are held there: 1. National wrestling kuresh. The fight follows certain rules: opponents wrap wide belts around each other, the task is to hang the opponent on his sash in the air, and then put him on his shoulder blades. The winner of kuresh, an absolute batyr, receives a live ram as a reward and with it on his shoulders makes a circle of honor. True, recently a ram has often been replaced with some other valuable prize - a TV, a refrigerator, a washing machine, or even a car. 2. Horse racing. An interesting point: not only the winner is awarded, but also the one who came last. 3. Running with a spoon in his mouth. But the spoon is not empty, it contains a raw egg, with which you must run first to the finish line. 4. Another competition in which my friends participated was “break the pot”: the participants are blindfolded. They give a long stick in their hands and tell them to break the pot with it .. 5. Climbing a very high smooth pillar, naturally at the top, a prize awaits
All participants are awarded with souvenirs, and the winners with prizes. The very organization of Sabantuy contains the principle: “Do not offend, do not offend, do not humiliate a single person. No one should leave with a heavy heart, with resentment.
And at this holiday, concerts are organized in which Tatar national and modern songs are heard. They are performed by professional and amateur artists.
And what's a party without food! There you can taste national dishes (bishbarmak, chak-chak, byalish) and many other delicious things.
Traditional Tatar costumein all its beauty, grandeur and femininity is the most valuable monument of folk art. It reflects the art of tailoring, a variety of embroidery, jewelry and leather mosaics.
Like many peoples, the basis of the Tatar costume is a plain, spacious shirt of a tunic cut. Often the dresses were sewn with gathered hem and decorated with wide waves, frills or fringe. As a rule, shirts were not worn separately. Over the dress, swinging clothes were always worn in the form of camisoles, sewn from heavy silk or velvet fabrics and decorated with ribbon trim.
Due to removable decorations, the costume took on a festive and more noble look. An elegant bib was popular, covering the neckline of the dress from above. A decorative braid was sewn along the rounded side of the breastplate, on which coins and brooches were attached. A baldric, also decorated with various brooches and plaques, gave a rich look to the Tatar costume.
As shoes, the Tatars were widely wearingichig (chitek) . Galoshes were everyday shoes. Shoes were considered to be shoes. Women's shoes were patterned, often with heels. Shoes with a sharp, slightly raised toe were considered traditional. In winter, boots were worn, short and high.
Among men's hats, a special place was occupied byskullcap
The main headdress for women was kalfak . Muslim women braided their hair in two braids that went down their backs. Bedspreads are more typical for older women. They were different in shape: triangular, square, towel-shaped. Top hats were worn over the covers, firmly holding them on the head. These were different bandages, scarves and hats.Among the Muslim clergy, the Tatars also woreturbans .
Tatar cuisine
The culinary traditions of the Tatars have evolved over more than one century. The composition of the products was primarily influenced by natural conditions and, last but not least, by lifestyle. To this day, in Tatar cuisine there is a great variety in the recipe for baking from unleavened, yeast, rich, sour, sweet dough. Such Tatar dishes as kystyby (chebureks), belish, vak belish, echpochmak(kurnik), peremyach (belyashi), gubadia (pie), baursak, chak-chak extremely tasty and known not only to the Tatars. Chak-chak is the pride of the Tatar national cuisine. It is served as a special treat at weddings, ceremonial receptions..
Conclusion
In the course of research and study of the traditions of the Tatar people, I learned a lot. I became more closely acquainted with the culture and customs of my people. I learned about various holidays and rituals. Participated in the district fair "Our Origins" in the nomination "Costume. Style origins "and learned how to cook traditional dishes. And all this is thanks to my family, their stories, observance of traditions, the desire to preserve and pass on from generation to generation precious experience and knowledge about the Tatar culture.
Undoubtedly, our hypothesis was proved. Now, knowing the traditions and customs of my people, I have a different look at the people living next to me, at people of other nationalities. I realized that each culture is unique and it is necessary to respect all the peoples living next to us.
In the future, I would like to continue studying the multifaceted culture of my people, touching on other aspects of its existence.
The traditions of the Tatar family developed for a very long time. Although by the 18th century there was a tendency to reduce families, mutual assistance in the household has not gone away and all the hardships and joys are traditionally shared by all family members. The traditional patriarchal way of life has also been preserved, with a small presence of female seclusion.
Like other peoples, the main events in the family of the Tatars were the birth of children and weddings. On the holiday dedicated to the birth of a child, men were invited separately from women. Historian Kayum Nasyri describes the ceremony for the birth of a child: when all the invitees have gathered, the child lying on the pillow is offered to the mullah. He asks parents a question about the name of the child. After the mullah puts the child's legs in the direction of the Kaaba and reads a prayer. After that, he says the phrase “Let your precious name be” three times and calls the name chosen for the child. Each guest is then served butter with honey. Taking a treat, the guest puts money on the tray - a gift. Time passes, today they can buy a car as a gift, but the ceremony remains unchanged.
Weddings in the Tatar tradition are of three types: matchmaking, the departure of a girl without the blessing of her parents, and the kidnapping of the bride without her consent. Most often, young people got married after matchmaking. The bride was chosen by the groom's parents, and then matchmakers were sent. Having discussed all the "details", the bride's relatives began preparations for the wedding. On the eve of the wedding, the groom's family sent gifts and a ransom to the bride's family. This is the most "modern" part of the ritual - gifts and ransom have always been in line with the spirit of the times. Previously, they were carpets or living creatures, but now they can buy a car or an apartment as a bride price. During the combination itself and the wedding dinner, the bride and groom are traditionally not present - they are represented by their fathers. The traditional wedding ends with the serving of sherbet to the groom's family, evidence of the acceptance of the bride price.
To this day, wedding ceremonies remain interesting and bright in many families. This is the ransom of the bride (kalym), and the receipt of the bride's dowry (birne), and the religious ceremony of the wedding (nikah), and other traditions.
Tatar wedding
Undoubtedly, the Tatar wedding today has undergone significant changes compared to past centuries. The wedding most fully characterizes the worldview and aesthetics of the ethnic group, however, traditions tend to be forgotten.
Tatar weddings are celebrated in November. This is due to the fact that the time for agricultural work ends. The newlyweds are mainly wished for a beautiful life and “a ride on a horse of happiness”. Even in these words, the vital love of the Tatars for horses is manifested, although the age of the car has long since come. In general terms, a Tatar wedding is in many ways similar to a Russian one. The mysterious flavor of the Tatar is explained by the fact that the Tatars are Muslims. The unusualness of the Tatar wedding is immediately revealed - if the groom comes from the Russians for the bride, then the bride's relatives come from the Tatars and “take away” the groom. After they, as it were, persuaded the groom, the groom is taken to the bride. The groom is taken not to the bride's house, but to a place called kyau-kilyaete. The bride is hidden in this room, and later the first wedding night will take place in it. Previously, kiau-kilyaete was made in special sheds, but today newlyweds use a neighbor's house for a couple of days. Naturally, the question arises about the groom's kalyma (payment). In order to penetrate the kiyau-kilyaete, the groom will have to spend money on various obstacles caused by the bridesmaids. But the bride, opposite the groom's kolyma, should also have a dowry - clothes, bedding, household utensils, etc., which is called birne. Throughout the wedding, the bride should not eat, drink, talk, or smile, arousing sympathy from an outside observer. In all other respects, a Tatar wedding is either similar to a Slavic one, or quite acceptable and without any special oddities.
Tatar family is a delicate matter
The families of the Tatar people in their lives are based on Sharia and the Koran. Among the Tatars, the creation of a family is considered a generally accepted necessity. A chic bride is considered if she is of noble birth, is virgin, can give birth to children, has good health and always follows Muslim traditions. The spouse is required to have only a part of the above criteria: he must have good health, noble birth and honor Muslim traditions. Tatar family traditions are certainly unique, but in many ways they are similar to Muslim ones.
The Tatar family in their ways is based on patriarchal principles. This can be seen in the fact that men and women have different social functions. After marriage, the husband has full power over his wife, she becomes his dependent. The bride's parents do not have the right to interfere in the relations of the young family, no matter what happens in them. A wife cannot leave the house without the consent of her husband: go to visit relatives or parents.
Tatar families are extremely rarely divorced and only at the initiative of the husband. If, nevertheless, the husband decided to divorce, then he is obliged to fulfill part of the kalym intended for the maintenance of his wife. It is the duty of a wife to obey her husband always and in everything, to follow all his instructions and be faithful. The husband is obliged to buy clothes and other necessary things for his wife, i.e. fully contain it, so he treats it according to the requirements of customs.
If the husband marries several times, he is obliged to provide each wife with a place of residence with a separate exit to the yard. Each wife's room should be designed no worse than the other, and the husband should provide for everyone equally. This article presents only the main traditions of Tatar families based on Muslim ones. Sources: tatar-media.ru welcome-kazan.ru tatarins.ru tatarplanet.ru www.tatar-rifs.ru
The birth of a child was accompanied by a number of mandatory rites having both purely ritual and practical significance. At the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century. in most cases, births were taken by midwives - ebi (literally - grandmother), bala ebise (midwife), kendek ebi (literally - umbilical grandmother). Cases of the birth of children in the house with the help of a midwife were still quite frequent in the 40-50s of the XX century. The occupation of midwives was called ebilek. But in case of urgent need and in the absence of ebi, the next older relatives of the woman in labor could also take delivery.
As soon as the child was born, the midwife, cutting off and tying the umbilical cord, washed the baby and wrapped him in his father's undershirt. It was believed that this helps to establish a strong relationship of mutual respect and love between father and child. Then the avyzlandyru ritual was performed (meaning to give a taste). For a newborn, they made a semblance of a pacifier - a lump of bread chewed with butter and honey was wrapped in a thin cloth and allowed to suck. Sometimes they simply smeared the child's mouth with oil and honey or honey solution - zemzem su. rite was accompanied by traditional wishes of happiness, health, abilities, well-being to the newborn.
The next day they arranged baby munchas (literally - a children's bath). After visiting the bathhouse by the household, when it became not hot, the midwife helped the young mother to wash and bathe the baby.
A few days later, in the house where the child was born, a baby tue and isem kushu ceremony (a feast on the occasion of the birth of a child and naming) was held. They invited the mullah and guests - men from among relatives and acquaintances of the family. The mullah opened the ceremony with a traditional prayer, then a child was brought to him on a pillow, and he turned to the Almighty, urging him to take the newborn under his protection. After that, he whispered the azan (a call to prayer for devout Muslims) into the baby's ear and pronounced the name of the newborn. Names for children were chosen, as a rule, by mullahs who had special name calendars. Since ancient times, names from religious canonical legends have prevailed in them. It was believed that the further future of the baby and his fate depended on the name. The choice depended on many reasons. In poor families, they tried to choose a name that symbolizes wealth and prosperity, if the child looked weak, they chose a name that reflects the strength of the spirit and body, etc.
The ritual of treating baby ashy belongs to the ancient communal traditions of the Tatars. For several days, friends, neighbors and relatives of the young mother came to visit her and brought treats with them, and sometimes gifts. Baby Ashy still exists.
Traditional holidays and rituals
Substantial part traditional folk holidays Tatars is associated with the stages of the annual cycle of economic activity and the community relations that existed in the past. These include Sabantuy(plow festival), zhyen(meeting, festivities), urac este(harvest), kaz emese,
small emese, stupid emese(assistance in procuring poultry, meat, making cloth).
The first stage of spring festivities began at the time of opening of the rivers. Usually all the inhabitants of the village came out to watch the ice drift. In fact, this was the first mass exit of fellow villagers after the winter. The beginning of the ice drift meant for many the end of the most difficult annual period and was associated in the minds of the people with the revival of new hopes for a better future. In connection with the ice drift, a ritual act of seeing off winter was arranged. Lighted straw was thrown across the water on ice floes. In some cases, a scarecrow was made from straw, which was installed on one of the last ice floes, set on fire and allowed downstream. This act symbolized the affirmation of spring and warmth.
In the days of the spring flood, the festival of jimchechek (flower juice festival) was held on the river bank. In the evenings, smart and cheerful young people arranged games, danced round dances, and sang songs. Joint games of boys and girls are a fairly recent phenomenon in Tatar culture. They appeared only at the beginning of the 20th century. Before this period, perhaps, the only opportunity for young boys and girls to openly contact each other was provided by the public holiday zhyen.
Another major folk holiday of spring among the Tatars was hag butkasy. This name of the holiday is fixed mainly among the Tatars of the Urals (including in Bashkiria), in contrast to the Pre-Kama region, where it had the name gifts (tare) butkasy. Like their neighbors, the Bashkirs, the Tatars of Bashkiria spent hag butkas in nature, not far from the village, on a hillock, hill or mountain, in a word, they chose a place higher, "closer to the sky."
Immediately before the Sabantuy, they organized a collection of public funds - gifts for the winners in competitions - bulek zhyu, birne zhyu, sabantuy buleklere, am ayagi kyzdyru. The last name (literally - warming up horse legs) is due to the fact that young guys rode around the village on horseback and collected gifts. In other cases, several older men did it. The most valuable of the gifts were considered towels, which were woven for the holiday of the girl. Pieces of cloth, homespun tablecloths, handkerchiefs, pouches, shirts, etc. were used as prizes. Wishes were taken into account when collecting gifts. The donator could assign his gift to the winner in the races (chabyshta zhinuchege), or, on the contrary, to the very last (azakkyga, in arttan kiluchege), the winner in the wrestling - batyrga, keresh batyrina.
Sabantuy is one of the few mass folk holidays that has survived to this day. Rites its well known. However, as in other holidays, much of the new time has appeared in it, while some features traditional in the past have been completely forgotten. Sabantuy was the final stage of spring public holidays and preceded the day of the beginning of sowing. Back in the 20s of the XX century. this holiday in some regions of Bashkiria, the Tatars called - the bitch zhyena or the bitch beireme - the holiday of the plow.
Sabantuy was accompanied by a number of rituals and magical actions, including sacrifices. In the northwestern regions of Bashkiria, there was a rite of saban syzu - a ritual delineation of the place of the holiday with a plow (saban). On the days of Sabantuy, a rite of exorcism took place - fumigation with smoke or sprinkling of houses and places of celebration (meidan) with water. The acts of sacrifice combined the ancient traditions of the nomadic Turks and the rituals of Islam. For example, the sacrificial animal was called korban am, korban goats (sacrificial horse, goose), that is, the same as in the days of the Muslim holiday korban berem. Often, on the days of Sabantuy, individuals made a vow in case of a good harvest to sacrifice a cow, ram or other domestic animal, which is also associated with the Korban tradition of the Muslim Tatars of the Volga region and the Southern Urals.
Until the spring sowing, the Kryashen Tatars held the shiylyk holiday, which combined the customs of the butkasa karga, the Tatars’ Sabantuy, the telek (literally, a wish) - the ritual prayer service of the Chuvash, Mari, Udmurts and the Russian (Christian) "red hill". In the summer, after the end of sowing, the Kryashens performed a ritual of sacrifice to the lord of heaven - a korman. The sacrifice was made for the health of people and livestock.
In the summer period, zhyen (literally - meetings, gatherings) were organized in the Tatar villages. Nowadays, this mass holiday is often identified with Sabantuy. However, this is not true. In ancient times, among the Tatars, zhyen was a communal celebration of the meeting. Probably, it can also be considered the holiday of "brides", since it was one of the few mass festivities where young men and women freely communicated with each other in joint games, round dances and chose their future brides and grooms. Often parents or older relatives looked after a good batch for their children. And, of course, it was an opportunity for "professional" matchmakers.
In general, jiens (zhyen) passed through Bashkiria from the end of May and throughout June. Each of them usually involved several neighboring villages, united in "jien districts".
The rite of calling rain goes back to the oldest pagan traditions of the Tatars, which has different names in different regions of Bashkiria: yangyr teleu - a wish for rain, yangyr butkasy - rain porridge (literally translated). This rite was held in dry years, usually some time after the spring sowing. In the XX century. among the Tatars of Bashkiria, this rite was performed by women. Gathering on the appointed day in the appointed place, by all means near the source of water, they, turning to Allah, sang the corresponding suras of the Koran, to which they added their wishes - requests for rain, for a good harvest. The ceremony was accompanied by a joint ritual meal and sometimes symbolic sacrifices to the ancient deities of nature (for example, su iyase). The ritual act was to pour water on each other. Often this ceremony took place right in the village or on its outskirts. In these cases, pedestrians and horsemen were poured with water.
rite causing rain and appeasing the forces of nature among the Tatar-Kryashens (Nagaybaks) existed in a slightly different form and was called chuk.
An agrarian rite is associated with the harvesting of grain crops - urak este (harvest). The change in economic, social and ideological conditions during the years of socialist transformation contributed to the oblivion of this ritual. The urak este was replaced by the feast of the grain grower.
To this day, the tradition of help - eme - has been preserved in the Tatar villages. They were organized during all major works: when laying and building a new house, repairing outbuildings, building public buildings. Often, all fellow villagers participated in such events, and in large settlements - neighbors from the same street. Joint work ended with a ritual meal and festivities. Today, such assistance is organized less frequently and involves fewer people. This cannot be said about the autumn kaz emes and mal emes (help with the preparation of poultry and beef), which exist today.
On the days of the winter solstice, the nardugan (or nardyvan) ceremony took place in the Tatar villages. By nature, this ancient custom reminiscent of Russian Christmas time, with traditional household rounds, disguise, gatherings and fortune-telling. A group tour of the yards during the days of Nardugan was accompanied by caroling - Nauruz eytuler. The carolers turned to the owners with wishes of wealth and health, and then asked for rewards - gifts.
rite nardugan is closely connected with the Nauruz holiday (new day, meaning, new year), which the Tatars celebrated on the days of the vernal equinox (March). It is possible that Nardugan and Nauruz were once part of the same holiday. It is not for nothing that many identical things are found in their rites and rituals, the transfer of the names of ritual acts from one holiday to another.
The celebration of Nauruz (New Year) in March is associated with the ancient system of chronology among the Tatars. It was a twelve-year cycle in which each year bore the name of an animal.
Any nationality has its own traditions with customs, rooted in the distant past, but resurrected today as national holidays. The Tatars have two words that mean holiday. Religious, that is, Muslim holidays are called here by the word Gay or Ayet. For example, Uraza gaye is a fasting holiday, and Korban gaye is a sacrifice holiday. As for folk, that is, non-religious holidays, in Tatar they are called beyrem, which means “spring beauty” or “spring celebration”.
Religious traditions of Tatarstan
Muslim festivities among the Muslim Tatars include a collective morning prayer, in which only men participate. Then they make a trip to the cemetery and pray again near the graves of their relatives or friends. At this time, women prepare a festive dinner for them at home. Like the Russians, here on holidays with congratulations they go to the houses of relatives and neighbors. On the days of the so-called Korban Bayram, that is, the holiday of the sacrifice, the Tatars tried to treat the maximum number of people with the meat of the slaughtered lamb.
Ramadan and Ramadan
Ramadan or Ramadan, which is also called Uraza in the Turkic dialect, is the ninth month in the Muslim calendar. This is the month of fasting. And according to Islamic tradition, at that time the first of the divine revelations was transmitted to the Prophet Muhammad by the angel Jibril, which was later included in the holy book of the entire Islamic people - the Koran.
Religion of the Tatar people
Fasting during Ramadan is one of the key duties of any Muslim. It is needed in order to strengthen all Muslims and increase their self-discipline, as well as teach them how to accurately fulfill the orders of Allah. Throughout the day, from sunrise to sunset, it is strictly forbidden to eat and drink, smoke or enjoy pleasures, or indulge in other entertainment. During the day, one should work and pray, as well as read the Qur'an and engage in various pious thoughts or deeds. Also donate something to charity.
Eid al-Adha is also called the Feast of the Sacrifice. This is the Islamic celebration of the end of the Hajj, celebrated on the 10th day of the twelfth month of the Islamic lunar calendar. According to the Koran, the angel Jabrail appeared in a dream to the prophet Ibrahim to convey to him the command of Allah that he should sacrifice the first son of Ismail. And waking up, Ibrahim immediately went to the valley of Mina to the very place where Mecca stands today, to begin preparations. But, this turned out to be only a test of Allah, and therefore, when the sacrifice was almost made, the merciful Allah replaced Ibrahim with a son and said to slaughter the lamb. The holiday itself symbolizes the mercy and majesty of God, as well as the fact that faith is the best sacrifice.
celebration
Celebrating such a day begins with the onset of morning. Muslims go to the mosque for morning prayers. The rite of this holiday begins with a universal prayer, it is called prayer. At the end of it, the imam, who read the prayer, asks Allah to accept fasting, forgiveness of sins and prosperity. Then all the believers, sorting through the tasbih, read the dhikr together. By the way, it is performed according to a special formula and in a special way, both aloud and silently, and is always accompanied by specific body movements. After the end of the morning prayer, all believers solemnly return home.
Kurba Bayram - celebration
Advice
At home, a ram is slaughtered, although according to tradition, a camel or a bull would have to be slaughtered. This should be done without fail with the words "Bismillah, Allah Akbar." There is also a tradition of giving alms and sharing cooked lamb. According to the tradition that has developed over many centuries, it is customary to cook only a third of the meat to treat your family, and give a third to the poor, the remaining third is distributed as alms to all those who ask.
Do Tatars have folk traditions that are not related to religion?
Spring is a time of awakening of nature, when people have a renewal of their expectations. So a good spring means a good harvest, in other words, a prosperous life. As in the cultures and traditions of other peoples, all Tatar villages were on the banks of rivers. Therefore, the very first "spring celebration" or bayram was associated with ice drift. Such a holiday is called “boz carau” or “boz bagu”, in other words, “watch the ice”. Then there was “boz ozatma” - this is seeing off the ice, after it came “zin kitu”, which meant ice drift. All the villagers went to the river bank to watch the ice drift. The youth even dressed up and played the accordion. Straw had to be laid out and set on fire on floating ice floes.
Another tradition was the rule that in early spring the children went from house to house in their village and collected cereals, butter and eggs. From the food they collected from the street with the help of older cooks, they boiled porridge in a large cauldron and then ate it. A little later, the day of collecting "colored eggs" came. The hostesses have been painting them since the evening. And most often, a decoction of onion peel or birch leaves was used for this. At the same time, buns with pretzels were baked. In the morning, the children began to go around the house and brought wood chips there, scattering them on the floor. This was done so that "the yard would not be empty." Along the way, such chanting-chants were shouted out to themselves, for example, “Kyt-kytyyk, kyt-kytyyk, are grandfather and grandmother at home? Will they give you an egg? Let you have a lot of hens, and let the cockerels trample them. If you don’t give an egg, then there is a lake in front of your house, and you will drown there!
Perhaps the most massive and popular holiday today, which includes folk festivals with various rituals and games, is Sabantuy. Literally, it means "Feast of the Plow." Since saban is a plow, and thuy is a holiday. It used to be celebrated before starting all spring field work, that is, in April, today Sabantuy is celebrated in June, that is, at the end of sowing.
Sabantuy and its celebration
Sabantuy begins to celebrate in the morning. Women put on their festive decorations, ribbons are woven into the manes of horses, bells are hung from the arc. All dressed up gather in a large meadow. It's called Maidan. Entertainment is plentiful here. The main thing is the national wrestling called kuresh. To win here, strength and cunning with dexterity are required. There are also strict rules. So, the opponents wrap each other with wide belts called sashes, the point is to be able to hang the opponent on his own belt in the air, after which he is put on the shoulder blades. The winner is called a batyr and receives a live ram as a reward. However, now more and more often such a prize is replaced by other, more valuable gifts. You can participate in other competitions to demonstrate strength and dexterity, and even courage.
Sabantuy traditional competitions
- fight with sacks of hay astride a log. The goal is to knock the enemy out of the saddle
- Running in bags
- pair competitions: one leg must be tied to the partner’s leg, and then run to the finish line like this
- hike on a swinging log for a prize
- game called "break the pot". Here the participants are blindfolded and given a long stick in their hands, and it is necessary to break the pot with it.
- climbing a pole with prizes tied to the top
- run with egg and spoon. There is a raw egg on the spoon. Whoever comes running first without breaking his fragile load wins
- contests arranged for Tatar beauties. For example, who will cut the noodles faster and better than anyone.
In the glade where the festivities take place, you can eat barbecue and pilaf, as well as homemade noodles and national treats like chak-chak, echpochmak, balish and peremyach.
Rituals and rules regarding the birth of a child
A number of obligatory rituals accompany the birth of a child. Previously, midwives were involved in childbirth. They were called bala ebise. The occupation of midwives was called ebilek. The midwife had to cut and tie the umbilical cord, wash the baby, wrap him in his father's undershirt. Then a ritual was performed, called avyzlandyru, that is, "give a taste." A lump of bread chewed with butter and honey was wrapped in the thinnest fabric, a nipple was made and given to suck to the baby. Sometimes they even simply smeared the child's mouth with oil and honey, or with a honey solution. It was called "zemzem su".
The next day, they did the rite “babyai munchasy”, that is, “children's bath”. The bath was heated, then the midwife helped the woman in labor to wash herself and buy her baby. After a few days, a ceremony was held isem kushu, that is, naming. Mullah and guests were called to it - men who are relatives and friends of the family, a table was laid with various treats. The mullah had to read a prayer, after which a child was brought up to him. He turned to the great Allah, urging him to take this newborn under protection. Then he whispered his name in the baby's ear, but in Arabic sound. Names for children were chosen, as a rule, by mullahs who had special calendars of names. It was believed that the future life of the child would depend on this.
Conclusion:
The Tatars are sacred to all ancient traditions, they honor the rites, and consider them to this day to be mandatory. And although modern life brings a lot of new things into their life, there is always a place for the old.
Traditions and customs of the Tatar people
